Dietary supplementation with soybean oil has not favored the tilapia growth in BFT tanks submitted to feeding restriction

The present work aimed at assessing the possibility of compensatingthe notorious deficiencies of bioflocs in lipids by supplementing the tilapia commercial diet with soybean oil. In the positive control, there was no feeding restriction nor dietary supplementation with soybean oil. In the experimental treatments, the commercial diet was restricted by 25% over the positive control level. In the negative control tanks, there was feeding restriction and the artificial diet had no oil supplementation. In the experimental tanks, soybean oil was mixed dailywith the commercial diet at the levels of 0.6%, 1.2 and 2.4%. Additionally, there were fed-restricted tanks that received a daily supplementation of 1.2% soybean oil mixed withdry molasses, and not withthe commercial diet. In general, only the restriction of the commercial diet affected the water quality. The supplementation of the artificial diet with soybean oil up to 2.4% has not improved the proximate composition of bioflocs, nor thefish growth performance. It wasconcluded that the strategy of supplementing the Nile tilapia juveniles' commercial diet with increasing levels of soybean meal, in BFT tanks submitted to 25%-feeding restriction, was notcapable of avoidingthe fish growth performancedeterioration.(AU)

A cultura de segurança de alimentos e os elementos de mensuração: revisão de bibliografia / Food safety culture and measuring elements: bibliography review

Ao longo do tempo foram desenvolvidos controles sobre os alimentos e seus processos a fim de torná-los seguros para o consumo humano. Os esforços para este fim, porém, não foram suficientes, tendo em vista o crescente número de casos de doenças alimentares. Pesquisadores identificaram e adaptaram conceitos derivados das ciências sociais, utilizando-os na segurança dos alimentos, criando assim diversas concepções de Cultura de Segurança dos Alimentos (CSA). Sabe-se atualmente que a CSA influencia a inocuidade dos alimentos e é considerada um importante fator de risco a ser administrado pelas organizações. O presente estudo teve por objetivo apresentar e analisar conceitos de CSA, seus autores e os elementos/fatores que os compõem. Também abordou os processos de desenvolvimento, avaliação e amadurecimento da CSA em estabelecimentos que manipulam alimentos no Brasil ou em todo o mundo. Foram identificados dezoito trabalhos que apresentaram diferentes fatores de CSA e quatro que aplicaram instrumentos de CSA no Brasil. Constatou-se que a utilização de ferramentas para caracterizar a CSA vem se aprimorando ao longo do tempo. Os autores mais recentes utilizam, frequentemente, abordagem mista de métodos de avaliação para tal finalidade. Concluindo, propõe-se neste trabalho um conceito mais refinado de CSA em relação aos já existentes e um novo elemento/fator para caracterizar a CSA nos estabelecimentos que manipulam alimentos no Brasil.(AU)

Over time, controls on food and its processes have been developed in order to make them safe for human consumption. However, efforts to this end were not sufficient, in view of the growing number of cases of foodborne illnesses. Researchers have identified and adapted concepts derived from the social sciences using them in food safety, thus creating different concepts of Food Safety Culture (FSC). It is currently known that FSC influences food safety and is considered an important risk factor to be managed by organizations. This study aimed to present and analyze FSC concepts, their authors and the elements/factors that compose them. It also addressed FSC development, evaluation and maturation processes in establishments that handle food in Brazil or around the world. Eighteen studies were identified that presented different FSC factors and four that applied FSC instruments in Brazil. It was found that the use of tools to characterize FSC has been improving over time. More recent authors often use a methods mixed approach to assessment for this purpose. In conclusion, this work proposes a more refined concept of FSC in relation to the existing ones and a new element/factor to characterize FSC in establishments that handle food in Brazil.(AU)

Bronchopneumonia by Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus in a horse with inhalation of pine branch of Araucaria angustifolia / Broncopneumonia por Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus em um equino com inalação de grimpa de Araucaria angustifolia

Respiratory problems due to tracheobronchial foreign bodies (FBs) are unusual in horses; although equines kept in pastures eventually inhale FBs, as conifer twigs of Araucaria angustifolia. A 1,5-year-old Criolle foal was presented with hemoptysis, dyspnea, restlessness and fever (40.9 ºC rectal temperature). Complete blood count showed intense neutropenia, monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and hypoproteinemia. Treatment was carried out but no clinical improvement was observed. At the post-mortem examination, marked amount of dark red liquid was observed in the thoracic cavity (hemothorax). The lung parenchyma was diffusely consolidated, predominantly in the cranioventral area, associated with mild pleural fibrin deposition. The right primary bronchus was obliterated by a Araucaria angustifolia pine branch measuring 18 cm in length, with adjacent darkened areas (lung consolidation). Microscopically, there was diffuse necrosis with severe hemorrhage in the lungs, associated with marked neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate, numerous coccoid bacterial aggregates, and fibrinous pleuritis. Additionally, there was diffuse alveolar edema and multifocal thrombosis. Lung fragments were submitted for bacterial culture and mixed bacterial growth was observed with a predominance of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Inhalation of branches is not commonly reported in horses, but it must be included in the differential diagnoses of pneumonia, and attention should be taken when allowing horses to graze in areas where the plant occurs.

Problemas respiratórios devido a corpos estranhos (CEs) traqueobrônquicos são incomuns em equinos, embora cavalos em pastagem possam eventualmente aspirar CEs, como galhos de Araucaria angustifolia. Um potro Crioulo, 1,5 anos, apresentou hemoptise, dispneia, inquietação e temperatura retal de 40,9 ºC. O hemograma revelou intensa neutropenia, monocitose, trombocitopenia e hipoproteinemia. O tratamento foi realizado, mas sem sucesso. Na cavidade torácica, foi observada grande quantidade de líquido avermelhado livre (hemotórax). Os pulmões estavam difusamente consolidados, predominantemente cranioventral e com discreta deposição de fibrina sobre a superfície pleural. O brônquio principal direito estava obliterado por um ramo de pinheiro de Araucaria angustifolia com 18 cm de comprimento. Microscopicamente, notou-se necrose de coagulação pulmonar difusa com hemorragia severa, infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico marcado, numerosos agregados bacterianos cocoides e pleurite fibrinosa. Fragmentos de pulmão foram submetidos ao isolamento bacteriológico e abundante crescimento misto com predominância de Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus foi observado. A inalação de grimpas de pinheiro não é comumente relatada em equinos, mas deve ser incluída nos diagnósticos diferenciais de pneumonia e deve-se ter atenção ao introduzir cavalos no campo com a presença da planta.

Pneumocephalus and suppurative meningoencephalitis in a dog after craniofacial trauma

Background: Pneumocephalus is characterized by the presence of gas in the intracranial compartment, and it can be developed by trauma, craniofacial surgery or spontaneously. Clinical signs start within days or months after the injury and vary according to the site of involvement. Computed tomography is the ideal diagnostic tool, however skull radiography can also be used. Treatment varies according to the severity of the case, and it can be conservative or associated with surgical intervention in the most severe cases. The purpose of this report is to describe the case of a dog that developed pneumocephalus and suppurative meningoencephalitis after head trauma caused by a bite from another dog. Case: A 2-month-old bitch, mixed breed, with 3.2 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital because it had been bitten on the head by another dog. Shortly after the incident, the animal showed no clinical signs. However, 2 days later, the bitch became depressed and in persistent lateral decubitus. A lesion with a crust of approximately 0.5 cm was found close to the occipital region, with bone irregularity on palpation. The animal was in lateral decubitus with muscular hypotonia, bilateral mydriasis unresponsive to light and stupor. Radiographic images showed parietal fracture and pneumocephalus. Based on the findings of physical and laboratorial exams, diagnosis of suppurative meningoencephalitis and pneumocephalus secondary to craniofacial trauma was established. Empirical broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy was started in addition to mannitol, corticoids, and analgesics. The animal was referred for surgical debridement by trepanation, when samples were collected to bacterial culture, which was negative. Despites the care, the animal died 14 h after the surgical procedure. Histopathological examination of the frontal cortex was performed, being the histological changes compatible with suppurative meningoencephalitis. Discussion: Dog bites on the head and neck are particularly severe, and can create intracranial bleeding, disfigurement of the face, damage to peripheral structures or cranial fractures. In this report, through radiographic images, it was found that the patient had an intracerebral aerocele, since there was presence of gas in the intracranial compartment. This alteration should always be considered in animals with neurological alterations and a history of craniofacial trauma. The main neurological changes observed in the reported case were unresponsive to mydriasis and altered mental status 2 days after the trauma, and this delay in the onset of clinical signs is frequently reported in cases of pneumocephalus. Neutrophilia and leukocytosis observed can be justified by the suppurative meningoencephalitis, confirmed by the histopathological exam. Antimicrobial therapy should be started as soon as possible, and the choice must be based on their capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and the broad spectrum. The administration of antibiotics before collecting the material for bacterial culture may explain the negative result of this test, so that it is not possible to determine whether the intracranial gas observed on the radiograph may have developed from the trauma or because of gas-producing bacteria. Head trauma can induce suppurative meningoencephalitis and pneumocephalus even in the absence of perforating wounds at the time of the consultation. The neurological signs can start days after the trauma. Besides the clinical and surgical treatments, the prognosis of any bacterial infection of the central nervous system is poor.

Carcinoma uretral primário em uma cadela - tratamento multimodal / Primary urethral carcinoma in a bitch - multimodal treatment

Background: Urethral tumors are uncommon in canines, represented predominantly by transitional cell carcinoma, marked by aggressive behavior associated with short life expectancy. Definitive diagnosis is achieved by histopathological analysis. Surgery associated with chemotherapy is the main therapeutic alternative. The aim of this paper is to report a case of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in a bitch, submitted to surgical treatment associated with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy and metronomic chemotherapy, achieving survival of 21 months, to date. Case: A 12-year-old bitch mixed breed was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), manifesting hematuria and urinary incontinence for one month. Physical examination indicated that vital parameters were within normal limits. Laboratory tests of blood count and serum biochemistry, urinalysis, culture, urinary antibiogram, and abdominal ultrasound were performed. The ultrasound image suggested a neoplastic urethral process. Because of the suspicion of neoplasm, a thoracic X-ray was performed, showing no evidence of metastasis. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdominal region was performed, revealing an expansive lesion in the urethra with loss of definition of the walls and urethral lumen extending to the level of the pelvic floor, measuring about 2.9 x 1.4 x 1.2 cm. After preanesthetic exams, the animal underwent resection and surgical anastomosis of the affected urethral region. The sectioned tissue was sent for histopathological analysis, with diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed using carboplatin at a dose of 250 mg/m², intravenously, every 21 days for 6 sessions. After completing the protocol, abdominal ultrasonography was performed again, which showed a cicatricial process in the urethral region of the surgical excision, with no sign of tumor recurrence. A metronomic chemotherapy protocol was then started with cyclophosphamide at a dose of 15 mg/m², daily for 6 months, with periodic oncological follow-up. At the end of the period, the animal remained under periodic follow-up with ultrasound exams performed at 2-month intervals, and has been free from recurrence for 21 months until now. Discussion: Urethral neoplasms account for 0.5 - 2% of all canine tumors, and are represented mostly by transitional cell carcinomas. Clinical signs of urinary obstruction and hematuria are the most common, as reported in the patient in question. The definitive diagnosis is by histopathological examination. However, imaging tests such as computed tomography are important in the initial investigation and surgical planning. The indicated treatment is surgical resection of the mass with subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The chemotherapy protocol associating cisplatin and piroxicam can achieve remission rates of 70%, but this association has a high nephrotoxic effect. In the present case, cisplatin was replaced by carboplatin in order to reduce the nephrotoxic effects of chemotherapy. The metronomic protocol using cyclophosphamide was used as maintenance therapy, at the end of the conventional chemotherapy protocol. Survival achieved was longer than that described in the literature in cases of transitional cell carcinomas in the urethral region. Therefore, multimodal therapy using surgery associated with conventional and metronomic chemotherapy, is an option in canines with urethral carcinoma.

Canine intraventricular pneumocephalus: a case report / Pneumoencéfalo intraventricular em cão: relato de caso

Pneumocephalus is a well described disease; it is commonly diagnosed in humans, but the condition is rarely encountered in veterinary medicine. Computed tomography (CT) is the gold-standard diagnostic method for identifying this disease, and other methods (such as necropsy) are rarely described. In this report, we describe necropsy findings of a 10-month-old, mixed-breed dog with intraventricular pneumocephalus. The dog was referred to Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil, for necropsy after being diagnosed with pneumocephalus upon CT. In the examination, the brain had dilation of both lateral ventricles with empty spaces. Histopathology showed congestion and mineralization only near the lateral ventricles, leading to the diagnosis of pneumocephalus based on the macroscopic findings. The animal also showed sinusitis characterized by nasal discharge and neutrophilic infiltration of nasal sinuses. However, bacterial culture was not conclusive because of contamination of the sample. This is therefore an important report that shows necropsy findings of intraventricular pneumocephalus, which is a rare condition in dogs. By documenting the necropsy findings, we hope to help veterinary pathologists, including those with limited access to diagnostic imaging.

Pneumoencéfalo é uma condição bem descrita e comumente diagnosticada em humanos, mas raramente encontrada na medicina veterinária. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) é o método diagnóstico padrão-ouro para identificar tal alteração, e outros métodos (como a necropsia) raramente são descritos. Neste relato, são apresentados os achados de necropsia de um cão sem raça definida de 10 meses de idade com pneumoencéfalo intraventricular. O cão foi encaminhado ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brasil, para necropsia após ser diagnosticado com pneumoencéfalo na TC. No exame, o cérebro apresentava dilatação de ambos os ventrículos laterais com espaços vazios; à histopatologia, foram observadas congestão e mineralização próximas aos ventrículos laterais. Com isso foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de pneumoencéfalo, com base nos achados macroscópicos. O animal também apresentou sinusite caracterizada por secreção nasal e infiltração neutrofílica dos seios nasais. No entanto, a cultura bacteriana não foi conclusiva devido à contaminação da amostra. Este é, portanto, um importante relato que mostra achados de necropsia de pneumoencéfalo intraventricular, que é uma condição rara em cães. Ao documentar os achados da necropsia, esperamos ajudar os patologistas veterinários, incluindo aqueles com acesso limitado a técnicas de diagnóstico por imagem.

Uso do Bypass Ureteral Subcutâneo no manejo das obstruções ureterais em gatos: revisão de literatura / Use of Subcutaneous Ureteral Bypass in the management of ureteral obstructions in cats - literature review

A obstrução ureteral em felinos é uma afecção, potencialmente fatal e comum na clínica de pequenos animais por levar à restrição do fluxo normal de urina. As principais causas dessa obstrução são ureterólitos (cálculos) que podem ser classificados como simples, mistos ou compostos. Os sinais clínicos da obstrução ureteral não são muito evidentes até que a obstrução seja completa, bilateral ou que haja disfunção do rim contralateral. O diagnóstico da doença é firmado com base nos sinais clínicos, exames complementares como hemograma, bioquímico, radiografia, ultrassonografia abdominal, urinálise e urocultura, uretropielografia retrógrada, pielografia anterógrada, tomografia computadorizada e estudo da taxa de filtração glomerular ureteral. A obstrução ureteral é uma enfermidade que deve ser tratada com emergência, o tratamento deve ser determinado com base no tipo de cálculo presente, os casos mais severos necessitam de intervenção cirúrgica como a técnica bypass para descompressão. O presente artigo é uma revisão sobre a eficácia do emprego do bypass para o tratamento na obstrução ureteral.(AU)

Ureteral obstruction in felines is a potentially fatal and common condition in small animal clinics, as it leads to restriction of the normal flow of urine. The main causes of this obstruction are urolithiasis (renal calculi) which can be classified as: simple, mixed or compound. Clinical signs are not very evident until the obstruction is complete, bilateral, or when occurs a contralateral edge dysfunction. The diagnosis of the disease was settled with the association of clinical signs and the results of complementary tests such as blood count, biochemistry, radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, urinalysis and urine culture, retrograde urethropielography, antegrade pyelography, computed tomography and study of the ureteral glomerular filtration rate. It is an illness that must be treated with emergency, the treatment must be determined based on the type of calculus present, in the most severe cases it must be performed a of surgical intervention such as a bypass technique for decompression. This article is a review of the avaiable information about the effectiveness of bypass usage for treatment of ureteral obstruction in felines.(AU)

Lime sulfur to control citrus flat mite and its interactions with the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium

Lime sulfur is one of the few products indicated to control Brevipalpus yothersi in Brazilian organic citrus orchards. Other strategies, such as the use of entomopathogenic fungi should be evaluated, and Lecanicillium muscarium is one of the basic choices for pest management. Knowledge of the interactions between lime sulfur and this entomopathogen is critical for developing control strategies. With this goal, it was conducted the toxicological characterization of lime sulfur to B. yothersi and the compatibility evaluation with L. muscarium. Finally, the effects of L. muscarium and lime sulfur mixtures on B. yothersi control were evaluated. Product evaluation for B. yothersi was done through direct and residual contact bioassay, and different concentrations of lime sulfur mixed in potato dextrose agar culture medium were used to evaluate compatibility with L. muscarium. Lime sulfur was effective against adults of B. yothersi and caused eggs unviability of up to 71.0%, at a dose of 80 L per 2,000 L of H2O. The lethal concentration (LC50 and LC99) of lime sulfur estimated for mite adults were 246.62 and 858.5 µg of sulfur per mL of H2O (ppm a.i.). Lime sulfur concentrations of 180 to 560 ppm a.i. showed promise for use in combination with L. muscarium. However, concentrations of 1,000 and 5,600 ppm significantly reduced colony size and the number of spores/colony. The mixture of 100 and 180 ppm a.i. of lime sulfur with L. muscarium (108 conidia·mL­1) was not able to reduce the lethal time of entomopathogen on B. yothersi.

Growth and macronutrient content of Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq) subjected to organic fertilization / Crescimento e conteúdo de macronutrientes da pimenta Habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq) sujeito à fertilização orgânica

Studies on the nutritional status of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) in relation to organic fertilization are still incomplete and preliminary. The aim of study were to evaluer the effect of rates of organic fertilizer produced from Family agriculture waste on growth and nutritional status habanero pepper. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse located at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia, municipality of Belém, State for Pará, Brazil. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, with five treatments and four replications. Each experimental plot consisted of a pot with a volume of 3.6 dm3of soil, in which the seeds were sown. Five doses of organic fertilizer were tested : 0%, 15% (525 g), 30% (1050 g), 45% (1575 g) and 60% (2100 g) of substrate volume, composed of a mixture of chicken manure (10%), duck manure (20%), cassava peel (15%) , cassava leaf (15%), bean straw (15%), rice husk (15%) and corn cob (10%), mixed in volumetric proportions in the substrate. To mix the different amounts of organic fertilizer, a Yellow Latosol with a sandy texture was used, removed from the surface layer (0-20 cm). The best results were achieved at 103 days using a dose of 60% of organic fertilizer. The content and accumulation of macronutrients in leaf tissues showed the following order: N˃K≥S˃Ca≥Mg˃P and N˃K˃S˃Mg˃Ca˃P. In the fruits, the content and accumulation of macronutrients presented the following order: N˃K˃S˃P˃Mg˃Ca.

Os estudos sobre o estado nutricional da pimenta habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) em relação à adubação orgânica ainda são incompletos e preliminares. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de doses de adubo orgânico produzido a partir de resíduos da agricultura familiar no crescimento e estado nutricional da pimenta habanero. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação localizada na Universidade Federal rural da Amazônia, município de Belém, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Cada parcela experimental foi composta por um vaso com volume de 3,6 dm3de solo, no qual foram semeadas as sementes. Foram testadas cinco doses de adubo orgânico: 0%, 15% (525 g), 30% (1050 g), 45% (1575 g) e 60% (2100 g) do volume do substrato, composto pela mistura de esterco de galinha (10%), esterco de pato (20%), casca de mandioca (15%), folha de mandioca (15%), palha de feijão (15%), casca de arroz (15%) e sabugo de milho (10%), misturados em proporções volumétricas no substrato. Para a mistura das diferentes quantidades de adubo orgânico, utilizou-se um Latossolo Amarelo de textura arenosa, retirado da camada superficial (0-20 cm). Os melhores resultados foram alcançados aos 103 dias utilizando a dose de 60% de adubo orgânico. O teor e acúmulo de macronutrientes nos tecidos foliares apresentaram a seguinte ordem: N˃K≥S˃Ca≥Mg˃P e N˃K˃S˃Mg˃Ca˃P. Nos frutos, o teor e acúmulo de macronutrientes apresentaram a seguinte ordem: N˃K˃S˃P˃Mg˃Ca.

Spoligotyping, genotyping, and spatial distribution of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle in the state of Bahia, Brazil

ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium bovis is responsible for bovine and buffalo tuberculosis, an important zoonotic disease with global distribution. The knowledge of the distribution and the precise identification of this disease, including advanced diagnoses such as spoligotyping, allows choosing the best strategies to fight the diseases progress. The present work aimed to investigate mycobacterias presence, genotype their strains, and evaluate tuberculosis cases spatial distribution from suggestive lesions in carcasses of bovine and buffalo inspected in slaughterhouses under an official inspection regime in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The study investigated 453,417 animals. Among these, 31 (0.007%) from 17 municipalities were suspected of tuberculosis. Among the culture medium growth, 95% of these were categorized as alcohol-acid resistant bacilli (BAAR). All isolates were subjected to spoligotyping and 95% were confirmed as M. bovis (SB0120, SB0121, SB0852, SB0828, SB0295, SB0881, SB1648, SB6119, SB0140, SB1055). The strain SB0120 was the most prevalent, and this profile has been described in cases of human tuberculosis by M. bovis, highlighting the zoonotic potential of this profile. This study also identified strains never reported in Bahia, highlighting a distinctive pattern from other parts of Brazil, besides mixed infections. Besides, to identify strains never before described in the state, highlighting a distinctive pattern in Brazil (SB6119 and SB0852, respectively). An unpublished profile was identified and inserted in the international database (Mbovis.org), named SB2715.

RESUMO: O Mycobacterium bovis é o responsável pela tuberculose bovina e bubalina, doença zoonótica importante e com distribuição global. O conhecimento da distribuição e a identificação precisa dessa enfermidade, incluindo diagnósticos mais avançados como o spoligotyping, permite escolher as melhores estratégias de combate ao avanço da doença. O presente trabalho objetivou investigar a presença de micobactérias, genotipar suas estirpes e avaliar a distribuição espacial dos casos de tuberculose a partir de lesões sugestivas nas carcaças de bovinos e bubalinos inspecionadas em frigoríficos sob regime de inspeção oficial no estado da Bahia. Foram investigados 453.417 animais dentre os quais 31 (0,007%) foram suspeitos de doença e provenientes de 17 municípios. Após o crescimento em meio de cultura, 95% foram categorizados como bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR). Todos os isolados foram submetidos à spoligotyping e 95% foram confirmados M. bovis (SB0120, SB0121, SB0852, SB0828, SB0295, SB0881, SB1648, SB6119, SB0140, SB1055). A cepa SB0120 foi a mais prevalente e este perfil vem sendo descrito na literatura com casos de tuberculose humana por M. bovis ressaltando o potencial zoonótico deste perfil. Este estudo também identificou cepas nunca relatadas no estado da Bahia, destacando um padrão distinto de outras partes do Brasil, além da existência de infecções mistas. Permitiu ainda relatar linhagens nunca antes descritas no estado com destaque para um padrão novo no Brasil (SB6119 e SB0852 respectivamente). Um perfil inédito identificado foi identificado e inserido no banco de dados internacional (Mbovis.org), nomeado SB2715.

Liver cysts in a kitten with Platynosomum sp

Background: Hepatic cysts are rarely described in association with infections by Platynosomum sp. Infected animals are most often asymptomatic, and the severity of symptoms is associated with the number of biliary tract parasites, which may lead to cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis. Although platinosomiasis is often associated with cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis, it rarely is with polycystic disease. For the parasite's life cycle to occur, the infected cat must eliminate the eggs in the feces and three intermediate hosts are needed: snails, terrestrial isopods and vertebrates like the frog or the gecko. The eggs are ingested by the snails, then the miracids are released and matured into the mother sporocyst form, which originates child sporocysts containing the cercariae, that leave the mollusks for the soil and are ingested by the terrestrial isopod in which the cercariae matures until metacercariae. Vertebrates ingest terrestrial isopods and are ingested by felines. The present study aimed to report an unusual case of platinosomiasis with the development of multiple hepatic cysts. Case: A mixed breed male kitten was admitted with a history of apathy, hyporexia, increased abdominal volume and jaundice. In the ultrasound examination, we could see hepatomegaly and several hypoecogenic rounded structures, similar to cysts. There was an increase of serum concentration of the hepatic enzymes alanine transaminase and gamma glutamyl transferase enzyme. The parasite's eggs were investigated in the patient's feces using the simple sedimentation method, with a negative result. The animal was submitted to celiotomy and it was possible to observe several cystic structures in the liver. The cysts content was sent to cytology and culture. Cytology result was compatible with liver cyst and there was no bacterial growth in the culture. Bile fluid was collected and sent for Platynosomum sp. research using the centrifugal sedimentation test in formalin-ether solution, which allowed the parasite's eggs to be observed. The cat was treated with praziquantel,silymarin, S-Adenosyl methionine, and ursodeoxycholic acid. The patient gradually improved from jaundice and there was a reduction in abdominal volume. Discussion: This report describes a case of platinossomiasis associated with polycystic liver disease in a domestic cat, which seems to be an uncommon presentation. Most infected cats are asymptomatic, but some animals may exhibit anorexia, apathy, increased abdominal volume due to hepatomegaly and/or ascitis and jaundice. Although infestation in domestic cats is relatively common, its association with liver cysts is rare or poorly reported in the literature, representing a diagnostic challenge, which makes mandatory the inclusion of this differential diagnosis in polycystic liver diseases in cats. The diagnosis of this parasitosis can be made based on the association among clinical signs, laboratory tests and ultrasound examination, but the definitive diagnosis is usually made by visualizing the parasite's eggs. In the case described, it was not possible to observe parasite's eggs in the patient's feces, but in the bile. Platynosomum sp. infection should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of polycystic liver disease in cats, especially in countries with tropical or subtropical climate. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment were fundamental for the improvement of the patient's clinical condition.

Perfil microbiológico e de resistência antimicrobiana in vitro de bactérias isoladas do útero de éguas subférteis / Microbiological and antimicrobial resistance profile in vitro of bacteria isolated from the uterus of subfertile mares

Objetivou-se avaliar os principais microrganismos isolados do útero de éguas subférteis e o perfil de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos in vitro das bactérias. Foram coletadas amostras de 41 éguas com histórico de subfertilidade. Para cultura bacteriana as amostras foram armazenadas em tubos contendo caldo BHI e para cultura fúngica contendo Solução de NaCl a 0,9% e encaminhadas para o LABRAPE-UFRPE. As bactérias isoladas foram submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade in vitro para Amicacina, Gentamicina, Enrofloxacina, Azitromicina, Ceftriaxona, Tetraciclina, Penicilina e Ampicilina. Do total de amostras, 75,6% apresentaram isolamento microbiológico, sendo 25,8% Staphylococcus spp.; 12,9% bacilos Gram-negativos não fermentadores de lactose; 3,22% Streptococcus β-hemolítico; 3,22% E. coli; 3,22% Klebsiella spp. e 3,22% Proteus spp.; 22,6% Bacillus spp. e 6,45% Micrococcus spp. Dentre as amostras isoladas para fungos 6,45% foram Cladosporium spp. Observou-se que 12,9% dos animais apresentaram infecção mista. 95,23% das bactérias foram sensíveis para Amicacina; 90,47% para Gentamicina, Enrofloxacina, Tetraciclina e Ceftriaxona e 80,95% para Azitromicina. Penicilina apresentou 95,24% das amostras resistentes, com 100% das bactérias Gram-negativas e 70% para Ampicilina. A endometrite bacteriana foi a mais prevalente. A presença de infecção fúngica reforça a capacidade desses microrganismos em desenvolver endometrite. Os macrolídeos mostraram-se efetivos e os β-Lactâmicos inviáveis contra bactérias Gram-negativas.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the main microorganisms isolated from the uterus of subfertile mares and the resistance profile to antimicrobial agents in vitro of the bacteria. Samples were collected from 41 mares with a history of subfertility. For bacterial culture the samples were stored in tubes containing BHI broth and for fungal culture containing 0.9% NaCl solution and sent to LABRAPE-UFRPE. The isolated bacteria were subjected to the in vitro sensitivity test for Amikacin, Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Tetracycline, Penicillin and Ampicillin. 75.6% of the samples presented microbiological isolation, being 25.8% Staphylococcus spp.; 12.9% nonlactose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli; 3.22% β-hemolytic streptococcus; 3.22% E. coli; 3.22% Klebsiella spp. and 3.22% Proteus spp.; 22.6% Bacillus spp. and 6.45% Micrococcus spp. Among the isolated samples for fungi 6.45% were Cladosporium spp. It was observed that 12.9% of the animals had mixed infection. 95.23% of the bacteria were sensitive to Amikacin; 90.47% for Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Tetracycline and Ceftriaxone and 80.95% for Azithromycin. Penicillin showed 95.24% of resistant samples, with 100% of Gram-negative bacteria and 70% for Ampicillin. Bacterial endometritis was the most prevalent. The presence of fungal infection reinforces the ability of these microorganisms to develop endometritis. Macrolides were effective and β-Lactamics were not viable against Gram-negative bacteria.(AU)

Perfil microbiológico e de resistência antimicrobiana in vitro de bactérias isoladas do útero de éguas subférteis / Microbiological and antimicrobial resistance profile in vitro of bacteria isolated from the uterus of subfertile mares

Objetivou-se avaliar os principais microrganismos isolados do útero de éguas subférteis e o perfil de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos in vitro das bactérias. Foram coletadas amostras de 41 éguas com histórico de subfertilidade. Para cultura bacteriana as amostras foram armazenadas em tubos contendo caldo BHI e para cultura fúngica contendo Solução de NaCl a 0,9% e encaminhadas para o LABRAPE-UFRPE. As bactérias isoladas foram submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade in vitro para Amicacina, Gentamicina, Enrofloxacina, Azitromicina, Ceftriaxona, Tetraciclina, Penicilina e Ampicilina. Do total de amostras, 75,6% apresentaram isolamento microbiológico, sendo 25,8% Staphylococcus spp.; 12,9% bacilos Gram-negativos não fermentadores de lactose; 3,22% Streptococcus β-hemolítico; 3,22% E. coli; 3,22% Klebsiella spp. e 3,22% Proteus spp.; 22,6% Bacillus spp. e 6,45% Micrococcus spp. Dentre as amostras isoladas para fungos 6,45% foram Cladosporium spp. Observou-se que 12,9% dos animais apresentaram infecção mista. 95,23% das bactérias foram sensíveis para Amicacina; 90,47% para Gentamicina, Enrofloxacina, Tetraciclina e Ceftriaxona e 80,95% para Azitromicina. Penicilina apresentou 95,24% das amostras resistentes, com 100% das bactérias Gram-negativas e 70% para Ampicilina. A endometrite bacteriana foi a mais prevalente. A presença de infecção fúngica reforça a capacidade desses microrganismos em desenvolver endometrite. Os macrolídeos mostraram-se efetivos e os β-Lactâmicos inviáveis contra bactérias Gram-negativas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the main microorganisms isolated from the uterus of subfertile mares and the resistance profile to antimicrobial agents in vitro of the bacteria. Samples were collected from 41 mares with a history of subfertility. For bacterial culture the samples were stored in tubes containing BHI broth and for fungal culture containing 0.9% NaCl solution and sent to LABRAPE-UFRPE. The isolated bacteria were subjected to the in vitro sensitivity test for Amikacin, Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Tetracycline, Penicillin and Ampicillin. 75.6% of the samples presented microbiological isolation, being 25.8% Staphylococcus spp.; 12.9% nonlactose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli; 3.22% β-hemolytic streptococcus; 3.22% E. coli; 3.22% Klebsiella spp. and 3.22% Proteus spp.; 22.6% Bacillus spp. and 6.45% Micrococcus spp. Among the isolated samples for fungi 6.45% were Cladosporium spp. It was observed that 12.9% of the animals had mixed infection. 95.23% of the bacteria were sensitive to Amikacin; 90.47% for Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Tetracycline and Ceftriaxone and 80.95% for Azithromycin. Penicillin showed 95.24% of resistant samples, with 100% of Gram-negative bacteria and 70% for Ampicillin. Bacterial endometritis was the most prevalent. The presence of fungal infection reinforces the ability of these microorganisms to develop endometritis. Macrolides were effective and β-Lactamics were not viable against Gram-negative bacteria.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain associated to a fish culture additive: antifungal activity and AFB1 adsorption potential / Saccharomyces cerevisiae associada a um aditivo de piscicultura: atividade antifúngica e potencial de adsorção de AFB1

Saccharomyces cerevisae is widely applied as a probiotic in aquaculture activities, due to its ability to decontaminate the mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). With this in mind, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activities of inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed with a commercial product (CP) of animal feed to assess its influence on the Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus fungi growth and on the AFB1 production. In addition, AFB1 adsorption potential of S. cerevisae and commercial product was also investigated. Different concentrations of commercial product alone and in the presence of inactivated yeast were analyzed by Aspergillus growth inhibition test, aflatoxin production by Aspergillus species and AFB1 adsorption capacity. AFB1 detection and quantification were carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The inactivated yeast and commercial product combination was effective in reducing A. flavus and A. parasiticus growth. A. flavus produced less AFB1 after the inactivated yeast treatment, whereas A. parasiticus produced significantly less AFB1 under a combination of inactivated yeast and 50% CP. Regarding AFB1 adsorption, 100% CP displayed the highest adsorption capacity at 10 ng mL-1 AFB1. At 25 ng mL-1 AFB1, only the treatment comprising inactivated yeast associated to 50% CP led to AFB1 adsorption, albeit

Saccharomyces cerevisae é uma levedura largamente utilizada como probiótico na aquicultura e que tem se destacado devido a capacidade para a descontaminação de AFB1. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade anti-fúngica e anti-aflatoxigênica da Saccharomyces cerevisae inativada e misturada a um produto comercial, observando sua influência no crescimento dos fungos Aspergillus flavus e A. parasiticus e na produção destes da Aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), investigar o potencial de adsorção da levedura e do produto comercial sobre a AFB1. Foram realizadas analises de preparação de leveduras inativadas e das soluções com o produto comercial, Ensaio do efeito inibitório de espécies de Aspergillus in vitro, Teste in vitro sobre a produção de aflatoxinas, avaliação in vitro da capacidade de adsorção de AFB1, condições cromatográficas para detecção e quantificação de AFB1 por cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. A associação do aditivo comercial EPICIN – G2® e a levedura S. cerevisiae inativada foi eficaz na diminuição do cresci-mento fúngico dos A. flavus e A parasiticus. Quanto à produção de micotoxina, o A. flavus obteve menor produção com o tratamento composto por leveduras inativadas, enquanto, o A. parasiticus teve diminuição significativa na produção de AFB1 com a associação da levedura a uma concentração de 50% do produto. No referente a adsorção, em concentra-ção de 10ng/mL, o tratamento que demonstrou melhor capacidade de adsorver AFB1 foi o 100% Produto (100%). Já na concentração 25 ng/mL, somente o tratamento que associava levedura e 50% do produto, apresentou uma pequena capacidade de adsorção.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain associated to a fish culture additive: antifungal activity and AFB1 adsorption potential / Saccharomyces cerevisiae associada a um aditivo de piscicultura: atividade antifúngica e potencial de adsorção de AFB1

Saccharomyces cerevisae is widely applied as a probiotic in aquaculture activities, due to its ability to decontaminate the mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). With this in mind, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activities of inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed with a commercial product (CP) of animal feed to assess its influence on the Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus fungi growth and on the AFB1 production. In addition, AFB1 adsorption potential of S. cerevisae and commercial product was also investigated. Different concentrations of commercial product alone and in the presence of inactivated yeast were analyzed by Aspergillus growth inhibition test, aflatoxin production by Aspergillus species and AFB1 adsorption capacity. AFB1 detection and quantification were carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The inactivated yeast and commercial product combination was effective in reducing A. flavus and A. parasiticus growth. A. flavus produced less AFB1 after the inactivated yeast treatment, whereas A. parasiticus produced significantly less AFB1 under a combination of inactivated yeast and 50% CP. Regarding AFB1 adsorption, 100% CP displayed the highest adsorption capacity at 10 ng mL-1 AFB1. At 25 ng mL-1 AFB1, only the treatment comprising inactivated yeast associated to 50% CP led to AFB1 adsorption, albeit

Saccharomyces cerevisae é uma levedura largamente utilizada como probiótico na aquicultura e que tem se destacado devido a capacidade para a descontaminação de AFB1. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade anti-fúngica e anti-aflatoxigênica da Saccharomyces cerevisae inativada e misturada a um produto comercial, observando sua influência no crescimento dos fungos Aspergillus flavus e A. parasiticus e na produção destes da Aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), investigar o potencial de adsorção da levedura e do produto comercial sobre a AFB1. Foram realizadas analises de preparação de leveduras inativadas e das soluções com o produto comercial, Ensaio do efeito inibitório de espécies de Aspergillus in vitro, Teste in vitro sobre a produção de aflatoxinas, avaliação in vitro da capacidade de adsorção de AFB1, condições cromatográficas para detecção e quantificação de AFB1 por cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. A associação do aditivo comercial EPICIN G2® e a levedura S. cerevisiae inativada foi eficaz na diminuição do cresci-mento fúngico dos A. flavus e A parasiticus. Quanto à produção de micotoxina, o A. flavus obteve menor produção com o tratamento composto por leveduras inativadas, enquanto, o A. parasiticus teve diminuição significativa na produção de AFB1 com a associação da levedura a uma concentração de 50% do produto. No referente a adsorção, em concentra-ção de 10ng/mL, o tratamento que demonstrou melhor capacidade de adsorver AFB1 foi o 100% Produto (100%). Já na concentração 25 ng/mL, somente o tratamento que associava levedura e 50% do produto, apresentou uma pequena capacidade de adsorção.(AU)

Etiologia microbiana e perfil de resistência bacteriana in vitro em otites externas de cães: estudo retrospectivo em animais atendidos na rotina de hospital veterinário (2013 a 2020) / Microbial etiology and in vitro bacterial resistance profile in external dogs otitis: retrospective study in animals attended in the routine of veterinary hospital (2013 to 2020) / Etiología microbiana y perfil de resistencia bacteriana in vitro en otitis externa en perros: estudio retrospectivo en animales atendidos en la rutina de hospital veterinario (2013 a 2020)

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la microbiota y describir el perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos en perros con otitis externa tratados en un hospital veterinario. Para ello, se analizaron 559 muestras otológicas de perros con clínica de otitis externa sometidas a cultivo y antibiograma. Hubo crecimiento de microorganismos en el 93,6% (523/559) de las muestras, y en el 88,5% (463/523) hubo crecimiento de bacterias, 5,7% (30/523) de levaduras y 5,7% (30/523) infecciones mixtas. Se obtuvieron 702 cepas, Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) y Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) los agentes bacterianos más aislados. Entre las levaduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) fue la más frecuente. En cuanto a los resultados del perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos, se observó que las bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp. mostraron mayor sensibilidad a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, con 92,5% y 100% de cepas sensibles. Las bacterias gram negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis y Escherichia coli, presentaron sensibilidad mayor al 90% a la tobramicina. Entre todos los agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. fue el que mostró mayores tasas de resistencia frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) y sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (13,6%)...

The objective of this work was to identify the microbial etiology and describe the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials in dogs with otitis externa attended at a veterinary school hospital. For this, 559 otological samples from dogs with clinical signs of otitis externa submitted to culture and antibiogram were analyzed. There was growth of microorganisms in 93.6% (523/559) of the samples, and in 88.5% (463/523) there was the growth of bacteria, in 5.7% (30/523) the growth of yeasts and 5.7% (30/523) mixed infections. 702 strains were obtained, being Staphylococcus spp. 55.1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11.8% (83/702) and Proteus mirabilis 9.8% (69/702) the most isolated bacterial agents. Among yeasts, Malassezia pachydermatis 10.3% (54/523) was the most frequent. Regarding the results of the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials, it was observed that Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. showed greater sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, with 92.5% and 100% of sensitive strains. Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis and Escherichia coli, presented sensitivity greater than 90% to tobramycin. Among all bacterial agents, Pseudomonas spp. was the one that demonstrated the highest resistance rates against amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (6.2%), cephalexin (7.4%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (13.6%)...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a etiologia microbiana e descrever o perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos em cães com otite externa atendidos em serviço hospitalar médico veterinário. Para isso, foram analisadas 559 amostras otológicas de cães com sinais clínicos de otite externa submetidas à cultura e antibiograma. Houve crescimento de microrganismos em 93,6% (523/559) das amostras, sendo que em 88,5% (463/523) houve crescimento de bactérias, 5,7% (30/523) crescimento de leveduras e 5,7% (30/523) infecções mistas. Foram obtidas 702 cepas, sendo Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) e Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) os agentes bacterianos mais isolados. Dentre as leveduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) foi a mais freqüente. Em relação aos resultados do perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos, observou-se que as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. apresentaram maior sensibilidade a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, com 92,5% e 100% das cepas sensíveis. Já as bactérias Gram-negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis e Escherichia coli, apresentaram sensibilidade superior a 90% a tobramicina. Dentre todos os agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. foi o que demonstrou as maiores taxas de resistência frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) e...

Spoligotyping, genotyping, and spatial distribution of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle in the state of Bahia, Brazil / Genotipagem por spoligotyping e distribuição espacial de Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos no estado da Bahia, Brasil

Mycobacterium bovis is responsible for bovine and buffalo tuberculosis, an important zoonotic disease with global distribution. The knowledge of the distribution and the precise identification of this disease, including advanced diagnoses such as spoligotyping, allows choosing the best strategies to fight the disease's progress. The present work aimed to investigate mycobacteria's presence, genotype their strains, and evaluate tuberculosis cases' spatial distribution from suggestive lesions in carcasses of bovine and buffalo inspected in slaughterhouses under an official inspection regime in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The study investigated 453,417 animals. Among these, 31 (0.007%) from 17 municipalities were suspected of tuberculosis. Among the culture medium growth, 95% of these were categorized as alcohol-acid resistant bacilli (BAAR). All isolates were subjected to spoligotyping and 95% were confirmed as M. bovis (SB0120, SB0121, SB0852, SB0828, SB0295, SB0881, SB1648, SB6119, SB0140, SB1055). The strain SB0120 was the most prevalent, and this profile has been described in cases of human tuberculosis by M. bovis, highlighting the zoonotic potential of this profile. This study also identified strains never reported in Bahia, highlighting a distinctive pattern from other parts of Brazil, besides mixed infections. Besides, to identify strains never before described in the state, highlighting a distinctive pattern in Brazil (SB6119 and SB0852, respectively). An unpublished profile was identified and inserted in the international database (Mbovis.org), named SB2715.(AU)

O Mycobacterium bovis é o responsável pela tuberculose bovina e bubalina, doença zoonótica importante e com distribuição global. O conhecimento da distribuição e a identificação precisa dessa enfermidade, incluindo diagnósticos mais avançados como o spoligotyping, permite escolher as melhores estratégias de combate ao avanço da doença. O presente trabalho objetivou investigar a presença de micobactérias, genotipar suas estirpes e avaliar a distribuição espacial dos casos de tuberculose a partir de lesões sugestivas nas carcaças de bovinos e bubalinos inspecionadas em frigoríficos sob regime de inspeção oficial no estado da Bahia. Foram investigados 453.417 animais dentre os quais 31 (0,007%) foram suspeitos de doença e provenientes de 17 municípios. Após o crescimento em meio de cultura, 95% foram categorizados como bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR). Todos os isolados foram submetidos à spoligotyping e 95% foram confirmados M. bovis (SB0120, SB0121, SB0852, SB0828, SB0295, SB0881, SB1648, SB6119, SB0140, SB1055). A cepa SB0120 foi a mais prevalente e este perfil vem sendo descrito na literatura com casos de tuberculose humana por M. bovis ressaltando o potencial zoonótico deste perfil. Este estudo também identificou cepas nunca relatadas no estado da Bahia, destacando um padrão distinto de outras partes do Brasil, além da existência de infecções mistas. Permitiu ainda relatar linhagens nunca antes descritas no estado com destaque para um padrão novo no Brasil (SB6119 e SB0852 respectivamente). Um perfil inédito identificado foi identificado e inserido no banco de dados internacional (Mbovis.org), nomeado SB2715.(AU)

Standardization of a rapid quadruplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of bovine, buffalo, Salmonella spp, and Listeria monocytogenes DNA in milk / [Padronização de um método rápido de PCR quadriplex para a detecção simultânea de DNA de bovino, bubalino, Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes em leite]

The objective of the present study was to Standardize a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol for the authentication of bovine and buffalo milk, and to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. For this, the target DNA was extracted, mixed, and subjected to a PCR assay. Milk samples were defrauded and experimentally contaminated with microorganisms to assess the detection of target DNA at different times of cultivation, bacterial titers, and concentration of genetic material. In addition, the protocol was tested with DNA extracted directly from food, without a pre-enrichment step. The proposed quadruplex PCR showed good accuracy in identifying target DNA sequences. It was possible to simultaneously identify all DNA sequences at the time of inoculation (0h), when the samples were contaminated with 2 CFU/250mL and with 6h of culture when the initial inoculum was 1 CFU/250mL. It was also possible to directly detect DNA sequences from the food when it was inoculated with 3 CFU/mL bacteria. Thus, the proposed methodology showed satisfactory performance, optimization of the analysis time, and a potential for the detection of microorganisms at low titers, which can be used for the detection of fraud and contamination.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi padronizar um protocolo de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para a autenticação de leite bovino e bubalino e a detecção da presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Para isso, o DNA-alvo foi extraído, misturado e submetido ao ensaio de PCR. Amostras de leite foram fraudadas e contaminadas experimentalmente com os micro-organismos, para se avaliar a detecção do DNA-alvo em diferentes tempos de cultivo, os títulos bacterianos e a concentração de material genético. Além disso, o protocolo foi testado com DNA extraído diretamente do alimento, sem a etapa de pré-enriquecimento. A PCR quadriplex proposta mostrou boa precisão na identificação de sequências de DNA-alvo. Foi possível identificar simultaneamente todas as sequências de DNA no momento da inoculação (0h), quando as amostras estavam contaminadas com 2 UFC/250mL, e com seis horas de cultura, quando o inóculo inicial foi de 1 UFC/250mL. Também foi possível detectar diretamente as sequências de DNA do alimento quando este foi inoculado com 3 UFC/mL de bactérias. Dessa forma, a metodologia proposta apresentou desempenho satisfatório, otimização do tempo de análise e potencial para detecção de micro-organismos em baixos títulos, podendo ser utilizada para detecção de fraude e contaminação.

Meningomielite eosinofílica provavelmente associada à toxoplasmose em um gato / Eosinophilic meningomyelitis probably associated with toxoplasmosis in a cat

Background: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy cats presents up to 5 cells/µL, with predominance of mononuclear cells and the presence of more than 1% eosinophils is rare and should always be considered an abnormal finding. There is no consensus on the term eosinophilic pleocytosis, as it is used to indicate the presence of more than 10 eosinophils/µL or more than 10% of the total leukocytes. The increase in eosinophils in the CSF may result from infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic and idiopathic diseases. The objective of this paper is to report a case of marked pleocytosis in CSF, with 84% eosinophils, probably due to toxoplasmosis, in a cat with paraparesis and diffuse spinal pain. Case: A mixed breed female cat, neutered, adult and domiciled in a rural area was presented due to gait abnormalities in the pelvic limbs that started one day before presentation. The general physical examination was unremarkable. On neurological examination it was observed asymmetric deficit of postural reactions in pelvic limbs, patellar reflex normal to increased and pain elicited on palpation of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Based on these findings, the neurological syndrome was classified as thoracolumbar, but with diffuse pain, and the main differential diagnoses were inflammatory/ infectious and neoplastic diseases. The leukogram showed eosinophilia and the serum biochemistry showed no significant changes. Serological assays for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus were negative. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identified marked pleocytosis with 84% eosinophils and increase in protein concentration. Myelography showed no compressive or expansive changes. Fungal culture for CSF cryptococcosis was negative. Serum immunofluorescence antibody titer for Toxoplasma gondii (IgG) was 1:256. There was a marked improvement after treatment with sulfametoxazole/trimethoprim and pyrimethamine and after 3 weeks of treatment, there was almost complete recovery of neurological signs and after 9 months the cat was neurologically normal. Discussion: The most common causes of acute-onset thoracolumbar spinal cord syndrome in cats, with diffuse pain on spinal palpation, are meningomyelitis of inflammatory/infectious origin, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and neoplasms such as lymphoma. Other meningomyelitis of inflammatory origin, such as infectious and immune-mediated meningomyelitis of unknown origin are considered uncommon in cats. Although the clinical, systemic and neurological signs of FIP and toxoplasmosis may have similarities, in the present case FIP was not considered responsible for the observed signs, as the evolution of the case and the analysis of the CSF tend to be different. The peripheral eosinophilia, the cytological analysis of the CSF, characterized by marked eosinophilic pleocytosis, associated with a positive titer for toxoplasmosis, good response to treatment and improvement in the neurological condition, with survival for more than 9 months after treatment, rules out the possibility of FIP. Neurological signs observed in the absence of systemic signs are more common in cases of protozoan reactivation, which probably occurred in the present case. The possibility of toxoplasmosis in the patient in this report was reinforced by the fact that the animal came from a rural area. Eosinophilia of CSF is most commonly associated with parasitic infections, although it can be caused by a variety of infectious agents, but in the cat of the present report, the marked eosinophilic pleocytosis was likely due to toxoplasmosis, which is a rare occurrence in this specie. In conclusion, toxoplasmosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal spinal cord lesions in cats. The identification of laboratory findings as well as the appropriate therapy favored the good evolution of the condition.

Etiologia microbiana e perfil de resistência bacteriana in vitro em otites externas de cães: estudo retrospectivo em animais atendidos na rotina de hospital veterinário (2013 a 2020) / Microbial etiology and in vitro bacterial resistance profile in external dogs otitis: retrospective study in animals attended in the routine of veterinary hospital (2013 to 2020) / Etiología microbiana y perfil de resistencia bacteriana in vitro en otitis externa en perros: estudio retrospectivo en animales atendidos en la rutina de hospital veterinario (2013 a 2020)

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la microbiota y describir el perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos en perros con otitis externa tratados en un hospital veterinario. Para ello, se analizaron 559 muestras otológicas de perros con clínica de otitis externa sometidas a cultivo y antibiograma. Hubo crecimiento de microorganismos en el 93,6% (523/559) de las muestras, y en el 88,5% (463/523) hubo crecimiento de bacterias, 5,7% (30/523) de levaduras y 5,7% (30/523) infecciones mixtas. Se obtuvieron 702 cepas, Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) y Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) los agentes bacterianos más aislados. Entre las levaduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) fue la más frecuente. En cuanto a los resultados del perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos, se observó que las bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp. mostraron mayor sensibilidad a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, con 92,5% y 100% de cepas sensibles. Las bacterias gram negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis y Escherichia coli, presentaron sensibilidad mayor al 90% a la tobramicina. Entre todos los agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. fue el que mostró mayores tasas de resistencia frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) y sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (13,6%)...(AU)

The objective of this work was to identify the microbial etiology and describe the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials in dogs with otitis externa attended at a veterinary school hospital. For this, 559 otological samples from dogs with clinical signs of otitis externa submitted to culture and antibiogram were analyzed. There was growth of microorganisms in 93.6% (523/559) of the samples, and in 88.5% (463/523) there was the growth of bacteria, in 5.7% (30/523) the growth of yeasts and 5.7% (30/523) mixed infections. 702 strains were obtained, being Staphylococcus spp. 55.1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11.8% (83/702) and Proteus mirabilis 9.8% (69/702) the most isolated bacterial agents. Among yeasts, Malassezia pachydermatis 10.3% (54/523) was the most frequent. Regarding the results of the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials, it was observed that Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. showed greater sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, with 92.5% and 100% of sensitive strains. Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis and Escherichia coli, presented sensitivity greater than 90% to tobramycin. Among all bacterial agents, Pseudomonas spp. was the one that demonstrated the highest resistance rates against amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (6.2%), cephalexin (7.4%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (13.6%)...(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a etiologia microbiana e descrever o perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos em cães com otite externa atendidos em serviço hospitalar médico veterinário. Para isso, foram analisadas 559 amostras otológicas de cães com sinais clínicos de otite externa submetidas à cultura e antibiograma. Houve crescimento de microrganismos em 93,6% (523/559) das amostras, sendo que em 88,5% (463/523) houve crescimento de bactérias, 5,7% (30/523) crescimento de leveduras e 5,7% (30/523) infecções mistas. Foram obtidas 702 cepas, sendo Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) e Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) os agentes bacterianos mais isolados. Dentre as leveduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) foi a mais freqüente. Em relação aos resultados do perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos, observou-se que as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. apresentaram maior sensibilidade a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, com 92,5% e 100% das cepas sensíveis. Já as bactérias Gram-negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis e Escherichia coli, apresentaram sensibilidade superior a 90% a tobramicina. Dentre todos os agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. foi o que demonstrou as maiores taxas de resistência frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) e...(AU)