Administration with L-glutamine and L-glutathione protects the nitrergic innervation of the penile tissue of diabetic rats

Erectile dysfunction is caused due to neuropathy, resulting from a high oxidative stress, in this way treatment with antioxidants may be promising. Aim of this work was toinvestigate the effects of the administration of 2% L-glutamine and 1% L-glutathione on the penile tissue of diabetic rats analyzing the nerve fibers that expressing Nitric Oxide Synthase Neuronal (nNOS). Forty-eight male Wistar rats distributed into six groups were used: normoglycemic, diabetic, normoglycemic administered with 2% L-glutamine, normoglycemic administered with 1% L-glutathione, diabetic administered with 2% L-glutamine, and diabetic administered with 1% L-glutathione. After a 120 days experimental period, the animals were euthanized, and the penile tissues were collected and processed for the subsequent immunohistochemical procedure (nNOS) and posterior varicosities morphometry analysis. Diabetic rats administered with L-glutamine and with L-glutathione displayed larger varicosity areas of 14 and 15% compared to the diabetic group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the administration of 2% L-glutamine and 1% L-glutathione in normoglycemic animals promoted a reduction of 3.3% and 2.4% compared to the normoglycemic group (p < 0.05). We concluded that both L-glutamine and L-glutathione administrations exerted a protective effect on the penile nitrergic innervation of diabetic rats, which can have a positive impact on the erectile function and thattheir use in normoglycemic animals should be better investigated.(AU)

Use of aerobic treadmill exercises on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: Various postoperative protocols have been proposed to improve outcomes and accelerate nerve regeneration. Recently, the use of physical exercise in a post-surgical neurorraphy procedure has shown good results when started early. We experimentally investigated the hypothesis that post-operative exercise speeds up results and improves clinical and morphologic parameters. Methods: Isogenic rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 SHAM; 2 SHAM submitted to the exercise protocol (EP); 3 Grafting of the sciatic nerve; and 4 Grafting of the sciatic nerve associated with the EP. The EP was based on aerobic activities with a treadmill, with a progressive increase in time and intensity during 6 weeks. The results were evaluated by the sciatic functional index (SFI), morphometric and morphologic analysis of nerve distal to the lesion, and the number of spinal cord motor neurons, positive to the marker Fluoro-Gold (FG), captured retrogradely through neurorraphy. Results: Functional analysis (SFI) did not show a statistical difference between the group grafted with (­50.94) and without exercise (-65.79) after 90 days. The motoneurons count (Spinal cord histology) also showed no diference between these groups (834.5 × 833 respectively). Although functionally there is no difference between these groups, morphometric study showed a greater density (53.62) and larger fibers (7.762) in GRAFT group. When comparing both operated groups with both SHAM groups, all values were much lower. Conclusions: The experimental model that this aerobic treadmill exercises protocol did not modify nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair with nerve graft.

Canine hypothyroidism with neurological disorders

Background: Hypothyroidism is characterized by hypofunction of the thyroid gland. It results in deficient production of thyroid hormones. Neurological disorders resulting from hypothyroidism are rare, which highlights the importance of this study. This study reports a case of hypothyroidism in a dog with neurological clinical signs, that was treated at the Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz's Veterinary Hospital (HV-UESC). Case: A 4-year-old male intact Dogo Argentino breed dog, weighing 64 kg, presenting obesity, anorexia, prostration, walking in circles, and chronic dermatopathy was presented at HV-UESC. Upon physical examination, the animal presented a deficit of proprioception in the 4 limbs, with preserved superficial and deep pain. No alteration was observed in the ears, that could explained the clinical signs. In terms of dermatopathy, the animal presented symmetrical alopecia in the lateral region of the thighs and tail. Blood samples were collected for a complete blood count and biochemical tests of urea, creatinine, ALT, AST and cholesterol. Imaging radiography and ultrasonography were performed, which ruled out thoracic and abdominal changes that could be related to the case. Prior to receiving the blood test results, idiopathic encephalitis was suspected and enrofloxacin and prednisone were prescribed for 7 days. During the medication period, previous exams were provided, which indicated only increased cholesterol (500 mg/dL). The animal showed no improvement with the prescribed medication. In view of the clinical signs presented by the patient and the results of the additional tests, hormonal disease was suspected, compatible with hypothyroidism. Thus, hormonal tests of total T4, free T4, and TSH were requested, leading to verification of reduced total T4 (0.3 ng/dL) and free T4 (0.15 ng/dL) levels, and confirming the dysfunction of the thyroid gland. The previous treatment was suspended and thyroid hormone replacement was initiated. After 3 days of treatment, the neurological signs regressed and the animal became more active; after 30 days, the areas of alopecia decreased. Although the patient did not receive the recommended clinical follow-up for such cases, it was possible to establish the ideal levothyroxine dosage for the dog after appropriate adjustments, which permitted thyroid hormone levels to return to normal. Discussion: This report refers to a case of hypothyroidism in a giant dog breed. The dog in the report showed clinical signs of a dermatological, metabolic, and neurological nature, which is consistent with a lack of thyroid hormone. The main signs presented by the animal were neurological, such as walking in circles and a deficit of proprioception in the four limbs. These clinical signs are rarely mentioned in the literature associated with hypothyroidism. Laboratory abnormalities are correlated with the severity and chronicity of the disease. The animal showed a decrease in total T4 and free T4, which is to be expected in a hypothyroid animal. As a result, levothyroxine replacement treatment was initiated. The dose used for the dog, which is the recommended dose in the literature, greatly increased its total T4 levels. As a result, the dose was readjusted after a new clinical evaluation. The rate of metabolism and absorption of levothyroxine varies widely and is independent of weight. The patient showed quickly improvement in neurological signs, activity level, and serum cholesterol rate. Regarding dermatological signs and body condition, there was a more gradual improvement. This corroborates what is mentioned in the literature, which indicates that improvements can take many months

Neuropatia periférica focal associada ao linfoma em cães / Focal peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphoma in dogs

Background: Peripheral neuropathies result in sensory, motor or autonomic dysfunctions due to impairment of peripheral spinal or cranial nerves. Neoplasms such as lymphoma are cited as one of the many aetiological causes and it mayaffect the nerve directly, by compression, or indirectly (paraneoplastic) by remote action of the neoplasm located in anextra-neural site. This study aimed to report two cases of cranial nerve neuropathy (trigeminal and facial) associated withcanine lymphoma, contributing to a better understanding of its paraneoplastic effects on the nervous system, as well asthe diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.Cases: Two cases of canine lymphoma associated with possible signs of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy were attendedat the Veterinary Hospital from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HV UFMG). Case 1. A spayed mixed breedbitch, with lethargy and unilateral exophthalmos. Brain computed tomography revealed a retrobulbar mass and cytology wasdiagnostic for extranodal lymphoma. Subsequent to computed tomography, the dog was presented with hypotrophy of thefacial musculature and difficulty in grasping food, consistent with trigeminal nerve palsy, which resolved after institutionof the 19-week chemotherapy protocol from the University of Wisconsin. Nevertheless, disease reccurred and a rescueprotocol was initiated. Case 2. A female Dalmatian, spayed, was diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma, after cytologyof the left mandibular lymph node. Chemotherapy was initiated with the same protocol of the previous case. However,the disease progressed and it was observed facial asymmetry with ptosis of the left eyelid, pina and lips, in addition todifficulty in grasping food, suggesting facial and trigeminal cranial nerve palsy. Clinical signs resolved after institutionof a rescue chemotherapy protocol. However, in both cases, disease progression and poor clinical condition resulted in...

Neuropatia periférica focal associada ao linfoma em cães / Focal peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphoma in dogs

Background: Peripheral neuropathies result in sensory, motor or autonomic dysfunctions due to impairment of peripheral spinal or cranial nerves. Neoplasms such as lymphoma are cited as one of the many aetiological causes and it mayaffect the nerve directly, by compression, or indirectly (paraneoplastic) by remote action of the neoplasm located in anextra-neural site. This study aimed to report two cases of cranial nerve neuropathy (trigeminal and facial) associated withcanine lymphoma, contributing to a better understanding of its paraneoplastic effects on the nervous system, as well asthe diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.Cases: Two cases of canine lymphoma associated with possible signs of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy were attendedat the Veterinary Hospital from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HV UFMG). Case 1. A spayed mixed breedbitch, with lethargy and unilateral exophthalmos. Brain computed tomography revealed a retrobulbar mass and cytology wasdiagnostic for extranodal lymphoma. Subsequent to computed tomography, the dog was presented with hypotrophy of thefacial musculature and difficulty in grasping food, consistent with trigeminal nerve palsy, which resolved after institutionof the 19-week chemotherapy protocol from the University of Wisconsin. Nevertheless, disease reccurred and a rescueprotocol was initiated. Case 2. A female Dalmatian, spayed, was diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma, after cytologyof the left mandibular lymph node. Chemotherapy was initiated with the same protocol of the previous case. However,the disease progressed and it was observed facial asymmetry with ptosis of the left eyelid, pina and lips, in addition todifficulty in grasping food, suggesting facial and trigeminal cranial nerve palsy. Clinical signs resolved after institutionof a rescue chemotherapy protocol. However, in both cases, disease progression and poor clinical condition resulted in...(AU)

Extradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine in a Saint Bernard

Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degeneratedjoints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis.Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case ofextradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinicalevolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with ahistory of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinicalsigns. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexesin the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list includedintervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatorydisease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. Thecerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes wereobserved and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articularprocesses were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits...

Extradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine in a Saint Bernard

Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degeneratedjoints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis.Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case ofextradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinicalevolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with ahistory of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinicalsigns. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexesin the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list includedintervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatorydisease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. Thecerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes wereobserved and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articularprocesses were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits...(AU)

Neurite idiopática do nervo trigêmeo em um cão / Idiopathic neuritis of the trigeminal nerve in a dog

Background: Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy whose clinical signs include inability to close themouth. A neurological examination reveals mainly flaccid paralysis of the masticatory muscles, which may be accompaniedby atony/hypotonia of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Altered sensitivity may also be present in very rare cases.This article reports a case of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy with involvement of the motor and sensory nerve fibers in adog, describing the clinical symptoms, neurological findings, exclusion of other diseases, and evolution of the condition.Case: A 5-year-old bitch showing signs of difficulty in picking up food, swallowing water, and hypersalivation was takento a veterinary clinic. According to her owner, these signs had started spontaneously 2 days earlier. A physical examinationof the animal revealed only a persistently open mouth, although the mouth opening and closing movements could be performed manually by manipulating the jaw. The patient showed swallowing ability, and her tongue movements were intact.The neurological examination revealed that the animal also presented bilateral absence of nasal sensitivity and absenceof palpebral reflex. The animal’s blood test results showed changes only in the CK and AST levels, which were 1,182.60U/L (reference: 1.5 to 28.4 U/L) and 87.1 IU/L (reference: 6.2 to 13 IU/L), respectively. The animal tested negative fordistemper, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography were performedto investigate neoplasia, as well as radiography of the temporomandibular joints, and none of these imaging tests revealedany alterations. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was also within the normal range of reference parameters. In view ofthe possibility of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy, prednisolone...

Neurite idiopática do nervo trigêmeo em um cão / Idiopathic neuritis of the trigeminal nerve in a dog

Background: Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy whose clinical signs include inability to close themouth. A neurological examination reveals mainly flaccid paralysis of the masticatory muscles, which may be accompaniedby atony/hypotonia of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Altered sensitivity may also be present in very rare cases.This article reports a case of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy with involvement of the motor and sensory nerve fibers in adog, describing the clinical symptoms, neurological findings, exclusion of other diseases, and evolution of the condition.Case: A 5-year-old bitch showing signs of difficulty in picking up food, swallowing water, and hypersalivation was takento a veterinary clinic. According to her owner, these signs had started spontaneously 2 days earlier. A physical examinationof the animal revealed only a persistently open mouth, although the mouth opening and closing movements could be performed manually by manipulating the jaw. The patient showed swallowing ability, and her tongue movements were intact.The neurological examination revealed that the animal also presented bilateral absence of nasal sensitivity and absenceof palpebral reflex. The animals blood test results showed changes only in the CK and AST levels, which were 1,182.60U/L (reference: 1.5 to 28.4 U/L) and 87.1 IU/L (reference: 6.2 to 13 IU/L), respectively. The animal tested negative fordistemper, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography were performedto investigate neoplasia, as well as radiography of the temporomandibular joints, and none of these imaging tests revealedany alterations. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was also within the normal range of reference parameters. In view ofthe possibility of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy, prednisolone...(AU)

Analgesic and side effects of intravenous recombinant Ph alfa 1 beta

Background: Intrathecal injection of voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker peptide toxins exerts analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Upon intrathecal administration, recombinant Phα1β exerts the same analgesic effects as the those of the native toxin. However, from a clinical perspective, the intrathecal administration limits the use of anesthetic drugs in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible antinociceptive effect of intravenous recombinant Phα1β in rat models of neuropathic pain, as well as its side effects on motor, cardiac (heart rate and blood pressure), and biochemical parameters. Methods: Male Wistar rats and male Balb-C mice were used in this study. Giotto Biotech® synthesized the recombinant version of Phα1β using Escherichia coli expression. In rats, neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve and paclitaxel-induced acute and chronic pain. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated using von Frey filaments. A radiotelemeter transmitter (TA11PA-C10; Data Sciences, St. Paul, MN, USA) was placed on the left carotid of mice for investigation of cardiovascular side effects. Locomotor activity data were evaluated using the open-field paradigm, and serum CKMB, TGO, TGP, LDH, lactate, creatinine, and urea levels were examined. Results: Intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β toxin induced analgesia for up to 4 h, with ED50 of 0.02 (0.01-0.03) mg/kg, and reached the maximal effect (Emax = 100% antinociception) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. No significant changes were observed in any of the evaluated motor, cardiac or biochemical parameters. Conclusion: Our data suggest that intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β may be feasible for drug-induced analgesia, without causing any severe side effects.(AU)

Analgesic and side effects of intravenous recombinant Ph alfa 1 beta

Background: Intrathecal injection of voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker peptide toxins exerts analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Upon intrathecal administration, recombinant Phα1β exerts the same analgesic effects as the those of the native toxin. However, from a clinical perspective, the intrathecal administration limits the use of anesthetic drugs in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible antinociceptive effect of intravenous recombinant Phα1β in rat models of neuropathic pain, as well as its side effects on motor, cardiac (heart rate and blood pressure), and biochemical parameters. Methods: Male Wistar rats and male Balb-C mice were used in this study. Giotto Biotech® synthesized the recombinant version of Phα1β using Escherichia coli expression. In rats, neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve and paclitaxel-induced acute and chronic pain. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated using von Frey filaments. A radiotelemeter transmitter (TA11PA-C10; Data Sciences, St. Paul, MN, USA) was placed on the left carotid of mice for investigation of cardiovascular side effects. Locomotor activity data were evaluated using the open-field paradigm, and serum CKMB, TGO, TGP, LDH, lactate, creatinine, and urea levels were examined. Results: Intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β toxin induced analgesia for up to 4 h, with ED50 of 0.02 (0.01-0.03) mg/kg, and reached the maximal effect (Emax = 100% antinociception) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. No significant changes were observed in any of the evaluated motor, cardiac or biochemical parameters. Conclusion: Our data suggest that intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β may be feasible for drug-induced analgesia, without causing any severe side effects.

Condromalácia na articulação tíbio társica das trócleas em equino: relato de caso

Artrites traumáticas, principais causas de claudicação em equinos atletas, cursam com grande impacto econômico, em função da retirada precoce dos animais das atividades atléticas. Inúmeros fatores culminam em lesões articulares, sendo necessário o entendimento do mecanismo fisiopatológico para diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. O presente caso relata uma égua atleta com diagnóstico de osteoartrite causada por excessiva demanda biomecânica na articulação tíbio társica. O tratamento consistiu em consecutivas infiltrações de soro autólogo condicionado IRAP (Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein). A resposta foi positiva com evidente melhora do quadro clínico. A terapia, apesar de necessitar mais estudos, já apresenta resultados promissores no tratamento das artropatias em equinos.(AU)

Traumatic arthritis, considered to be the main cause of lameness in equine athletes, have a great economic impact due to the early withdrawal of the animals from athletic activities. There are several causes that lead to joint injuries and it is necessary to know the pathophysiological mechanism, to early diagnosis and treatment. The present case reports an athlete mare with osteoarthritis caused by excessive biomechanical demand in the tibio tarsic joint. It was treated with consecutive infiltrations of conditioned autologous serum IRAP (Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein). The response was positive with evident improvement of the clinical picture. The therapy, although more studies are needed, already presents promising results in the treatment of equine arthropathies.(au)

Condromalácia na articulação tíbio társica das trócleas em equino: relato de caso

Artrites traumáticas, principais causas de claudicação em equinos atletas, cursam com grande impacto econômico, em função da retirada precoce dos animais das atividades atléticas. Inúmeros fatores culminam em lesões articulares, sendo necessário o entendimento do mecanismo fisiopatológico para diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. O presente caso relata uma égua atleta com diagnóstico de osteoartrite causada por excessiva demanda biomecânica na articulação tíbio társica. O tratamento consistiu em consecutivas infiltrações de soro autólogo condicionado IRAP (Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein). A resposta foi positiva com evidente melhora do quadro clínico. A terapia, apesar de necessitar mais estudos, já apresenta resultados promissores no tratamento das artropatias em equinos.

Traumatic arthritis, considered to be the main cause of lameness in equine athletes, have a great economic impact due to the early withdrawal of the animals from athletic activities. There are several causes that lead to joint injuries and it is necessary to know the pathophysiological mechanism, to early diagnosis and treatment. The present case reports an athlete mare with osteoarthritis caused by excessive biomechanical demand in the tibio tarsic joint. It was treated with consecutive infiltrations of conditioned autologous serum IRAP (Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein). The response was positive with evident improvement of the clinical picture. The therapy, although more studies are needed, already presents promising results in the treatment of equine arthropathies.(au)

Íleo paralítico em três bovinos: Relato de caso / Paralytic ileus in three cattle: case report

O íleo paralítico é uma obstrução do tipo funcional, na qual o lúmen intestinal está patente, comprometendo a passagem da ingesta no intestino. Este relato objetiva descrever três casos em vacas com aptidão leiteira, atendidos na rotina hospitalar e diagnosticados com íleo paralítico. Em seus históricos, os proprietários queixavam-se que os animais apresentavam redução do apetite, timpania ruminal, diminuição da produção de leite e eliminação das fezes. Ao exame físico, alguns sinais clínicos apresentaram destaque, como apatia, desidratação, redução da motilidade ruminal e intestinal, fezes em pequena quantidade e com muco, distensão do abdômen e ao balotamento constatou-se a presença de líquido. Na análise do fluido ruminal todos os animais apresentaram o teor de cloreto elevado (>30 mEq/L), caracterizando, dessa forma, um processo obstrutivo. Diante dos achados, suspeitou-se inicialmente de um quadro de obstrução intestinal. Nos casos, a conduta adotada foi realizar uma laparotomia exploratória através do flanco direito, porém constatou-se, que não existia qualquer segmento com obstrução de natureza mecânica, que justificasse as alterações físicas e laboratoriais encontradas. Diante destes resultados, configurou-se um quadro clínico indicativo de íleo paralítico. As vacas foram submetidas a um protocolo terapêutico pós-cirúrgico composto por antibioticoterapia, anti-inflam

Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the functional type, in which the intestinal lumen is patent, compromising the passage of the intake in the intestine. The objective of this study was to describe three cases in dairy cows treated in the hospital routine diagnosed with paralytic ileus. In their histories, the owners complained that the animals presented reduced appetite, ruminal tympany, decreased milk yield and elimination of faeces. At the physical examination, some clinical signs were prominent in both, such as apathy, dehydration, reduction of ruminal and intestinal motility, faeces were present in small quantity and with mucus present, abdominal enlargement and the succession produced sloshing sounds. In the analysis of the ruminal fluid, the chloride content in both was high (>30 mEq/L), characterizing an obstructive process. In the face of the findings, a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was initially suspected. In animals, the adopted approach was to perform an exploratory laparotomy through the right flank, but it was verified that there was no segment with mechanical obstruction that justified the physical and laboratorial alterations found. In view of these results, a clinical diagnosis indicative of paralytic ileus was established. The three animals were submitted to a post-surgical therapeutic protocol consisting of antibiotic therapy, anti-inflammatory, calcium, pro-kinetic and supportive treatment. The animals showed a favourable response to therapeutic treatment, with restoration of gastrointestinal function and other physiological parameters, and was discharged after a clinical evolution ranging from ten to twelve days.(AU)

Íleo paralítico em três bovinos: Relato de caso / Paralytic ileus in three cattle: case report

O íleo paralítico é uma obstrução do tipo funcional, na qual o lúmen intestinal está patente, comprometendo a passagem da ingesta no intestino. Este relato objetiva descrever três casos em vacas com aptidão leiteira, atendidos na rotina hospitalar e diagnosticados com íleo paralítico. Em seus históricos, os proprietários queixavam-se que os animais apresentavam redução do apetite, timpania ruminal, diminuição da produção de leite e eliminação das fezes. Ao exame físico, alguns sinais clínicos apresentaram destaque, como apatia, desidratação, redução da motilidade ruminal e intestinal, fezes em pequena quantidade e com muco, distensão do abdômen e ao balotamento constatou-se a presença de líquido. Na análise do fluido ruminal todos os animais apresentaram o teor de cloreto elevado (>30 mEq/L), caracterizando, dessa forma, um processo obstrutivo. Diante dos achados, suspeitou-se inicialmente de um quadro de obstrução intestinal. Nos casos, a conduta adotada foi realizar uma laparotomia exploratória através do flanco direito, porém constatou-se, que não existia qualquer segmento com obstrução de natureza mecânica, que justificasse as alterações físicas e laboratoriais encontradas. Diante destes resultados, configurou-se um quadro clínico indicativo de íleo paralítico. As vacas foram submetidas a um protocolo terapêutico pós-cirúrgico composto por antibioticoterapia, anti-inflam

Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the functional type, in which the intestinal lumen is patent, compromising the passage of the intake in the intestine. The objective of this study was to describe three cases in dairy cows treated in the hospital routine diagnosed with paralytic ileus. In their histories, the owners complained that the animals presented reduced appetite, ruminal tympany, decreased milk yield and elimination of faeces. At the physical examination, some clinical signs were prominent in both, such as apathy, dehydration, reduction of ruminal and intestinal motility, faeces were present in small quantity and with mucus present, abdominal enlargement and the succession produced sloshing sounds. In the analysis of the ruminal fluid, the chloride content in both was high (>30 mEq/L), characterizing an obstructive process. In the face of the findings, a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was initially suspected. In animals, the adopted approach was to perform an exploratory laparotomy through the right flank, but it was verified that there was no segment with mechanical obstruction that justified the physical and laboratorial alterations found. In view of these results, a clinical diagnosis indicative of paralytic ileus was established. The three animals were submitted to a post-surgical therapeutic protocol consisting of antibiotic therapy, anti-inflammatory, calcium, pro-kinetic and supportive treatment. The animals showed a favourable response to therapeutic treatment, with restoration of gastrointestinal function and other physiological parameters, and was discharged after a clinical evolution ranging from ten to twelve days.

Efeitos dos colírios a base de cloridrato de dorzolamida a 2% e latanoprosta a 0, 005% sobre a superfície ocular de coelhos / Effects of 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride and 0.005% latanoprost solutions on the eye surface of rabbits

Background: The glaucoma is a progressive optical neuropathy generally associated to the increase of the intraocular pressure (IOP). It is a disease of difficult therapeutic conduct and potential cause of blindness. The dorzolamide at 2% and the latanoprost at 0.005% are topical antiglaucoma drugs that cause significant reduction of the IOP. We decided to evaluate the local adverse effects of the dorzolamide at 2% and of the latanoprost at 0.005% in rabbits treated during 120 days. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen adult male rabbits were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into 3 groups (G) [n = 6]. Each animal received topical treatment in both eyes: GI (latanoprost at 0.005%, SID); GII (dorzolamide at 2%, TID) and GIII (ultra-pure water, TID) during 120 days. Ophthalmological evaluation was carried out through daily clinical examination, and at the end of the 120 days of treatment, it was verified clinical-ophthalmological alterations in the eyelids. The measurement of ECC was performed in triplicate, obtaining the lowest value among them as a result. They were carried out at the same time, in the morning between 9 and 10 am in order to avoid the effects of daytime ECC variation related to corneal hydration. In animals from group I, changes were observed in two eyes. Conjunctival hyperemia and ocular secretion, both in mild degree, were evidenced, respectively, in 13.75% and 9.1% of the observations. Conjunctival hyperemia was characterized from the 16th day and lasted until the final time (120 days). The animals from GII, treated with dorzolamide at 2%, presented the highest number of ophthalmological alterations. At the end of the experiment, conjunctival and eyelid changes and presence of ocular secretion, both ranging from mild to moderate, were observed in 60% and 16.32% of eyes, respectively. The animals from control group, GIII, did not present ophthalmological alterations. Discussion: Clinical signs observed in eyes...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...(AU)

Íleo paralítico em três bovinos: relato de caso / Paralytic ileus in three cattle: case report

O íleo paralítico é uma obstrução do tipo funcional, na qual o lúmen intestinal está patente, comprometendo a passagem da ingesta no intestino. Este relato objetiva descrever três casos em vacas com aptidão leiteira, atendidos na rotina hospitalar e diagnosticados com íleo paralítico. Em seus históricos, os proprietários queixavam-se que os animais apresentavam redução do apetite, timpania ruminal, diminuição da produção de leite e eliminação das fezes. Ao exame físico, alguns sinais clínicos apresentaram destaque, como apatia, desidratação, redução da motilidade ruminal e intestinal, fezes em pequena quantidade e com muco, distensão do abdômen e ao balotamento constatou-se a presença de líquido. Na análise do fluido ruminal todos os animais apresentaram o teor de cloreto elevado (>30 mEq/L), caracterizando, dessa forma, um processo obstrutivo. Diante dos achados, suspeitou-se inicialmente de um quadro de obstrução intestinal. Nos casos, a conduta adotada foi realizar uma laparotomia exploratória através do flanco direito, porém constatou-se, que não existia qualquer segmento com obstrução de natureza mecânica, que justificasse as alterações físicas e laboratoriais encontradas. Diante destes resultados, configurou-se um quadro clínico indicativo de íleo paralítico. As vacasforam submetidas a um protocolo terapêutico pós-cirúrgico composto por antibioticoterapia, anti-inflamatório, cálcio, procinético e tratamento de suporte. Os animais manifestaram uma resposta favorável a conduta terapêutica, com restabelecimento da função gastrointestinal e dos demais parâmetros fisiológicos, recebendo alta após uma evolução clínica variando entre dez a doze dias.

Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the functional type, in which the intestinal lumen is patent, compromising the passage of the intake in the intestine. The objective of this study was to describe three cases in dairy cows treated in the hospital routine diagnosed with paralytic ileus. In their histories, the owners complained that the animals presented reduced appetite, ruminal tympany, decreased milk yield and elimination of faeces. At the physical examination, some clinical signs were prominent in both, such as apathy, dehydration, reduction of ruminal and intestinal motility, faeces were present in small quantity and with mucus present, abdominal enlargement and the succession produced sloshing sounds. In the analysis of the ruminal fluid, the chloride content in both was high (>30 mEq/L), characterizing an obstructive process. In the face of the findings, a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was initially suspected. In animals, the adopted approach was to perform an exploratory laparotomy through the right flank, but it was verified that there was no segment with mechanical obstruction that justified the physical and laboratorial alterations found. In view of these results, a clinical diagnosis indicative of paralytic ileus was established. The three animals were submitted to a post-surgical therapeutic protocol consisting of antibiotic therapy, anti-inflammatory, calcium, pro-kinetic and supportive treatment. The animals showed a favourable response to therapeutic treatment, with restoration of gastrointestinal function and other physiological parameters, and was discharged after a clinical evolution ranging from ten to twelve days.

Dexmedetomidine attenuates P2X4 and NLRP3 expression in the spine of rats with diabetic neuropathic pain

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of Dexmedetomidine (Dex) on spinal pathology and inflammatory factor in a rat model of Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP). Methods: The rats were divided into 3 groups (eight in each group): normal group (N group), diabetic neuropathic pain model group (DNP group), and DNP model with dexmedetomidine (Dex group). The rat model of diabetes was established with intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injections. Nerve cell ultrastructure was evaluated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) tests documented that DNP rat model was characterized by a decreased pain threshold and nerve conduction velocity. Results: Dex restored the phenotype of neurocytes, reduced the extent of demyelination and improved MWT and MNCV of DNP-treated rats (P=0.01, P=0.038, respectively). The expression of three pain-and inflammation-associated factors (P2X4, NLRP3, and IL-IP) was significantly upregulated at the protein level in DNP rats, and this change was reversed by Dex administration (P=0.0022, P=0.0092, P=0.0028, respectively). Conclusion: The P2X4/NLRP3 signaling pathway is implicated in the development and presence of DNP in vivo, and Dex protects from this disorder.(AU)