Resumo

Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are of particular economic importance in the highlands of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, by virtue of the number of breweries in the region. However, since the cultivars currently available in the country present poor qualitative attributes and low cone productivity, there is considerable demand for improved genotypes. The results of diallel crossing experiments help to increase our understanding of inheritance processes and the mechanisms controlling the transfer of alleles with additive or non-additive action, thereby allowing breeders to explore the benefits of heterosis. The present study evaluated the general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA, respectively) of four hop genotypes and to obtain F1 hybrids with agronomic traits superior to those of the parents and the ability to adapt to the environmental conditions in the Santa Catarina highlands. Partial diallel crosses were performed using a randomized complete block design involving 14 treatments, namely two male parents (Cascade and Hallertauer), four female parents (Columbus, Chinook, Cascade and Hallertauer) and eight hybrid combinations, with three repetitions each. The results showed that SCA was the predominant controlling mechanism for the manifestation in hybrids of the traits length of the lateral branch, height of insertion of the first cone, plant green mass and cone productivity. Some parental combinations also exhibited high GCA, indicating the presence of favorable alleles with additive action. The best combination was Hallertauer × Cascade, a finding that highlights the importance of choosing parents from different gene pools (American × European) to obtain genetically enhanced hybrids.

O lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) possui grande importância econômica no planalto serrano do estado de Santa Catarina, uma vez que existem inúmeras cervejarias nesta região do Brasil. Como as cultivares disponíveis no país carecem de bons atributos qualitativos e apresentam baixa produtividade de cones, existe grande demanda por genótipos melhorados. Os resultados de experimentos de cruzamento dialélico aumentam a compreensão dos processos de herança e dos mecanismos de controle associados à transferência de alelos com ação aditiva ou não aditiva, permitindo assim que os geneticistas explorem os benefícios da heterose. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar as capacidades de combinação geral e específica (CGC e CEC, respectivamente) de quatro genótipos de lúpulo e obter híbridos F1 com características agronômicas superiores às dos genitores e habilidade para se adaptar às condições ambientais do planalto catarinense. Os cruzamentos dialélicos parciais foram realizados em delineamento de blocos casualizados envolvendo 14 tratamentos, i.e. dois genitores masculinos (Cascade e Hallertauer), quatro genitores femininos (Columbus, Chinook, Cascade e Hallertauer) e oito combinações híbridas, com três repetições cada. Os resultados mostraram que a CEC dos genitores foi o mecanismo de controle predominante para a manifestação nos híbridos das características comprimento do ramo lateral, altura de inserção do primeiro cone, massa verde da planta e produtividade de cones. Algumas combinações entre genitores também manifestaram CGC elevada, indicando a presença de alelos favoráveis com ação aditiva. A melhor combinação foi Hallertauer × Cascade e essa descoberta demonstra a importância da escolha de genitores originários de diferentes grupos genéticos (Americano × Europeu) para obter híbridos geneticamente melhorados.

Resumo

In preparation for compiling a catalogue of the South Atlantic American malacofauna, this study addresses the taxonomy of selected species within less intricate groups to ensure accurate classification within the catalogue. The following nomenclatural acts are undertaken for this purpose: New species descriptions: 1, Tectura iguypis; 2, Nacella mirim; 3, Calliostoma soror; 4, Abyssochrysos quasilissus; 5, Caecum jonesae; 6, Sinum striotis; 7, Agaronia sterica; 8, Voluta melodica; 9, Phrontis rocas;10, Goniofusus phoenix; 11, Dolicholatirus etherius; 12, Lightbournus rendatus; 13, Terebra joculosa; 14, Neoterebra potiguar;15, Trimusculus pifius; 16, Brevinucula overa; 17, Ennucula ipepa; 18, Tindaria ruru; 19, Barbatia pehenguis; 20, Bathyarca arcadia; 21, Bentharca celeris; 22, Electroma electra; 23, Brachidontes ynous; 24, Pinna trindadis; 25, Pinna nembia; 26, Pinna pereria; 27, Servatrina amazonica; 28, Warrana culmen; 29, Lucinoma apocalyptica; 30, Cyrenoida implexa; 31, Hiatella marisqueira; 32, Cyrtopleura angelicalis; 33, Lyonsiella angulosa; 34, Graptacme obtura. Species revalidated: 1, Fissurella itapema; 2, Cranopsis watsoni; 3, Pedicularia tibia; 4, Semicassis iheringi; 5, Anachis veleda; 6, Terebra chilensis; 7, Iselica anomala; 8, Barbatia cancellaria; 9, Acar domingensis; 10, Limopsis paucidentata; 11, Paracratis borealis; 12, Crassostrea mangle;13, Abra americana; 14, Choristodon typicum; 15, Pseudochama radians; 16, Polyschides quadridentatum. New synonyms: 1, Fissurella clenchi; 2, Natica castanea; 3, Cyphoma macumba; 4, Voluta thevenini; 5, Pleuroploca granulilabris; 6, Polyschides xavante; 7, Polyschides noronhensis. New combinations: 1, Falsilunatia limbata; 2, Goniofusus damasoi. Redescriptions/taxonomy commented: 1, Nacella mytilina; 2, Fissurella rosea; 3, Calliostoma depictum; 4, Depressiscala nautlae; 5, Depressiscala niditella; 6, Scala scipio; 7, Abyssochrysos brasilianus; 8, Caecum antillarum; 9, Cheilea equestris; 10, Sinum perspectivum;11, Pseudocyphoma intermedium; 12, Cyphoma signatum; 13, Coronium; 14, Voluta ebraea; 15, Nassarius albus; 16, Goniofusus brasiliensis; 17, Goniofusus strigatus; 18, Leucozonia nassa; 19, Anachis lyrata; 20, Terebra gemmulata; 21, Turbonilla obsoleta;22, Brevinucula verrillii; 23, Tindaria amabilis; 24, Bathyarca glomerula; 25, Bentharca asperula; 26, Crassostrea mangle;27, Pinna carnea; 28, Kalolophus antillarum; 29, Warrana besnardi; 30, Chama cristella; 31, Hiatella solida; 32, Cyrtopleura costata; 33, Polyschides tetraschistus. Extension of distribution: 1, Amaea mitchelli; 2, Tindaria cytherea; 3, Lyratellina juttingae.Change of genus: 1, Naticarius cayennensis. New replacement name: 1, Turbonilla absalaoi. Validity of species discussed: 1, Cheilea atlantica; 2, Cheilea americana. Families revalidated: 1, Trichotropidae. Fossil species proposed to remain fossil-only: 1, Cranopsis granulata; 2, Iselica globosa; 3, Limopsis aurita; 4, Limopsis minuta; 5, Abra longicallus. All 104 nomenclatural acts are thoroughly justified, discussed, and mostly illustrated. Several of these acts have co-authors. https://zoobank.org/6DB1BC9F-A0E9-4C36-8BEF-EF8A375F0693.(AU)

Resumo

The effect of peptide toxins on voltage-gated ion channels can be reliably assessed using electrophysiological assays, such as the patch-clamp technique. However, much of the toxinological research done in Central and South America aims at purifying and characterizing biochemical properties of the toxins of vegetal or animal origin, lacking electrophysiological approaches. This may happen due to technical and infrastructure limitations or because researchers are unfamiliar with the techniques and cellular models that can be used to gain information about the effect of a molecule on ion channels. Given the potential interest of many research groups in the highly biodiverse region of Central and South America, we reviewed the most relevant conceptual and methodological developments required to implement the evaluation of the effect of peptide toxins on mammalian voltage-gated ion channels using patch-clamp. For that, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases with different combinations of these descriptors: "electrophysiology", "patch-clamp techniques", "Ca2+ channels", "K+ channels", "cnidarian venoms", "cone snail venoms", "scorpion venoms", "spider venoms", "snake venoms", "cardiac myocytes", "dorsal root ganglia", and summarized the literature as a scoping review. First, we present the basics and recent advances in mammalian voltage-gated ion channel's structure and function and update the most important animal sources of channel-modulating toxins (e.g. cnidarian and cone snails, scorpions, spiders, and snakes), highlighting the properties of toxins electrophysiologically characterized in Central and South America. Finally, we describe the local experience in implementing the patch-clamp technique using two models of excitable cells, as well as the participation in characterizing new modulators of ion channels derived from the venom of a local spider, a toxins' source less studied with electrophysiological techniques. Fostering the implementation of electrophysiological methods in more laboratories in the region will strengthen our capabilities in many fields, such as toxinology, toxicology, pharmacology, natural products, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioengineering.

Resumo

Viral inactivated vaccines play a fundamental role in animal heath, both for individual protection and for the induction of antibodies that will be passively transmitted to the progeny. Depending on the field challenges, it is eventually necessary to combine more than one etiology. Inactivated polyvalent vaccines with appropriate combinations to ensure adequate and balanced responses may induce a satisfactory and long-lasting immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the antibody responses of a new oil-based inactivated pentavalent viral vaccine for intramuscular administration containing a newly developed immunomodulator, and compare it with conventional vaccines through antibody responses to the same antigens by ELISA in successive weeks after administration. Mortality rate, weight gain, egg production and hatching were also determined to evaluate safety. The results obtained revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between the group that received the new vaccine and the control group, presenting persistent and long-lasting IgG (IgY) antibodies in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens for 146 days. In addition, there was a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in the serological response of the new pentavalent vaccine in commercial poultry in relation to the monovalent commercial vaccines for infectious bronchitis, avian metapneumovirus, Newcastle disease, Gumboro, and reovirus fractions. There was no change in the productive parameters evaluated when compared to the conventional vaccine or the control.(AU)

Resumo

West Indian cherry cultivation has proved to be an important economic activity in northeastern Brazil. However, irrigation with brackish waters limits cultivation, requiring new strategies to minimize the effect of salt stress. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) combinations on the photosynthetic pigments and quantum yield of West Indian cherry cultivated under salt stress, in the second year of production. The assay was conducted in a protected environment by adopting an experimental design in randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a 2×10 factorial arrangement referring to two electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water - ECw (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1) and 10 NPK fertilization combinations - FC (80-100-100; 100-100-100; 120-100-100; 140-100-100; 100-80-100; 100-120-100; 100-140-100; 100-100-80; 100-100-120, and 100-100-140% of the recommendation, in the second year of production), with three replications, each consisting of one plant. Irrigation with the electrical conductivity of 4.0 dS m-1 negatively affected the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and the photochemical efficiency of the West Indian cherry cv. Flor Branca. The NPK combinations did not attenuate the effects of salt stress on the analyzed variables. However, the combinations referring to 120-100-100%, 140-100-100%, and 100-120-100% of NPK recommendation improved the quantum yield of photosystem II by reducing the initial fluorescence and increasing the maximum fluorescence of the West Indian cherry cv. Flor Branca.

Na região Nordeste do Brasil, o cultivo da acerola tem se mostrado uma importante atividade econômica; entretanto, a irrigação com águas salobras limita o cultivo, sendo necessário a busca por estratégias que minimizem o efeito do estresse salino. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar combinações de adubação com nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K) sobre os teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos e o rendimento quântico do fotossistema II da aceroleira cv. Flor Branca cultivada sob estresse salino, no segundo ano de produção. O ensaio foi conduzido em ambiente protegido sob delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2×10, referentes a dois níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,6 e 4,0 dS m-1) e 10 combinações de adubação com NPK - CA (80-100-100; 100-100-100; 120-100-100; 140-100-100; 100-80-100; 100-120-100; 100-140-100; 100-100-80; 100-100-120 e 100-100-140% da recomendação referente ao segundo ano de produção), com três repetições cada uma constituída por uma planta. A irrigação com água de 4,0 dS m-1 de condutividade elétrica reduziu os teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos e o rendimento quântico do fotossistema II da aceroleira. As combinações de NPK não atenuaram os efeitos do estresse salino sobre as variáveis analisadas. Entretanto, as combinações de 120-100-100, 140-100-100 e 100-120-100% da recomendação de NPK melhoraram o rendimento quântico do fotossistema II, uma vez que reduziram a fluorescência inicial e aumentaram a fluorescência máxima da aceroleira cv. Flor Branca.

Resumo

We provide a taxonomic note on Paedarium Aldrich, 1926, with new generic synonyms, Neopaedarium Blanchard, 1943 syn. nov. and Velardemyia Valencia, 1972 syn. nov., and new combinations resulting from these synonyms, Paedarium ica (Valencia, 1972) comb. nov. and Paedarium subauratum (Blanchard, 1943) comb. nov.Paedarium punctipennis Walker, 1857, is considered an unplaced species of Voriini. A redescription of P. subauratum and notes on its biology are given. A key for species of the genus Paedarium is provided.(AU)

Resumo

Abstract Hops is a new culture in Brazil. Tissue culture can be an important technique for rapid hop propagation. This paper aims to characterize responses from different genotypes under different growth regulators through the interrelationship of response variables important to hop in vitro growth. Three genotypes were cultivated in six culture media with different combinations of growth regulators, BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), IAA (3-indolacetic acid) and GA3 (gibberellic acid). The means were compared by orthogonal contrasts and the interrelationship of the response variables was performed by path analysis. American genotypes showed favorable root development under the BAP + IAA combination, while the use of IAA improved shoot development. The origin of genotypes was important for defining the best protocol for in vitro cultivation. The path coefficient showed that the variable number of shoots has stronger direct effect on the number of nodal segments. Additionally, in tissue culture assays, the use of a covariable and proper error distribution significantly increased experimental accuracy.

Resumo O lúpulo é uma nova cultura no Brasil. A cultura de tecidos pode ser uma técnica importante para a propagação rápida do lúpulo. Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar respostas de diferentes genótipos sob diferentes reguladores de crescimento através da inter-relação de variáveis de resposta importantes para o crescimento in vitro. Três genótipos foram cultivados em seis meios de cultura com diferentes combinações de reguladores de crescimento, BAP (6-benzilaminopurina), AIA (ácido 3-indolacético) e GA3 (ácido giberélico). As médias foram comparadas por contrastes ortogonais e a inter-relação das variáveis de resposta foi realizada por análise de trilha. Os genótipos americanos apresentaram desenvolvimento radicular favorável sob a combinação BAP + AIA, enquanto o uso do AIA melhorou o desenvolvimento da parte aérea. A origem dos genótipos foi importante para definir o melhor protocolo para o cultivo in vitro. O coeficiente de trilha mostrou que a variável número de brotos tem um efeito direto mais forte no número de segmentos nodais. Adicionalmente, em experimentos com cultura de tecidos, o uso de uma covariável e distribuição de erro adequada aumentou significativamente a precisão experimental.

Resumo

The development and recommendation of single cross maize hybrids (SH) to be used in extensive land areas (mega-environments), and in different crop seasons requires many experiments under numerous environmental conditions. The question we asked is if the data from these multi-environment experiments are sufficient to identify the best hybrid combinations. The aim of this study was to critically analyze the phenotype data of experiments of yield, established by a large seed producing company, under a high level of imbalance. Data from evaluation of 2770 SH were used from experiments conducted over four years, involving the first and second crop seasons, in 50 locations of different years and regions of Brazil. Different types of analysis were carried out and genetic and non-genetic components were estimated, with emphasis on the different interactions of the SH with the environments. Results showed that the coincidence of common hybrids in these experiments is normally small. The estimates of the correlations between of the hybrids coinciding in the environments two by two is of low magnitude. The hybrid × crop season interaction was always expressive; however, the interactions of hybrids and other environmental variables were also important. Under these conditions, alternatives were discussed for making with the information obtained from the experiments, can be more efficient on the process to obtain new hybrids by companies.

Resumo

The development and recommendation of single cross maize hybrids (SH) to be used in extensive land areas (mega-environments), and in different crop seasons requires many experiments under numerous environmental conditions. The question we asked is if the data from these multi-environment experiments are sufficient to identify the best hybrid combinations. The aim of this study was to critically analyze the phenotype data of experiments of yield, established by a large seed producing company, under a high level of imbalance. Data from evaluation of 2770 SH were used from experiments conducted over four years, involving the first and second crop seasons, in 50 locations of different years and regions of Brazil. Different types of analysis were carried out and genetic and non-genetic components were estimated, with emphasis on the different interactions of the SH with the environments. Results showed that the coincidence of common hybrids in these experiments is normally small. The estimates of the correlations between of the hybrids coinciding in the environments two by two is of low magnitude. The hybrid × crop season interaction was always expressive; however, the interactions of hybrids and other environmental variables were also important. Under these conditions, alternatives were discussed for making with the information obtained from the experiments, can be more efficient on the process to obtain new hybrids by companies.

Resumo

Hops is a new culture in Brazil. Tissue culture can be an important technique for rapid hop propagation. This paper aims to characterize responses from different genotypes under different growth regulators through the interrelationship of response variables important to hop in vitro growth. Three genotypes were cultivated in six culture media with different combinations of growth regulators, BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), IAA (3-indolacetic acid) and GA3 (gibberellic acid). The means were compared by orthogonal contrasts and the interrelationship of the response variables was performed by path analysis. American genotypes showed favorable root development under the BAP + IAA combination, while the use of IAA improved shoot development. The origin of genotypes was important for defining the best protocol for in vitro cultivation. The path coefficient showed that the variable number of shoots has stronger direct effect on the number of nodal segments. Additionally, in tissue culture assays, the use of a covariable and proper error distribution significantly increased experimental accuracy.

O lúpulo é uma nova cultura no Brasil. A cultura de tecidos pode ser uma técnica importante para a propagação rápida do lúpulo. Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar respostas de diferentes genótipos sob diferentes reguladores de crescimento através da inter-relação de variáveis de resposta importantes para o crescimento in vitro. Três genótipos foram cultivados em seis meios de cultura com diferentes combinações de reguladores de crescimento, BAP (6-benzilaminopurina), AIA (ácido 3-indolacético) e GA3 (ácido giberélico). As médias foram comparadas por contrastes ortogonais e a inter-relação das variáveis de resposta foi realizada por análise de trilha. Os genótipos americanos apresentaram desenvolvimento radicular favorável sob a combinação BAP + AIA, enquanto o uso do AIA melhorou o desenvolvimento da parte aérea. A origem dos genótipos foi importante para definir o melhor protocolo para o cultivo in vitro. O coeficiente de trilha mostrou que a variável número de brotos tem um efeito direto mais forte no número de segmentos nodais. Adicionalmente, em experimentos com cultura de tecidos, o uso de uma covariável e distribuição de erro adequada aumentou significativamente a precisão experimental.

Resumo

Hops is a new culture in Brazil. Tissue culture can be an important technique for rapid hop propagation. This paper aims to characterize responses from different genotypes under different growth regulators through the interrelationship of response variables important to hop in vitro growth. Three genotypes were cultivated in six culture media with different combinations of growth regulators, BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), IAA (3-indolacetic acid) and GA3 (gibberellic acid). The means were compared by orthogonal contrasts and the interrelationship of the response variables was performed by path analysis. American genotypes showed favorable root development under the BAP + IAA combination, while the use of IAA improved shoot development. The origin of genotypes was important for defining the best protocol for in vitro cultivation. The path coefficient showed that the variable number of shoots has stronger direct effect on the number of nodal segments. Additionally, in tissue culture assays, the use of a covariable and proper error distribution significantly increased experimental accuracy.

O lúpulo é uma nova cultura no Brasil. A cultura de tecidos pode ser uma técnica importante para a propagação rápida do lúpulo. Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar respostas de diferentes genótipos sob diferentes reguladores de crescimento através da inter-relação de variáveis de resposta importantes para o crescimento in vitro. Três genótipos foram cultivados em seis meios de cultura com diferentes combinações de reguladores de crescimento, BAP (6-benzilaminopurina), AIA (ácido 3-indolacético) e GA3 (ácido giberélico). As médias foram comparadas por contrastes ortogonais e a inter-relação das variáveis de resposta foi realizada por análise de trilha. Os genótipos americanos apresentaram desenvolvimento radicular favorável sob a combinação BAP + AIA, enquanto o uso do AIA melhorou o desenvolvimento da parte aérea. A origem dos genótipos foi importante para definir o melhor protocolo para o cultivo in vitro. O coeficiente de trilha mostrou que a variável número de brotos tem um efeito direto mais forte no número de segmentos nodais. Adicionalmente, em experimentos com cultura de tecidos, o uso de uma covariável e distribuição de erro adequada aumentou significativamente a precisão experimental.

Resumo

Abstract Peptides obtained from different animal species have gained importance recently due to research that aims to develop biopharmaceuticals with therapeutic potential. In this sense, arthropod venoms have drawn attention, not only because of their toxicity but mainly for the search for molecules with various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of the present study is to gather data available in the literature on new peptides derived from arthropod species with anti-inflammatory potential. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies on peptides from arthropods that display anti-inflammatory activity were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The bibliographic research started in 2020 and searched papers without a limit on the publication date. The articles were analyzed using a search string containing the following terms: Peptides and Anti-inflammatory, in combinations such as Ant, Bee, Wasp, Crab, Shrimp, Scorpion, Spider, Tick and Centipedes. Besides, a search was carried out in the databases with the terms: Peptides, Antitumor, or Anticancer, and Arthropods. Articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria totalized 171, and these served for data extraction. Additionally, the present review included anti-inflammatory peptides with anticancer properties. Peptides with confirmed anti-inflammatory activity were from insects (ants, bees, and wasps), crustaceans (shrimp and crabs), arachnids (scorpions, spiders, and ticks), and centipedes. These arthropod peptides act mainly by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines as analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Some showed significant antineoplastic activity, working in essential cellular pathways against malignant neoplasms.

Resumo

The growing demand for quality of papaya by the domestic and international markets requires the development of genotypes that are capable of incorporating traits, such as high yield and fruit quality. This study estimated the genetic parameters and the specific combining ability of F4 papaya lines crossed to the SS-72/12 tester to identify genotypes with higher genetic value for hybrid production. We evaluated 169 treatments consisting of 62 topcross hybrid combinations, 97 F5 lines, and 10 controls in a 13 × 13 lattice design with five replicates and two plants per plot. The following traits were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), first-fruit insertion height (FFIH), number of marketable fruits (NMF), number of deformed fruits (NDF), number of fruitless nodes (NFN), average fruit weight (FW), and yield (YLD). Differences p < 0.05 were found in most traits evaluated. The specific combining ability estimates indicate that hybrids formed by the cross between SS-72/12 tester and the following lines are promising, considering the multiple traits: UCLA08-088, UCLA08-101, UCLA08-071, UCLA08-014, UCLA08-025, UCLA08-028, UCLA08-122, UCLA08-055, UCLA08-026, and UCLA08-092. These hybrids meet the demands for domestic and international markets and may be available to producers as new papaya cultivars.

Resumo

The objective of this study was to evaluate 94 Paspalum notatum genotypes over two growing seasons to estimate genetic dissimilarity through agronomic traits and the distance between genotypes. This information is used to create an ideotype from the best averages obtained for the set of characteristics evaluated. Seven apomitic, three sexual, and 81 hybrid genotypes were compared with native genotypes "André da Rocha", "Bagual", and cultivar "Pensacola" as controls. There is genetic variability in P. notatum for the studied characteristics, and distinct genotypes with superior characteristics can be used in new combinations between apomictic and sexual plants to obtain hybrids. The characters with the greatest relative contribution to the dissimilarity between the genotypes were tiller density, stem dry mass, and leaf dry mass yield. Thus, these characteristics are suitable criteria to infer genetic distance studies in P. notatum. The selection index based on the ideotype is an auxiliary tool in the breeding process. The ideotype must be based on characteristics of interest according to the objective of the breeding program, as well as on the breeder's prior knowledge in relation to culture.

Resumo

Peptides obtained from different animal species have gained importance recently due to research that aims to develop biopharmaceuticals with therapeutic potential. In this sense, arthropod venoms have drawn attention, not only because of their toxicity but mainly for the search for molecules with various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of the present study is to gather data available in the literature on new peptides derived from arthropod species with anti-inflammatory potential. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies on peptides from arthropods that display anti-inflammatory activity were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The bibliographic research started in 2020 and searched papers without a limit on the publication date. The articles were analyzed using a search string containing the following terms: "Peptides" and "Anti-inflammatory", in combinations such as "Ant", "Bee", "Wasp", "Crab", "Shrimp", "Scorpion", "Spider", "Tick" and "Centipedes". Besides, a search was carried out in the databases with the terms: "Peptides", "Antitumor", or "Anticancer", and "Arthropods". Articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria totalized 171, and these served for data extraction. Additionally, the present review included anti-inflammatory peptides with anticancer properties. Peptides with confirmed anti-inflammatory activity were from insects (ants, bees, and wasps), crustaceans (shrimp and crabs), arachnids (scorpions, spiders, and ticks), and centipedes. These arthropod peptides act mainly by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines as analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Some showed significant antineoplastic activity, working in essential cellular pathways against malignant neoplasms.(AU)

Resumo

Pinus radiata D. Don is the most widely planted exotic species in Australia, Chile, New Zealand and Spain. In this study, growth and survival of P. radiata were compared in 30 open pollinated families grown under two contrasting watering regimes in nursery (well-watered cf. water-stress conditions) and planted on a drought-prone site with Mediterranean climate in central Chile. This study assessed phenotypic plasticity in growth and survival at nursery stage and two years after establishment in the field. Family plasticity at nursery stage was estimated by the angular phenotypic change index (APCI), while the relationship between nursery and field traits was estimated by genetic correlations (rg) and the Pearson coefficient of correlation (rxy). Families presented high plasticity in diameter, height, and survival at nursery stage. Out of 30 families, eight exhibited over 80 % survival in the well-watered treatment, but less than 20 % survival in the water-stress treatment. As expected, growth traits and survival were positively correlated (rg and rxy > 0.65) between both nursery environments. However, for growth, most genetic and phenotypic correlations between combinations of nursery treatments versus the field test were negative or not significant. As there was no detectable pattern of nursery–field correlations regarding to combinations of nursery treatments and test site, the need to include more stable families and genotypes to an appropriate developmental stage at nursery is discussed.

Resumo

This study was carried out to identify parents and hybrids by determination of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and heterosis in pure lines and their hybrids, which were selected from our gene sources, to determine new hybrid combinations that could be alternative or higher in yielding compared with M × N hybrid used in production. Combining ability and heterosis effects were studied for the eight quantitative characters through line × tester mating design. Chinese origin lines (KZ, ZF) were identified as females and Japanese origin lines (BR, ZB) as males, and by these, four hybrids were derived. M, N, and their hybrid were both used as control genotypes and to calculate the heterosis and commercial heterosis as well. All the genotypes were reared in standard conditions, in three replications. ZF (for pupa survival rate) and ZB (for hatching and filament length) presented significantly higher and positive GCA effects. In addition, ZB had negative GCA effect for infertile egg rate. Effects of SCA were not significant for all the characters. In conclusion, ZF × ZB hybrid could have a potential for the higher cocoon and silk production in Turkey.(AU)

Resumo

ABSTRACT: Gene stacking refers to the introduction of two or more transgenes of agronomic interest in the same plant. The main methods for genetically engineering plants with gene stacking involve (i) the simultaneous introduction, by the co-transformation process, and (ii) the sequential introduction of genes using the re-transformation processes or the sexual crossing between separate transgenic events. In general, the choice of the best method varies according to the species of interest and the availability of genetic constructions and preexisting transgenic events. We also present here the use of minichromosome technology as a potential future gene stacking technology. The purpose of this review was to discuss aspects related to the methodology for gene stacking and trait stacking (a gene stacking strategy to combine characteristics of agronomical importance) by genetic engineering. In addition, we presented a list of crops and genes approved commercially that have been used in stacking strategies for combined characteristics and a discussion about the regulatory standards. An increased number of approved and released gene stacking events reached the market in the last decade. Initially, the most common combined characteristics were herbicide tolerance and insect resistance in soybean and maize. Recently, commercially available varieties were released combining these traits with drought tolerance in these commodities. New traits combinations are reaching the farmer's fields, including higher quality, disease resistant and nutritional value improved. In other words, gene stacking is growing as a strategy to contribute to food safety and sustainability.

RESUMO: O empilhamento gênico se refere a introdução de dois ou mais transgenes de interesse agronômico na mesma planta. Os principais métodos de produção de plantas geneticamente modificadas com empilhamento gênico envolvem (i) a introdução simultânea, pelo processo de co-transformação, e (ii) a introdução sequencial de genes, pelos processos de re-transformação ou por cruzamento entre eventos transgênicos. Em geral, a escolha do melhor método varia de acordo com a espécie de interesse e a disponibilidade de construções genéticas e eventos transgênicos preexistentes. Também é apresentado aqui o uso da tecnologia de minicromossomos como tecnologia potencial de empilhamento gênico. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir aspectos relacionados à metodologia para o empilhamento de genes a combinação de características (obtida via empilhamento de genes de interesse agronômico) via engenharia genética. Além de discutir, é apresentado uma lista de culturas e genes aprovados comercialmente que tem sido usado em estratégias de empilhamento e uma discussão sobre normas regulatórias. Um número maior de eventos com empilhamento de genes foi aprovado e liberado no mercado na última década. Inicialmente, a combinação das características de tolerância a herbicidas e resistência a insetos era a mais popular, principalmente em soja e milho. Recentemente, estas características combinadas com tolerância a seca nessas culturas foram liberadas comercialmente. Novas características combinadas estão entrando na lavoura, incluindo aumento da qualidade, resistência a doenças e aumento do valor nutricional. Em outras palavras, o empilhamento gênico está crescendo como tecnologia para contribuir para a segurança alimentar e sustentabilidade.

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Different uses of soil legacy data such as training dataset as well as the selection of soil environmental covariables could drive the accuracy of machine learning techniques. Thus, this study evaluated the ability of the Random Forest algorithm to predict soil classes from different training datasets and extrapolate such information to a similar area. The following training datasets were extracted from legacy data: a) point data composed of 53 soil samples; b) 30 m buffer around the soil samples, and soil map polygons excluding: c) 20 m; and d) 30 m from the boundaries of polygons. These four datasets were submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce multidimensionality. Each dataset derived a new one. Different combinations of predictor variables were tested. A total of 52 models were evaluated by means of error of models, prediction uncertainty and external validation for overall accuracy and Kappa index. The best result was obtained by reducing the number of predictors with the PCA along with information from the buffer around the points. Although Random Forest has been considered a robust spatial predictor model, it was clear it is sensitive to different strategies of selecting training dataset. Effort was necessary to find the best training dataset for achieving a suitable level of accuracy of spatial prediction. To identify a specific dataset seems to be better than using a great number of variables or a large volume of training data. The efforts made allowed for the accurate acquisition of a mapped area 15.5 times larger than the reference area.

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Breeding for genetic resistance is an important method of crop disease management, due to the numerous benefits and low cost of establishment. In this study, progenies of 11 Coffea species and 16 wild C. arabica accessions were tested for their response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, the causal agent of bacterial halo blight, a widespread disease in the main coffee-producing regions of Brazil and considered a limiting factor for cultivation in pathogen-favorable areas; and also to P. syringae pv. tabaci, causal agent of bacterial leaf spot, a highly aggressive disease recently detected in Brazil. Separate experiments for each disease were carried out in a greenhouse, with artificial pathogen inoculations and ideal moisture conditions for disease development. The results showed that C. canephora, C. congensis, C. eugenioides, C. stenophylla, and C. salvatrix progenies, the wild C. arabica accessions Dilla & Alghe and Palido Viridis, and cultivar IPR 102 contain satisfactory levels of simultaneous resistance against bacterial halo blight and bacterial leaf spot. These results are useful in breeding programs for durable resistance to multiple biotic agents, providing new combinations of resistance alleles by hybridization, as well as for phytopathological studies, to identify infraspecific variability of the pathogens.(AU)

O melhoramento de plantas para resistência genética é um método importante para o manejo de doenças, pelos inúmeros benefícios e baixo custo de implementação. No presente estudo, progênies de 11 espécies de Coffea e 16 acessos selvagens de C. arabica foram testados quanto à resposta a Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, agente causal da mancha aureolada, doença disseminada nas principais regiões produtoras de café do Brasil e considerada fator limitante para o cultivo em áreas favoráveis a patógenos; e também para P. syringae pv. tabaci, agente causal da mancha foliar bacteriana, doença altamente agressiva detectada recentemente no Brasil. Experimentos separados para cada doença foram realizados em estufa, por meio da inoculação artificial dos patógenos em condições ideais de umidade para o desenvolvimento das doenças. Os resultados mostraram que as progênies Coffea canephora, C. congensis, C. eugenioides, C. stenophylla e C. salvatrix, além dos acessos selvagens de C. arabica Dilla & Alghe e Palido Viridis e da cultivar IPR 102, possuem níveis satisfatórios de resistência simultânea contra mancha aureolada e mancha foliar bacteriana. Os resultados descritos são úteis em programas de melhoramento para resistência duradoura a múltiplos agentes bióticos, fornecendo novas combinações de alelos de resistência por hibridização, bem como para estudos fitopatológicos, para identificar a variabilidade infraespecífica dos patógenos.(AU)