Resumo
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of diets with reduced energy level content, supplemented with carbohydrase, on broiler performance and the coefficient of metabolizability of nutrients. A total of 720 one-day-old male Cobb-500 chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments, eight repetitions of 15 birds each. The treatments were: (1) a positive control, basal diet to meet the requirements of broiler chickens (PC); (2) a negative control, basal diet with a reduction of 80 kcal kg-1 (NC); (3) NC + alphagalactosydase; (4) NC + xylanase; (5) NC + xylanase and alphagalactosydase, and (6) NC + enzymatic blend (alphagalactosydase, xylanase, pectinase and amylase). The nutrient digestibility was not improved by use of enzymes. At 7 days of age, the broilers which were fed diets supplemented with enzymes showed a lower feed intake (FI) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the broilers fed on PC. Both the NC and enzymatic blend resulted in a worse performance of the broilers at 21, 35 and 42 days old. The use of alphagalactosydase and xylanase, isolated or in combination, in a corn-soybean meal-based diet is effective in improving the growth performance of broilers fed energy-reduced diets.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Polissacarídeos/análise , Galinhas/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Glycine max , Carboidratos , Zea maysResumo
The objective was to evaluate the productivity, microbiology and histopathology of the jejunum, ceca and liver in broilers fed a control or a high non-starch polysaccharide (HNSPs) diet added with an extract of humic substances (EHS). 240 broilers individually allocated, from 21-42 d of age were assigned to a factorial arrangement of 2 types of diets: 1) A corn/soybean meal diet (Control) and 2) As Control plus 7% distillers dried grain with solubles and 12% of wheat bran (HNSPs), and 3 growth promoters: 1) Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP); 2) without AGP (NAGP) and C) with 0.5% of EHS. At the end of the trial, the breast and carcass were weighed and samples of the intestine, ceca and liver were taken for microbial and histopathology analysis. Results were subjected to ANOVA. EHS-fed broilers had lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) and total aerobic bacterial (TAB) counts in the liver and higher ashes digestibility with the Control diet, but negative responses were seen with the HNSPs diet (Type of diet and growth promoter interaction, p≤0.05). The lesion scores in the jejunum were lower in EHS-fed broilers with the Control and HNSPs diet (p≤0.05). The TAB and E. coli were lower in the jejunum and ceca of AGP-fed broilers (p<0.01) compared to NAGP and EHS groups. EHS-fed broilers showed improved FCR and ileal ashes digestibility and lower TAB in the liver with the Control diet and had lower lesion score in the jejunum and similar weight gain compared to the AGP-fed broilers.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Alimentos Fortificados , Galinhas/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Polissacarídeos , Ceco/metabolismo , Substâncias Húmicas , Jejuno/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismoResumo
Broiler diets are based on corn, soybean and wheat production; however, some protein ingredients have many antinutritional factors and low digestibility. The objective of this study was to add a blend of exogenous enzymes to the feed with low nutritional value for broilers to reduce production costs and improve digestibility while maintaining good zootechnical performance. The experimental design was completely randomized, including three treatments with five replications (n=15) each: a) positive control (PC), diet calculated for males with average performance; b) negative control + exogenous enzymes (NC+EE), minimum nutrient diet according to the requirements of the production phase, and the enzymatic blend was added; and c) negative control (NC), minimum levels of nutrients for each phase. At 21 days, the PC group showed greater weight gain and lower feed conversion than the NC (P<0.05). At 42 days, PC had lower feed intake than NC (P=0.040), while lower feed conversion was observed in groups PC and NC+EE than NC (P=0.001). The production efficiency index was higher in the PC treatment, but the NC+EE treatment was higher than the NC (P=0.001). Considering production costs and body weight, we found that NC+EE birds had greater profitability. Therefore, we conclude that the blend of exogenous enzymes added to a diet with minimal nutritional levels has practical application in the broiler production system.(AU)
As dietas de frangos de corte são baseadas na produção de milho, soja e trigo; no entanto, alguns ingredientes proteicos possuem muitos fatores antinutricionais e baixa digestibilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi adicionar à ração uma mistura de enzimas exógenas com baixo valor nutricional para frangos de corte para reduzir os custos de produção e melhorar a digestibilidade, mantendo o bom desempenho zootécnico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, incluindo três tratamentos com cinco repetições (n=15) cada: a) controle positivo (PC), dieta calculada para machos com desempenho médio; b) controle negativo + enzimas exógenas (CN+EE), dieta mínima de nutrientes de acordo com as exigências da fase de produção, e foi adicionada a mistura enzimática; c) controle negativo (CN), teores mínimos de nutrientes para cada fase. Aos 21 dias, o grupo PC apresentou maior ganho de peso e menor conversão alimentar que o NC (P<0,05). Aos 42 dias, PC apresentou menor consumo de ração que NC (P=0,040), enquanto foi observada menor conversão alimentar nos grupos PC e NC+EE que NC (P=0,001). O índice de eficiência de produção foi maior no tratamento PC, mas o tratamento NC+EE foi maior que o NC (P=0,001). Considerando os custos de produção e peso corporal, verificamos que as aves NC+EE tiveram maior rentabilidade. Portanto, concluímos que a mistura de enzimas exógenas adicionada a uma dieta com níveis nutricionais mínimos tem aplicação prática no sistema de produção de frangos de corte.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Galinhas/fisiologia , Aditivos Alimentares/efeitos adversos , Ração Animal/análise , Peptídeo Hidrolases/efeitos adversos , Polissacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Valor NutritivoResumo
The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) content, in vitro digestibility of starch, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn ), and apparent and apparent nitrogen-corrected coefficient of metabolizable energy (ACME and ACMEn ) of three corn hybrids dried at different temperatures in the diets of broiler chickens. The energetic values were determined by the total collection of excreta method, using broilers from 11 to 21 d, placed in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (three corn hybrids and two drying temperatures: 80 and 110 °C), totalizing six treatments, seven replicates, and four birds/replicate. The data were subjected to two-way ANOVA. There was an interaction between the two factors tested wherein the AME and AMEn were increased when using corn Hybrid 1 dried at 80 °C. As main effects, the use of corn Hybrid 3 increased ACME and ACMEn . The drying temperature of 110 °C increased amylose, resistant starch, and nitrogen bound to the fiber contents, and reduced soluble:total NSP ratio. These changes may be responsible for the differences in digestibility of nutrients. The mean values of AME and AMEn of corn dried at 80 and 110 °C were 14.03 and 13.84 MJ/kg, respectively, and 81.62 and 80.53% for ACME and ACMEn , respectively.
Assuntos
Animais , Polissacarídeos , Amido/análise , Galinhas , Zea mays/genética , Valor Nutritivo , DietaResumo
The use of alternative ingredients has been increasing in a continuing attempt to reduce production costs, along with the use of additives, such as carbohydrases, for their possible positive effects on nutrient metabolization by layers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different xylanases in diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME) and the inclusion of alternative ingredients on the metabolizability of nutrients in diets for commercial laying hens, by conducting two metabolism tests. In the first trial, 100 layers hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design (two metabolizable energy reductions × two xylanases, plus one control diet). In the second assay, 140 layer hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 3 + 2 factor design (two xylanases× three ingredients, plus two control diets, positive and negative). It was concluded that supplementation with pantanal xylanase improved the metabolizability of nutrients in corn-based diets and soybean meal for light commercial layers, allowing for a reduction of up to 200 kcal/kg of ME in the diets. Xylanases are more effective on wheat bran enabling a decrease of 150 kcal/kg of ME in commercial laying diets without affecting nutrient metabolizability. The action of pantanal xylanase in diets containing fibrous ingredients was similar to that of commercial xylanase.
O uso de ingredientes alternativos vem aumentando em uma tentativa contínua de reduzir os custos de produção, juntamente com o uso de aditivos, como os carboidrases, para seus possíveis efeitos positivos na metabolização de nutrientes por poedeiras. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes xilanases em dietas com energia metabolizável reduzida (ME) e a inclusão de ingredientes alternativos sobre a metabolizabilidade de nutrientes em dietas para galinhas poedeiras comerciais, realizando dois testes de metabolismo. No primeiro ensaio, 100 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 (duas reduções de energia metabolizável x duas xilanases, mais uma dieta controle). No segundo ensaio, 140 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 + 2 (duas xilanases x três ingredientes -, mais duas dietas controle positivo e controle negativo). Conclui-se que a suplementação com xilanase do Pantanal melhora a metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes de dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja para poedeiras comerciais leves, possibilitando a redução em até 200 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável das dietas. As xilanases são mais efetivas sobre o farelo de trigo e possibilitam a redução de 150 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável nas dietas de poedeiras comerciais, sem prejuízo na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes. Em dietas contendo ingredientes fibrosos a ação da xilanase do Pantanal é similar a xilanase comercial.
Assuntos
Animais , Aditivos Alimentares/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Galinhas/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Especificidade por SubstratoResumo
The use of alternative ingredients has been increasing in a continuing attempt to reduce production costs, along with the use of additives, such as carbohydrases, for their possible positive effects on nutrient metabolization by layers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different xylanases in diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME) and the inclusion of alternative ingredients on the metabolizability of nutrients in diets for commercial laying hens, by conducting two metabolism tests. In the first trial, 100 layers hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design (two metabolizable energy reductions × two xylanases, plus one control diet). In the second assay, 140 layer hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 3 + 2 factor design (two xylanases× three ingredients, plus two control diets, positive and negative). It was concluded that supplementation with pantanal xylanase improved the metabolizability of nutrients in corn-based diets and soybean meal for light commercial layers, allowing for a reduction of up to 200 kcal/kg of ME in the diets. Xylanases are more effective on wheat bran enabling a decrease of 150 kcal/kg of ME in commercial laying diets without affecting nutrient metabolizability. The action of pantanal xylanase in diets containing fibrous ingredients was similar to that of commercial xylanase.(AU)
O uso de ingredientes alternativos vem aumentando em uma tentativa contínua de reduzir os custos de produção, juntamente com o uso de aditivos, como os carboidrases, para seus possíveis efeitos positivos na metabolização de nutrientes por poedeiras. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes xilanases em dietas com energia metabolizável reduzida (ME) e a inclusão de ingredientes alternativos sobre a metabolizabilidade de nutrientes em dietas para galinhas poedeiras comerciais, realizando dois testes de metabolismo. No primeiro ensaio, 100 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 (duas reduções de energia metabolizável x duas xilanases, mais uma dieta controle). No segundo ensaio, 140 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 + 2 (duas xilanases x três ingredientes -, mais duas dietas controle positivo e controle negativo). Conclui-se que a suplementação com xilanase do Pantanal melhora a metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes de dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja para poedeiras comerciais leves, possibilitando a redução em até 200 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável das dietas. As xilanases são mais efetivas sobre o farelo de trigo e possibilitam a redução de 150 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável nas dietas de poedeiras comerciais, sem prejuízo na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes. Em dietas contendo ingredientes fibrosos a ação da xilanase do Pantanal é similar a xilanase comercial.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Aditivos Alimentares/metabolismo , Especificidade por SubstratoResumo
The use of antibiotics in feed for growth promotion has been restricted in many countries, thus it is of interest to investigate potential alternatives for enhancing growth performance in birds. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the concurrent use of prebiotic and probiotic on gut histology and some blood chemicals of broiler chickens during heat stress. A total of 144 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 treatments. The first treatment was a diluted diet including rice bran without probiotic or prebiotic. The other treatments were fed the diluted diets with a prebiotic (treatment 2) and concurrent use of that prebiotic along with a probiotic (treatment 3). Results showed that villus height was not influenced by feed additives. However, crypt depth significantly increased by feed additives in particular with combination of prebiotic and probiotic. The ratio of villus height to crypt depth significantly decreased in treatments fed prebiotic alone or prebiotic and probiotic together. This finding is indicating the fact that non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in high inclusion rate of rice bran caused to villus height erosion. It could be concluded that prebiotic and probiotic caused an increasing of enterocyte proliferation in the crypt of Liberkhun.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/anatomia & histologia , Galinhas/fisiologia , Galinhas/microbiologia , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , SoroResumo
The use of antibiotics in feed for growth promotion has been restricted in many countries, thus it is of interest to investigate potential alternatives for enhancing growth performance in birds. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the concurrent use of prebiotic and probiotic on gut histology and some blood chemicals of broiler chickens during heat stress. A total of 144 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 treatments. The first treatment was a diluted diet including rice bran without probiotic or prebiotic. The other treatments were fed the diluted diets with a prebiotic (treatment 2) and concurrent use of that prebiotic along with a probiotic (treatment 3). Results showed that villus height was not influenced by feed additives. However, crypt depth significantly increased by feed additives in particular with combination of prebiotic and probiotic. The ratio of villus height to crypt depth significantly decreased in treatments fed prebiotic alone or prebiotic and probiotic together. This finding is indicating the fact that non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in high inclusion rate of rice bran caused to villus height erosion. It could be concluded that prebiotic and probiotic caused an increasing of enterocyte proliferation in the crypt of Liberkhun.
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/anatomia & histologia , Galinhas/fisiologia , Galinhas/microbiologia , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , SoroResumo
Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav (Rubiaceae) occurs naturally throughout the Amazon and it is traditionally used by indigenous communities, being incorporated into religious use in urban contexts over the last few decades. It is known and cultivated in many regions of South America for possessing valuable bioactive alkaloids. In this paper, we described P. viridis leaf morphology, anatomy and histochemistry from three populations cultivated in the southeastern Brazil, in order to identify possible adaptations to local environment and management. All plants presented terminal stipules and basic morpho-anatomical patterns of leaves, consistent with most species of the genus, as heterogeneous dorsiventral mesophyll, uniseriate epidermis, presents large cells with prominent vacuoles and druses. Unicellular non-glandular trichomes and multicellular starry trichomes were present in the primary and secondary veins. Amphi-hypostomatic leaf pattern, not yet described for the species, was common in all studied plants. Variation in the presence of domatia in the same population indicates that this structure cannot be used for taxonomic determination of P. viridis, as already described for other species of the genus. Presence of secretory ducts and reduction in stomata density and leaf area represent the main morpho-anatomic adaptations of plants from drier and warmer climates. Histochemical tests were positive for alkaloids, polysaccharides, proteins and phenolic compounds, being negative for starch only in plants subjected to water stress. We concluded that the morpho-anatomical and histochemical alterations found in the plants of this study resulted from seasonal water deficit adaptations and to maintain or attract mutualistic organisms
Assuntos
Banisteriopsis/anatomia & histologia , Banisteriopsis/citologia , Banisteriopsis/química , Imuno-HistoquímicaResumo
Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav (Rubiaceae) occurs naturally throughout the Amazon and it is traditionally used by indigenous communities, being incorporated into religious use in urban contexts over the last few decades. It is known and cultivated in many regions of South America for possessing valuable bioactive alkaloids. In this paper, we described P. viridis leaf morphology, anatomy and histochemistry from three populations cultivated in the southeastern Brazil, in order to identify possible adaptations to local environment and management. All plants presented terminal stipules and basic morpho-anatomical patterns of leaves, consistent with most species of the genus, as heterogeneous dorsiventral mesophyll, uniseriate epidermis, presents large cells with prominent vacuoles and druses. Unicellular non-glandular trichomes and multicellular starry trichomes were present in the primary and secondary veins. Amphi-hypostomatic leaf pattern, not yet described for the species, was common in all studied plants. Variation in the presence of domatia in the same population indicates that this structure cannot be used for taxonomic determination of P. viridis, as already described for other species of the genus. Presence of secretory ducts and reduction in stomata density and leaf area represent the main morpho-anatomic adaptations of plants from drier and warmer climates. Histochemical tests were positive for alkaloids, polysaccharides, proteins and phenolic compounds, being negative for starch only in plants subjected to water stress. We concluded that the morpho-anatomical and histochemical alterations found in the plants of this study resulted from seasonal water deficit adaptations and to maintain or attract mutualistic organisms(AU)
Assuntos
Banisteriopsis/anatomia & histologia , Banisteriopsis/química , Banisteriopsis/citologia , Imuno-HistoquímicaResumo
The objective was to evaluate the performance, intestinal morphology and carcass yield of broilers fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or corn-SBM-soybean hull (SH) with or without b-mannanase supplementation. Thousand four hundred and forty Cobb Slow-male- chicks were housed design following a factorial scheme 2 x 2 (corn-SBM diet and corn-SBM-SH diet vs with and without b-mannanase), composing 4 treatments and 9 replicates each treatment, with 40 birds each replicate. At 21 days, corn-SBM diet supplemented with b-mannanase resulted in better (p<0.05) feed conversion. At 42 days, the weight gain (p<0.05) and feed intake (p<0.05) of the birds fed diets containing SH was 2.6% and 2.9% higher than that of birds fed corn-SBM diets, respectively, independent of b-mannanase supplementation. Birds supplemented with b-mannanase had a lower length of villi (p<0.05) and absorption area (p<0.05) of jejunum mucosa, and higher (p<0.05) relative liver weight. Diets with SH and without addition of b-mannanase resulted in higher relative liver weight (p<0.05) and lower percentage of fat in the carcass. It was not found statistical differences (p>0.05) in the quality of the poultry litter with the inclusion of the enzyme in the diet. The use of b-mannanase in diets with higher concentration of fiber improves the feed conversion of broilers from 1 to 21 days and can be an important nutritional and economic strategy in situations of unavailability of raw material of better quality. Corn-SBM-SH diet resulted in greater weight gain at 42 days than corn-SBM diet.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Alimentos de Soja/efeitos adversos , Mananas/administração & dosagem , Mananas/efeitos adversos , Galinhas/anatomia & histologia , Galinhas/fisiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/fisiologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Valor Nutritivo , Aumento de PesoResumo
The objective was to evaluate the performance, intestinal morphology and carcass yield of broilers fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or corn-SBM-soybean hull (SH) with or without b-mannanase supplementation. Thousand four hundred and forty Cobb Slow-male- chicks were housed design following a factorial scheme 2 x 2 (corn-SBM diet and corn-SBM-SH diet vs with and without b-mannanase), composing 4 treatments and 9 replicates each treatment, with 40 birds each replicate. At 21 days, corn-SBM diet supplemented with b-mannanase resulted in better (p0.05) in the quality of the poultry litter with the inclusion of the enzyme in the diet. The use of b-mannanase in diets with higher concentration of fiber improves the feed conversion of broilers from 1 to 21 days and can be an important nutritional and economic strategy in situations of unavailability of raw material of better quality. Corn-SBM-SH diet resulted in greater weight gain at 42 days than corn-SBM diet.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Recém-Nascido , Alimentos de Soja/efeitos adversos , Galinhas/anatomia & histologia , Galinhas/fisiologia , Mananas/administração & dosagem , Mananas/efeitos adversos , Mucosa Intestinal/fisiologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Aumento de Peso , Valor NutritivoResumo
The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 625 broiler chicks (Ross 308) for 5 repetitions (25 birds per each replicated) on the 5 treatments diet. Treatments included two different types of cereal grains (wheat, and barley) with or without an enzyme supplementation along with a corn-based diet as control group. The experimental diets were formulated to have similar contents of crude protein, metabolizable energy, total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and were fed in two periods of starter and grower. Experimental traits were consisted growth performance, ileal flora numeration, villus morphology in 3 parts of the intestine, digesta viscosity and pancreatic enzyme activity, and determining the gene expression level of glucose transporter (SGLT1) and mucin producer (MUC2) in the jejunum. Results indicated that inclusion of wheat and barley to corn-soy based diet with or without exo-enzymes blend on growth performance traits were significant (p 0.01). Feed intake and average daily gain in wheat diet was lower, conversely FCR was higher than other groups (p 0.01). Maximum microbial count were observed in wheat and barley diets and minimum were observed in enzyme supplemented diets respectively (p 0.01). Control group and enzyme supplemented diets had minimum counting of gram negative, coliform and clostridium, but maximum counting of lactobacilli and bifidobacter were observed in enzyme supplemented diets (p 0.01). Viscosity and activities of pancreatic a-amylase and lipase were significantly increased in chicks fed wheat and barley when compared to the control group fed on corn (p 0.01). Feeding wheat and barley diets reduced villus height in different parts of the small intestine when compared to those fed on a corn diet (p 0.01).(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aves Domésticas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aves Domésticas/metabolismo , Aves Domésticas/fisiologia , Glucose , Hormônios Pancreáticos/efeitos adversos , Hormônios Pancreáticos/análise , PolissacarídeosResumo
The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 625 broiler chicks (Ross 308) for 5 repetitions (25 birds per each replicated) on the 5 treatments diet. Treatments included two different types of cereal grains (wheat, and barley) with or without an enzyme supplementation along with a corn-based diet as control group. The experimental diets were formulated to have similar contents of crude protein, metabolizable energy, total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and were fed in two periods of starter and grower. Experimental traits were consisted growth performance, ileal flora numeration, villus morphology in 3 parts of the intestine, digesta viscosity and pancreatic enzyme activity, and determining the gene expression level of glucose transporter (SGLT1) and mucin producer (MUC2) in the jejunum. Results indicated that inclusion of wheat and barley to corn-soy based diet with or without exo-enzymes blend on growth performance traits were significant (p 0.01). Feed intake and average daily gain in wheat diet was lower, conversely FCR was higher than other groups (p 0.01). Maximum microbial count were observed in wheat and barley diets and minimum were observed in enzyme supplemented diets respectively (p 0.01). Control group and enzyme supplemented diets had minimum counting of gram negative, coliform and clostridium, but maximum counting of lactobacilli and bifidobacter were observed in enzyme supplemented diets (p 0.01). Viscosity and activities of pancreatic a-amylase and lipase were significantly increased in chicks fed wheat and barley when compared to the control group fed on corn (p 0.01). Feeding wheat and barley diets reduced villus height in different parts of the small intestine when compared to those fed on a corn diet (p 0.01).
Assuntos
Animais , Aves Domésticas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aves Domésticas/fisiologia , Aves Domésticas/metabolismo , Glucose , Hormônios Pancreáticos/análise , Hormônios Pancreáticos/efeitos adversos , PolissacarídeosResumo
As altas taxas de inclusão de alimentos vegetais em dietas para peixes tem levado ao aumento de polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNAs) e fitato. Tanto os PNAs como o fitato são indesejáveis na nutrição de peixes, por suas propriedades antinutricionais. Carboidrases (xilanase e -glucanase) e fitases são consideradas as principais alternativas frente aos problemas gerados pelos PNAs e fitato, respectivamente. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação isolada e combinada do complexo xilanase--glucanase e fitase em dietas exclusivamente vegetais sobre a digestibilidade da energia e nutrientes, incluindo a disponibilidade de minerais e aminoácidos, e excreção fecal do nitrogênio e fósforo em juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. Foram testadas quatro dietas, dieta controle (CON) sem enzimas, dieta com fitase (FT), dieta com xilanase e -glucanase (XB) e dieta com fitase, xilanase e -glucanase (FT+XB). Fitase (Natuphos® E) foi suplementada a 1000 FTU kg-1 e o complexo xilanase-glucanase (Natugrain® TS) a 1120 TXU e 500 TGU kg-1 da dieta. O total de 272 tilápias masculinizadas (22,52 ± 0,65 g) foram distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, em 16 aquários com fundo cônico de 150 L adaptados para a coleta de fezes (sistema Guelph modificado). Os peixes foram alimentados seis vezes ao dia até saciedade aparente com as dietas experimentais contendo 0,5% de óxido de cromo, durante 21 dias. Dietas suplementadas com xilanase e -glucanase aumentaram a digestibilidade da matéria seca, amido e lipídeos (P < 0,001), e disponibilidade do cobre (P < 0,001). Paralelamente, dietas suplementadas com fitase aumentaram a digestibilidade da matéria seca, energia bruta, amido e cinzas (P < 0,001), e disponibilidade do magnésio, manganês e zinco (P < 0,001). Fitase também melhorou a disponibilidade da maioria de aminoácidos, entre eles, arginina (P = 0,019), fenilalanina (P = 0,001), histidina (P = 0,019), lisina (P = 0,019), metionina (P = 0,001) e valina (P = 0,025), e quando combinada com a xilanase e -glucanase potencializou a disponibilidade da isoleucina (P = 0,004), leucina (P = 0,004), treonina (P = 0,002), ácido glutâmico (P = 0,00), cistina (P < 0,001) e serina (P = 0,01). A combinação enzimática (FT+XB) demostrou ter efeito sinérgico na digestibilidade da proteína (P < 0,001) e disponibilidade do cálcio, ferro e fósforo (P < 0,001). Quando comparado a dieta controle, a suplementação com fitase, xilanase e -glucanase demostrou reduzir a excreção fecal do nitrogênio (P = 0,007) e fósforo (P < 0,001) em 30 e 49,5%, respectivamente. Em conclusão, a suplementação isolada e combinada do complexo xilanase--glucanase e fitase melhora a digestibilidade da energia e nutrientes de dietas à base de vegetais, e reduz a excreção do nitrogênio e fósforo pelos peixes, colaborando para a produção de tilápias com menor impacto ambiental.
Increasing the inclusion rate of plant-based feed in fish diets increases the content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and phytate. Both NSP and phytate are undesirable in fish nutrition, due to their anti-nutritional properties. Carbohydrases (xylanase and glucanase) and phytases are considered the main alternatives to the problems generated by NSP and phytate, respectively. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of isolated and combined supplementation of xylanase--glucanase complex and phytase in entirely plant-based diets on energy and nutrients digestibility, including minerals and amino acids availability, and fecal excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in Nile tilapia juveniles. Four diets were tested, a control diet (CON) without enzymes, a phytase diet (PHY), a xylanase--glucanase diet (XB), and a diet with phytase, xylanase, and glucanase (PHY+XB). Phytase (Natuphos® E) was supplemented at 1000 FTU kg-1 and xylanase--glucanase complex (Natugrain® TS) at 1120 TXU and 500 TGU kg-1. Two hundred seventy-two masculinized fish (22.52 ± 0.65 g) were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and four replications, in sixteen cylindrical-conical fiberglass tanks (150 L), adapted for feces collection (modified Guelph system). Fish were fed six times a day to apparent satiation, with experimental diets containing 0.5% chromium oxide, for 21 days. Diets with xylanase and -glucanase supplementation increased the dry matter, starch, and lipids digestibility (P < 0.001), and copper availability (P < 0.001). At the same time, diets with phytase supplementation increased dry matter, crude energy, starch, and ash digestibility (P < 0.001), and magnesium, manganese, and zinc availability (P < 0.001). Phytase also improved the availability of most amino acids, including arginine (P = 0.019), phenylalanine (P = 0.001), histidine (P = 0.019), lysine (P = 0.019), methionine (P = 0.001) and valine (P = 0.025), and when combined with xylanase and -glucanase enhanced the availability of isoleucine (P = 0.004), leucine (P = 0.004), threonine (P = 0.002), glutamic acid (P = 0.00), cystine (P <0.001) and serine (P = 0.01). Enzymatic combination (PHY+XB) shows a synergy effect on protein digestibility (P < 0.001) and calcium, iron, and phosphorus availability (P <0.001). When compared to control diet, xylanase--glucanase and phytase supplementation reduce fecal excretion of nitrogen (P = 0.007) and phosphorus (P <0.001) by 30 and 49.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the isolated and combined supplementation of xylanase--glucanase complex and phytase improves energy and nutrients digestibility in plant-based diets and reduces the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus by fish, contributing to tilapia production with less environmental impact.
Resumo
Grains, brans, and vegetable meals may contain non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which increases viscosity in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and interfere with the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and determine the metabolizable energy of a sorghum-based broiler diet with and without the supplementation of an enzymatic complex. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with 1200 chickens, using sorghum-based feed with and without the addition of 50 g of enzyme-CCE complex (β-glucanase and β-xylanase), and with two levels of metabolizable energy (ME kg-1): ME; ME + CCE; reduced ME (-50 kcal kg-1); and reduced ME + CCE. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance and the means were compared using a Tukeys test at the 5% significance level. At 42 and 47 days of age, the living weight of the birds fed with the reduced ME was low, while birds fed with reduced ME + CCE had the same weight as those fed with other energy diets (ME and ME + CCE). Feed conversion was poorest at 47 days of age for the birds on reduced ME diet. In the metabolic test (with fattening diets) to determine AME and AMEn, the reduced ME diet had the lowest result, confirming the effect of the addition of enzymes. The addition of CCE to sorghum-based diets provides enough enzymatic activity to increase the metabolizable energy of the diet (50 kcal of AME) and influence the growth performance of broilers at the slaughtering age.(AU)
Grãos, farelos e farinhas de origem vegetal podem conter polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNAs), que aumentam a viscosidade do trato grastro intestinal (TGI) e interferem na digestão e absorção de nutrientes. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e determinar à energia metabolizável da dieta a base de sorgo, com e sem adição do complexo enzimático (CCE), para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1200 frangos de corte, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, alimentados com dois níveis de Energia Metabolizável (EM kg-1), em dietas à base de sorgo com ou sem a adição de 50g de completo enzimático (β-glucanase e β-xylanase): Energia Metabolizável (EM); Energia Metabolizável com Complexo Enzimático (EM + CCE); EM reduzida (-50kcal EM kg-1) e EM reduzida + CCE. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias dos tratamentos em cada variável estudada foram comparadas entre si pelo Teste de Tukey a nível de 5% de significância. Aos 42 e 47 dias de idade o peso vivo das aves alimentadas com EM reduzida foi menor, enquanto que EM reduzida + CCE apresentou peso igual ao das dietas EM e EM + CCE. A conversão alimentar aos 47 dias de idade na dieta EM reduzida apresentou o pior resultado. No teste metabólico, com as dietas de engorda, os valores de Energia Metabolizável Aparente (EMA) e Energia Metabolizável Aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) foram menores na dieta com EM reduzida, comprovando o efeito da adição das enzimas. Concluiu-se que a adição de complexo enzimático (β-glucanase and β-xylanase) melhora o desempenho de frangos de corte e aumenta a energia metabolizável aparente da dieta em 50 kcal.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas , Ração Animal , Sorghum , Glycine maxResumo
O processo térmico conhecido como peletização é considerada um técnica de processamento de ração que busca a maximização dos resultados com um custo baixo de produção. No entanto, este processo no qual as enzimas estão presentes envolvem altas temperaturas, umidade e pH, podendo ocorrer desnaturação total ou parcial, e em consequência a esta desnaturação, a eficiência das catálises enzimáticas é diminuída ou anuladas. Portanto os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o efeito da adição de enzimas líquidas pós peletização, sobre o aproveitamento, digestibilidade dos nutrientes em frangos de corte suplementados com fitase e xilanase na forma líquida, com diferentes níveis de inclusão via ração. A presente pesquisa foi conduzida nas instalações do setor e avicultura, da UNOESC Xanxerê, campus II. Foram conduzidos três experimentos, nas instalações do setor de avicultura da UNOESC Xanxerê, sendo utilizadas em cada um, 120 machos da linhagem COBB, de 14 a 24 dias de idade. Em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, composto por cinco tratamentos, constituídos por oito repetições, com três animais em cada repetição, constituído por três experimentos, sendo Xilanase (controle, 10.000 UI/kg, 15.000 UI/kg, 20.000 UI/kg, 25.000 UI/kg), Fitase (controle, 500 FTUs/kg, 1.000 FTUs/kg, 1.500 FTUs/kg, 2.000FTUs/kg), e Xilanase + Fitase (controle, xilanase + 500 FTUs/kg, xilanase + 1000 FTUs/kg, xilanase + 1500 FTUs/kg, xilanase + 2000 FTUs/kg). A adição de xilanase nas dietas melhorou linearmente o aproveitamento energético das rações, e a fitase, sozinha ou em combinação com xilanase, a partir de 500FTUs de inclusão, melhorou a digestibilidade do fósforo das dietas, reduzindo a excreção deste elemento. Conclui-se que a adição das enzimas fitase e xilanase, na sua forma líquida, podem ser utilizadas adequadamente na alimentação de frangos de corte, melhorando, respectivamente, o aproveitamento do fósforo e da energia das dietas.
The thermal process known as pelletizing is considered a feed processing technique that seeks to maximize results with a low production cost. However, this process in which the enzymes are present involves high temperatures, humidity and pH, and total or partial denaturation may occur, and as a result of this denaturation, the efficiency of enzymatic analyzes is reduced or canceled. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of adding liquid enzymes after pelletization, on the utilization, digestibility of nutrients in broilers supplemented with phytase and xylanase in liquid form, with different levels of inclusion via feed. This research was conducted at the facilities of the sector and poultry, of UNOESC Xanxerê, campus II. Three experiments were conducted in the facilities of the poultry sector of UNOESC Xanxerê, being used in each one, 120 males of the COBB lineage, from 14 to 24 days old. In a completely randomized design, consisting of five treatments, consisting of eight repetitions, with three animals in each repetition, consisting of three experiments, being Xylanase (control, 10,000 IU / kg, 15,000 IU / kg, 20,000 IU / kg, 25,000 IU / kg), Phytase (control, 500 FTUs / kg, 1,000 FTUs / kg, 1,500 FTUs / kg, 2,000FTUs / kg), and Xylanase + Phytase (control, xylanase + 500 FTUs / kg, xylanase + 1000 FTUs / kg, xylanase + 1500 FTUs / kg, xylanase + 2000 FTUs / kg). The addition of xylanase in the diets linearly improved the energy utilization of the diets, and phytase, alone or in combination with xylanase, from 500FTUs of inclusion, improved the digestibility of phosphorus in the diets, reducing the excretion of this element. It is concluded that the addition of phytase and xylanase enzymes, in their liquid form, can be used properly in the broiler feed, improving, respectively, the use of phosphorus and the energy of the diets.
Resumo
Objetivou-se estudar o efeito da inclusão de farelo de folhas de Moringa oleífera em dietas suplementadas com enzimas exógenas sobre o desempenho, qualidade de ovos, bioquímica sérica, órgãos do sistema digestório, reprodutor e glândulas anexas, assim como verificar possíveis influências destes sobre a morfometria intestinal de galinhas poedeiras na idade de pico de postura. Foram utilizadas 288 aves de postura da linhagem Dekalb White com 32 semanas de idade distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4 (presença e ausência de farinha de folhas de Moringa oleífera x 4 formas de suplementação enzimática) totalizando oito tratamentos com seis repetições de seis aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta controle, a base de milho e farelo de soja, e uma dieta com suplementação de 5% de farinha de folhas de moringa seguida de três formas de suplementação enzimática (xilanase, fitase e mix das duas enzimas). A associação enzimática nas dietas com FMO influenciou positivamente a produção, peso e massa de ovos. O consumo foi superior nas suplementações com xilanase quando comparada as outras dietas. A moringa aumentou significativamente a altura de albúmen e a unidade Haugh, enquanto a espessura da casca e escore de ovoscopia foram melhorados na presença da FMO e fitase. O FMO proporcionou intensificação da cor das gemas dos ovos e diminuiu as concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol e LDL dos animais. Concluiu-se que o FMO ao nível de 5% não compromete o desempenho de galinhas poedeiras e que a suplementação enzimática, isolada ou em associação com FMO nas dietas podem melhorar o peso dos ovos. A xilanase, sozinha ou associada com a fitase, teve um papel importante na diminuição do tamanho relativo do intestino delgado e cecos, assim como proporcionou melhorias na morfologia intestinal através do aumento da altura de vilosidades, profundidade de criptas, relação altura de vilosidades:profundidade de criptas, comprimento de mucosa e largura das vilosidades, caracterizando assim, melhorias nos processos de digestão e absorção de nutrientes. Conclui-se que os PNAs presentes no FMO exercem diversos efeitos no intestino, tais como aumento do tamanho do intestino e glândulas anexas, além de influenciarem as características morfométricas intestinais. Logo, FMO tem o potencial de aumentar a intensidade da cor das gemas e sua associação com a enzima fitase melhora a qualidade da casca. Os PNAs presentes no FMO exercem diversos efeitos no intestino, tais como aumento do tamanho do intestino e glândulas anexas além de influenciarem as características morfométricas intestinais. A ação da xilanase, com degradação desses nutrientes, parece reestabelecer a saúde intestinal das aves o que pode levar a melhor desempenho das poedeiras.
The objective was to study the effect of including Moringa oleifera leaf meal in diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes on performance, egg quality, serum biochemistry, digestive and reproductive system organs and attached glands, as well as to verify possible influences of these on the intestinal morphometry of laying hens at peak laying period. A total of 288 laying hens of the 32-week-old Dekalb White lineage were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement (presence and absence of Moringa oleifera leaf flour x 4 forms of enzymatic supplementation) totaling eight treatments with six replicates of six birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, and a diet supplemented with 5% moringa leaf flour followed by three forms of enzymatic supplementation (xylanase, phytase and a mix of the two enzymes). The enzymatic association in diets with OMF positively influenced egg output, weight and egg mass. Laying hens fed xylanase supplemented diet had higher feed intake than those fed other diets. Moringa significantly increased albumen height and Haugh unit, while shell thickness and candling score were improved in the presence of FMO and phytase. FMO enhanced the egg color yolks and decreased the plasma concentrations of cholesterol and LDL. It was concluded that FMO at the 5% level does not compromise the performance of laying hens and that enzyme supplementation, alone or in association with FMO in the diets, can improve egg weight. Xylanase, alone or associated with phytase, played an important role in decreasing the relative size of the small intestine and cecum, as well as providing improvements in intestinal morphology through increased villous height, crypt depth, villous height:depth ratio of crypts, mucosal length and villi width, thus characterizing improvements in the processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is concluded that the PNAs present in the FMO exert several effects on the intestine, such as increasing the size of the intestine and adnexal glands, in addition to influencing the intestinal morphometric characteristics. Therefore, FMO has the potential to increase the color intensity of yolks and its association with the enzyme phytase improves the quality of the shell. The PNAs present in FMO exert several effects on the intestine, such as increasing the size of the intestine and adnexal glands, in addition to influencing the intestinal morphometric characteristics. The action of xylanase, with degradation of these nutrients, seems to restore the intestinal health of the birds, which can lead to better performance in laying hens.
Resumo
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of giant palm meal (FPG) in diets with or without enzymatic supplementation for growing pigs. For the evaluation of the digestibility, ten castrated male pigs with a mean weight of 34.3±6.7 kg, housed in metabolic cages for 15 days (nine of adaptation and six of total collection of feces and urine) were used. The animals were fed twice a day (eight and 15 hours) according to the metabolic weight, five of which received the control diet and five received a test diet with a 30% inclusion of the FPG. The samples were taken daily, homogenized and a 20% aliquot was taken and stored in a freezer. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed in the laboratory of animal nutrition. In the performance test, twenty animals with 28.62±3.66kg were used, distributed in randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of inclusion levels of the giant palm meal, associated or not to the enzymatic complex (EC) (0; 5; 10; 5 + EC and 10% + EC). The FPG digestible energy value for pigs in the growing phase was 1113.83 kcal/kg. It was observed that the weight gain and the absolute weight of the organs of the pigs were not influenced by the diets. Feed conversion, feed intake, economic viability of the diets and the relative weight of the organs presented differences between the treatments. It is recommended to include 10% FPG associated with the complex.
Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização do farelo de palma gigante (FPG) em dietas com ou sem suplementação enzimática para suínos em crescimento. Para avaliação da digestibilidade foram utilizados dez suínos machos castrados com peso médio de 34,3 ± 6,7kg, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas por quinze dias (nove de adaptação e seis de coleta total de fezes e urina). Os animais foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia (oito e 15hs) de acordo com o peso metabólico, sendo que cinco receberam a ração controle e cinco receberam dieta teste com 30% de inclusão do FPG. As coletas foram realizadas diariamente, homogeneizadas e retirada uma alíquota de 20% e armazenada em freezer. Posteriormente, as amostras foram analisadas no laboratório de nutrição animal. No ensaio de desempenho foram utilizados vinte animais com 28,62 ± 3,66kg, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de inclusão do farelo de palma gigante, associado ou não ao complexo enzimático (CE) (0; 5; 10; 5 + CE e 10% + CE). O valor da energia digestível do FPG para suínos na fase de crescimento foi de 1113,83 kcal/kg. Observou-se que o ganho de peso e o peso absoluto dos órgãos dos suínos não foram influenciados pelas dietas. A conversão alimentar, o consumo de ração, a viabilidade econômica das dietas e o peso relativo dos órgãos apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Recomenda-se a inclusão de 10% de FPG associado ao complexo.
Assuntos
Animais , Enzimas/metabolismo , Opuntia , Polissacarídeos/análise , Suínos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Suínos/metabolismo , Dieta/veterináriaResumo
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of giant palm meal (FPG) in diets with or without enzymatic supplementation for growing pigs. For the evaluation of the digestibility, ten castrated male pigs with a mean weight of 34.3±6.7 kg, housed in metabolic cages for 15 days (nine of adaptation and six of total collection of feces and urine) were used. The animals were fed twice a day (eight and 15 hours) according to the metabolic weight, five of which received the control diet and five received a test diet with a 30% inclusion of the FPG. The samples were taken daily, homogenized and a 20% aliquot was taken and stored in a freezer. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed in the laboratory of animal nutrition. In the performance test, twenty animals with 28.62±3.66kg were used, distributed in randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of inclusion levels of the giant palm meal, associated or not to the enzymatic complex (EC) (0; 5; 10; 5 + EC and 10% + EC). The FPG digestible energy value for pigs in the growing phase was 1113.83 kcal/kg. It was observed that the weight gain and the absolute weight of the organs of the pigs were not influenced by the diets. Feed conversion, feed intake, economic viability of the diets and the relative weight of the organs presented differences between the treatments. It is recommended to include 10% FPG associated with the complex.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização do farelo de palma gigante (FPG) em dietas com ou sem suplementação enzimática para suínos em crescimento. Para avaliação da digestibilidade foram utilizados dez suínos machos castrados com peso médio de 34,3 ± 6,7kg, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas por quinze dias (nove de adaptação e seis de coleta total de fezes e urina). Os animais foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia (oito e 15hs) de acordo com o peso metabólico, sendo que cinco receberam a ração controle e cinco receberam dieta teste com 30% de inclusão do FPG. As coletas foram realizadas diariamente, homogeneizadas e retirada uma alíquota de 20% e armazenada em freezer. Posteriormente, as amostras foram analisadas no laboratório de nutrição animal. No ensaio de desempenho foram utilizados vinte animais com 28,62 ± 3,66kg, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de inclusão do farelo de palma gigante, associado ou não ao complexo enzimático (CE) (0; 5; 10; 5 + CE e 10% + CE). O valor da energia digestível do FPG para suínos na fase de crescimento foi de 1113,83 kcal/kg. Observou-se que o ganho de peso e o peso absoluto dos órgãos dos suínos não foram influenciados pelas dietas. A conversão alimentar, o consumo de ração, a viabilidade econômica das dietas e o peso relativo dos órgãos apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Recomenda-se a inclusão de 10% de FPG associado ao complexo.(AU)