Pupillary membrane persistence in a feline

Background: Pupillary membrane persistence (PMP) is a congenital abnormality, which is not usually reported in felines.It is characterized by remnants of the fetal membrane that persist as filamentous tissue across the pupil. In general, thischange does not cause any clinical signs. However, the filaments may either attach to the cornea and cause small opacitiesin it or attach to the lens and cause cataracts. In most cases, there is no visual impairment, so treatment is not required.This report aims to describe a case of PMP in a domestic cat diagnosed at the Veterinary Hospital of the State Universityof Santa Cruz (HV-UESC).Case: A two-and-a-half-year-old mixed-breed castrated male cat was brought to the HV-UESC with dermatological complaints. Upon physical examination, the animal was alert with a body temperature, heart, and respiratory rate within thenormal parameters for the feline species. The lymph nodes were non-reactive, and the coloration of the oral mucosa wasnormal. There was no ophthalmic complaint from the owner, nor any loss of visual acuity. In addition, the animal hadmoderate pruritus, redness, and alopecia in the region of the ears, head, neck, chest, and back. Bristle samples were collected for an optical microscope analysis and an infestation with lice (Felicola subrostratus) was confirmed. An endectocidecontaining selamectin (15 mg; single application every 30 days) was prescribed. During physical examination, filamentoustissue crossing from iris to iris through pupil was observed in both eyes. The eyelid, corneal, and pupillary reflexes werewithin normal ranges. An ophthalmic evaluation did not identify conjunctival hyperemia or episcleral vessel congestion,and the eyelid, corneal, and pupillary reflexes were determined to be within the normal range. A slit-lamp biomicroscopydid not detect any anterior chamber alteration besides the filamentous tissue previously mentioned...

Pupillary membrane persistence in a feline

Background: Pupillary membrane persistence (PMP) is a congenital abnormality, which is not usually reported in felines.It is characterized by remnants of the fetal membrane that persist as filamentous tissue across the pupil. In general, thischange does not cause any clinical signs. However, the filaments may either attach to the cornea and cause small opacitiesin it or attach to the lens and cause cataracts. In most cases, there is no visual impairment, so treatment is not required.This report aims to describe a case of PMP in a domestic cat diagnosed at the Veterinary Hospital of the State Universityof Santa Cruz (HV-UESC).Case: A two-and-a-half-year-old mixed-breed castrated male cat was brought to the HV-UESC with dermatological complaints. Upon physical examination, the animal was alert with a body temperature, heart, and respiratory rate within thenormal parameters for the feline species. The lymph nodes were non-reactive, and the coloration of the oral mucosa wasnormal. There was no ophthalmic complaint from the owner, nor any loss of visual acuity. In addition, the animal hadmoderate pruritus, redness, and alopecia in the region of the ears, head, neck, chest, and back. Bristle samples were collected for an optical microscope analysis and an infestation with lice (Felicola subrostratus) was confirmed. An endectocidecontaining selamectin (15 mg; single application every 30 days) was prescribed. During physical examination, filamentoustissue crossing from iris to iris through pupil was observed in both eyes. The eyelid, corneal, and pupillary reflexes werewithin normal ranges. An ophthalmic evaluation did not identify conjunctival hyperemia or episcleral vessel congestion,and the eyelid, corneal, and pupillary reflexes were determined to be within the normal range. A slit-lamp biomicroscopydid not detect any anterior chamber alteration besides the filamentous tissue previously mentioned...(AU)

Clinical, hematological and biochemical profiles of dogs with Leishmania infantum

Background: Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis affecting dogs worldwide. Its epidemiological importance is observed in Brazil, wherein the largest number of cases originates in the Northeast Region of the country. The disease is caused by the etiologic agent Leishmania chagasi (= infantum) and transmitted by an invertebrate form of sand fly of the genus Lutzomia. Domestic dogs are one of the main reservoirs. The aim of this study was to use molecular analysis to diagnose dogs naturally infected with Leishmania spp. in the city of Jequié, State of Bahia, Brazil, and to describe the clinical signs, as well as the hematological and biochemical profiles associated with these cases.Materials, Methods & Results: In the present study, 198 dogs underwent physical examination and had blood samples collected for hematological, biochemical and PCR tests for Leishmania infantum. Two primers have been used for the molecular diagnostic technique (PCR): first, the ITS-1 specific to Leishmania species followed by the PCR-RFVL to identify the genus; and second, the primer pair RV1/RV2 specific to the Leishmania infantum species in all the samplesAmong the 198 samples collected, four animals tested positive for the Leishmania infantum via PCR, two of which were symptomatic and two asymptomatic. Among the symptomatic animals, animal one presented with diffuse alopecia, ulcerated lesions on the tip of the ears, ophthalmopathy, onychogryphosis, cachexia, anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis, and animal two presented with alopecia, pustules, crusting, diffusely-spread erythema, anemia, hyperproteinemia, thrombocytopenia and azotemia. Among the two asymptomatic dogs, one animal had anemia, hyperproteinemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, and azotemia; the other animal’s laboratory findings revealed hyperproteinemia and leukocytosis with neutrophilia.[...]

Clinical, hematological and biochemical profiles of dogs with Leishmania infantum

Background: Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis affecting dogs worldwide. Its epidemiological importance is observed in Brazil, wherein the largest number of cases originates in the Northeast Region of the country. The disease is caused by the etiologic agent Leishmania chagasi (= infantum) and transmitted by an invertebrate form of sand fly of the genus Lutzomia. Domestic dogs are one of the main reservoirs. The aim of this study was to use molecular analysis to diagnose dogs naturally infected with Leishmania spp. in the city of Jequié, State of Bahia, Brazil, and to describe the clinical signs, as well as the hematological and biochemical profiles associated with these cases.Materials, Methods & Results: In the present study, 198 dogs underwent physical examination and had blood samples collected for hematological, biochemical and PCR tests for Leishmania infantum. Two primers have been used for the molecular diagnostic technique (PCR): first, the ITS-1 specific to Leishmania species followed by the PCR-RFVL to identify the genus; and second, the primer pair RV1/RV2 specific to the Leishmania infantum species in all the samplesAmong the 198 samples collected, four animals tested positive for the Leishmania infantum via PCR, two of which were symptomatic and two asymptomatic. Among the symptomatic animals, animal one presented with diffuse alopecia, ulcerated lesions on the tip of the ears, ophthalmopathy, onychogryphosis, cachexia, anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis, and animal two presented with alopecia, pustules, crusting, diffusely-spread erythema, anemia, hyperproteinemia, thrombocytopenia and azotemia. Among the two asymptomatic dogs, one animal had anemia, hyperproteinemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, and azotemia; the other animals laboratory findings revealed hyperproteinemia and leukocytosis with neutrophilia.[...](AU)

DIMENSÃO FRACTAL COMO MÉTODO DE AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS NO TRATAMENTO DA CERATOCONJUNTIVITE SECA EM CÃES

Dimensão fractal como método de avaliação de diferentes protocolos no tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães A ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) é uma oftalmopatia crônica, maior parte de origem imunomediada, comumente diagnosticada em cães e seres humanos. O tratamento convencional consiste no uso de colírios imunossupressores e lubrificantes oculares, e como adjuvante a suplementação oral de ácidos graxos e antioxidantes. Pesquisas recentes apontam o uso de células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) em diversas doenças crônicas e degenerativas, sendo assim uma nova alternativa para o tratamento de CCS devido sua capacidade de regeneração tecidual e ações imunorreguladoras. O cálculo de dimensão fractal (DF) tem sido utilizado em diversas áreas da medicina como método adicional, matemático e quantitativo na avaliação de estruturas complexas e irregulares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar, diferentes protocolos de tratamento na CCS, através do método de DF. No artigo 1 foram avaliadas 210 lâminas de biopsia de conjuntiva palpebral de cães, divididos em 7 grupos: grupo normalidade (olhos sadios), T0 (tacrolimus antes do tratamento), T6 (tacrolimus pós tratamento), TO0 (tacrolimus associado à ômega 3 oral antes do tratamento), TO6 (tacrolimus associado à ômega 3 oral pós tratamento), TOA0 (tacrolimus associado a ômega 3 + antioxidantes antes do tratamento) e TOA6 (tacrolimus associado a ômega 3 oral + antioxidantes pós tratamento). No artigo 2 foram avaliadas 84 lâminas histopatológicas divididas em 3 grupos: Grupo controle normal (n=28), grupo CTM0 no momento do diagnóstico CCS (n=28) e CTM6 após 6 meses do tratamento com CTM (n=28). No artigo 1 o grupo normalidade apresentou valor de dimensão fractal maior que os demais grupos (1,84± 0,04) e o grupo T0 menor valor (1,66 ±0,07). Foi encontrado diferença estatística significativa entre todos os grupos (p< 0,05), menos no grupo TO6 (1,81 ± 0,06) que apresentou valores mais próximos do grupo da normalidade. No artigo 2 houve diferença estatística (p<0,05) quando comparado o grupo CTM0 (1,71±0,15) com os grupos normalidade (1,78±0,03). O grupo CTM6 (pós tratamento) apresentou valores de DF semelhantes ao grupo da normalidade e sem diferença estatística (p=0,2). Concluímos que o cálculo DF avaliou matematicamente que tratamento com tacrolimus tópico associado a suplementação oral de ômega 3 apresentou valores mais próximos à normalidade, e o tratamento com CTM apresentou valores semelhantes ao grupo da normalidade, o que pode sugerir que estes protocolos de tratamento conseguiram restabelecer melhor o tecido conjuntival. Desta maneira, o método de dimensão fractal apresentou uma boa aplicabilidade e foi uma ferramenta importante para a análise das amostras de biopsias quantitativamente, podendo ser uma avaliação adicional de lâminas histopatológicas no estudo de patologias oculares.

Fractal dimension as a method of evaluating different protocols in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a chronic ophthalmopathy, of immune-mediated origin, commonly diagnosed in dogs and humans. Conventional treatment consists of the use of immunosuppressive eye drops and lubricants, and as an adjunct to oral supplementation of omegas and antioxidants. Recent research points to the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in several chronic and degenerative diseases, thus being a new alternative for the treatment of KCS due to its capacity for tissue regeneration and immunoregulatory actions. The fractal dimension (FD) calculation has been used in several areas of medicine as an additional, mathematical and quantitative method in the evaluation of complex and irregular structures. The objective of the study was evaluate and to compare different treatment protocols in CCS, using the DF method. In article 1, 210 slides of dogs' palpebral conjunctiva biopsies were evaluated, divided into 7 groups: normal group (healthy eyes), T0 (tacrolimus before treatment), T6 (tacrolimus after treatment), TO0 (tacrolimus associated with oral omega 3 before treatment), TO6 (tacrolimus associated with oral omega 3 after treatment), TOA0 (tacrolimus associated with omega 3 + antioxidants before treatment) and TOA6 (tacrolimus associated with oral omega 3 + antioxidants after treatment). In article 2, 84 histopathological slides divided into 3 groups were evaluated: normal control group (n = 28), group CTM0 at the time of diagnosis CCS (n = 28) and CTM6 after 6 months of treatment with CTM (n = 28). In article 1, the normal group had a higher fractal dimension value than the other groups (1.84 ± 0.04) and the T0 group had a lower value (1.66 ± 0.07). A statistically significant difference was found between all groups (p <0.05), except in the TO6 group (1.81 ± 0.06), which presented values closer to the normality group. In article 2, there was a statistical difference (p <0.05) when the CTM0 group (1.71 ± 0.15) was compared with the normal groups (1.78 ± 0.03). The CTM6 group (post treatment) presented DF values like the normal group and without statistical difference (p = 0.2). We conclude that the DF calculation mathematically evaluated that treatment with topical tacrolimus associated with oral omega 3 supplementation showed values closer to normality, and treatment with MSC presented values similar to the normality group, which may suggest that these treatment protocols managed to restore better connective tissue. In this way, the fractal dimension method showed good applicability and was an important tool for the analysis of biopsy samples quantitatively and may be an additional evaluation of histopathological slides in the study of ocular pathologies.

Analysis of tear production in patients with periocular alopecia: a retrospective study between the years 2008 and 2012 at the Veterinary Hospital of the Londrina State University / Análise da produção de lágrima em pacientes com alopecia periocular: estudo retrospectivo entre os anos 2008 e 2012 no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina

The Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca is a common ophthalmopathy among dogs and can be accompaniedby periocular alopecia resulting from the extension of inflammation and concomitant eyelid. In thestudy, medical records of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and blepharitis treated at the VeterinaryTeaching Hospital of the Londrina State University between the years 2008 and 2012 were analyzed,seeking patients with periocular alopecia and checking the frequency of these diseases in the population in relation to gender, age, breed, affected eye, other concomitant ophthalmic disorders, possibleetiologies and the presence of systemic diseases. From the analysis of data it was intended to discussthe relationship between the occurrence of periocular alopecia and decreased tear production andpossible causes, ocular present, systemic illnesses, affected breeds, gender and age. The Schirmer TearTest was the method used to measure the tear production. 187 dogs were studied, 147 of which hadkeratoconjunctivitis sicca and 71 had blepharitis. 31 dogs showed associated diseases. There were 41cases of alopecia periocular with no difference in the frequency of involvement in relation to gender. Inregard to the affected eye, 95% of cases were bilateral. The breeds with higher prevalence were Poodle,Lhasa Apso, English Cocker Spaniel and mixed breed dogs. The ages with higher occurrence were twoyears, with 19% of the animals, four and twelve years with 12%. Among the 32 animals with periocularalopecia who had systemic diseases, 22 had dermatopathies. It was concluded that keratoconjunctivitissicca and blepharitis are not frequently associated and the occurrence of periocular alopecia occursin most cases of blepharitis, although it may less frequently present itself in the CCS. Despite thedecreased tear production displayed in some patients with periocular alopecia, one cannot say that it isalways present in these cases.

A Ceratoconjuntivite Seca é uma oftalmopatia frequente entre os cães e pode estar acompanhada dealopecia periocular, decorrente da extensão ou concomitância da inflamação palpebral. No estudoforam analisados prontuários de cães com Ceratoconjuntivite Seca e Blefarites atendidos no HospitalVeterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina entre os anos de 2008 e 2012, para buscar pacientes comalopecia periocular, verificando a frequência destas enfermidades na população em relação ao gênero,idade, raça, olho acometido, outras afecções oftálmicas concomitantes, possíveis etiologias e presençade doenças sistêmicas nestes cães. A partir da análise dos dados dos animais com as oftalmopatiasreferidas, pretendeu-se discutir a relação entre a ocorrência de alopecia periocular e diminuição daprodução lacrimal, além de possíveis causas, alterações oculares presentes, enfermidades sistêmicas,raças acometidas, gênero e idade. O Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer foi o método utilizado para aferição daprodução lacrimal. Foram encontrados 187 cães, dos quais 147 apresentaram ceratoconjuntivite seca e71 blefarite. Em 31 cães as enfermidades apresentaram-se associadas. Ocorreram 41 casos de alopeciaperiocular sem diferença na frequência de acometimento em relação ao gênero dos pacientes. Quantoao olho acometido, 95% dos casos mostram-se bilateral. As raças que tiveram maior prevalência foramPoodle, Lhasa Apso, Cocker Spaniel Inglês e cães sem raça definida. As idades mais frequentes foramdois anos, com 19% dos animais, quatro e 12 anos com 12%. Dos 32 animais com alopecia periocularque apresentaram doenças sistêmicas, 22 tinham dermatopatias. Concluiu-se que a ceratoconjuntiviteseca e a blefarite não aparecem associadas com tanta frequência e que a ocorrência de alopecia periocularse dá na maior parte, em casos de blefarite, embora possa, com menor frequência, apresentar-se na CCS.

Analysis of tear production in patients with periocular alopecia: a retrospective study between the years 2008 and 2012 at the Veterinary Hospital of the Londrina State University / Análise da produção de lágrima em pacientes com alopecia periocular: estudo retrospectivo entre os anos 2008 e 2012 no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina

The Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca is a common ophthalmopathy among dogs and can be accompaniedby periocular alopecia resulting from the extension of inflammation and concomitant eyelid. In thestudy, medical records of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and blepharitis treated at the VeterinaryTeaching Hospital of the Londrina State University between the years 2008 and 2012 were analyzed,seeking patients with periocular alopecia and checking the frequency of these diseases in the population in relation to gender, age, breed, affected eye, other concomitant ophthalmic disorders, possibleetiologies and the presence of systemic diseases. From the analysis of data it was intended to discussthe relationship between the occurrence of periocular alopecia and decreased tear production andpossible causes, ocular present, systemic illnesses, affected breeds, gender and age. The Schirmer TearTest was the method used to measure the tear production. 187 dogs were studied, 147 of which hadkeratoconjunctivitis sicca and 71 had blepharitis. 31 dogs showed associated diseases. There were 41cases of alopecia periocular with no difference in the frequency of involvement in relation to gender. Inregard to the affected eye, 95% of cases were bilateral. The breeds with higher prevalence were Poodle,Lhasa Apso, English Cocker Spaniel and mixed breed dogs. The ages with higher occurrence were twoyears, with 19% of the animals, four and twelve years with 12%. Among the 32 animals with periocularalopecia who had systemic diseases, 22 had dermatopathies. It was concluded that keratoconjunctivitissicca and blepharitis are not frequently associated and the occurrence of periocular alopecia occursin most cases of blepharitis, although it may less frequently present itself in the CCS. Despite thedecreased tear production displayed in some patients with periocular alopecia, one cannot say that it isalways present in these cases.(AU)

A Ceratoconjuntivite Seca é uma oftalmopatia frequente entre os cães e pode estar acompanhada dealopecia periocular, decorrente da extensão ou concomitância da inflamação palpebral. No estudoforam analisados prontuários de cães com Ceratoconjuntivite Seca e Blefarites atendidos no HospitalVeterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina entre os anos de 2008 e 2012, para buscar pacientes comalopecia periocular, verificando a frequência destas enfermidades na população em relação ao gênero,idade, raça, olho acometido, outras afecções oftálmicas concomitantes, possíveis etiologias e presençade doenças sistêmicas nestes cães. A partir da análise dos dados dos animais com as oftalmopatiasreferidas, pretendeu-se discutir a relação entre a ocorrência de alopecia periocular e diminuição daprodução lacrimal, além de possíveis causas, alterações oculares presentes, enfermidades sistêmicas,raças acometidas, gênero e idade. O Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer foi o método utilizado para aferição daprodução lacrimal. Foram encontrados 187 cães, dos quais 147 apresentaram ceratoconjuntivite seca e71 blefarite. Em 31 cães as enfermidades apresentaram-se associadas. Ocorreram 41 casos de alopeciaperiocular sem diferença na frequência de acometimento em relação ao gênero dos pacientes. Quantoao olho acometido, 95% dos casos mostram-se bilateral. As raças que tiveram maior prevalência foramPoodle, Lhasa Apso, Cocker Spaniel Inglês e cães sem raça definida. As idades mais frequentes foramdois anos, com 19% dos animais, quatro e 12 anos com 12%. Dos 32 animais com alopecia periocularque apresentaram doenças sistêmicas, 22 tinham dermatopatias. Concluiu-se que a ceratoconjuntiviteseca e a blefarite não aparecem associadas com tanta frequência e que a ocorrência de alopecia periocularse dá na maior parte, em casos de blefarite, embora possa, com menor frequência, apresentar-se na CCS.(AU)

Toxoplasmose ocular felina: relato de caso / Feline ocular toxoplasmosis: case report / Felino toxoplasmosis ocular: reporte de un caso

A toxoplasmose é causada por um protozoário intracelular, o Toxoplasma gondii. A toxoplasmose ocular não é tão frequente em felinos, fatores iatrogênicos ou infecção como o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina e Vírus da Leucemia Felina podem reativar a infecção. A doença pode causar uveíte, não sendo um sinal patognomônico da doença de diagnóstico diferencial. Desta forma o objetivo é relatar os aspectos clínicos oculares e alterações em exames complementares manifestado em um gato doméstico. Na realização de exames oftalmológicos e complementares, foi possível detectar alterações oculares em decorrência da infecção por T. gondii. Ressalta-se a importância da toxoplasmose em felinos com sinais oculares, pois quanto mais cedo for diagnosticado, maiores são as chances de se preservar a visão.(AU)

Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The ocular toxoplasmosis is not so frequent in felines, iatrogenic factors or infection as the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukaemia Virus can reactivate the infection. The disease can cause uveitis, not being a pathognomonic sign of the disease of differential diagnosis. In this way the objective is to report the ocular clinical aspects and alterations in complementary exams manifested in a domestic cat. In the accomplishment of opthalmological and complementary examinations, it was possible to detect ocular alterations as a result of infection by T. gondii. Emphasizes the importance of toxoplasmosis in felines with ocular signs, because the earlier it is diagnosed, the greater the chances of preserving the vision.(AU)

La Toxoplasmosis es causada por un protozoario intracelular, el Toxoplasma gondii. La toxoplasmosis ocular no es tan frecuente en los felinos, factores iatrogénicos o infección como el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Felina y el Leucemia Felina pueden reactivar la infección. La enfermedad puede causar uveítis, no siendo un signo patognomónico de la enfermedad de diagnóstico diferencial. De esta manera el objetivo es informar a los aparencia clinico ojo y alteraciones oculares en exámenes complementarios se manusfesrs en un gato doméstico. En la realización de exámenes oftalmológica y proyecciones complementarias, es posible detectar alteraciones ojo a consecuencia de la infección por T. gondii. Es de descatar la importancia de la toxoplasmosis en felinos con signos ojo, pues cuanto más temprano sea porque antes se diagnosticado, mayores son las posibilidades de preservarse la visión.(AU)

Oftalmolpatias de cães da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista e da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo

As oftalmopatias caninas podem ser diagnosticadas por meio de exames clínicos oftalmológicos específicos e sequenciais. É possível observar algumas enfermidades com maior frequência, em determinadas áreas, principalmente, em função do clima e da genética. O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar as oftalmopatias em cães, relacioná-las em função das características dos cães atendidos e, também, associá-las. Foram avaliados 101 cães domiciliados na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (RMBS), atendidos no Serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, no período de junho a dezembro de 2018; e 140 cães domiciliados na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), atendidos em clínicas diversas, pelo serviço de oftalmologia veterinária volante, no período de janeiro a março de 2019. Os cães foram submetidos ao teste lacrimal de Schirmer, à biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda, à tonometria de rebote, à coloração, com fluoresceína, para a avaliação da integridade da superfície corneana, do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal e da patência do ducto nasolacrimal (DNL), além da avaliação de fundo de olho com oftalmoscopia direta e indireta. Após a avaliação da normalidade da distribuição dos resultados, as diferenças entre as médias foram analisadas com os testes One-way ANOVA, two-sample t-test, Kruskal-Wallis ou Mann-Whitney. Para a análise das frequências observadas, usou-se o teste Qui-quadrado ou o Teste Exato de Fisher. As correlações foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Foram examinados 123 machos, com idade média de 6,94 anos, e 118 fêmeas, com idade média de 8,52 anos, sem diferença de distribuição entre as regiões. Destes pacientes, 212 cães pertenciam a 29 raças distintas e 29 cães não tinham raça definida. Quanto à conformação cefálica, 158 eram braquicefálicos, 77 mesocefálicos e 6 dolicocefálicos. Os cães braquicefálicos eram mais jovens que os mesocefálicos, com maior proporção de machos. Todos os pacientes apresentaram, ao menos, uma oftalmopatia. Resultados negativos no Teste de Jones foram observados em 89,14% dos olhos, com frequência mais elevada em cães braquicefálicos (98,73%). Outras oftalmopatias mais diagnosticadas foram ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS), em 48,94% dos olhos, entrópio (29,47%), catarata (15,45%), estenose nuclear senil do cristalino (15,66%), ceratite pigmentar (14,20%) e atrofia de retina (11,81%). As afecções relacionadas aos anexos oculares, especificamente dacriocromorreia, entrópio e distiquíase acometeram pacientes mais novos, ao passo que neoformação palpebral, ceratite aguda, CCS, uveíte, catarata, estenose nuclear senil e luxação do cristalino, assim como a atrofia de retina acometeram pacientes mais idosos. Fêmeas foram mais acometidas por formas mais brandas de CCS quantitativa, enquanto machos foram mais acometidos por formas mais graves. A ceratite ulcerativa acometeu mais os machos, ao passo que a catarata e, especificamente, a catarata madura, acometeram mais as fêmeas, possivelmente, em função de sua idade mais elevada. Resultados negativos no Teste de Jones, a ceratite aguda, a ceratite pigmentar e o leucoma foram mais diagnosticados em cães braquicefálicos, enquanto a catarata madura e a atrofia de retina foram menos diagnosticadas nestes cães, possivelmente em função de sua idade mais baixa. A uveíte foi mais diagnosticada em cães mesocefálicos. Catarata e estenose nuclear senil de cristalino também foram mais diagnosticadas nestes cães, porém, possivelmente, em decorrência de sua idade mais elevada. Considerando-se as regiões metropolitanas, houve pouca diferenciação entre as oftalmopatias diagnosticadas. A ceratite ulcerativa foi mais diagnosticada na RMSP, enquanto a CCS qualitativa foi mais diagnosticada na RMBS. Ainda, houve maior frequência de casos de CCS quantitativa discreta na RMSP, enquanto, na RMBS, houve maior frequência de casos de CCS quantitativa moderada. Ocorreu pequena diminuição da quantidade e da qualidade lacrimal, bem como da pressão intraocular, nos cães, com o avançar da idade. Em função da grande quantidade de associações entre o diagnóstico de diversas oftalmopatias, ficou demonstrado que muitas afecções podem ser previsíveis, a partir de um prévio diagnóstico de outras. Levando-se em consideração os dados apresentados neste estudo, é possível concluir que existem influências etárias, sexuais e regionais no diagnóstico de oftalmopatias em cães.

Canine ophthalmopathies can be diagnosed by specific and sequential ophthalmic clinical examinations. It is possible to observe some diseases more frequently, in certain areas, mainly due to climate and genetics. The objective of this study was to diagnose ophthalmopathies in dogs; to relate them according to the characteristics of the dogs; and to associate them. From June to December of 2018, 101 dogs domiciled in the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista (RMBS) were attended at the Ophthalmology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Metropolitan University of Santos; also, 140 dogs domiciled in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), were attended at various clinics, by a mobile veterinary ophthalmology service, from January to March of 2019. Patients underwent the Schirmer tear test; biomicroscopy with slit lamp; rebound tonometry; fluorescein staining for the evaluation of corneal surface integrity, tear break-up time, and nasolacrimal duct patency; and fundus assessment with direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. After evaluating the normality of the distribution of results, differences between the means were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA, two-sample t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, or Mann-Whitney tests. For the analysis of observed frequencies, Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used. Correlations were evaluated by Spearman's correlation coefficient. A total of 123 males, with an average age of 6.94 years, and 118 females, with an average age of 8.52 years, were examined. There was no distribution difference between regions. Of these patients, 212 dogs belonged to 29 distinct breeds and 29 dogs had no defined breed. Regarding the cephalic conformation, 158 dogs were brachycephalic, 77 dogs were mesocephalic, and 6 dogs were dolichocephalic. Brachycephalic dogs were younger than mesocephalic dogs, with a higher proportion of males. All patients had at least one ophthalmopathy. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction was diagnosed in 89.14% of eyes, with higher frequency in brachycephalic dogs (98.73%). Other most commonly diagnosed ophthalmopathies were keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in 48.94% of the eyes, entropion (29.47%), cataract (15.45%), senile lens opacification (15.66%), pigmentary keratitis (14.20%), and retinal atrophy (11.81%). Disorders of associated tissues, specifically dacryochromorrhea, entropion, and dystichiasis, affected younger patients, whereas eyelid formation, acute keratitis, KCS, uveitis, cataract, senile lens opacification, lens dislocation, and retinal atrophy affected older patients. Females were more affected by milder forms of quantitative KCS, while males were more affected by more severe forms. Ulcerative keratitis affected more males, while cataract and, specifically, mature cataract, affected more females, possibly due to their older age. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction, acute keratitis, pigmentary keratitis, and leukoma were more diagnosed in brachycephalic dogs, while, possibly due to their younger age, mature cataract and retinal atrophy were less diagnosed in these dogs. Uveitis was most commonly diagnosed in mesocephalic dogs. Cataract and senile lens opacification were also more diagnosed in these dogs, but possibly due to their older age. Considering the metropolitan regions, there was little differentiation between the diagnosed ophthalmopathies. Ulcerative keratitis was more diagnosed in RMSP, while qualitative KCS was more diagnosed in RMBS. Still, there was a higher frequency of incipient quantitative KCS cases in the RMSP, while in RMBS there was a higher frequency of moderate quantitative KCS cases. There was a slight decrease in lacrimal quantity and quality, as well as in intraocular pressure, in dogs with advancing age. Due to the large number of associations between the diagnosis of various ophthalmopathies, it has been shown that many conditions can be predicted from previous diagnosis of others. Considering the data presented in this study, it can be concluded that there is age, sexual, and regional influences in the diagnosis of ophthalmopathies in dogs.

Toxoplasmose ocular felina: relato de caso / Feline ocular toxoplasmosis: case report / Felino toxoplasmosis ocular: reporte de un caso

A toxoplasmose é causada por um protozoário intracelular, o Toxoplasma gondii. A toxoplasmose ocular não é tão frequente em felinos, fatores iatrogênicos ou infecção como o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina e Vírus da Leucemia Felina podem reativar a infecção. A doença pode causar uveíte, não sendo um sinal patognomônico da doença de diagnóstico diferencial. Desta forma o objetivo é relatar os aspectos clínicos oculares e alterações em exames complementares manifestado em um gato doméstico. Na realização de exames oftalmológicos e complementares, foi possível detectar alterações oculares em decorrência da infecção por T. gondii. Ressalta-se a importância da toxoplasmose em felinos com sinais oculares, pois quanto mais cedo for diagnosticado, maiores são as chances de se preservar a visão.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The ocular toxoplasmosis is not so frequent in felines, iatrogenic factors or infection as the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukaemia Virus can reactivate the infection. The disease can cause uveitis, not being a pathognomonic sign of the disease of differential diagnosis. In this way the objective is to report the ocular clinical aspects and alterations in complementary exams manifested in a domestic cat. In the accomplishment of opthalmological and complementary examinations, it was possible to detect ocular alterations as a result of infection by T. gondii. Emphasizes the importance of toxoplasmosis in felines with ocular signs, because the earlier it is diagnosed, the greater the chances of preserving the vision.

La Toxoplasmosis es causada por un protozoario intracelular, el Toxoplasma gondii. La toxoplasmosis ocular no es tan frecuente en los felinos, factores iatrogénicos o infección como el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Felina y el Leucemia Felina pueden reactivar la infección. La enfermedad puede causar uveítis, no siendo un signo patognomónico de la enfermedad de diagnóstico diferencial. De esta manera el objetivo es informar a los aparencia clinico ojo y alteraciones oculares en exámenes complementarios se manusfesrs en un gato doméstico. En la realización de exámenes oftalmológica y proyecciones complementarias, es posible detectar alteraciones ojo a consecuencia de la infección por T. gondii. Es de descatar la importancia de la toxoplasmosis en felinos con signos ojo, pues cuanto más temprano sea porque antes se diagnosticado, mayores son las posibilidades de preservarse la visión.

Medicament treatment of corneal ulcer and stromal abscess in horses / Tratamento medicamentoso de ulceração corneana e abscesso estromal em equinos

Background: The equine eyelids and cilia protect the eye and promote normal ocular physiological function. Disorders in these structures may result in corneal alterations such as ulcers and stromal abscess. An abscess is a focal mixture of cellular debris, necrotic tissue, leucocytes and possibly infectious agents that initially create a lesion surrounded by a zone of reactive infl ammation. Ulcers and corneal stromal abscess cause severe ocular pain and loss of vision quality in horses. Medical and surgical treatments for stromal abscess have been developed and have evolved over many years. The aim of this work is to report a case of stromal abscess in a horse, after a corneal ulcer related to eyelid defi ciency, focusing on therapeutic methods.Case: A 10-year-old crossbreed mare was referred to the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of UFPel with an ophthalmic disorder. The mare had an eyelid lesion 2 years before, and since this event she had had recurrent episodes of ophthalmologic disorders. On attendance at the HCV, the mare had photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, neovascularization, myosis, uveitis, intense ocular pain, eyelid defi ciency and a corneal ulcer about 2 cm long x 2 cm wide in the right eye. Surgical correction of eyelid and corneal disorder was recommended, but not authorized by the owner. Treatment was based on cleaning with physiological sol

Background: The equine eyelids and cilia protect the eye and promote normal ocular physiological function. Disorders in these structures may result in corneal alterations such as ulcers and stromal abscess. An abscess is a focal mixture of cellular debris, necrotic tissue, leucocytes and possibly infectious agents that initially create a lesion surrounded by a zone of reactive infl ammation. Ulcers and corneal stromal abscess cause severe ocular pain and loss of vision quality in horses. Medical and surgical treatments for stromal abscess have been developed and have evolved over many years. The aim of this work is to report a case of stromal abscess in a horse, after a corneal ulcer related to eyelid defi ciency, focusing on therapeutic methods.Case: A 10-year-old crossbreed mare was referred to the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of UFPel with an ophthalmic disorder. The mare had an eyelid lesion 2 years before, and since this event she had had recurrent episodes of ophthalmologic disorders. On attendance at the HCV, the mare had photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, neovascularization, myosis, uveitis, intense ocular pain, eyelid defi ciency and a corneal ulcer about 2 cm long x 2 cm wide in the right eye. Surgical correction of eyelid and corneal disorder was recommended, but not authorized by the owner. Treatment was based on cleaning with physiological sol

Tratamento medicamentoso de ulceração corneana e abscesso estromal em equinos / Medicament Treatment of Corneal Ulcer and Stromal Abscess in Horses

Background: The equine eyelids and cilia protect the eye and promote normal ocular physiological function. Disorders in these structures may result in corneal alterations such as ulcers and stromal abscess. An abscess is a focal mixture of cellular debris, necrotic tissue, leucocytes and possibly infectious agents that initially create a lesion surrounded by a zone of reactive infl ammation. Ulcers and corneal stromal abscess cause severe ocular pain and loss of vision quality in horses. Medical and surgical treatments for stromal abscess have been developed and have evolved over many years. The aim of this work is to report a case of stromal abscess in a horse, after a corneal ulcer related to eyelid deficiency, focusing on therapeutic methods. Case: A 10-year-old crossbreed mare was referred to the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of UFPel with an ophthalmic disorder. The mare had an eyelid lesion 2 years before, and since this event she had had recurrent episodes of ophthalmologic disorders. On attendance at the HCV, the mare had photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, neovascularization, myosis, uveitis, intense ocular pain, eyelid deficiency and a corneal ulcer about 2 cm long x 2 cm wide in the right eye. Surgical correction of eyelid and corneal disorder was recommended, but not authorized by the owner. Treatment was based on cleaning with physiological solution, gentamicin eyewash, autologus serum every 4 h, atropine 1% every 12 h topically, flunixin meglumin every 12 h intravenously. After 7 days, the corneal ulcer shrank, although there was no improvement in blepharospasm and ocular pain. A corneal abscess 3 cm x 2 cm was noticed. Gentamicin eyewash and autologus serum were administered topically every 4 h for 10 more days. After 14 days of treatment, there was neither blepharospasm nor corneal ulcer and the abscess was shrinking. Gentamicin eyewash was maintained every 6h for 3 more days. After 65 days there was minimal scar tissue in the eye. Discussion: The mare had an ocular traumatic injury 2 years ago and since this event she had presented uveitis and corneal ulcer recurrently, due to loss of eyelid and cilia functional integrity. Equine cornea is avascularized and vascularization of the affected lesion is necessary for resolution and abscess healing. Medical treatment of superfi cial stromal abscess is more economical than surgery and can result in good visual outcomes with mild scarring. Medical treatment consists of a combination of antimicrobial, mydriatic/cycloplegic and anti-inflammatory medications. Flunixin meglumin seems to be the most effective intravenous anti-inflammatory for controlling uveitis in horses. The anti-inflammatory dose may be reduced when there is a decrease in the anterior segment signs of infl ammation and ocular pain. Besides systemic colateral effects, anti-inflammatory therapy also reduces corneal vascularization, and therefore should be used carefully. Antibiotic topical therapy is highly recommended, due to ocular microflora and microorganism encapsulation, and it was used in the present report until there was full epithelial healing. A mydriatic/cycloplegic (atropine 1%) drug was administered aiming to dilate the pupil in order to prevent adherences and to reduce ocular discomfort. Antiproteases agents (autologus serum) are recommended when there is a corneal epithelial loss of integrity. This agent reduces collagen degradation and helps corneal healing. Stromal abscess in horses is usually associated with previous corneal ulceration, and in the present report it also involved eyelid functional deficiency. Medical treatment was effective, ensuring quality of future vision for the animal.

EFEITOS DO TRAMADOL SOBRE OS PARÂMETROS OFTÁLMICOS EM CÃES

O tramadol tem-se destacado como analgésico para cães e gatos. Sua importância clínica deve-se ao fato de possuir poucos efeitos adversos, apresentação oral e longa duração em comparação aos opioides convencionais. O tramadol é um opioide atípico, atua como agonista fraco dos receptores e na inibição da receptação de serotonina e noradrenalina. A hipótese do fármaco não alterar os parâmetros oftálmicos, como a pressão intraocular, o diâmetro pupilar e a produção lacrimal, estimula o seu uso como analgésico pré-operatório em cirurgias intraoculares e no controle da dor oriunda de qualquer etiologia em oftalmopatas. Objetivou-se então, estudar os efeitos da administração sistêmica do tramadol sobre a produção lacrimal, a pressão intraocular (PIO) e o diâmetro pupilar (DP) em cães saudáveis (artigo 1) e de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca ou com uveíte facolítica (artigo 2). Nos cães sadios comparou-se o efeito do tramadol em duas doses (4mg/kg e 6mg/kg) e nos cães oftalmopatas, utilizou-se apenas 4mg/kg. A produção lacrimal (Teste da lágrima de Schirmer, TLS-1), a PIO (tonometria de aplanação) e o DP (paquimetria eletrônica) foram mensurados antes, 30 e 60 minutos nos cães sadios, e antes, 60 e 120 minutos nos oftalmopatas, da aplicação de tramadol intramuscular. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados pelo teste de análise de variância para medidas repetidas (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os tempos e doses estudadas para quaisquer variáveis nos cães sadios e com ceratoconjuntivite seca. Entretanto, nos com uveíte facolítica, houve diferença significativa no diâmetro pupilar aos 120 minutos de avaliação (p=0,02). Nas condições deste estudo, o tramadol não alterou a produção lacrimal e a PIO de cães sadios e com ceratoconjuntivite seca severa. Apesar de não alterar o DP de cães sadios, deve ser usado com cautela em pacientes com uveíte facolítica, por ensejar miose.

Tramadol has been used as an analgesic for dogs and cats. Its clinical importance is because it has a few adverse effects, oral presentation and a long duration compared to conventional opioids. Tramadol is an atypical opioid, acting as a weak agonist for receptors and inhibiting serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. The hypothesis that this drug does not alter ophthalmic parameters, such as intraocular pressure, pupillary diameter and tear production, stimulates its use as a preoperative analgesic in intraocular surgeries and in the control of pain from any etiology in patients with ophthalmopathy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tramadol on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy dogs (article 1) and in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca or with facolytic uveitis (article 2). In healthy dogs, the effect of tramadol was compared in two different doses (4mg/kg and 6mg/kg) and in dogs with ophthalmopathy, only with 4mg/kg. The tear production (Schirmer's tear test, TLS-1), IOP (aplanation tonometry) and PD (electronic pachymetry) were measured before, 30 and 60 min in healthy dogs, and before, 60 and 120 min in dogs with ophthalmopathy, after intramuscular injection of tramadol. The data obtained were evaluated by the analysis of variance for repeated measurements (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the times and doses studied for any variables in healthy dogs and in those with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. But in the dogs with facolytic uveitis, there was a significant difference in pupil diameter at 120 min of evaluation (P=0.02). Under the conditions of this study, tramadol did not alter the tear production and IOP of healthy dogs and with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Although it does not change the PD of healthy dogs, it should be used with caution in patients with facolytic uveitis, due to miosis.

Patologias genitais associadas à leishmaniose visceral canina

The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the transmission occurs mainly by the action of blood-sucking insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae, particularly the Lutzomyia longipalpis species. However, the venereal and vertical transmission of the CanL is present. The main clinical signs observed in animals affected by the CanL are lymphadenopathy, skin diseases, hepatosplenomegaly, onychogryphosis and ophthalmopathy, however atypical manifestations can be observed, including the involvement of the genital system. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review on the major pathologies in genital male and female dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL).

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença parasitária crônica causada por protozoários pertencentes ao gênero Leishmania. No Brasil, a transmissão se dá, principalmente, pela ação hematófaga de insetos vetores pertencentes à subfamília Phlebotominae, particularmente, a espécie Lutzomyia longipalpis. Todavia, a trasmissão vertical e venérea da LVC está presente. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos animais acometidos pela LVC são linfoadenomegalia, dermatopatias, hepatoesplenomegalia, onicogrifose e oftalmopatias, contudo quadros atípicos podem ser observados, inclusive com o envolvimento do sistema genital. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é realizar revisão sobre as principais patologias genitais em cães machos e fêmeas com leishmaniose visceral (LV).

Patologias genitais associadas à leishmaniose visceral canina

The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the transmission occurs mainly by the action of blood-sucking insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae, particularly the Lutzomyia longipalpis species. However, the venereal and vertical transmission of the CanL is present. The main clinical signs observed in animals affected by the CanL are lymphadenopathy, skin diseases, hepatosplenomegaly, onychogryphosis and ophthalmopathy, however atypical manifestations can be observed, including the involvement of the genital system. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review on the major pathologies in genital male and female dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL).

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença parasitária crônica causada por protozoários pertencentes ao gênero Leishmania. No Brasil, a transmissão se dá, principalmente, pela ação hematófaga de insetos vetores pertencentes à subfamília Phlebotominae, particularmente, a espécie Lutzomyia longipalpis. Todavia, a trasmissão vertical e venérea da LVC está presente. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos animais acometidos pela LVC são linfoadenomegalia, dermatopatias, hepatoesplenomegalia, onicogrifose e oftalmopatias, contudo quadros atípicos podem ser observados, inclusive com o envolvimento do sistema genital. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é realizar revisão sobre as principais patologias genitais em cães machos e fêmeas com leishmaniose visceral (LV).

Biomicroscopia ultrassônica na oftalmologia veterinária - revisão de literatura / Ultrasound biomicroscopy in veterinary ophthalmology - literature review / Biomicroscopía ultrasónica en oftalmología veterinaria - revisión de literatura

A biomicroscopia ultrassônica (UBM) ou ultrassonografia de alta frequência (35-100 MHz) é uma ferramenta utilizada na ecografia ocular. Por ter alcance de 4 a 8 mm de profundidade, é capaz de avaliar com maiores detalhes o segmento anterior do bulbo ocular, auxiliando no diagnóstico, no prognóstico e no monitoramento das oftalmopatias. É um exame não invasivo, capaz de individualizar diferentes estruturas do bulbo ocular, tais como córnea, esclera, câmara anterior, íris, corpo ciliar, câmara posterior, ângulo iridocorneano de drenagem e lente. Esta revisão bibliográfica tem por objetivo apresentar o uso da UBM na medicina veterinária de pequenos animais, demonstrando suas vantagens, limitações e indicações na clínica oftalmológica.

Ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM) or high frequency ultrasound (35-100 MHz) is a tool used for ocular imaging. The 4 to 8 mm tissue depth range enables assessment of the anterior segment of the eye, aiding in the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of ocular diseases. It is a noninvasive test able to identify different structures of the eye, such as cornea, sclera, anterior chamber, iris, ciliary body, posterior chamber, iridocorneal drainage angle and lens. This review aims to present the use of UBM in veterinary medicine, demonstrating its advantages, limitations and indications in the ophthalmology of small animals.

La biomicroscopía ultrasónica (UBM) o ultrasonografía de alta frecuencia (35-100 MHz) es una herramienta utilizada en el estudio ecográfico del globo ocular. Debido a su alcance de 4 a 8 mm de profundidad, es posible analizar con mayor detalle el segmento anterior del ojo, ayudando en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y control de las enfermedades oculares. Es un examen no invasivo capaz de individualizar estructuras como la córnea, esclera, cámara anterior, iris, cuerpo ciliar, cámara posterior, ángulo irido corneal (drenaje) y cristalino. Esta revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo presentar el uso de la UBM en medicina veterinaria de pequeños animales, mostrando sus ventajas, limitaciones e indicaciones en oftalmología.

Biomicroscopia ultrassônica na oftalmologia veterinária - revisão de literatura / Ultrasound biomicroscopy in veterinary ophthalmology - literature review / Biomicroscopía ultrasónica en oftalmología veterinaria - revisión de literatura

A biomicroscopia ultrassônica (UBM) ou ultrassonografia de alta frequência (35-100 MHz) é uma ferramenta utilizada na ecografia ocular. Por ter alcance de 4 a 8 mm de profundidade, é capaz de avaliar com maiores detalhes o segmento anterior do bulbo ocular, auxiliando no diagnóstico, no prognóstico e no monitoramento das oftalmopatias. É um exame não invasivo, capaz de individualizar diferentes estruturas do bulbo ocular, tais como córnea, esclera, câmara anterior, íris, corpo ciliar, câmara posterior, ângulo iridocorneano de drenagem e lente. Esta revisão bibliográfica tem por objetivo apresentar o uso da UBM na medicina veterinária de pequenos animais, demonstrando suas vantagens, limitações e indicações na clínica oftalmológica.(AU)

Ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM) or high frequency ultrasound (35-100 MHz) is a tool used for ocular imaging. The 4 to 8 mm tissue depth range enables assessment of the anterior segment of the eye, aiding in the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of ocular diseases. It is a noninvasive test able to identify different structures of the eye, such as cornea, sclera, anterior chamber, iris, ciliary body, posterior chamber, iridocorneal drainage angle and lens. This review aims to present the use of UBM in veterinary medicine, demonstrating its advantages, limitations and indications in the ophthalmology of small animals.(AU)

La biomicroscopía ultrasónica (UBM) o ultrasonografía de alta frecuencia (35-100 MHz) es una herramienta utilizada en el estudio ecográfico del globo ocular. Debido a su alcance de 4 a 8 mm de profundidad, es posible analizar con mayor detalle el segmento anterior del ojo, ayudando en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y control de las enfermedades oculares. Es un examen no invasivo capaz de individualizar estructuras como la córnea, esclera, cámara anterior, iris, cuerpo ciliar, cámara posterior, ángulo irido corneal (drenaje) y cristalino. Esta revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo presentar el uso de la UBM en medicina veterinaria de pequeños animales, mostrando sus ventajas, limitaciones e indicaciones en oftalmología.(AU)

INFLUÊNCIA DA RAÇA, SEXO E IDADE NA OCORRÊNCIA DA CERATOCONJUNTIVITE SECA E MENSURAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO LACRIMAL NO MOMENTO DO DIAGNÓSTICO EM CÃES ATENDIDOS NO HOSPITAL VETERINÁRIO DE UBERABA (HVU) NO PERÍODO DE 2004 À 2014.

A pesquisa consistiu no levantamento dos diagnósticos de ceratoconjuntivite seca realizados no Hospital Veterinário de Uberaba, entre junho de 2004 e junho de 2014, quando foram identificados 448 animais com a doença. A partir destes casos, foram realizados estudos com 352 animais das 5 raças mais freqüentemente diagnosticadas e o estudo da produção lacrimal no momento do diagnóstico de 184 animais destas 5 raças com dados clínicos presentes na ficha de atendimento. A partir destes dados, pesquisou-se a relação entre a prevalência do sexo, idade, raça e produção lacrimal destes animais, com o objetivo de se conhecer o perfil do paciente e, a partir disto, estabelecer estratégias de prevenção e tratamento desta grave enfermidade. Os resultados revelaram a presença de 26 raças entre os 448 animais diagnosticados neste período, e que o número de fêmeas (240) foi maior que o de machos (208). Das 26 raças registradas, 5 se destacaram, representando 82,37% do total de diagnósticos (369/448), sendo elas em ordem crescente: Pisncher (41), Shih Tzu (71), Cocker (74), Poodle (77) e Mestiços (106). A idade variou entre as raças, demonstrando que a raça Shih Tzu tem predisposição à doença em idade mais jovem; enquanto que a raça Cocker apresentou tendência a desenvolver a doença em idade mais avançada. Com relação à produção lacrimal, no momento do diagnóstico, 77,17% dos pacientes apresentaram a doença nos dois olhos e 22,83 apresentavam a doença em apenas um dos olhos. Com isto, conclui-se que a ceratoconjuntivite seca é uma doença importante no âmbito das oftalmopatias dos cães e que o diagnóstico tem sido realizado de forma tardia, o que compromete a eficácia dos tratamentos disponíveis na atualidade.

The research consisted of a survey of diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca performed at Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba, between June, 2004 and June, 2014, when 448 animals were identified with the disease. From the cases, studies were performed with 352 animals from the 5 dog breed most frequently diagnosed and the study of tear production at the diagnostic moment of 184 animals of the 5 breeds with clinical data in the patient record. Based on this data, we researched the relation between prevalence of gender, age, breed and tear production of those animals, aiming to know the patient profile and from that point establish strategies of prevention and treatment of this serious disease. Results revealed the presence of 26 breeds among 448 animals in this time frame, and the females number (240) was higher than males (208). From the 26 registered breeds, 5 highlighted, representing 82,37% of the total of diagnostics (369/448), being them in ascending order: Pinscher (41), Shih Tzu (71), Cocker (74), Poodle (77) and crossbreed (106). The age varied among breeds, showing that Shih Tzu has predisposition to the disease in Young age; meanwhile Cocker breed showed tendency to develop the disease in older ages. Concerning the tear production at the diagnostic moment, 77,17% of the patients showed the disease in both eyes, and 22,83 showed the disease in only one eye. In conclusion keratoconjunctivitis sicca is an important disease in the framework of the ophthalmopathy of the dogs and the diagnosis has been performed late, what compromises the efficacy of the treatments available presently.

Biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda - revisão de literatura / Slit lamp biomicroscopy - a review

A biomicroscopia, realizada com auxílio da lâmpada de fenda, é um método de estudo das estruturas dobulbo ocular que vem se popularizando e se afirmando como uma importante ferramenta no exame oftálmicodos animais domésticos. O objetivo deste artigo é elucidar os princípios básicos do funcionamentoda lâmpada de fenda, a técnica de exame e as suas aplicações na oftalmologia veterinária.(AU)

Biomicroscopy performed with the slit lamp is a method of studying the eyeball structures and is becomingmore popular and a very important tool to veterinary ophthalmology. The aim of this article is toelucidate the basic principles of slit lamp operation and its application in veterinary ophthalmology.(AU)

Biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda - revisão de literatura / Slit lamp biomicroscopy - a review

A biomicroscopia, realizada com auxílio da lâmpada de fenda, é um método de estudo das estruturas dobulbo ocular que vem se popularizando e se afirmando como uma importante ferramenta no exame oftálmicodos animais domésticos. O objetivo deste artigo é elucidar os princípios básicos do funcionamentoda lâmpada de fenda, a técnica de exame e as suas aplicações na oftalmologia veterinária.

Biomicroscopy performed with the slit lamp is a method of studying the eyeball structures and is becomingmore popular and a very important tool to veterinary ophthalmology. The aim of this article is toelucidate the basic principles of slit lamp operation and its application in veterinary ophthalmology.