Tridimensional models and radiographic study of dorsal laminectomy and thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy in dogs

Purpose: To create three-dimensional anatomical models of the thoracic and lumbar portions of the canine spine that reproduce the vertebral surgical approaches of dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy, and to perform the respective radiographic evaluations of each approach. Methods: In a digital archive of the canine spine, digitally replicate the dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy in the thoracic and lumbar portions and, then, make tridimensional prints of the vertebral models and obtain radiographs in three dorsoventral, ventrodorsal and laterolateral projections. Results: The anatomical models of the surgical spinal canal accesses of the thoracic and lumbar portions showed great fidelity to the natural bones. The created accesses have the proper shape, location and size, and their radiographic images showed similar radiodensities. Conclusions: The replicas of the dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy developed in the anatomical models in the thoracic and lumbar portions are able to represent the technical recommendations of the specialized literature, as well as their respective radiographic images, which have certain radiological properties that allow to make a deep radiological study. Therefore, the models are useful for neurosurgical training.

Fixed bilateral endo-exo prostheses in feline femur - case report / Endo-exoprótese bilateral fixa em fêmur de felino - relato de caso

The use of endo-exo prosthesis is an alternative to improve the quality of life of amputees, allowing correct distribution of body weight, reducing skin problems and pain related to the implant, and reducing lameness. The aim of this paper is to report the use of a fixed bilateral endo-exo femur prostheses in a cat with amputation prior to treatment. The endoprostheses were made with titanium and the exoprostheses were made with 3D printing technology. A longitudinal craniolateral surgical approach was used and the skin incision was made over the knee-joint, then fascia lata incision, followed by biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles retraction, incision through the joint capsule to expose the tibiofemoral joint, disarticulation, and tibia and fibula removal. Afterwards, a femoral leveling osteotomy and insertion of the implant in the medullary canal were performed, being attached in the cis and trans cortical bone. The patient was evaluated in the immediate post-operative and periodically thereafter, showing satisfactory results, without macroscopic signs of rejection, wound dehiscence or infection, fracture, or injury of limbs, and presented adapted walking. Furthermore, it was observed the return to common behaviors for the species.

O uso de endoexoprótese é uma alternativa para melhoria na qualidade de vida de pacientes amputados, permitindo distribuição correta do peso corporal, redução de problemas de pele e dor ligadas ao implante e redução da claudicação. Este trabalho objetivou relatar a utilização de endoexoprótese bilateral fixa em fêmur em felino com amputação prévia ao atendimento. Foram modeladas endopróteses em titânio e exopróteses projetadas e impressas em 3D. O acesso cirúrgico, em ambos os membros, foi realizado por incisão craniolateral transarticular da pele, incisão da fáscia lata, rebatimento dos músculos bíceps femoral e vasto lateral, incisão da cápsula articular para exposição da articulação femorotibial, desarticulação e remoção cirúrgica da tibia e da fibula. Em seguida, realizou-se osteotomia niveladora femoral e inserção do implante no canal medular, sendo esse fixo nas corticais cis e trans. O paciente foi avaliado no pós-cirúrgico imediato e posteriormente de forma periódica, demonstrando resultados satisfatórios, sem sinais macroscópicos de rejeição, deiscência ou infecção da ferida cirúrgica, fratura ou lesão de membros, e apresentava deambulação adaptada. Além disso, foi observado o retorno de comportamentos comuns da espécie.

Effect of ascorbic acid and epidermal growth factor in a rat tibia defect

Purpose: Bone repair aims to restore the anatomical, biomechanical, and functional integrity of the affected structure. Here we study the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) applied in a single dose and in combination on the repair of a noncritical bone defect model. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: an intact G-1 control group, and three groups that underwent a noncritical bone defect in the right tibia: G-2 treated with AA, G-3 treated with EGF, and G-4 treated with AA in combination with EGF. After 21 days of treatment, rats were sacrificed, the tibias were dissected and a destructive biomechanical analysis of three-point flexion test was performed in a universal testing machine; the values of stiffness, resistance, maximum energy, and energy at maximum load were statistically compared. Results: G-3 and G-4 recovered the biomechanical properties of strength and stiffness of an intact tibia 3 weeks after their application. Not so the energy and energy at maximum load. For G-2, only the stiffness of an intact tibia was recovered. Conclusion: EGF and AA-EGF applied to a noncritical bone defect in the rat tibia favors the recovery of bone resistance and stiffness.

Infecções no sítio cirúrgico em cirurgias ortopédicas de equinos com a utilização de implantes: estudo retrospectivo (2009-2021) / Surgical site infections in equine orthopedic surgeries using implants: retrospective study (2009-2021

A infecção no sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação grave que pode acontecer em decorrência das cirurgias ortopédicas que demandam a utilização de implantes nos equinos. Morbidade, tratamentos prolongados e, consequentemente, dispendiosos e até mesmo óbito, são decorrências desta complicação. O presente trabalho analisou de forma retrospectiva os equinos submetidos a osteossíntese ou artrodese, que apresentaram ISC no período pós-cirúrgico atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-USP no período de 2009 a 2021. Sessenta e sete equinos atenderam aos critérios de seleção e, destes, 13 (19,4%) apresentaram ISC no período pós-cirúrgico. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp. e Enterobacter cloacae complex foram os agentes mais comumente isolados e a remoção dos implantes foi realizada em 76,9% (10/13) dos pacientes. Aminoglicosídeos associados ou não aos beta-lactâmicos foram as classes de antimicrobianos utilizados na terapia prévia em 84,6% (11/13), houve alteração das drogas utilizadas depois do resultado da cultura e antibiograma em todos os casos, devido à resistência antimicrobiana identificada. A incidência de ISC foi similar ao relatado em outros trabalhos, a retirada dos implantes foi uma estratégia eficiente quando o tratamento clínico não surte melhora. A identificação dos agentes envolvidos e o antibiograma se mostraram decisivos para o manejo dos casos.(AU)

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a serious complication that can occur in orthopedic surgeries that require the use of implants in horses. Morbidity, prolonged and consequently expensive treatments, and even death are consequences of this complication. This paper retrospectively analyzed horses undergoing osteosynthesis or arthrodesis, which presented SSI in the post-surgical period, treated at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of FMVZ-USP from 2009 to 2021. Sixty-seven horses met the selection criteria and of these, 13 (19.4%) had SSI in the postoperative period. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp, and Enterobacter cloacae complex were the most commonly isolated agents and implant removal was performed in 76.9% (10/13) of patients. Aminoglycosides associated or not with beta-lactams were the classes of antimicrobials used in previous therapy in 84.6% (11/13), and in all cases there was a change in the drugs used after the result of the culture and antibiogram, due to antimicrobial resistance identified. The incidence of SSI was similar as reported in other studies, and implant removal was an efficient strategy when clinical treatment fails to improve. The identification of the agents involved and the antibiogram was decisive for cases management.(AU)

Spontaneous osteoarthritis in dogs - clinical effects of single and multiple intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid

Background: The treatments of osteoarthritis (OA) are commonly conservative and multimodal to relieve pain and improve movement. Intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (IAHA) has been studied as a treatment option for OA in dogs. IAHA helps restore the viscoelasticity of the synovial fluid and relieves the clinical symptoms of OA. However, the efficacy of IAHA in dogs is still a controversial subject. This study aims to confirm the IAHA effect in dogs with spontaneous OA and to compare the effectiveness depending on the number of injections. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty dogs with spontaneous OA were assigned to a single injection group (n=17) and a 3-weekly injections group (n=13). Dogs weighing less than 10 kg were injected 1 mL of HA to the OA joint, and more than 10 kg dogs were injected 2 mL of HA. In the case of the 3-weekly injections group, the same amount was administered 3 times at 1-week intervals. After the injection, physical and orthopedic examinations were performed to check for complications. Radiographic OA score was evaluated before and 3 months after the injection to confirm and to evaluate the progression of OA. Clinical symptom evaluations were performed on pre-injection, 1-, 2-, and 3-months post-injection. They consisted of the clinical lameness score by veterinarians and Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) by owners. Results were compared with unpaired t-test, repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey's or Sidak's multiple comparison test, or Wilcoxon test, with P < 0.05. Patients had a median age of 9 years (range 3 to 16 years) and a bodyweight of 4.8 kg (range 2 to 48 kg). No systemic side effects or major complications were detected during the trial period. IAHA produced temporary pain and discomfort in 6 cases. There was no change in the radiographic OA score before and 3 months after injections in both groups, and the difference between groups was not confirmed. In both groups, the clinical lameness score significantly decreased at 1, 2, 3 months after injection compared with pre-injection. The score was lower at 3 months after the injection than at 1 month. The clinical lameness score had no significant difference between the groups. Similarly, CBPI was all decreased in the single injection group and 3-weekly injections group compared to pre-injection, and the score at 3 months post-injection was lower than at 1 month. No significant differences between the groups were found in CBPI. Discussion: Most studies on the efficacy of IAHA in canine OA have been conducted using an experimental model, so studies on spontaneous canine OA are insufficient. This study confirmed that IAHA improves clinical symptoms such as pain relief and movement improvement in spontaneous OA dogs using CBPI and clinical lameness score. In order to confirm the optimal IAHA protocol, a single IAHA and 3-weekly IAHA were compared. The result shows that clinical symptoms improved in both single and 3-weekly injections groups, but no significant difference was confirmed during the 3-month study period. These findings may suggest that a single IAHA may have a similar effect to multiple IAHA, and repeated injections are unnecessary. In humans and canine OA models, it is reported that the effect of IAHA was maintained for 6 months. This study showed that the effect of IAHA was maintained for 3 months study period and that clinical symptoms improved at 3 months than at 1 month. In conclusion, these findings suggested that IAHA improves clinical symptoms in dogs with spontaneous OA, and a single IAHA showed a similar effect to 3 weekly IAHA.

Tratamento de tromboembolismo e preparo para implantação de prótese osteointegrada com oxigenioterapia hiperbárica em uma gata / Treatment of tromboembolism and preparation for an osseointegrated prothesis fixation with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a kitten

Background: Ischemic neuromyopathy is the most common reason for amputation in cats. In veterinary medicine, the use of prosthetic limbs is not widespread; therefore, in most cases total limb amputation is indicated. However, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is an alternative with several benefits for the treatment of vascular disorders with reperfusion, ischemia, and infection. Therefore, this study aimed to report the positive effects of HBOT on the treatment of ischemic neuromyopathy secondary to arterial thromboembolism on the patient's clinical improvement, and on the preparation of the patient for insertion of an osseointegrated prosthesis. Case: A 6-month-old mixed-breed kitten returned for treatment after undergoing surgery seven days earlier for reduction of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia, during which it suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest. The patient presented with acute pelvic limb paralysis with 24-h evolution, absent femoral pulse, plantar cushions and dorsal part of the limbs cold and pale. After supportive therapy and diagnosis of aortic thromboembolism by arterial Doppler, the patient started adjunctive treatment with HBOT from the first day of hospitalization. Sessions took place in an exclusive hyperbaric chamber for animals and lasted 60 min at a pressure of 2.5 absolute atmospheres and 100% oxygen, initially every 12 h. However, during the first 5 days of hospitalization, the distal region of both pelvic limbs began to show tissue devitalization and edema, and hematologic parameters showed changes on the 7th day. The right pelvic limb (RPL) showed more involvement of superficial tissues, extending to the tarsometatarsal joint region. After 8 days of hospitalization, the devitalized tissue was debrided. The RPL had an extensive devitalized area with exposed bone in the phalanges and necrosis in the pads. The left pelvic limb (LPL) suffered minor complications, with involvement of the phalangeal region. After 12 days, with HBOT every 48 h, exuberant granulation tissue was observed. After 17 days, the patient was discharged, and HBOT sessions were performed weekly. Gangrene of the midfoot and lack of proprioception were observed in RPL, while LPL showed bone divulsion of the 1st, 3rd, and 4th phalanges. Because of the poor prognosis for limb viability, the RPL was partially amputated, and a self-threaded intraosseous prosthesis was inserted. Discussion: The cardiorespiratory arrest that occurred during the surgical procedure to reduce the diaphragmatic hernia without thromboprophylaxis may have contributed to the peripheral ischemia. HBOT was proposed for the adjuvant treatment of ischemic injury because it is especially indicated for cases of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The main hematological parameters were evaluated at an average interval of 7 days. While the platelet count and hematocrit increased, the leukocytosis decreased. This demonstrates the benefit of oxygen therapy in the reported patient. The use of HBOT in orthopedic injuries is known to result mainly in stimulation of osteoblasts, promoting osseointegration of the prosthesis. We conclude that the adjuvant treatment with HBOT helped to preserve a large segment of both pelvic limbs, prevent the progression of necrosis, and provide a healthy bed for fixation of an osseointegrated prosthesis in the RPL, resulting in clinical improvement of the patient.

Poliartrite em cão por Leishmaniose - tratamento com miltefosina / Polyarthritis in a dog due to leishmaniasis - treatment with miltefosine

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis causes several clinical signs, such as lymphadenomegaly, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcerative skin lesions, and lameness. The most commonly reported locomotor changes are claudication, edema, arthralgia, joint stiffness, and muscle atrophy. Radiographic exam revealed cortical and medullary destruction, increase, or decrease in medullary opacity, proliferative periosteal reaction, osteolysis, collapse of joint spaces and soft tissue edema are observed. The aim of this report is to describe the clinical and radiographic evolution of a case of erosive polyarthritis associated with leishmaniasis in a dog before, during and after treatment with miltefosine. Case: A 7-month-old mixed-breed dog was attended due pain and limited mobility. In the orthopedic evaluation, joint swelling, stiffness, and increased pain sensitivity of the four limbs, as well as neck stiffness, were noted. Radiographic examination showed joint changes compatible with edema, with increased volume and radiopacity of the soft tissues adjacent to the joints. The segments of the patient's spine showed more severe bone alterations, the cervical spine being one of the most affected regions, with multiple bone proliferations throughout the vertebral body, especially in the ventral portion (spondylosis), compatible with polyarthritis due to leishmaniasis. Due to the suspicion, lymph node and spleen cytology was performed, confirming the diagnosis. Hematological examination revealed anemia, leukopenia due to lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia in addition to increased AST (79,4 U/L; reference: 6,2 - 13 U/L), creatine kinase (517,6 U/L; reference: 1,5 - 28,4 U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (688,4 IU/L; reference: 45 - 233 IU/L) and hyperproteinemia (7,34 g/dL; reference: 5,4 - 7,1 g/dL). Treatment with miltefosine, allopurinol, domperidone, prednisone, gabapentin and dipyrone was started. Reassessments were performed monthly for 3 consecutive months. Hematological examinations showed improvement, with resolution of anemia and thrombocytopenia, and a marked decrease in creatine kinase values. Thus, it is evident that the dog did not develop liver or kidney changes during treatment. During the treatment and monitoring in this period, the dog had a clinical improvement, which started to walk without pain. In addition, joint swellings were no longer present, however, there was no improvement in the radiographic evaluation of the joints. Discussion: Clinical signs of the locomotor system are compatible with those described in animals that had osteoarticular manifestations associated with leishmaniasis, such as arthralgia, edema, and joint stiffness. In the present report, treatment with miltefosine associated with allopurinol resulted in an improvement in the clinical picture, and this therapy is therefore promising in dogs with polyarthritis due to leishmaniasis. A case published in human medicine demonstrated the intra-articular absorption capacity of this drug. There is only one study to date that describes the radiographic evolution of a dog with arthritis due to leishmaniasis after treatment with miltefosine and allopurinol. In this case described, the dog reported remained with the osteoarticular lesions after treatment, although clinical improvement was observed, as in our report. The use of miltefosine and allopurinol are in accordance with stage II staging for leishmaniasis. In this study, although there was no improvement in the radiographic examinations, the treatment was effective in the remission of the animal's clinical condition.

Hip dislocation in a calf - treatment with iliofemoral suture

Background: Coxofemoral dislocation is uncommon in large animals, due to anatomical particularities that provide greater stability to this joint. The most common causes of hip dislocation in large animals are related to hypocalcemia, mount trauma, sudden falls on hard surfaces or dystocia. Treatment can be performed by closed reduction, but the reported results are not satisfactory with complications. Several surgical techniques have already been described and successfully used in small animals in the treatment of hip dislocation. The present work aims to describe the technique and the result of the iliofemoral suture in the treatment of hip dislocation in a Girolando heifer. Case: A heifer was attended with a history of difficulty in getting up. According to the owner, the clinical manifestation was sudden, after remaining in a paddock with other animals of different age groups. The calf had reduced skin sensitivity on the croup, and it was impossible to remain in the quadrupedal position, often remaining in sternal recumbency with the left pelvic limb in extension. From the clinical examination, spinal cord injury was suspected and clinical treatment was instituted with dexamethasone, vitamins B1, B12 and dimethylsulfoxide. At the end of the clinical treatment, the animal did not show a favorable evolution, so radiographic examination of the coxofemoral region was performed, revealing dislocation of the left femoral head, indicating surgical correction. Xylazine was administered as pre-anesthetic medication, followed by anesthetic induction with midazolam associated with ketamine, followed by orotracheal intubation. Anesthetic maintenance was instituted with isoflurane and monitoring was performed with a multiparameter monitor. An epidural block was performed with bupivacaine and morphine. A craniolateral approach to the left hip joint was performed. After the dislocation was reduced, sutures were used to better stabilize the joint in question. Following the evolution of the surgical procedure, it was possible to confirm that the femoral head remained in place. After 15 days, the skin stitches were removed and the animal was discharged from the hospital and returned to its original property. The calf was asked to remain in the stall for at least 60 days, gradually releasing it into larger spaces and only after 120 days could it remain in the paddock with other animals. During three months, the tutor was consulted about the evolution of the condition, reporting that the animal was clinically well, being able to get up and walk without difficulty and with a mild degree of lameness, thus suggesting the success of the surgical procedure. Discussion: There are few studies of successful surgical treatments of hip dislocation in large animals, and that number is even smaller when considering cattle alone. It is believed that this is due to difficulties related to the surgical technique and to postoperative handling, given the animal's weight. The iliofemoral suture technique performed on the animal in the present study is commonly employed in small animals, and excellent results have been observed. However, reports on the use of this technique in large animals have not been found. The iliofemoral suture technique has advantages over other reported surgical techniques in cattle. When compared to the femoral head and neck resection, the iliofemoral suture has several advantages, as it allows preservation of the joint and achievement of superior biomechanical results. When compared to the technique of reinforcement of the joint capsule with synthetic material, also reported in cattle, the iliofemoral suture appears to be faster, simpler and more economic, and provides similar stability. We conclude that the iliofemoral suture proved to be a satisfactory alternative for the treatment of hip dislocations in young cattle.

Femoral orthopedic implants in dogs with titanium - mechanical evaluation

Background: Orthopedic implants are commonly used for different types of surgical procedures to gain optimal functionand to provide stability to both bones and tendon structures. When inserting these implants, the characteristics of the material are important for surgical success, and the ideal implant must be biocompatible and nonallergenic. However, whenmolding an implant to the bone structure, its resistance can change significantly. Implants can be temporary or permanentin the body, and metal possesses properties that make it acceptable for bone repair. In biomedical implants, 2 types aremost common, commercially pure (CP)-Ti and Ti-6A1-4V. They both provide stable fixation and low risk of loosening.Implants made with the same material and composition can perform differently if the material has been altered by processing techniques for different scenarios. Stress, strain and elastic modulus are the primary metrics used in the description ofimplant materials. They can be calculated based on mechanical tests of specimens with defined geometry, most commonlytensile, bending and torsional tests. In order to better evaluate those changes, we compared the mechanical characteristicsof titanium bone plates, before and after they were molded to the bone, to verify and quantify the loss of stiffness andresistance after molding the plate.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was prospective. Orthopedic implant made of commercially pure titanium (CPTi) were divided into 2 groups, one group without plate molding and the other with plate molding to a dog femora bone.Thirty-six plates of different sizes (5.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0- and 11.0-mm diameter) were divided into 6 groups containing6 plates of each size and submitted to the 4-point flexion test of resistance, using a piece of dog femur (weights of 5, 10,15, 20 and 25 kg) as the bone in which the...

Femoral orthopedic implants in dogs with titanium - mechanical evaluation

Background: Orthopedic implants are commonly used for different types of surgical procedures to gain optimal functionand to provide stability to both bones and tendon structures. When inserting these implants, the characteristics of the material are important for surgical success, and the ideal implant must be biocompatible and nonallergenic. However, whenmolding an implant to the bone structure, its resistance can change significantly. Implants can be temporary or permanentin the body, and metal possesses properties that make it acceptable for bone repair. In biomedical implants, 2 types aremost common, commercially pure (CP)-Ti and Ti-6A1-4V. They both provide stable fixation and low risk of loosening.Implants made with the same material and composition can perform differently if the material has been altered by processing techniques for different scenarios. Stress, strain and elastic modulus are the primary metrics used in the description ofimplant materials. They can be calculated based on mechanical tests of specimens with defined geometry, most commonlytensile, bending and torsional tests. In order to better evaluate those changes, we compared the mechanical characteristicsof titanium bone plates, before and after they were molded to the bone, to verify and quantify the loss of stiffness andresistance after molding the plate.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was prospective. Orthopedic implant made of commercially pure titanium (CPTi) were divided into 2 groups, one group without plate molding and the other with plate molding to a dog femora bone.Thirty-six plates of different sizes (5.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0- and 11.0-mm diameter) were divided into 6 groups containing6 plates of each size and submitted to the 4-point flexion test of resistance, using a piece of dog femur (weights of 5, 10,15, 20 and 25 kg) as the bone in which the...(AU)

Physical therapy modalities in the rehabilitation of cats (Felis catus) with neurological and orthopedic conditions / Modalidades terapêuticas na reabilitação de gatos (Felis catus) com doenças neurológicas e ortopédicas

This retrospective study described the therapeutic modalities used for the rehabilitation of cats with neurological and orthopedic diseases and provided data regarding the number of sessions, frequency, and treatment duration; the study also evaluated the modality acceptance by this species. Twenty cats were selected, 11 with neurological diseases and nine with orthopedic conditions. Acute spinal cord trauma and femoral fracture were the most frequently observed neurological (72.7%) and orthopedic (44.4%) conditions, respectively. Manual therapies comprised of passive stretching (PS), passive range of motion (PROM), and bicycle movement (BM) exercises were included in all the protocols.Therapeutic modality acceptance was positive for physical agents, thermotherapy, and hydrotherapy (100%);in manual therapies, it was positive in 40% and partially positive in 60% of cats; in kinesiotherapy, it was positive for all the assisted active exercises and negative for the active exercises. The number of physical therapy sessions significantly influenced the positive acceptance of PS (P < 0.05). The PS, PROM, and BM exercises were the most commonly used modalities; the number of physiotherapy sessions and duration of treatment were higher in cats with neurological diseases, and acceptance was positive in most therapeutic modalities.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi descrever as modalidades terapêuticas utilizadas na reabilitação de gatos com doenças neurológicas e ortopédicas em um centro de reabilitação, fornecer dados referentes ao número de sessões, a frequência, a duração do tratamento e avaliar a aceitação das modalidades pela espécie. Foram selecionados 20 gatos, sendo, 11 com doenças neurológicas e nove com afecções ortopédicas. O trauma agudo de medula espinhal e a fratura de fêmur foram as doenças neurológicas (72,7%) e ortopédicas (44,4%) mais observadas, respectivamente. As terapias manuais compostas pelos exercícios de alongamento passivo (AP), movimentação passiva articular (MPA) e movimento em bicicleta (MB) foram incluídas em 100% dos protocolos. A aceitação das modalidades terapêuticas foi positiva para os agentes físicos, termoterapia e hidroterapia (100%); nas terapias manuais, foi positiva em 40% e parcialmente positiva em 60% dos gatos e, na cinesioterapia, foi positiva para os exercícios ativos assistidos em 100% e negativa para os exercícios ativos. O número de sessões de fisioterapia influenciou significativamente na aceitação positiva do alongamento passivo (P < 0,05). O AP, a MPA, o MB foram as modalidades mais utilizadas; o número de sessões de fisioterapia e a duração do tratamento foram maiores nos gatos com doenças neurológicas e a aceitação foi positiva na maioria das modalidades terapêuticas.

Células-tronco mesenquimais para tratamento de displasia coxofemoral em cão / Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of coxofemoral dysplasia in a dog

Background: Coxofemoral dysplasia (CFD) is the abnormal development of the hip joint, mostly affecting large breeds, and is characterized by subluxation or complete luxation of the femoral head. Among the conservative therapeutic options, cell therapies with stem cells for CFD provides potential by the countless possibilities of therapeutic application, especially those related to the chronic and/or degenerative diseases treatment, which could be a key point for the bone and joint repair. The objective was to report a bilateral CFD case in a dog, treated with intra-articular application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), with 0, 30, 60 and 90 days, and further evaluations. Case: A 2-year-old male Akita dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital Harmonia (HVH) located in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, presenting clinical signs of hip pain, lameness and pelvic limbs hopping. By orthopedic examination, pain was observed at the cranial and caudal extension of the pelvic limb, and at flexion, abduction and adduction of the limb, as well as moderate muscle atrophy and presence of joint crackling. By coxofemoral radiography performed in ventrodorsal projection, it were detected bilateral femoral head subluxation, thickening of the femoral neck and the presence of intraarticular osteophytes. These findings are compatible with the degeneration caused by the presence of CFD. Laboratory tests performed such as hemogram and biochemical had no changes. Thus, the patient had intra-articular application of allogeneic MSC, derived from adipose tissue, obtained by private company. For stem cell applications, arthrocentesis of the hip joints was performed one at a time, using a 5 mL syringe and 16G needle for aspiration of 2 mL synovial fluid, for discard and application of stem cells. After aspiration, the syringe containing the MSC were fitted to the 16G needle for the implant. After the...

Osteotomia tripla da pelve por meio de acesso cirúrgico duplo em cães com displasia coxofemoral / Triple pelvic osteotomy through double surgical access in dogs with coxofemoral dysplasia / Triple osteotomía pélvica mediante doble acceso quirúrgico en perros con displasia coxofemoral

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma alteração ortopédica muito comum nos cães, caracterizada por frouxidão da articulação coxofemoral, com consequente osteoartrose. A osteotomia tripla da pelve (TPO) é um dos procedimentos ortopédicos elegíveis como tratamento da DCF. Por necessitar de três abordagens cirúrgicas, a TPO é considerada uma técnica complexa, não isenta de complicações na abordagem do isquio. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo relatar e avaliar a realização da TPO através de apenas dois acessos cirúrgicos, possibilitando executar a osteotomia isquiática através do acesso púbico ventral. Foram operados 10 cães com diagnóstico clinico e radiológico de DCF. Para a secção da mesa isquiática utilizou-se um cinzel de rinotomia com a extremidade apoiada na borda isquiática da face caudal do forame obturador. Ante os bons resultados radiológicos e clínicos pós-operatórios, conclui- se que é possivel a realização da osteotomia do isquio na TPO, através do acesso púbico ventral, oferecendo proventos cirúrgicos. (AU)

Hip dysplasia (HD) is an ordinary dog orthopedic disorder concerning osteoarthritis following hip joint laxity. Among eligible procedures to treat this condition, triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) is a complex technique involving three surgical interventions. This paper reports and evaluates TPO execution using only two surgical accesses to perform a sciatic osteotomy through the pelvic ventral area. Ten suitable for TPO surgery dogs, clinically and radiologically diagnosed were the subject of this study. For the section of the ischial surface, a rhinotome was used with the tip resting on the ischial edge of the caudal surface of the obturator foramen. The experience revealed pelvic ventral area access availability regarding TPO ischial ostectomy with good clinical and radiological outcomes.(AU)

La displasia de cadera (CHD) es un trastorno ortopédico muy común en perros, caracterizado por laxitud de esa articulación con la consiguiente osteoartrosis. La ostectomia pélvica triple (TPO) es uno de los procedimientos ortopédicos elegibles como tratamiento para la CHD. Al requerir tres abordajes quirúrgicos, la TPO se considera una técnica compleja, no exenta de complicaciones en el abordaje del isquion. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo informar y evaluar la realización de la TPO a través de sólo dos accesos quirúrgicos, posibilitando la realización de la osteotomia isquiática a través del acceso ventral del pubis. Se operaron diez perros con diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de CHD. Para la sección de la mesa isquiática se utilizó un rinotomo con la punta apoyada en el borde isquiático de la superficie caudal del agujero obturador. En vista de los buenos resultados postoperatorios clínicos y radiológicos, se concluye que es posible realizar una osteotomia isquiática en la TPO, a través del acceso ventral púbico, ofreciendo beneficios quirúrgicos.(AU)

Seminoma in a gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) with unilateral cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the incomplete descent of the testes and associated structures, and cryptorchid testes are more likely to develop testicular neoplasms, such as seminoma. This is the first report of a seminoma in a cryptorchid wild-caught gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). The animal developed a unilateral seminoma with classical histopathological findings and benign behavior. Six months after the orchiectomy the cervid presented a metatarsal opened fracture, dying during the orthopedic surgery. No macro or micrometric metastasis was observed at the necropsy.(AU)

Lateral patellar luxation and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) in a dog

Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis,which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint,with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvicfor 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade IIpatellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showedlateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibialshaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animalwas submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy.Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. Thesamples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in thedermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of thepatella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closingwedge osteotomy to correct the tibial...

Lateral patellar luxation and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) in a dog

Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis,which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint,with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvicfor 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade IIpatellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showedlateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibialshaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animalwas submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy.Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. Thesamples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in thedermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of thepatella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closingwedge osteotomy to correct the tibial...(AU)

Laminite crônica em equino - tratamento com uso de ferradura com travessa horizontal e massa epóxi / Chronic laminitis in a horse - treatment with use of horseshoe with horizontal cross and epoxy putty

Background: Laminitis is characterized by an inflammation of the laminar structures of the hoof, which results in lamellar degradation of the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx. Despite being a common disease in the equine clinic, it is a medical emergency, which can lead the affected animals not return to sports activities. Due to the severity of laminitis and the poor prognosis, the objective was to report the case of a horse with chronic laminitis with sole perforation in all limbs treated with therapeutic shoeing using a type of horseshoe that has a horizontal crossbar and is filled with mass. Fast-drying epoxy, which has its use little described in the literature Case: A 4-year-old Crioula horse, weighing 325 kg, used in long noose competitions, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of UFPR with chronic laminitis. The animal had reluctance to move, walk on a trestle position, grade V lameness and phalanx rotation of all limbs. The treatment of laminitis was carried out in the field, for two months, which consisted of trimming and shoeing with a horseshoe in the shape of a heart, and due to the failure of the treatment instituted, the patient presented clinical worsening. The treatment in the HV consisted of cleaning the perforated region of the sole with hydrogen peroxide and 10% iodine and dressing with cotton boots with EVA rubber on the sole to provide comfort. Corrective trimming was performed in order to remove excess forceps, lower the heel, and align the distal phalanx with the hoof wall, using a rasp. Orthopedic shoeing was performed with a normal horseshoe with a horizontal crossbar in the central region. The sole was filled with a quick-drying epoxy putty (Poxilina®), with the aim of preventing sole movement, blocking the rotation of the phalanges and improving the concavity of the hoof. Discussion: In chronic laminitis, the signs observed are claudication and deformation of the hoof, flat sole, enlargement of the white line, uneven growth of the hoof wall, hemorrhage in the abaxial white line, cracks in the hoof wall, which are observed parallel to the coronary band, in addition to phalanx rotation; in this clinical case, all these signs were observed. The trimming of horses with laminitis consists of removing the heels and decreasing the dorsal wall of the hoof, in this case, the trimming performed improved the clinical improvement of the animal five days after the procedure. The horseshoe used in the treatment of this animal has the objective of creating a weight-bearing surface on the middle of the sole, close to the tip of the frog, in this way the weight is not on the supporting edge of the clamp and, in this way, it reduces the pressure. over the most affected area. Despite the scarcity of reports on the use of this type of horseshoe, in this case it played a fundamental role in the treatment of laminitis. In this way, it is an alternative that must be taken into account when choosing the treatment, in view of its effectiveness and lower cost when compared to other methods. This case demonstrates the severity of laminitis in all limbs, especially as it presents a perforation of the sole. It is important to highlight that trimming and shoeing performed at the recommended interval (30-45 days) contributes a lot to the success of the treatment and the return of the animal to sports practice. The horseshoe with a horizontal crossbar was effective in the treatment of chronic laminitis of the forelimbs and pelvic limbs in the reported animal, with progressive improvement of the patient who returned to normal daily activities, without the presence of signs of pain or signs of laminitis after treatment.

O papel da nutrição na doença articular degenerativa do esqueleto apendicular de gatos / The role nutrition in the degenerative joint disease of appendicular skeleton in cats / El papel de la nutrición en la enfermedad articular degenerativa del esqueleto apendicular de los gatos

Estudos relativos ao reconhecimento e importância da doença articular degenerativa em gatos requerem maior divulgação, em virtude das particularidades associadas à espécie. Sendo assim, a presente revisão teve por objetivo discorrer sobre os métodos diagnósticos da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular e enfatizar os aspectos nutricionais associados à afecção. Para o diagnóstico da afecção é necessário inicialmente efetuar anamnese completa e exame físico geral e ortopédico específico. Entretanto, os sinais clínicos da afecção podem ser sutis em gatos, incluindo alterações comportamentais ou mudanças do estilo de vida, tais como manter-se mais tempo deitado, relutância em subir ou saltar, entre outros. Baseada nos achados clínicos, a confirmação da lesão deverá ser efetuada com o uso de métodos de imagem. Dentre os vários aspectos da doença, o papel da nutrição precisa ser evidenciado. A nutrição pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de doenças que levam à osteoartrite, de forma direta ou indireta, entre elas a obesidade, que além da sobrecarga nas estruturas articulares, contribui para o processo inflamatório. Em contrapartida, a nutrição pode auxiliar no mecanismo de controle ou mesmo prevenção, pela modificação do processo degenerativo ou resposta inflamatória, contudo seus efeitos benéficos ainda não estão elucidados. Portanto, estudos das diferentes particularidades do papel da nutrição no manejo da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular em gatos são necessários.(AU)

Studies related to recognition and importance of degenerative joint disease in cats must be better divulgation, due to some peculiarities related to the species. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to overview of diagnosis methods of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton, and to emphasize the nutritional aspects associated with the disease. For the diagnosis should be performed initially a complete medical history, and general physical examination followed by specific orthopedic examination. However, clinical signs of the disease can be subtle in cats, including behavioral changes, or lifestyle' changes such as spend more time lying down, and reluctance to climb or jump, among others. Based on clinical findings, the confirmation of the lesion requires the use of imaging techniques, but the poor correlation between radiographic severity and clinical signs should be considered. Among the several aspects of the disease, the role of nutrition must be highlighted. The nutrition can contribute to the development of diseases that lead to osteoarthritis in a direct or indirect manner. For example, the obesity that promotes overloading of the articular structures as well as contributes to inflammation. On the other hand, the nutrition can help in the control mechanism or even prevention of disease, by modification of degenerative process or inflammatory response. Among of the possible modifying agents for osteoarthritis are glucosamine, chondroitin and omega-3 fatty acids, but the beneficial effects are not fully understood. Therefore, multicenter trial or based on a large standard population are needed to validate the different aspects of the role of nutrition in the management of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton in cat.(AU)

Los estudios sobre el reconocimiento y la importancia de la enfermedad degenerativa de las articulaciones en los gatos requieren una mayor difusión debido a las particularidades asociadas con la especie. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tuvo como objetivo discutir los métodos de diagnóstico de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis del esqueleto apendicular y enfatizar los aspectos nutricionales asociados con la afección. Para el diagnóstico de la afección, inicialmente es necesario realizar una anamnesis completa y un examen físico general y ortopédico específico. Sin embargo, los signos clínicos de la afección pueden ser sutiles en los gatos, incluidos cambios de comportamiento o cambios en el estilo de vida, como estar acostado por más tiempo, renuencia a trepar o saltar, entre otros. Según los hallazgos clínicos, la lesión debe confirmarse mediante métodos de imagen. Entre los diversos aspectos de la enfermedad, debe destacarse el papel de la nutrición. La nutrición puede contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades que conducen a la osteoartritis, directa o indirectamente, incluida la obesidad, que además de sobrecargar las estructuras articulares, contribuye al proceso inflamatorio. Por otro lado, la nutrición puede ayudar en el mecanismo de control o incluso en la prevención, al modificar el proceso degenerativo o la respuesta inflamatoria, sin embargo, sus efectos beneficiosos aún no se han dilucidado. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios sobre las diferentes particularidades del papel de la nutrición en el tratamiento de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis esquelética apendicular en los gatos.(AU)

Utilização da manufatura aditiva (impressão em 3D) no tratamento de osteossarcoma vertebral em cão submetido a vertebrectomia lombar: relato de caso / Use of additive manufacturing (3D printing) in the treatment of vertebral osteosarcoma in dogs submitted to lumbar vertebrectomy: case report / Uso de la fabricación aditiva (impresión 3D) en el tratamiento del osteosarcoma vertebral en perros sometidos a vertebrectomía lumbar: caso clínico

O osteossarcoma é uma das neoplasias ósseas mais comumente relatadas na medicina veterinária, principalmente em cães de raça grande e gigante, sendo que a forma vertebral possui importante cenário clínico apresentando 5% do total de relatos. Este possui um prognóstico desfavorável e tempo de sobrevida pequeno. A apresentação clínica é variável e podem ser observados sinais de dor intensa a déficits neurológicos em decorrência do envolvimento medular progressivo. O diagnóstico pode ser realizado por imagens através de radiografia ou tomografia computadorizada, e por análises laboratoriais de citopatologia ou histopatologia, sendo o último preferível para classificação de tumores. A ressecção tumoral parcial é uma forma paliativa de tratamento, indicada em alguns casos para aliviar temporariamente os sinais clínicos relacionados a dor e déficits neurológicos. Contudo, quando há possibilidade terapêutica, a excisão completa fornece melhor prognóstico e tempo de sobrevida, principalmente quando associada a quimioterapia ou radioterapia. Mediante procedimento de vertebrectomia, a estabilização cirúrgica é necessária, podendo ser realizada respeitando os princípios para estabilização vertebral por trauma, sendo necessária a colocação de um espaçador vertebral para evitar o colabamento medular. Diversos materiais foram propostos para a confecção do espaçador vertebral. A manufatura aditiva, também conhecida como impressão 3D, tem transformado o conceito de prototipagem rápida em realidade, devido a habilidade de fabricar peças geométricas específicas de alta complexidade e de forma rápida, permitindo elaborar protótipos para uso pré ou transoperatórios em cirurgias ortopédicas de alta complexidade. O polietileno tereftalato glicol (PETG), por ser um termoplástico de alta resistência, não-biodegradável, biocompatível e de baixo custo é foco desse trabalho no desenvolvimento do espaçador vertebral como estabilizador em um procedimento de vertebrectomia em cão.

Osteosarcoma is one of the most commonly reported bone neoplasms in veterinary medicine, especially in large and giant breed dogs, and the vertebral form has an important clinical scenario presenting 5% of the total reports. This has an unfavorable prognosis and a short survival time. The clinical presentation is variable and signs of severe pain to neurological deficits can be observed as a result of progressive spinal cord involvement. The diagnosis can be made by imaging with radiography or computed tomography, and by laboratory analysis of cytopathology or histopathology, the latter being preferable for tumor classification. Partial tumor resection is a palliative form of treatment, indicated in some cases to temporarily relieve clinical signs related to pain and neurological deficits. However, when there is therapeutic possibility, complete excision provides better prognosis and survival time, especially when associated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Through the vertebrectomy procedure, surgical stabilization is necessary and can be performed following the principles for vertebral stabilization due to trauma, with the placement of a vertebral spacer being necessary to prevent spinal collapse. Several materials have been proposed for the manufacture of the spinal spacer. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has transformed the concept of rapid prototyping into reality, due to its ability to quickly manufacture specific geometric parts of high complexity, allowing the elaboration of prototypes for pre- or trans-operative use in highly complex orthopedic surgeries. Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), being a high-strength, non-biodegradable, biocompatible and low-cost thermoplastic, is the focus of this work in the development of the vertebral spacer as a stabilizer in a vertebrectomy procedure in a dog.

El osteosarcoma es una de las neoplasias óseas más comúnmente reportadas en medicina veterinaria, principalmente en perros de raza grande y gigante, siendo que la forma vertebral tiene importante escenario clínico presentando el 5% del total de reportes. Tiene un pronóstico desfavorable y un tiempo de supervivencia corto. La presentación clínica es variable y pueden observarse desde signos de dolor intenso hasta déficits neurológicos como resultado de la afectación medular progresiva. El diagnóstico puede realizarse mediante imágenes con radiografía o tomografía computarizada, y mediante análisis de laboratorio de citopatología o histopatología, siendo este último preferible para la clasificación del tumor. La resección parcial del tumor es una forma de tratamiento paliativo, indicada en algunos casos para aliviar temporalmente los signos clínicos relacionados con el dolor y los déficits neurológicos. Sin embargo, cuando hay posibilidad terapéutica, la escisión completa proporciona un mejor pronóstico y tiempo de supervivencia, principalmente cuando se asocia con quimioterapia o radioterapia. Mediante el procedimiento de la vertebrectomía, es necesaria la estabilización quirúrgica, que puede realizarse respetando los principios para la estabilización vertebral por traumatismo, siendo necesaria la colocación de un espaciador vertebral para evitar el colapso medular. Se han propuesto varios materiales para la fabricación del espaciador vertebral. La fabricación aditiva, también conocida como impresión 3D, ha transformado el concepto de prototipado rápido en una realidad, debido a la capacidad de fabricar piezas geométricas específicas de gran complejidad y con rapidez, lo que permite la elaboración de prototipos para su uso pre o trans-operatorio en cirugías ortopédicas de gran complejidad. El polietileno tereftalato glicol (PETG), por ser un termoplástico de alta resistencia, no biodegradable, biocompatible y de bajo costo es el foco de este trabajo en el desarrollo del espaciador vertebral como estabilizador en un procedimiento de vertebrectomía en un perro.

Pelvic fracture in a cat - precontouring of the plate based on allogenic 3D model and its application

Background: Pelvic fractures are commonly ecountered in cats. The ilium is included in approximately 50% of pelvic fractures in cats. Although conservative management of the pelvic fracture is known to have good prognosis, surgical fixation is recommended for the pelvic fracture with ilial fractures. 3D printing is an accurate digital modeling method by converting two-dimensional (2D) images into 3D model. 3D printing in veterinary medicine has been described in the various orthopedic diseases such angular limb deformities or fractures. The use of 3D model for presurgical planning is helpful to improve the results of complex surgical interventions. The objective of this study is to identify the usefulness of fabricating 3D models based on allogenic 2D data with aid of 3D printer program. Case: A 4-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat presented with hindlimb lameness. Radiography revealed left ilial body fracture with multiple fractures including left tuber ischium, pubic symphysis, and bilateral cranial ramuses of pubis. Digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) files of the complete ilium were extracted from a computed tomography (CT) scan of a healthy and castrated male cat of same breed. Volume rendering images were prepared by Slicer program based on DICOM files. After acquired 3D data were converted to STL (Standard Triangulation Language) file for the 3D printing machine, non-fracture involved area was removed except the left ilium using the Meshmixer® software and then data was stored as STL files again. The length of 3D model was adjusted to actual size using 3D printer firmware based on actual size of the ilial length. Subsequently, 3D modelling was performed using 3D printer. The plate was precontoured to conform to the lateral surface of the 3D model. Internal fixation using precontoured plate resulted in accurate bone alignment. The alignment of the ilium remained appropriate throughtout the follow-up period. Complete union was identified 6 months after surgery. Discussion: Although the most common method for the ilial fractures is the application of bone plates to the lateral side of the ilium, bone plate fixation is more challenging in cats owing to the small bone size and small surface area of the fracture sites compared to dogs. Therefore, it is important to make accurate presurgical planning for successful result of a surgery. 3D printing based on actual patient have several limitations including time for complete printing process and additional anesthetic episode to acquire CT images. However, in simple cases, a presurgical CT scan may not be necessary if the plate can be precisely precontured based on the data from the other patient. In this way, the additional financial burden for CT examination also might be reduced. On the other hand, technical difficulty of utilizing hardware and software, and financial availability were another drawback. However, in this current study, most of limitations regarding conventional 3D printing based on actual patient were overcome by the application of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology with allogenic data. In the current study, total time for fabrication of 3D model based on FDM technology, was less than 3 h, which are much shorter than the time for conventional 3D printing. The difference of the ilial length between the actual patient and the 3D model was adjusted through the firmware program. Thus, differences of the conformation or size between the 3D model and the ilium of the patient was negligible during the surgery, although 2D images were not acquired from actual patient. Intraoperative contouring of the plate was not required. In conclusion, through presurgical plate contouring by the 3D bone template based on non-patient specific data, successful treatment of the ilial fracture was possible.