Multilobular tumor of bone in bitches: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and overall survival aspects

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is an unusual neoplasm with variable biologic behavior which originates primarily in bone tissues. Radiographs computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in diagnoses and surgical planning. Tumor removal with wide surgical margins is the treatment of choice. Immunohistochemistry has been shown as an important tool in veterinary oncology to define therapeutic and prognostic decisions. The goal of this study was to report 2 distinct cases of multilobular tumor of bone, their Cox-2 and Mib-1 immunohistochemical profile and its impact on overall survival. Case: Two bitches were presented at the Oncology Department of the Veterinary Hospital in the Veterinary School of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Both had a history of a progressive, painless, circumscribed, and firm facial mass. The 1st patient was a 8-year-old intact bitch mixed breed, weighing 50 kg, that presented a fast growing right infraorbital 3-cm mass, causing eye displacement. The 2nd patient was a 7-year-old spayed bitch Labrador retriever, weighing 28 kg, that presented a left temporal 8-cm mass. Neurologic examination of both bitches was normal. Skin over the nodules was strained, but with no ulceration. Radiographic exams of the head revealed lytic and proliferative bone reaction, with loss of cortical definition in both cases. These alterations were seen on the left zygomatic arch of the retrobulbar region, involving part of the mandible and of the nasal sinus lateral frontal bone in 1st patient, and on the right temporal process of the zygomatic bone in 2nd patient. The last one, also showed a granular solid mass with little contact with skull bones. Complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrocardiogram, and 3-view thoracic radiographs were performed. Results were within normal ranges for the species and no signs of metastasis was seen on the radiographs. Location, size, and density of the mass, adjacent tissue compression, absence of cranial invasion, and lymph node size were rigorously evaluated with CT, allowing an individualized surgical planning to achieve complete mass removal and maintenance of the function of adjacent structures. Both animals were submitted to surgery. Both tumors were fixed on 10% neutral buffered formalin and sent to the Animal Pathology Department of UFMG for histopathological examination and margin assessment. Both tumors were diagnosed as grade I MTB. Tumor immunohistochemistry was performed to identify prognostic factors that could be used to better define therapeutic treatments and to try to clarify the discrepancy in disease progression between both tumors. The 1st patient expressed 20% of Mib-1 and was considered score 2 of Cox-2. The 2nd one expressed 5% of Mib-1 and was considered score 1 of Cox-2. Considering the diagnoses and histological characteristics of the tumors, it was decided for clinical follow-up of patients without additional therapeutic complementation. Even considering incomplete surgical margins in 2nd patient, adjuvant chemotherapy was not performed, due to low mitotic index and low histological grade. The 1st patient had an overall survival of 240 days, and death was due to recurrence and disease progression; and the 2nd did not show recurrence nor metastasis after 1200 days. Discussion: Proper and individualized surgical planning and histopathological evaluation are extremely important to guide treatment decisions. However, immunohistochemistry can be important in MTB cases, to help define which patients should be submitted to surgery alone and which patients could be benefited from adjuvant chemotherapy.

To explore the therapeutic effect of Kangfuxiaomi shuan II on cervicitis in rats

ABSTRACT Purpose: The rat cervicitis model was established with 20% phenol glue to explore the therapeutic effect of Kangfuxiaomi shuan II on rat cervicitis and its mechanism. Methods: After modeling, the rats were treated with Shuangzuotai suppository (37.84 mg/kg), Kangfuxiaoyan shuan (205.6 mg/kg) and Kangfuxiaomi shuan II (40, 80, 160 mg/kg). The histopathological changes and injury degree of cervix in rats were evaluated by vulvar inflammation score and organ index. The therapeutic effect of Kangfuxiaomi shuan II on cervicitis was evaluated by detecting the levels of copper-protein (CP), C-reactive protein (CRP), Rat interleukin 6 (IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and epidermal growth factor (EGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cervical tissue. Results: Compared with the model group, the vulvar inflammation score and cervical index of rats in other groups decreased significantly (P<0.01). Kangfuxiaomi shuan II could significantly reduce the levels of CP, CRP, and MDA in serum of rats with cervicitis, and significantly increase the activity of SOD in serum of rats with cervicitis (P<0.01). The levels of EGF and iNOS in cervical tissue of rats also increased in different degrees, while the level of COX-2 decreased significantly (P<0.01), which significantly improved the pathological degree of vulvar inflammation in rats with cervicitis. Conclusions: Kangfuxiaomi shuan II has a certain therapeutic effect on cervicitis in rats, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of inflammatory cytokine network and immunity.

Comparative study of four different types of intraperitoneal mesh prostheses in rats

Purpose: To compare four types of mesh regarding visceral adhesions, inflammatory response and incorporation. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were divided into four groups, with different meshes implanted intraperitoneally: polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE group); polypropylene with polydioxanone and oxidized cellulose (PCD); polypropylene (PM) and polypropylene with silicone (PMS). The variables analyzed were: area covered by adhesions, incorporation of the mesh and inflammatory reaction (evaluated histologically and by COX2 immunochemistry). Results: The PMS group had the lowest adhesion area (63.1%) and grade 1 adhesions. The ePTFE and PM groups presented almost the total area of their surface covered by adherences (99.8% and 97.7% respectively).The group ePTFE had the highest percentage of area without incorporation (42%; p <0.001) with no difference between the other meshes. The PMS group had the best incorporation rate. And the histological analysis revealed that the inflammation scores were significantly different. Conclusions: The PM mesh had higher density of adherences, larger area of adherences, adherences to organs and percentage of incorporation. ePTFE had the higher area of adherences and lower incorporation. The PMS mesh performed best in the inflammation score, had a higher incorporation and lower area of adherences, and it was considered the best type of mesh.(AU)

Transcriptomic analysis of differential gene expression reveals an increase in COX2 levels during in vitro canine herpesvirus infection / Análise transcriptômica da expressão gênica diferencial revela um aumento nos níveis de COX2 durante a infecção in vitro por herpesvirus canino

Canine herpesvirus (CaHV-1) affects canids worldwide, causing death in neonates and immunosuppressed hosts. Acute infection by CaHV-1 can cause reproductive, respiratory, and neurological problems in adult animals. Viral pathogenesis and host genes expressions during of CaHV-1infection are not clearly understood. In the present study, the transcriptome of canine kidney cell Mardin-Darby (MDCK) infected in vitro with canine herpesvirus was explored. For this, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the samples in different moments during infection was carried out. Subsequently, the transcriptomic analysis genes related to cell activities and process involved to viral cycle infection were evaluated until 32h post-inoculation (pi). Among evaluated genes, was verified a significant and gradative increase of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) or cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) gene expression, throughout of infection, though differential gene expression analysis and validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). High COX2 expression is usually induced in response to inflammation, pathogens or activation of the immune system but can be a viral mechanism to favor viral replication. Thus, COX2 level increase can be a favorable factor for viral infection with Cahv-1 virus and the use of selective COX2 inhibitors may be beneficial for limiting the infection or clinical signs by causing interruption of the viral replication cycle during active infection. Additionally, the regulation genes expression differential verified in this study can contribute to determining important targets for inhibiting canine herpesvirus infection either by cellular or viral mechanisms.(AU)

O herpesvírus canino (CaHV-1) afeta os canídeos em todo o mundo, causando morte em neonatos e hospedeiros imunossuprimidos. A infecção aguda por CaHV-1 pode causar problemas reprodutivos, respiratórios e neurológicos em animais adultos. A patogênese viral e expressão de genes hospedeiros durante a infecção por CaHV-1 ainda não são bem compreendidos. No presente estudo, o transcriptoma de células de rim canino Madin-Darby (MDCK) infectadas in vitro com herpesvirus canino foi explorado. Para isso, foi realizado o sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-seq) de amostras coletadas em diferentes momentos durante a infecção. Subsequentemente, a análise transcriptômica dos genes relacionados à atividade celular e aos processos envolvidos no ciclo de infecção do vírus foram avaliadas até 32 horas após a inoculação (pi). Dentre os genes avaliados, constatamos uma elevação significativa e gradativa da expressão da Prostaglandina-endoperoxide sintase 2 (PTGS2) ou ciclooxigenase 2 (COX2), ao longo da infecção viral, foi verificada por análise de expressão gênica diferencial e validada por resultados de transcrição reversa por PCR quantitativo (RT-qPCR). O aumento da expressão de COX2 geralmente é induzida em resposta a inflamação, patógenos ou ativação do sistema imune, mas também pode ser um mecanismo para favorecer a replicação viral. Assim, o aumento do nível de COX2 pode ser um fator favorável à infecção viral pelo vírus CaHV-1 e o uso de inibidores seletivos da COX2 pode ser benéfico para limitar a infecção ou os sinais clínicos, causando a interrupção do ciclo de replicação viral durante a infecção ativa. Além disso, a regulação diferencial da expressão dos genes verificados neste estudo podem contribuir para determinar alvos importantes para inibir a infecção por herpesvírus canino, seja por mecanismos celulares ou virais.(AU)

Firocoxib on hematological and biochemical parameters and anesthesia propofol dose in dogs

This study evaluated the hematological and biochemical changes, the safety, as well as the change in propofol dose required for anesthesia induction in dogs, pretreated or not, in response to a single dose or continuous use of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) firocoxib. Thirty animals mean weighing 8.1 kg and mean aged 3.38 years were included. The animals were then divided into groups: Group I (GI) did not receive firocoxib, Group II (GII) received a single dose (5 mg/kg) 90 minutes before anesthesia induction, and Group III (GIII) received the same dose (5 mg/kg) for 40 consecutive days before induction of anesthesia with propofol. Hematological and biochemical evaluations were conducted. The times of collection were defined by the mean time of maximum concentration and constant concentration in the blood of the NSAID. All variables remained within the reference range, but averages differed statistically between GII and GIII, according to the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The average doses of propofol were 6.6 mg/kg, 6.1 mg/kg, and 7.8 mg/kg for GI, GII, and GIII, respectively. Hematological and biochemical changes and increased propofol dose for induction of anesthesia in GIII, despite this can be safely used in association with propofol at the time of anesthesic induction; which must be taken into account because it may also change doses of the drug in other anesthetic methods.(AU)

Acetylcholine produces contraction mediated by cyclooxigenase pathway in arterial vessels in the marine fish (Isacia conceptionis) / Função vascular nas artérias do peixe marinos Isacia conceptionis

Preliminary studies showed that dorsal artery contraction mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) is blocked with indomethacin in intertidal fish (G. laevifrons). Our objective was to characterize the cholinergic pathway in several artery vessels of the I. conceptionis. Afferent and efferent branchial, dorsal and mesenteric arteries were dissected of 6 juvenile specimens, isometric tension studies were done using doses response curves (DRC) for Ach (10–13 to 10–3 M), and cholinergic pathways were obtained by blocking with atropine or indomethacin. CRC to ACh showed a pattern of high sensitivity only in efferente branchial artery and low sensibility in all vessels. Furthermore, these contractions were blocked in the presence of atropine and indomethacin in all vessels. Our results corroborate previous results observed in intertidal species that contraction induced by acetylcholine is mediated by receptors that activate a cyclooxygenase contraction pathway.(AU)

Estudos preliminares mostraram que a contração da artéria dorsal mediada por acetilcolina (ACh) é bloqueada com indometacina em peixes marinhos (G. laevifrons). Nosso objetivo foi caracterizar a via colinérgica em várias artérias de I. conceptionis. Artérias aferentes e eferentes branquiais, dorsais e mesentéricas foram dissecadas de 6 espécimes juvenis. Os estudos de tensão isométrica foram feitos utilizando-se a curva dose - resposta (CDR) para Ach (10–13 a 10–3M), e identificaram-se as vias colinérgicas, bloqueando com atropina e indometacina. CRC para ACh mostrou um padrão de alta sensibilidade na artéria eferentes branquiais e baixa sensibilidade em todos os vasos sanguineos. Essas contrações foram bloqueadas na presença de atropina e indometacina em todas as artérias avaliadas. Nossos resultados confirmam que a contração induzida por acetilcolina é mediada por receptores muscarínicos que ativam ciclo-oxigenase.(AU)

Enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 activity leads to intestinal dysmotility following hemorrhagic shock

PURPOSE: To test whether hemorrhagic shock (HS) increases the Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the intestine and whether this enhanced COX-2 expression mediates the intestinal dysmotility after HS. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into HS sham group and HS group. At 180 min following HS establishment, the duodenum samples were harvested to assess the motility function, protein expression of COX-2 and the downstream products of COX-2, prostaglandins. RESULTS: Examination of motility function ex vivo showed that the contractile response to acetylcholine of smooth muscle strips of rats subjected to HS was significantly suppressed. A COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, abolished this depressed contractile response after HS. Western blotting revealed an increased protein expression of COX-2 in intestinal tissues of HS rats. Immunohistochemical examination indicated that intestine tissues of HS rats were manifested by part of villous expansion and disruption, a large amount of COX-2 positive cells appearance in lamina propria and submucosa. Furthermore, the contents of prostaglandin E2 was significantly increased in intestinal tissues of HS rats. CONCLUSION: The enhanced COX-2/ prostaglandin E2 involves in the hemorrhagic shock induced intestinal dysmotility.(AU)

Imuno-expressão de COX-2, caspase3, Ki67e survivin em tumor venéreo transmissível canino / COX-2, caspase 3, Ki67 and survivin immunoexpresion in canine transmissible venereal tumor / Imunoexpresión de COX-2, caspase 3, ki67 y survivin en tumor venéreo transmisible canino

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) é uma neoplasia de células redondas de aspecto plasmocitóide ou linfocitóide. O tumor apresenta várias particularidades. Nos últimos anos, tem-se evidenciado aumento progressivo de tumores com elevados porcentuais de agressividade e variável resposta à quimioterapia, inclusive resistência; desta forma, tentar predizer este comportamento torna-se importante para auxiliar decisões quanto ao prognóstico e manejo do tumor antes e durante a terapia. Sabendo-se que a utilização da survivina, bem como da caspase-3, do Ki-67 e da COX-2 são importantes para auxiliar no prognóstico, no manejo do paciente e na monitoração da doença durante e após a terapia, este trabalho visou observar em TVTs diferenças na expressão dos imunomarcadores acima citados. Para tal, foi utilizada a técnica de imunocitoquímica em preparações citológicas de 30 tumores de cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-UNESP, Campus de Botucatu e os dados analisados pelo teste de spearman (p<0,05). A positividade da survivina variou de 96,15 a 100% em 200 células contadas por amostra, sendo sua principal localização citoplasmática. A marcação pelo anticorpo anti-caspase-3 nos 30 casos de TVT foi baixa, variando de 0 a 6,5% de positividade em 200 células contadas. Em 21 casos, foi possível observar marcação pelo Ki-67, e houve uma média de positividade de 15,57%. Finalmente, em todos os casos houve expressão de COX-2 com valores que variaram de 90,66 a 100% de positividade em 200 células contadas, exceto por um caso que apresentou 24,5% de positividade. Em conclusão, é possível que o emprego destes marcadores no TVT possa auxiliar no estabelecimento de um tratamento diferenciado, pelo que recomendamos, avaliar sua expressão comparando com o tipo de resposta à terapia.

Transmissible venereal tumor is a neoplasm of round cell plasmocitoide and linfocitoide aspect. The tumor present several particularities, for example, in the recent years has been evidenced a progressive increase of tumor with high percentages of aggressiveness and different response to chemotherapy, including resistance. Research this comportment to predict this behavior becomes important to aid decision as to the prognosis and management of the tumor before and during therapy. It is know that the use of the survivin, caspase-3, Ki67 and COX-2 are important to aid prognosis, the patient management and monitoring the tumor during and after therapy. This study aimed to identify differences in the expression of the above mentioned immunomarkers in TVT. For this purpose, the technique of immunocytochemistry on cytological preparations of 30 tumors of dogs examined at the Veterinary Hospital FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu was used and the date analyzed by the spearman test (p<0,05). The survivin positivity ranged from 96.15 to 100% in 200 cells counted per sample, and its main cytoplasmic localization. The labeling by the anti-caspase-3 in 30 cases of TVT was low, ranging from 0 to 6.5% positivity in 200 cells counted. In 21 cases it was observed by Ki 67 labeling and there was an average of 15 57% positivity. Finally, in all cases there was expression of COX-2 with values ranging from 90.66 to 100% positivity in 200 cells counted, except for one case which showed 24.5% positivity. In conclusion, it is possible that the use of these markers in the TVT may assist in establishing a differential treatment, and we recommend, evaluate its expression compared with the type of response to therapy.

El tumor venéreo transmisible (TVT) es una neoplasia de células redondas de aspecto plasmocitóide o linfocitoide. El tumor presenta varias particularidades, por ejemplo, en los últimos años se ha evidenciado aumento progresivo de tumores con elevados porcentajes de agresividad y variable respuesta a la quimioterapia, inclusive resistencia; desta forma, intentar predecir este comportamiento se torna importante para auxiliar decisiones relacionadas con el pronóstico y manejo del tumor antes y durante de la terapia. Se sabe que la utilización de la survivina, así como la caspasa-3, del Ki-67 y de la COX-2, son importantes para auxiliar el pronóstico, manejo del paciente y elmonitoramiento de un tumor durante la terapia, así, este trabajo busco identificaren TVTs la diferencia en la expresión de losinmunomarcadores citados. Para ello, fue utilizada la técnica de inmunocitoquímica en preparaciones citológicas de 30 tumores de caninos atendidos en el Hospital Veterinario de la FMVZ-UNESP, Campus Botucatu y los datos análizados a través del test de spearman (p<0,05). La positividad de la survivina vario de 96,15 %a 100% en 200 células contadas. La marcación anti-caspasa -3 en los 30 casos de TVT fue baja variando de 0% a 6,5%. En 21 casos fue posible observar marcación por el Ki67, y hubo una media de positividad de 15,57%. Finalmente, en todos los casos hubo expresión de COX-2 con valores que variaron de 99,66 % a 100% de positividad en 200 células contadas, excepto por un caso que presento 24,5 % de positividad. En conclusión, es posible que el empleo de estos marcadores en TVT puedan auxiliar el establecimiento de un tratamiento diferenciado, por lo que recomendamos, evaluar su expresión comparada con el tipo de respuesta a la terapia.

Metformin attenuated the inflammation after renal ischemia/reperfusion and suppressed apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in rats

To investigate the effect of metformin on renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation after kidney ischemia/ reperfusion in rats. Eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham (S), Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and Metformin (E). Before establishing the I/R model, group E was administered metformin for three days, while groups S and I/R were administered equal volumes of saline. After three days, a right nephrectomy was performed on all groups, after which the left kidneys of groups E and I/R rats were subjected to 45 min renal ischemia. Renal function, histology, and cell apoptosis were assessed. AMPK, pAMPK, COX-2, and Caspase 3 were also detected. Compared to I/R group, Caspase 3 and COX-2 levels were decreased in group E. COX-2, Caspase3 and pAMPK levels were higher in groups E and I/R than in group S. The pAMPK level of group E was higher than that of I/R group, while COX-2 and caspase 3 were lower in group E than they were in the other groups. There was no significant difference between E and I/R groups in AMPK levels. Metformin preconditioning attenuated the inflammation caused by ischemia/reperfusion and inhibited the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells.(AU)

UFO DE SELEÇÃO ASSISTIDA POR MARCADORES MOLECULARES EM MELHORAMENTO GENÉTICO DE SUÍNOS

Resumo: Com o avanço do conhecimento sobre o genoma animal, a produção de suínos se beneficia das novas ferramentas moleculares na busca de melhores resultados zootécnicos, como eficiência alimentar, número de leitões desmamados/porca ano, maior produção de carne na carcaça, melhor rendimento dos cortes cárneos. Assim a utilização dos marcadores moleculares seleciona os melhores genótipos para as características desejadas, permitindo um menor tempo entre as gerações, menor custo para os produtores, maior rendimento de produtos para indústria e melhor qualidade para os consumidores. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas onde no primeiro estudo procurou-se avaliar em uma população de 272 matrizes Large White, os polimorfismos dos genes DGAT1, LEPR, HFABP, MC4R, SREBF1 pela técnica do ARMS-PCR e para o polimorfismo do gene GH empregouse a técnica do PCR-RFLP. O DNA genômico foi extraído do bulbo do pelo. Os primers foram desenhados para cada um dos genes utilizando as sequências depositadas no GenBanK. Após o sequenciamento do DNA não foi encontrado polimorfismos, com exceção do marcador MC4R que apresentou 100% de heterozigose. Da população inicial, 209 amostras foram genotipados para o gene pGH, onde um amplicon de 605 pares de base foi digerido pela enzima de restrição DdeI, resultando em dois alelos. O alelo D1 com 335,148 e 122 pb e o alelo D2 com 457 e 148 pb. A frequência genotípica de D1D2 foi de 88% e para D2D2 de 22%. O alelo D1 apresentou frequência de 11% e D2 89%. A alta intensidade de seleção para raças comerciais, justifica a ausência ou o baixo número de polimorfismos para os genes estudados. Para a segunda parte da pesquisa objetivou-se associar o polimorfismo do pGH/DdeI com características de carcaça e qualidade de carne. Utilizou-se uma população de 476 animais provenientes do cruzamento do macho AGPIC 415 e fêmeas LW X LD livres da mutação do gene halotano, machos castrados e fêmeas com idade de 150 a 180 dias. Foram coletadas as informações como peso da carcaça quente, comprimento de carcaça, pH 45min e pH ± 16h pós mortem dos músculos Longíssimus cervicis, Longíssimus dorsi e Semimebranosus, espessura de toucinho, profundidade do músculo LD e cor pelo sistema CIELAB. A capacidade de retenção de água foi realizada pelo método do papel filtro no músculo Semimebranosus e calculado a porcentagem de carne magra. Encontrou-se um SNP na posição g365G> A, com a troca do núcleotideo guanina por uma adenina, e em consequência, o aminoácido arginina por uma glutamina. Apresentou o alelo D1 com os fragmentos de 335 pb, 148 pb e 122 pb e o alelo D2 com 457 genotípicas pb e 148 pb com as frequencias de 0,43 e 0,57 respectivamente. As frequências encontradas foram as seguintes: D1D1 (22,09%), D1D2 (49,82%), D2D2 (28,09%). Após a realização do teste de qui-quadro a população se apresentou em equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. O polimorfismo do gene pGH/DdeI apresentou relação com as características de carne magra e pH a 45, propriedades estas importantes para a comercialização da carne fresca bem como produtos processados.

With the advancement of knowledge about the animal genome, the production of pigs benefits from the new molecular tools in search of the best zootechnical, results such as feed efficiency, number of piglets weaned / sow year, higher meat production in the carcass, better yield of meat cuts. Thus, the use of molecular markers selects the best genotypes for the desired characteristics, allowing shorter generation time, lower cost to producers, higher yields of products for industry and better quality for consumers. The work was divided into two stages where the first study sought to evaluate in a population of 272 Large White matrices the polymorphisms of the DGAT1, LEPR, HFABP, MC4R, SREBF1 genes by the ARMS-PCR technique and for the pGH gene polymorphism the PCR-RFLP technique was used. Genomic DNA was extracted from the hair bulb. The primers were designed for each of the genes using the sequences deposited in GenBanK. After DNA sequencing no polymorphisms were found, with the exception of the MC4R marker which showed 100% heterozygosity. Considering the initial population, 209 samples were genotyped for the pGH gene, where a 605 base pair amplicon was digested by restriction enzyme DdeI, resulting in two alleles. The D1 allele with 335,148 and 122 pb and the D2 allele with 457 and 148 pb. The genotypic frequency of D1D2 was 88% and for D2D2 22%. The D1 allele had a frequency of 11% and for D2 of 89%. The high intensity of selection for commercial breeds justifies the absence or the low number of polymorphisms for the genes studied. For the second part of the research, we aimed to associate pGH / DdeI polymorphism with carcass characteristics and meat quality. A population of 476 animals from the crossing of the AGPIC 415 male and LW X LD females free from the halothane gene mutation, castrated males and females aged 150 to 180 days. The information were collected as warm carcass weight, carcass length, pH 45min and pH ± 16h postmortem of the muscles Longíssimos cervicis, Longíssimos dorsi and Semimebranosus, backfat thickness, LD muscle depth and color by the CIELAB system. The water holding capacity was determined by the filter paper method in the Semimebranosus muscle and the percentage of lean meat was calculated. A SNP at position g365G> A was found, with the exchange of the guanine nucleotide by an adenine and consequently the amino acid arginine by a glutamine. It presented the D1 allele with fragments of 335 bp, 148 bp and 122 bp and the D2 allele with 457 bp and 148 bp and with frequencies of 0.43 and 0.57 respectively. The genotypic frequencies found were as follows: D1D1 (22.09%), D1D2 (49.82%), D2D2 (28.09%). After the chi-square test the population presented in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The polymorphism of the pGH / DdeI gene was related to the characteristics of lean meat and pH to 45, properties that are important for the commercialization of fresh meat as well as processed products.

COX-2 and TGF-ß expression in proliferative disorders of canine prostate

COX-2 and TGF-_ expression was determined in order to correlate non-neoplastic lesions, preneoplastic lesions and carcinoma in the prostate of dogs. The results show that neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions express more COX-2 and TGF-_ when compared to carcinomas, which suggests these proteins may cooperate in the process of prostate tumorigenesis.(AU)

O papel da ciclooxigenase-2 e da pressão arterial na lesão renal de ratos submetidos à infusão contínua de angiotensina II / The role of cyclooxigenase-2 and blood pressure on the kidney damage in rats submitted to continuous infusion of angiotensin II

A angiotensina II (ANGII) é um vasoconstritor, entretanto, sua atuação na inflamação tem sido estudada. Objetivou-se verificar o estímulo da ciclooxigenase-2 e da pressão arterial na lesão renal por ANGII. Para tanto, utilizaram-se ratos Wistar, distribuídos no grupo 1: controle, grupo 2: ANGII, grupo 3: ANGII + celecoxibe, grupo 4: celecoxibe. A ANGII foi administrada via minibomba no subcutâneo dos animais durante 72 horas, sendo então realizada a eutanásia. A pressão arterial foi aferida antes da administração dos fármacos e antes da eutanásia. Colheram-se os rins dos animais para histopatologia e para imunoistoquímica, avaliando-se a expressão de COX-2. Concluiu-se que a ANGII promoveu lesões renais, independentemente dos valores da pressão arterial; ANGII associada ao celecoxibe levou ao aumento da pressão arterial. O celecoxibe não protegeu os rins contra as ações da angiotensina II.(AU)

Angiotensin II (ANGII) is a vasoconstrictor which action on inflammation has been studied. The objective of this study was to verify the stimulation of cyclooxigenase-2 and blood pressure on renal damage by ANGII. Wistar rats were distributed into four groups, as follows: group 1 control; group 2 ANGII; group 3 ANGII + celecoxib; and group 4 celecoxib. The ANGII was infused in the animals by subcutaneous osmotic mini-pumps during 72 hours. After that, euthanasia was performed. The blood pressure was measured before the drugs administration and before the euthanasia. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed in kidneys to assess the expression of COX-2. It was concluded that ANGII caused renal damage, regardless of blood pressure values. ANGII associated with celeboxib increased blood pressure. Celecoxib did not protect the kidneys against ANGII activities.(AU)

Effect of medroxy-progesterone acetate on follicular growth and endometrial cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression during the bovine estrous cycle / Efeito do acetato de medroxi-progesterona sobre o crescimento filicular e expressão endometrial de ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) durante o ciclo estral de bovinos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of medroxy-progesterone acetate (MAP) with or without estradiol benzoate (EB) on follicular growth during the estrous cycle in cattle. In the first experiment, Hereford cows were synchronized with a synthetic analogue of PGF2 alpha and were treated with two different doses of MAP (250 or 500 mg) with or without EB for 7 days starting on day 8 of the estrous cycle. Follicular growth was inhibited (P<0.05) in all cows except controls and those receiving 250mg MAP without EB. Seventy-five percent of the animals (15/20) showed estrus on days 21 and 22 of the cycle rather than at MAP withdrawal, demonstrating that these treatments did not induce estrus. To determine whether the EB treatment altered endometrial sensitivity to oxytocin and thus the luteolytic cascade, multiparous pre-synchronized cows received 5 mg of EB followed 6 hours later with 50 IU of oxytocin (OT; n=9). Eight hours after EB injection, endometrial fragments were collected from the cows on days 4, 13 and 17 of the estrous cycle and COX-2 gene expression was measured by PCR. EB increased COX-2 mRNA levels only on day 17 of the estrous cycle (P<0.05). In conclusion, MAP alone or associated with EB is able to suppress bovine follicular growth. However, EB in the presence of MAP is not efficient to induce luteolysis in cows when injected on day 8 of the estrous cycle.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do acetato de medroxi-progesterona (MAP) com ou sem benzoato de estradiol (BE) sobre o crescimento folicular durante o ciclo estral bovino. No primeiro experimento, vacas da raça Hereford foram sincronizadas com um análogo sintético de PGF2á e tratadas com duas doses diferentes de MAP (250 ou 500mg), com ou sem EB, durante 7 dias, iniciando-se no oitavo dia do ciclo estral. Observou-se uma inibição do crescimento folicular (P<0,05) em todas as vacas, exceto no grupo controle e no grupo que recebeu 250mg de MAP sem BE. Os 75 por cento dos animais não exibiu estro no momento da remoção do MAP, mas sim nos dias 21 e 22 do ciclo, demonstrando que os tratamentos não induziram cio. Para se determinar se o tratamento com BE alterou a sensibilidade endometrial à ocitocina e, assim, a cascata luteolítica, vacas multíparas pré-sincronizadas receberam 5mg de BE, seguidos, após 6 horas, de 50 UI de ocitocina (OT; n=9). Oito horas após a administração de BE, colheram-se fragmentos endometriais das vacas, nos dias 4, 13 e 17 do ciclo estral, mensurando-se a expressão gênica de COX-2 através de PCR. O BE aumentou os níveis de RNAm de COX-2 apenas no dia 17 do ciclo estral (P<0,05). Em conclusão, o MAP isolado ou associado a BE é capaz de suprimir o crescimento folicular bovino. Entretanto, o BE, na presença de MAP é ineficaz na indução da luteólise bovina, quando injetado no oitavo dia do ciclo estral.(AU)

Expressão da COX-2 nos carcinomas mamários de cadelas / Expression of COX-2 in canine mammary tumors

Na cadela, a freqüência dos tumores mamários espontâneos é duas a três vezes superior à observada na mulher. A identificação de marcadores tumorais é um método valioso para predizer o comportamento da neoplasia e determinar o prognóstico da doença. Alguns trabalhos relacionam a elevada expressão da ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) ao aumento da capacidade proliferativa das células neoplásicas, diminuição da taxa apoptótica, e neovascularização, fatores que indiscutivelmente ampliam o potencial metastático das células tumorais, representando um prognóstico extremamente desfavorável. Foram selecionadas e acompanhadas 30 cadelas apresentando neoplasia mamária atendidas do HOSPMEV-UFBA no período de agosto/2007 a Junho/2008. Foi realizado o esta¬diamento clínico, classificação e graduação histológica e imunomarcação para COX-2. A partir do diagnóstico histopatológico, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: carcinoma evoluindo em tumor misto benigno (CATMB) e outros carcinomas (CA). Foi observada uma freqüência signi¬ficativamente maior de CATMB. A comparação da imunomarcação ainda que maior no segundo grupo, não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. A COX-2 apresentou correlação significativa e positiva com tamanho tumoral (p=0,042) e envolvimento linfonodal (p=0,005). A maior taxa de sobrevida global foi observada em cadelas cujos tumores apresentavam menor quantidade de células positivas para COX-2. Com base nos resultados observados podemos concluir que a COX-2 apresenta-se como um marcador potencial para câncer de mama da cadela trazendo perspectivas para desenvolvimento de novas terapias anti-tumorais(AU)

In the female dog, the frequency of the spontaneous mammary tumors is two to three times higher than that observed in women. The identification of tumors markers is a valuable method for predicting the behavior of the tumor and determine the prognosis of the disease. Some studies relate the high expression of ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) to the increase of the proliferation capacity of the cancer cells, decrease apoptosis and angiogenesis, factors which undoubtedly increased the metastatic potential of tumors cells, representing an extremely poor prognosis. Were selected and monitored 30 female dog with mammary cancer attended the UFBA HOSPMEV-in period of August/2007 to June/2008. Were carried clinical tumor evolution, classification and histological grade and immunoreactive for COX-2. From the histopathologic diagnosis, the animals were divided into two groups: carcinomas develop in benign mixed tumor (CATMB) and other carcinomas (CA). There was a significantly higher frequency of CATMB. A comparison of immunoreactive even higher in the second group, showed no statistically significant difference. COX-2 showed significant and positive correlation with tumor size (p = 0.042) and lymph node involvement (p = 0005). The highest rate of overall survival was observed in bitches whose tumors had fewer cells positive for COX-2. Based on the observed results can conclude that the COX-2 is a potential marker for breast cancer the dog bringing new prospects for development of anti-tumor therapy(AU)

O uso de coxibes no tratamento de neoplasias de cães e gatos / The application of coxibs in the treatment of cancer in dogs and cats

Devido à elevada incidência das neoplasias em cães e gatos seu estudo vem crescendo em relação aoutras afecções. Nas últimas duas décadas, numerosos estudos clínicos, experimentais e epidemiológicostêm ligado o desenvolvimento e progressão das neoplasias com a presença da ciclooxigenase-2(COX-2) nas células tumorais humanas e animais. O aumento da expressão da COX-2 está envolvidono desenvolvimento do câncer por promover divisão celular, inibir a apoptose, alterar a adesão celulare estimular a neovascularização. A relação da expressão da COX-2 com a progressão do câncer proporcionauma nova modalidade de tratamento das neoplasias, sugerindo que a inibição programadadesta enzima, com o uso de antiinflamatórios inibidores seletivos de COX-2, seja efetiva na quimioprevençãoe tratamento do câncer. Esses antiinflamatórios não esteroidais (AINES) são denominadoscoxibes; eles foram desenvolvidos para atuar no controle da inflamação evitando os efeitos adversoscausados pelos AINES tradicionais. Os coxibes são uma alternativa promissora no tratamento de neoplasiasem cães e gatos, podendo utilizá-los isoladamente ou associados com terapias básicas, como,a quimioterapia ou a radioterapia(AU)

Due to frequent occurrence of cancer in dogs and cats, the study of neoplasia has increased whencompared to other diseases. Over the last two decades, numerous clinical, experimental and epidemiologicalstudies have linked development and progression of neoplasias with the incidence ofciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) in tumor cells from humans and animals. The increase of COX-2 is involvedin cancer development for promoting cell division, inhibiting apoptosis, altering cell adhesion andstimulating neovascularization. The relation of COX-2 with the progression of cancer provides a newmodel of neoplasia treatment suggesting that the programmed inhibition of such enzyme by the useof COX-2 selective inhibitor anti-inflammatory drugs should be effective on chemoprevention andcancer treatment. Those non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known as coxibs andwere developed in order to control inflammation while avoiding adverse effects caused by traditionalNSAIDs. The coxibs are a promising alternative for the treatment of neoplasia in dogs and cats. Theycan be utilized alone or combined with basic therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy(AU)

Prepared or not for the future? Enrolled students attitudes towards the Human Genome Project - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v26i2.1650 / Preparados ou não para o futuro? Atitudes de alunos de graduação em relação ao Projeto Genoma Humano - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v26i2.1650

The present study aimed to investigate attitudes and perceptions of enrolled students of Biological Sciences, Medicine and Law courses at Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Maringá State University), state of Paraná, Brazil, regarding to The Human Genome Project (HGP). The research was carried out from October, 2002 to February, 2003, based on a questionnaire interview. The results showed that most academics had elementary knowledge of HGP, an optimistic expectation about the practical application of such studies, and also predisposition to participate in genetic tests. On the other hand, they showed few concerns regarding to ethical, social and legal issues of current biotechnological advances. Finally, the study concluded that more discussions and reflections urge on this issue in the higher education system

O presente estudo objetivou investigar as atitudes de acadêmicos dos cursos de Ciências Biológicas, Medicina e Direito da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, em relação ao Projeto Genoma Humano (PGH). A pesquisa foi realizada entre outubro de 2002 e fevereiro de 2003, por meio de entrevistas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos acadêmicos apresentou conhecimentos elementares sobre o PGH, expectativas otimistas em relação à aplicação desses estudos e predisposição para a participação em testes genéticos. Por outro lado, poucos evidenciaram preocupação com relação às implicações éticas, sociais e legais possivelmente decorrentes dos avanços biotecnológicos. Conclui-se, então, que discussões e reflexões deverão ser instigadas, no ensino superior, sobre essa temática

Prepared or not for the future? Enrolled students attitudes towards the Human Genome Project - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v26i2.1650 / Preparados ou não para o futuro? Atitudes de alunos de graduação em relação ao Projeto Genoma Humano - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v26i2.1650

The present study aimed to investigate attitudes and perceptions of enrolled students of Biological Sciences, Medicine and Law courses at Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Maringá State University), state of Paraná, Brazil, regarding to The Human Genome Project (HGP). The research was carried out from October, 2002 to February, 2003, based on a questionnaire interview. The results showed that most academics had elementary knowledge of HGP, an optimistic expectation about the practical application of such studies, and also predisposition to participate in genetic tests. On the other hand, they showed few concerns regarding to ethical, social and legal issues of current biotechnological advances. Finally, the study concluded that more discussions and reflections urge on this issue in the higher education system

O presente estudo objetivou investigar as atitudes de acadêmicos dos cursos de Ciências Biológicas, Medicina e Direito da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, em relação ao Projeto Genoma Humano (PGH). A pesquisa foi realizada entre outubro de 2002 e fevereiro de 2003, por meio de entrevistas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos acadêmicos apresentou conhecimentos elementares sobre o PGH, expectativas otimistas em relação à aplicação desses estudos e predisposição para a participação em testes genéticos. Por outro lado, poucos evidenciaram preocupação com relação às implicações éticas, sociais e legais possivelmente decorrentes dos avanços biotecnológicos. Conclui-se, então, que discussões e reflexões deverão ser instigadas, no ensino superior, sobre essa temática

DETERMINAÇÃO DE POLIMORFISMOS NO GENE DO HORMÔNIO DO CRESCIMENTO EM TRÊS POPULAÇÕES DE SUÍNOS

Two polymorphisms (GHC and GHD) in the growth hormone gene were evaluated in the ninety-six (96) animals of three breeds of pigs (Pietrain, Large White, and Landrace), through PCR-RFLP. Allele frequencies observed for the GHC polymorphism were: C1 0.42, C2 0.0, C3 0.06 and C4 0.52 for Landrace; C1 0.0, C2 0.03, C3 0.14 and C4 0.83 for Large White and C1 0.02, C2 0.25, C3 0.28 and C4 0.45 for Pietrain. The GHD polymorphism presented the following allele frequencies:. D1 0.69 and D2 0.31 for Landrace; D1 0.25 and D2 0.75 for Large White and D1 0.72 and D2 0.28 for Pietrain.

Dois polimorfismos (GHC e GHD) no gene que codifica para o hormônio do crescimento foram determinados em um total de 96 animais de três raças de suínos (Pietrain, Large White e Landrace), através da PCR-RFLP. As freqüências alélicas observadas para GHC foram C1 0,42, C2 0,0, C3 0,06 e C4 0,52 para Landrace; C1 0,0, C2 0,03, C3 0,14 e C4 0,83 para Large White e C1 0,02, C2 0,25, C3 0,28 e C4 0,45 para Pietrain. Para GHD, as freqüências alélicas observadas foram D1 0,69 e D2 0,31 para Landrace; D1 0,25 e D2 0,75 para Large White e D1 0,72 e D2 0,28 para Pietrain.

Determinação de polimorfismos no gene do hormônio do crescimento em três populações de suínos

Two polymorphisms (GHC and GHD) in the growth hormone gene were evaluated in the ninety-six (96) animals of three breeds of pigs (Pietrain, Large White, and Landrace), through PCR-RFLP. Allele frequencies observed for the GHC polymorphism were: C1 0.42, C2 0.0, C3 0.06 and C4 0.52 for Landrace; C1 0.0, C2 0.03, C3 0.14 and C4 0.83 for Large White and C1 0.02, C2 0.25, C3 0.28 and C4 0.45 for Pietrain. The GHD polymorphism presented the following allele frequencies:. D1 0.69 and D2 0.31 for Landrace; D1 0.25 and D2 0.75 for Large White and D1 0.72 and D2 0.28 for Pietrain.

Dois polimorfismos (GHC e GHD) no gene que codifica para o hormônio do crescimento foram determinados em um total de 96 animais de três raças de suínos (Pietrain, Large White e Landrace), através da PCR-RFLP. As freqüências alélicas observadas para GHC foram C1 0,42, C2 0,0, C3 0,06 e C4 0,52 para Landrace; C1 0,0, C2 0,03, C3 0,14 e C4 0,83 para Large White e C1 0,02, C2 0,25, C3 0,28 e C4 0,45 para Pietrain. Para GHD, as freqüências alélicas observadas foram D1 0,69 e D2 0,31 para Landrace; D1 0,25 e D2 0,75 para Large White e D1 0,72 e D2 0,28 para Pietrain.

Avaliação morfo-quantitativa da glândula pineal de éguas em atividade reprodutiva e em anestro fisiológico / Morpho-quantitative evaluation of the pineal gland in reproductive active and physiologically anestrous mares

A glândula pineal (GP) integra o epitálamo, mostra-se sensível à luz e secreta um hormônio, a melatonina. Em vertebrados sua secreção é estimulada na ausência de luminosidade e parece interferir na adaptação das funções reprodutivas às condições de luminosidade, especialmente em animais que se reproduzem sazonalmente, possibilitando o nascimento dos filhotes em época mais favorável. Considerando a importância econômica dos eqüinos, tais particularidades tornam-se alvo de pesquisas, justificadas pela ação da GP sobre a reprodução. Objetivou-se avaliar aspectos macro e microscópicos do órgão, como características qualitativas referentes a fibras colágenas (FC) e elásticas (FE); número (NP) e tamanho (PP) de pinealócitos (Pnlct), e eventuais correlações entre estas e os períodos reprodutivos. Para tanto, utilizaram-se 24 éguas, selecionadas por palpação retal e idade, e distribuídas em duas fases: atividade reprodutiva (AR) e anestro fisiológico (AF), cada uma com 2 grupos (3-8 e 15-20 anos). Os animais foram medidos à cernelha (H) e pesados (PV). Colheu-se amostra de sangue para dosagem de estrógeno (E2), progesterona (P4) e melatonina (Mlt), bem como procedeu-se à retirada do sistema genital (SG) para comprovação da fase reprodutiva; do encéfalo e GP para mensurações, e desta para análises histológicas. Nos espécimes, além da avaliação visual do SG, foram determinados o comprimento (CE) e largura (LE) dos encéfalos; o comprimento (CO), largura (LO) e altura (AO) dos ovários e das GP (CGP, LGP e AGP). Após documentação fotográfica as GP foram seccionadas em seu maior eixo, obtendo-se 4 quadrantes. Adotou-se esquema de rodízio para imersão destes em soluções de Bouin, glutaraldeído, Metacar e McDowell. Utilizaram-se colorações por hematoxilina-eosina, fucsina básica/azul de toluidina, Verhöeff e técnica específica para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Para estudo morfométrico foi determinado o perímetro de 480 Pnlct por animal e avaliado o número destes em 2,48 mm² de tecido glandular. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson, teste "F" e de Scott-Knott. A GP localizou-se no plano sagital mediano, dorso-caudalmente à aderência inter-talâmica e ventralmente ao esplênio do corpo caloso, apresentando formato ovóide ou piriforme (tipo A ou sub-calosa). Está envolvida por cápsula de tecido conjuntivo (TC), da qual partem septos que, acompanhados por vasos sanguíneos, dividem o parênquima em lóbulos. Os principais componentes glandulares são Pnlct e astrócitos. O PV, H, concentrações de E2, Mlt, CE, LE, CGP, LGP, AGP e PP não diferiram entre idades e/ou fases. Não foram encontradas interações entre PV, H, tamanhos de ovários, encéfalo e GP. Concentrações de P4 foram maiores nos animais em AR. O NP foi maior naqueles em AF, em ambas idades. Observaram-se FE em éguas em AR e AF, mas em maior quantidade nas jovens. Naquelas em AR observou-se maior quantidade de TC e de FC do tipo I. Nas em AF foi maior a quantidade de FC do tipo III e de Pnlct. Fibras nervosas e vesículas granulares e agranulares foram identificadas tanto no citoplasma de Pnlct quanto fora dele. Concreções calcáreas foram evidenciadas no núcleo, citoplasma ou espaço extracelular de todas GPs, independentemente da idade e/ou fase reprodutiva

The pineal gland (PG) is part of the epithalamus, is sensitive to light and secretes the hormone melatonin. In vertebrates its secretion is stimulated by lack of luminosity and appears to interfere with reproductive functions adaptation to luminosity, especially in seasonal breeding animals, directing births to periods more favorable for offspring survival. Considering the equine industry economical importance, research targets, focused on PG action in reproduction becomes very relevant. The objective was to evaluate macro and microscopic aspects of the PG, qualitative characteristics pertaining to collagen (CF) and elastic (EF) fibers; pinealocyte (Pnlct) number (PN) and size (PS) and eventual correlations between these variables and distinct reproductive periods. Twenty four mares were selected by rectal palpation and age, and classified as physiologically anestrous (PA) or reproductively active (RA). Furthermore, within PA and RA mares, two age subgroups (3 - 8 and 15 - 20 years old) were formed. Whither height (WH) and body weight (BW) were also recorded. Blood samples were taken for estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and melatonin (Mlt) measurements, as well as collection of the reproductive tract (RT), of the encephalon and PG for gross measurements and histological analysis. Macroscopic evaluation of the RT, length (EL) and width (EW) of the encephalon were determined. Ovary and PG lengths, widths and heights (OL and PGL, OW and PGW, and OH and PGH, respectively) were also measured. After photographic documentation PGs were sectioned along their major axis resulting in four quadrants. A rotational scheme was adopted for PG tissue immersion in Bouin´s, glutaraldehyde, metacar and McDowell solutions. The following staining procedures were used: haematoxylin-eosin, basic fuchsin/toluidine blue, Verhöeff and a transmission electron microscopy specific technique. For the morphometric study, the diameter of 480 Pnlct per animal was determined. PN was determined in 2.48mm² of PG tissue. Data was analysed by descriptive statistics, Pearson´s correlation and F and Scott-knott tests were performed for mean comparisons. PG was located in the median sagital plane, dorsocaudally to the inter-thalamic adherence and ventrally to the corpus callosum esplenium, showing an ovoid or piriform (type A or sub-callosum). The PG is surrounded by connective tissue (CT), from which septa originate, followed by blood vessels that divide the parenchyma in lobules. The main glandular components are Plnct and astrocytes. Body weight, WH, E2, Mlt, EL, EW, PGL, PGW, PGH and PS did not differ between age group and reproductive status. No interactions between BW, WH, ovarian, encephalon and PG sizes were observed. Progesterone concentrations were higher in RA mares. Pinealocyte number was greater for RA mares from either age group. EF content was similar between RA and PA mares, but higher in the younger groups. Higher CT and type I CF were observed in RA mares. Higher type III CF and PN were found in FA mares. Nervous fibers and granular and agranular vesicles were identified either in the Plnct cytoplasm or in the extra-cellular space. Calcium concretions were observed in the nucleus, cytoplasm or extra-cellular space of all PGs, independently of age and/or reproductive status