Resumo
Apistogramma agassizii is a native fish from the Amazon basin, which is of great interest for fishkeeping and is supplied to the retail trade from extractivism. Knowledge about the reproductive characteristics of this fish is fundamental to successful breeding. Objective: This work aimed to study the behavior and reproductive performance of this species in white and black aquariums. A total of 16 pairs were used, 8 in each treatment. The system had water recirculation, with fresh and inert food supply. Result: The fish demonstrated parental care, more accentuated by the female and partial spawning. The same coloration pattern was observed in both treatments, with coloration intensifying only during spawning. The eggs were adhesive and U-shaped/oval. The females followed the larvae, even after they left the nests, and attacked the males when they approached the offspring. Males exhibited territorial behavior. No significant differences were observed for the following parameters studied: largest and smallest egg size, spawning weight, absolute fecundity, number of hatched larvae, and hatchability rate. Conclusion: This study found that the fish are prolific and show good reproductive rates in conditions of captivity; thus, they are suitable to rear for the ornamental fish trade.
Apistograma agassizzi é um peixe nativo da bacia amazônica muito apreciado pela aquariofilia; seu comércio é oriundo do extrativismo. Conhecer os aspectos reprodutivos desse peixe é fundamental para o sucesso da criação. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o comportamento e o desempenho reprodutivo dessa espécie, para isso utilizaram-se aquários brancos e pretos, nos quais foram aloja-dos 16 casais, oito em cada tratamento. O sistema adotado foi o de recirculação de água, com oferta de alimento inerte e fresco. Os peixes apresentaram cuidado parental acentuado pela fêmea e desova parcelada; o mesmo padrão de coloração para ambos os tratamentos pôde ser observado, intensificando-se na reprodução. Os ovos eram adesivos e em forma de U/ovais. As fêmeas acompanhavam as larvas, mesmo após a saída do ninho, chegando a agredir os machos quando estes se aproximavam da prole. Os machos apresentaram comportamento territorialista. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para os seguintes parâmetros estudados: comprimento maior e menor do ovo, peso da desova, fecundidade absoluta, número de larvas eclodidas e taxa de eclodibilidade. Pôde-se ainda concluir que os peixes são prolíficos e apresentam bons índices reprodutivos em condições de cativeiro, portanto aptos para o cultivo visando ao comércio de peixes ornamentais.
Assuntos
Animais , Reprodução , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Ciclídeos , Pesqueiros , Ecossistema AmazônicoResumo
The Bare-faced Ibis is a gregarious bird found in South America. In the face of a rapid expansion in a southern state in Brazil and a lack of detailed information about the species' reproduction, two breeding areas were studied weekly for two consecutive seasons. We registered numbers and characteristics of adults, nests, eggs, and chicks, calculated success estimates, and assessed nest installation preferences. Chick morphology, age, and measurements served to define five growth stages. The species used the margins of two close rivers in Santa Catarina to build nests, lay eggs, and develop parental care between August and January, with success estimates as expected for the family. We observed a preference for the eastern margin of the rivers and proximity to bridges for nest installation, where the muddy margin provides resources for juvenile feeding. Two colony models were defined based on the near or far installation of the nests. Variations in egg and chick dimensions indicated higher adult investment in the second season, with negative allometric growth of the bill and tarsus of chicks related to weight. The results presented suggest favorable conditions for the species' reproduction in the region, a considerable factor in understanding its expansion in recent years.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Aves/fisiologia , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , BrasilResumo
Abstract During focal observations carried out in the Olho dÁgua River, upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil, we registered the defensive behaviour of one pair of Crenicichla lepidota attempting to protect their offspring from conspecific and non-specific predators. Adults exhibited substrate-guarding behaviour and displayed primary and secondary anti-predation mechanisms. The primary mechanisms (e.g., fin flicking and flaring, gill extending) were ineffective against conspecific predators or against other species. Secondary mechanisms included charging would-be predators of the offspring, and this tactic was successful against non-specifics. This record confirms, in the wild, agonistic behaviour as an effective secondary defence mechanism used in parental care in Crenicichla lepidota.
Resumo
During focal observations carried out in the Olho dÁgua River, upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil, we registered the defensive behaviour of one pair of Crenicichla lepidota attempting to protect their offspring from conspecific and non-specific predators. Adults exhibited substrate-guarding behaviour and displayed primary and secondary anti-predation mechanisms. The primary mechanisms (e.g., fin flicking and flaring, gill extending) were ineffective against conspecific predators or against other species. Secondary mechanisms included charging would-be predators of the offspring, and this tactic was successful against non-specifics. This record confirms, in the wild, agonistic behaviour as an effective secondary defence mechanism used in parental care in Crenicichla lepidota.
Assuntos
Animais , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estágios do Ciclo de VidaResumo
During focal observations carried out in the Olho dÁgua River, upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil, we registered the defensive behaviour of one pair of Crenicichla lepidota attempting to protect their offspring from conspecific and non-specific predators. Adults exhibited substrate-guarding behaviour and displayed primary and secondary anti-predation mechanisms. The primary mechanisms (e.g., fin flicking and flaring, gill extending) were ineffective against conspecific predators or against other species. Secondary mechanisms included charging would-be predators of the offspring, and this tactic was successful against non-specifics. This record confirms, in the wild, agonistic behaviour as an effective secondary defence mechanism used in parental care in Crenicichla lepidota.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimentoResumo
Abstract Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.
Resumo
Abstract Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.
Resumo
We tested the effects of ruralization and urbanization on the functional diversity indices and the composition of functional traits of Neotropical stream fish communities. The study was carried out in 24 streams of the Pirapó, Piquiri, Paraná III and Iguassu river basins. Land use in the watershed was categorized as percentages of native vegetation, rural occupation and urban occupation. Statistical tests revealed negative bivariate correlations between functional dispersion and the proportion of native vegetation in the watershed. The results indicate that a higher percentage of rural or urban occupation is associated with increased functional dispersion. In the analyzes of trait composition, significant alterations were observed in response to urbanization while only the increase in herbivory responded to ruralization. As the area of native vegetation is reduced by urbanization, the trait composition changes, with reduced proportions of species with intolerance to hypoxia, migratory reproductive behavior, external fertilization, and subterminal mouth, and increased proportions of species with parental care, detritivory, internal fertilization, and an upper mouth. Therefore, fish species that have these specific characteristics are more likely to disappear from streams as urbanization progresses. In summary, urbanization was related to a greater change in the composition of functional traits than ruralization.(AU)
Nós testamos os efeitos da ruralização e da urbanização sobre os índices de diversidade funcional e da composição de traços funcionais em assembleias de peixes de riachos Neotropicais. Amostras foram feitas em 24 riachos distribuídos nas bacias dos rios Pirapó, Piquiri, Paraná III e Iguaçu. O uso do solo foi categorizado por meio das porcentagens de vegetação, ocupação rural e urbana. Testes estatísticos revelaram correlações negativas bivariadas entre a dispersão funcional e a proporção de vegetação. Os resultados indicaram que maior percentual de ocupação rural ou urbana está associado ao aumento da dispersão funcional. Nas análises de composição de traços foram observadas alterações significativas em resposta à urbanização, enquanto apenas o aumento de herbívoros respondeu à ruralização. À medida que a área de vegetação é reduzida, a composição de traços muda, com redução nas proporções de espécies com intolerância à hipóxia, comportamento reprodutivo migratório, fertilização externa e boca subterminal, e aumento da proporção daquelas com cuidado parental, detritivoria, fertilização interna e boca superior. Portanto, espécies que apresentam essas características têm maior probabilidade de desaparecer dos riachos à medida que a urbanização avança. Em resumo, a urbanização foi relacionada a maior alteração na composição de traços funcionais do que a ruralização.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Urbanização , Características do Solo , Bacias Hidrográficas , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , RiosResumo
We tested the effects of ruralization and urbanization on the functional diversity indices and the composition of functional traits of Neotropical stream fish communities. The study was carried out in 24 streams of the Pirapó, Piquiri, Paraná III and Iguassu river basins. Land use in the watershed was categorized as percentages of native vegetation, rural occupation and urban occupation. Statistical tests revealed negative bivariate correlations between functional dispersion and the proportion of native vegetation in the watershed. The results indicate that a higher percentage of rural or urban occupation is associated with increased functional dispersion. In the analyzes of trait composition, significant alterations were observed in response to urbanization while only the increase in herbivory responded to ruralization. As the area of native vegetation is reduced by urbanization, the trait composition changes, with reduced proportions of species with intolerance to hypoxia, migratory reproductive behavior, external fertilization, and subterminal mouth, and increased proportions of species with parental care, detritivory, internal fertilization, and an upper mouth. Therefore, fish species that have these specific characteristics are more likely to disappear from streams as urbanization progresses. In summary, urbanization was related to a greater change in the composition of functional traits than ruralization.(AU)
Nós testamos os efeitos da ruralização e da urbanização sobre os índices de diversidade funcional e da composição de traços funcionais em assembleias de peixes de riachos Neotropicais. Amostras foram feitas em 24 riachos distribuídos nas bacias dos rios Pirapó, Piquiri, Paraná III e Iguaçu. O uso do solo foi categorizado por meio das porcentagens de vegetação, ocupação rural e urbana. Testes estatísticos revelaram correlações negativas bivariadas entre a dispersão funcional e a proporção de vegetação. Os resultados indicaram que maior percentual de ocupação rural ou urbana está associado ao aumento da dispersão funcional. Nas análises de composição de traços foram observadas alterações significativas em resposta à urbanização, enquanto apenas o aumento de herbívoros respondeu à ruralização. À medida que a área de vegetação é reduzida, a composição de traços muda, com redução nas proporções de espécies com intolerância à hipóxia, comportamento reprodutivo migratório, fertilização externa e boca subterminal, e aumento da proporção daquelas com cuidado parental, detritivoria, fertilização interna e boca superior. Portanto, espécies que apresentam essas características têm maior probabilidade de desaparecer dos riachos à medida que a urbanização avança. Em resumo, a urbanização foi relacionada a maior alteração na composição de traços funcionais do que a ruralização.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Urbanização , Características do Solo , Bacias Hidrográficas , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , RiosResumo
Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Passeriformes/anatomia & histologia , Comportamento Reprodutivo , Comportamento Sexual AnimalResumo
The Crimson Topaz, Topaza pella, is the least known of the two hummingbird species of this exclusively Amazonian trochilid genus, that also includes T. pyra. Most available information on T. pella nests, young and reproductive behavior is based on anecdotal observations from Guyana in the 1930s and 1950s. Here, we provide new data on nest description, eggs and parental care of T. pella, and the growth and development of two nestlings over a 22-day period. We studied four nests in areas of dense terra firme forest in the state of Amapá, Brazil. All nests were in forked branches of shrubs over water bodies, and had a cup-like form. One nest contained two elongated white eggs, and another, two nestlings, which had their development recorded until they left the nest.(AU)
O beija-flor-brilho-de-fogo, Topaza pella é o menos conhecido das duas espécies de beija-flor desse gênero exclusivamente amazônico, que também inclui T. pyra. A maioria das informações disponíveis sobre ninhos, jovens e comportamento reprodutivo de T. pella é anedótica, a partir de observações na Guiana nas décadas de 1930 e 1950. Nós fornecemos novos dados, descrevendo o ninho, ovos, cuidado parental e o desenvolvimento de dois filhotes de T. pella ao longo de 22 dias. Estudamos quatro ninhos encontrados em áreas de floresta densa de terra firme no estado do Amapá, Brasil. Todos os ninhos estavam em galhos bifurcados, inclinados verticalmente sobre corpos dágua e apresentaram formato de cesto baixo. Em um dos ninhos registramos dois ovos alongados de cor branca e, em outro, encontramos dois filhotes, que tiveram seu desenvolvimento registrado até deixarem o ninho.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aves/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Educação InfantilResumo
RESUMEN Proponemos aquí la transferencia de Metaphareus punctatus Roewer, 1913, al género Eutimesius Roewer, 1913 (Heterostygninae), fundamentándonos en la morfología genital de la especie y morfología de los tarsos III y IV, resultando en la nueva combinación Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb. nov. Nuevos registros geográficos para E. albicinctus (Roewer, 1915) son ofrecidos, registrando la simpatría entre las especies congenéricas E. albicinctus y E. punctatus y se presentan datos sobre el comportamiento reproductivo de E. punctatus, sugiriéndose la existencia de cuidado parental en esta especie.
ABSTRACT We herein propose the transfer of Metaphareus punctatus Roewer, 1913, to the genus Eutimesius Roewer, 1913 (Heterostygninae) based on the genital morphology of the species and morphology of tarsi III and IV, resulting in the new combination Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb. nov. New geographical records for E. albicinctus (Roewer, 1915) are offered, recording sympatry between the congeneric species E. albicinctus and E. punctatus and data on the reproductive behavior of E. punctatus are presented, suggesting the existence of parental care in this species.
Resumo
Proponemos aquí la transferencia de Metaphareus punctatus Roewer, 1913, al género Eutimesius Roewer, 1913 (Heterostygninae), fundamentándonos en la morfología genital de la especie y morfología de los tarsos III y IV, resultando en la nueva combinación Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb. nov. Nuevos registros geográficos para E. albicinctus (Roewer, 1915) son ofrecidos, registrando la simpatría entre las especies congenéricas E. albicinctus y E. punctatus y se presentan datos sobre el comportamiento reproductivo de E. punctatus, sugiriéndose la existencia de cuidado parental en esta especie.(AU)
We herein propose the transfer of Metaphareus punctatus Roewer, 1913, to the genus Eutimesius Roewer, 1913 (Heterostygninae) based on the genital morphology of the species and morphology of tarsi III and IV, resulting in the new combination Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb. nov. New geographical records for E. albicinctus (Roewer, 1915) are offered, recording sympatry between the congeneric species E. albicinctus and E. punctatus and data on the reproductive behavior of E. punctatus are presented, suggesting the existence of parental care in this species.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aracnídeos/genética , Comportamento Animal , Comportamento ReprodutivoResumo
Proponemos aquí la transferencia de Metaphareus punctatus Roewer, 1913, al género Eutimesius Roewer, 1913 (Heterostygninae), fundamentándonos en la morfología genital de la especie y morfología de los tarsos III y IV, resultando en la nueva combinación Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb. nov. Nuevos registros geográficos para E. albicinctus (Roewer, 1915) son ofrecidos, registrando la simpatría entre las especies congenéricas E. albicinctus y E. punctatus y se presentan datos sobre el comportamiento reproductivo de E. punctatus, sugiriéndose la existencia de cuidado parental en esta especie.
We herein propose the transfer of Metaphareus punctatus Roewer, 1913, to the genus Eutimesius Roewer, 1913 (Heterostygninae) based on the genital morphology of the species and morphology of tarsi III and IV, resulting in the new combination Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb. nov. New geographical records for E. albicinctus (Roewer, 1915) are offered, recording sympatry between the congeneric species E. albicinctus and E. punctatus and data on the reproductive behavior of E. punctatus are presented, suggesting the existence of parental care in this species.
Assuntos
Animais , Aracnídeos/genética , Comportamento Animal , Comportamento ReprodutivoResumo
Genidens genidens is a species susceptible to population declines in view of their reproductive biology peculiarities. Morphometric differences between sexes are observed in the literature, and these differences should also be evident in otolith development. Growth patterns are one of the most important biological characteristics regarding population dynamics and management. In this context, the aim of the present study is to describe this species relative growth and identify differences between sex life cycles. Somatic growth-otolith growth relationships and somatic length-weight relationships were estimated based on two methodologies; the Huxley and the polyphasic allometric models. Both models demonstrated different growth patterns between sexes. The three axes of otolith growth were adequate descriptors of growth, and the results of the Huxley model demonstrated distinct growth patterns between sexes, with male otoliths larger in all three measured axes. In the polyphase model, male otoliths were thicker, while female otoliths were longer and higher. Both sexes presented similar length-weight relationships, which may indicate that oocyte production and parental care lead to similar costs for this species.(AU)
Genidens genidens é uma espécie suscetível a declínios populacionais, tendo em vista as peculiaridades de sua reprodução. Diferenças morfométricas entre os sexos são observadas na literatura, e essas diferenças também devem ser evidentes no desenvolvimento dos otólitos. O padrão de crescimento é uma das características biológicas mais importantes no que diz respeito à dinâmica populacional e manejo. Assim, nosso objetivo é descrever o crescimento relativo da espécie e identificar diferenças entre os ciclos de vida dos sexos. A relação crescimento somático-crescimento do otólito e a relação comprimento-peso somáticos foram estimados com base em duas metodologias, os modelos alométricos de Huxley e polifásico. Ambos os modelos demonstraram diferentes padrões de crescimento entre sexos. Os três eixos dos otólitos descreveram adequadamente o crescimento, e os resultados do modelo de Huxley demonstraram padrões de crescimento distintos entre os sexos, com os otólitos dos machos sendo maiores em todos os três eixos medidos. No modelo polifásico os otólitos dos machos foram maiores em espessura, enquanto os otólitos das fêmeas exibiram maior comprimento e altura. Ambos os sexos apresentaram relações de comprimento-peso semelhantes, o que pode indicar que a produção de ovócitos e o cuidado parental apresentam custos semelhantes para essa espécie.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes-Gato/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peixes-Gato/genética , Membrana dos Otólitos , Caracteres SexuaisResumo
Genidens genidens is a species susceptible to population declines in view of their reproductive biology peculiarities. Morphometric differences between sexes are observed in the literature, and these differences should also be evident in otolith development. Growth patterns are one of the most important biological characteristics regarding population dynamics and management. In this context, the aim of the present study is to describe this species relative growth and identify differences between sex life cycles. Somatic growth-otolith growth relationships and somatic length-weight relationships were estimated based on two methodologies; the Huxley and the polyphasic allometric models. Both models demonstrated different growth patterns between sexes. The three axes of otolith growth were adequate descriptors of growth, and the results of the Huxley model demonstrated distinct growth patterns between sexes, with male otoliths larger in all three measured axes. In the polyphase model, male otoliths were thicker, while female otoliths were longer and higher. Both sexes presented similar length-weight relationships, which may indicate that oocyte production and parental care lead to similar costs for this species.(AU)
Genidens genidens é uma espécie suscetível a declínios populacionais, tendo em vista as peculiaridades de sua reprodução. Diferenças morfométricas entre os sexos são observadas na literatura, e essas diferenças também devem ser evidentes no desenvolvimento dos otólitos. O padrão de crescimento é uma das características biológicas mais importantes no que diz respeito à dinâmica populacional e manejo. Assim, nosso objetivo é descrever o crescimento relativo da espécie e identificar diferenças entre os ciclos de vida dos sexos. A relação crescimento somático-crescimento do otólito e a relação comprimento-peso somáticos foram estimados com base em duas metodologias, os modelos alométricos de Huxley e polifásico. Ambos os modelos demonstraram diferentes padrões de crescimento entre sexos. Os três eixos dos otólitos descreveram adequadamente o crescimento, e os resultados do modelo de Huxley demonstraram padrões de crescimento distintos entre os sexos, com os otólitos dos machos sendo maiores em todos os três eixos medidos. No modelo polifásico os otólitos dos machos foram maiores em espessura, enquanto os otólitos das fêmeas exibiram maior comprimento e altura. Ambos os sexos apresentaram relações de comprimento-peso semelhantes, o que pode indicar que a produção de ovócitos e o cuidado parental apresentam custos semelhantes para essa espécie.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes-Gato/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Peixes-Gato/genética , Membrana dos Otólitos , Caracteres SexuaisResumo
Pertencente à família Charadriidae, o quero-quero (Vanellus chilensis) ocorre da América Central até a América do Sul, sendo bastante tolerante a locais antropizados. Em cativeiro, os filhotes da espécie ainda não são mantidos sem os cuidados parentais, desta forma o presente trabalho propôs criar um protocolo de manejo sob cuidados humanos para estes filhotes. Para este estudo, foi comparado o desenvolvimento de filhotes neste novo protocolo com o de filhotes em vida livre, utilizando um total de treze filhotes. A alimentação sob cuidados humanos foi composta por ração MegaZoo® O-20, ovo cozido e larvas de besouro tenébrio (Tenebrio mollitor) vivas. Como resultado, os filhotes em cativeiro alcançaram uma maior massa corporal e um melhor índice de sobrevivência. Tais discrepâncias foram decorrentes da ausência de predadores, da dieta e da pouca atividade encontrada no ambiente sob cuidados humanos. Pode-se concluir que o manejo sugerido no presente trabalho obteve êxito na manutenção dos filhotes sob cuidados humanos, porém necessita de trabalhos complementares voltados a um melhor condicionamento e ambientação dos filhotes.(AU)
Belonging to the Charadriidae family, the southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) occurs from Central to South America, being quite tolerant of anthropized sites. Under captivity, the chick of the species are still not kept without parental care, in this way the present work proposed to create a protocol of management under human care for these chicks. For this study, we compared the development of chicks in this new protocol with free-living chicks, using a total of thirteen chicks. Feeding under human care was composed of MegaZoo® O-20 ration, boiled egg and live beetle larvae (Tenebrio mollitor). As a result, chicks in captivity achieved a higher body mass and a better survival rate. Such discrepancies were due to the absence of predators, diet and low activity found in the environment under human care. In general, it can be concluded that the present work succeed in keep the chicks under human care, but complementary work are needed aimeing at better conditioning and setting of the chicks.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Charadriiformes , Comportamento Reprodutivo/fisiologiaResumo
Pertencente à família Charadriidae, o quero-quero (Vanellus chilensis) ocorre da América Central até a América do Sul, sendo bastante tolerante a locais antropizados. Em cativeiro, os filhotes da espécie ainda não são mantidos sem os cuidados parentais, desta forma o presente trabalho propôs criar um protocolo de manejo sob cuidados humanos para estes filhotes. Para este estudo, foi comparado o desenvolvimento de filhotes neste novo protocolo com o de filhotes em vida livre, utilizando um total de treze filhotes. A alimentação sob cuidados humanos foi composta por ração MegaZoo® O-20, ovo cozido e larvas de besouro tenébrio (Tenebrio mollitor) vivas. Como resultado, os filhotes em cativeiro alcançaram uma maior massa corporal e um melhor índice de sobrevivência. Tais discrepâncias foram decorrentes da ausência de predadores, da dieta e da pouca atividade encontrada no ambiente sob cuidados humanos. Pode-se concluir que o manejo sugerido no presente trabalho obteve êxito na manutenção dos filhotes sob cuidados humanos, porém necessita de trabalhos complementares voltados a um melhor condicionamento e ambientação dos filhotes.
Belonging to the Charadriidae family, the southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) occurs from Central to South America, being quite tolerant of anthropized sites. Under captivity, the chick of the species are still not kept without parental care, in this way the present work proposed to create a protocol of management under human care for these chicks. For this study, we compared the development of chicks in this new protocol with free-living chicks, using a total of thirteen chicks. Feeding under human care was composed of MegaZoo® O-20 ration, boiled egg and live beetle larvae (Tenebrio mollitor). As a result, chicks in captivity achieved a higher body mass and a better survival rate. Such discrepancies were due to the absence of predators, diet and low activity found in the environment under human care. In general, it can be concluded that the present work succeed in keep the chicks under human care, but complementary work are needed aimeing at better conditioning and setting of the chicks.
Assuntos
Animais , Charadriiformes , Comportamento Reprodutivo/fisiologiaResumo
In floodplain communities, beta diversity is influenced by different factors; however, environmental heterogeneity and floods are believed to be particularly influential. The influence of environmental heterogeneity and floods on beta diversity may vary among guilds that present different ecological traits. This study evaluated the correlation between the environmental heterogeneity and flood periods and the beta diversity of trophic and reproductive guilds of fish assemblages. Sampling was conducted quarterly between 2000 and 2012 in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The environmental heterogeneity and period (i.e., dry or flood) were associated with the beta diversity of each guild based on the results of generalized least squares linear models. Only guilds with parental care were influenced by the interaction between environmental heterogeneity and period. The beta diversity of the other guilds presented no relationship between environmental heterogeneity and period. It is likely that species with parental care presented less dispersal capacity, which increased the dissimilarity among assemblages. The higher dispersion rates of the other guilds may be responsible for the lack of relationship between the beta diversity and the environmental heterogeneity and period. In sum, these results suggest that reproductive guilds influence how environmental heterogeneity and floods affect beta diversity variation.(AU)
A diversidade beta é influenciada por diferentes fatores em comunidades de planícies de inundação; contudo, acredita-se que a heterogeneidade ambiental e inundações sejam particularmente influentes. A influência da heterogeneidade ambiental e inundações na diversidade beta podem variar entre guildas que apresentam diferentes características ecológicas. Este estudo avaliou a correlação entre heterogeneidade ambiental, os períodos de inundação e a diversidade beta de guildas tróficas e reprodutivas de peixes. A amostragem foi realizada trimestralmente entre 2000 e 2012 na planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná. Heterogeneidade ambiental e o período (i.e., seca ou cheia) foram associados à diversidade beta de cada guilda por modelos lineares de quadrados mínimos generalizados. Somente guildas com cuidados parentais foram influenciadas pela interação entre heterogeneidade ambiental e período. A diversidade beta das outras guildas não apresentou relação com heterogeneidade ambiental e período. É provável que espécies com cuidados parentais apresentem menor capacidade de dispersão, o que aumenta a diferença entre as assembleias. As maiores taxas de dispersão de outras guildas podem ser responsáveis pela ausência de relação entre a diversidade beta e heterogeneidade ambiental e o período. Em suma, os resultados sugerem que as guildas reprodutivas influenciam a forma como a heterogeneidade ambiental e as inundações afetam a variação da diversidade beta.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Biodiversidade , Peixes/genética , Zoneamento de Áreas de InundaçãoResumo
In floodplain communities, beta diversity is influenced by different factors; however, environmental heterogeneity and floods are believed to be particularly influential. The influence of environmental heterogeneity and floods on beta diversity may vary among guilds that present different ecological traits. This study evaluated the correlation between the environmental heterogeneity and flood periods and the beta diversity of trophic and reproductive guilds of fish assemblages. Sampling was conducted quarterly between 2000 and 2012 in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The environmental heterogeneity and period (i.e., dry or flood) were associated with the beta diversity of each guild based on the results of generalized least squares linear models. Only guilds with parental care were influenced by the interaction between environmental heterogeneity and period. The beta diversity of the other guilds presented no relationship between environmental heterogeneity and period. It is likely that species with parental care presented less dispersal capacity, which increased the dissimilarity among assemblages. The higher dispersion rates of the other guilds may be responsible for the lack of relationship between the beta diversity and the environmental heterogeneity and period. In sum, these results suggest that reproductive guilds influence how environmental heterogeneity and floods affect beta diversity variation.(AU)
A diversidade beta é influenciada por diferentes fatores em comunidades de planícies de inundação; contudo, acredita-se que a heterogeneidade ambiental e inundações sejam particularmente influentes. A influência da heterogeneidade ambiental e inundações na diversidade beta podem variar entre guildas que apresentam diferentes características ecológicas. Este estudo avaliou a correlação entre heterogeneidade ambiental, os períodos de inundação e a diversidade beta de guildas tróficas e reprodutivas de peixes. A amostragem foi realizada trimestralmente entre 2000 e 2012 na planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná. Heterogeneidade ambiental e o período (i.e., seca ou cheia) foram associados à diversidade beta de cada guilda por modelos lineares de quadrados mínimos generalizados. Somente guildas com cuidados parentais foram influenciadas pela interação entre heterogeneidade ambiental e período. A diversidade beta das outras guildas não apresentou relação com heterogeneidade ambiental e período. É provável que espécies com cuidados parentais apresentem menor capacidade de dispersão, o que aumenta a diferença entre as assembleias. As maiores taxas de dispersão de outras guildas podem ser responsáveis pela ausência de relação entre a diversidade beta e heterogeneidade ambiental e o período. Em suma, os resultados sugerem que as guildas reprodutivas influenciam a forma como a heterogeneidade ambiental e as inundações afetam a variação da diversidade beta.(AU)