Molecular identification of pathogenic Escherichia coli virulence genes and histopathological analysis in chickens condemned for airsacculitis / Identificação molecular de genes de virulência de Escherichia coli e análise histopatológica em frangos condenados por aerossaculite

ABSTRACT: The present study identified virulence genes and pathological changes caused by Escherichia coli in chicken carcasses condemned for airsacculitis and assessed if the histopathological examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were effective for studies like this. Trachea, liver, and lung were collected from 30 chickens with suspected airsacculitis that has been condemned in the inspection line. The samples were analyzed by PCR to simultaneously identify two virulence genes (iss and tsh genes) and for histopathological testing. PCR efficiently genotypically characterize the E. coli isolates, where the virulence genes iss and tsh were found in three birds simultaneously. The histopathological examination detected a predominance of heterophils and mononuclear cells in the trachea (100%), lung (90%), and liver (13.3%). The liver was the organ where practically no alteration was diagnosed. The results of multiplex PCR for the tsh and iss virulence genes indicate the great potential of the approach in the characterization of E. coli isolates. Unspecific identification did not occur, thus making it necessary to use technologies for the identification and prevention of this agent in aviaries and poultry abattoirs.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar genes de virulência e alterações patológicas provocadas por Escherichia coli em carcaças de frango condenadas por aerossaculite e se o exame histopatológico e uma Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) são eficazes para os estudos dessa natureza. Para isso, foram coletados traqueia, fígado e pulmão de 30 frangos condenados na linha de inspeção, com suspeita de aerossaculite. As amostras foram submetidas a PCR para a identificação de dois genes de virulência de modo simultâneo (genes iss e tsh) e ao teste histopatológico. A PCR foi eficiente para caracterizar genotipicamente os isolados de E. coli, em que se constatou em três aves os genes de virulência iss e tsh simultaneamente. No exame histopatológico detectou-se a predominância de heterófilos e mononucleares na traqueia 100%, no pulmão 90% e no fígado 13,3%. O fígado foi o órgão onde praticamente não foi diagnosticada nenhuma alteração. Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi possível observar que a PCR multiplex para os genes de virulência tsh e iss apresenta um grande potencial na caracterização de isolados de E. coli, já que não gerou identificação inespecífica, com isso faz-se necessária a utilização de tecnologias para identificação e prevenção desse agente nos aviários e matadouros avícolas.

Clinical, histopathological, and hematological changes due to isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in piglets / Alterações clínicas, histopatológicas e hematológicas decorrentes de púrpura trombocitopenica isoimune em leitões

ABSTRACT: Isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune-mediated disease that causes severe hemorrhagic lesions and high mortality in piglets. The disease can occur early in newborn piglets (EITP) or late in 2- to 3-week old piglets (LITP). In this study, we analysed the clinical, pathological, and hematological aspects of 391 ITP cases (312 with EITP and 79 with LITP). In LIPT cases, morbidity and mortality rates were higher, with rates of 60% (morbidity) and 53% (mortality). The main clinicopathological findings in ITP cases were different patterns of hemorrhages organs and tissues. In EITP, clinical signs were characterized by extensive subcutaneous hemorrhages and death occurred within a few days; however, in LITP, often sudden death occurred. In macroscopic analysis, hemorrhagic diathesis was observed in all affected animals. In EITP, the most severe hemorrhagic lesions were integumentary, mainly in the dermis and epidermis. In LITP, visceral lesions were predominant, mainly in the epicardium and intestines. Microscopic bone marrow analysis revealed mild cellular hyperplasia in EITP and bone marrow aplasia in LITP. hematological analyses revealed leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia in all ITP-affected animals. However, fostering by a different sow was only efficient in controlling EITP and had little effect in LITP-symptomatic piglets, due to more severe lesions. Further studies on the etiopathogenesis of LITP are required to improve our understanding of this disease form.

RESUMO: Púrpura trombocitopênica isoimune (PTI) é uma doença imunomediada que causa lesões hemorrágicas graves e alta mortalidade em leitões, que pode se apresentar através de uma forma precoce em leitões neonatos (PTIP) ou uma forma tardia em leitões com duas a três semanas de idade (PTIT). Neste trabalho analisamos aspectos clínicos, hematológicos e histopatológicos de 391 casos de PTI, sendo 312 de PTIP e 79 de PTIT. Observou-se maiores morbidade (60%) e mortalidade (53%) na PTIT. Os principais achados clínico-patológicos observado na PTI são hemorragias em diferentes graus de intensidade e nos diferentes órgãos e tecidos. Na PTIP observou-se predominantemente hemorragias subcutâneas extensas e morte em alguns dias, já na PTIT, observou-se além de grave hemorragia, morte súbita. Na análise macroscópica, observou-se diátese hemorrágica em todos os animais afetados. Na PTIP as lesões hemorrágicas mais graves foram tegumentares, principalmente em derme e epiderme, enquanto, na forma tardia, observou-se lesões predominantemente viscerais, em epicárdico e intestino. A análise microscópica de medula óssea revelou discreta hiperplasia celular na forma PTIP, enquanto, na PTIT observou-se aplasia medular. Na análise hematológica observou-se leucopenia, trombocitopenia e anemia em todos os animais com PTI. Os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e hematológicos para PTIP e PTIT da doença permitiram o diagnóstico de PTI. Entretanto, a troca de mãe se mostrou eficiente apenas para controle PTIP, uma vez que, esta estratégia apresenta pouco resultado para leitões sintomáticos com a PTIT, devido lesões mais severas. Estudos sobre a etiopatogênese da PTIT ainda são necessários para melhor entendimento desta forma da doença.

Glutamine ameliorates Bungarus multicinctus venom-induced lung and heart injury through HSP70: NF-κB p65 and P53/PUMA signaling pathways involved

Background: Bungarus multicinctus is one of the most dangerous venomous snakes prone to cardiopulmonary damage with extremely high mortality. In our previous work, we found that glutamine (Gln) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in pig serum were significantly reduced after Bungarus multicinctus bite. In the present study, to explore whether there is a link between the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary injury and Gln metabolic changes induced by Bungarus multicinctus venom. We investigated the effect of Gln supplementation on the lung and heart function after snakebite. Methods: We supplemented different concentrations of Gln to mice that were envenomated by Bungarus multicinctus to observe the biological behavior, survival rate, hematological and pathological changes. Gln was supplemented immediately or one hour after the venom injection, and then changes in Gln metabolism were analyzed. Subsequently, to further explore the protective mechanism of glutamine on tissue damage, we measured the expression of heat-shock protein70 (HSP70), NF-κB P65, P53/PUMA by western blotting and real-time polymerase in the lung and heart. Results: Gln supplementation delayed the envenoming symptoms, reduced mortality, and alleviated the histopathological changes in the heart and lung of mice bitten by Bungarus multicinctus. Additionally, Gln increased the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutaminase (GLS) in serum. It also balanced the transporter SLC7A11 expression in heart and lung tissues. Bungarus multicinctus venom induced the NF-κB nuclear translocation in the lung, while the HO-1 expression was suppressed. At the same time, venom activated the P53/PUMA signaling pathway and the BAX expression in the heart. Gln treatment reversed the above phenomenon and increased HSP70 expression. Conclusion: Gln alleviated the glutamine metabolism disorder and cardiopulmonary damage caused by Bungarus multicinctus venom. It may protect lungs and heart against venom by promoting the expression of HSP70, inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and P53/PUMA, thereby delaying the process of snake venom and reducing mortality. The present results indicate that Gln could be a potential treatment for Bungarus multicinctus bite.

Pathological and Immunohistochemical Examinations in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) of Wild and Captive Population

The aim of this study was to evaluate the health situation of chukar partridges through several diagnostic methods. We investigated a total of 224 birds in eighteen populations throughout Turkey, fourteen wild and four captive. The molecular sexing method was used for gender identification. Clinically, traumatic lesions and inflammatory reactions were the most commonly observed in the eyes and extremities of the Chukar Partridges in the breeding stations. At necropsy, the most common findings were enteritis and liver lesions. At the histopathological examination, pneumonia, anthracosis, and inflammatory changes in the digestive system were among the common findings. Interestingly, liver parasites were found in wild samples. At the immunohistochemical examinations, the tissues were evaluated for Marek's disease (MD), Adenovirus, Avian mycobacteriosis (AMB), and Aspergillosis. While MD and AMB were not found in breeding stations, we determined them from wild populations. Aspergillus was found in both wild and captive populations; Adenovirus antigens were found only in breeding stations. When the captive and wild populations were evaluated together, MD 1.3%, AMB 0.9%, Aspergillosis 1.3%, Adenovirus 1.8% were found. The relation between sex and diseases was also examined. As a result, the data of this study showed that chukar partridges from both breeding stations and wild populations are not an important source of diseases, but especially released partridges from breeding stations may carry some microorganisms. For that reason, captive populations should be regularly monitored for contagious diseases.(AU)

Thecoma in an elderly crioulo mare

Background: Ovarian enlargement in mares can either be a physiological or pathological condition associated with neoplastic or non-neoplastic causes. Neoplasia is more prominent in elderly than young horses. Granulosa cell tumors are the most common neoplastic cause of ovarian enlargement, and thecoma is the rarest. Thecoma is a benign ovarian stromal neoplasia originating from the sexual cords of the embryonic gonad and can affect the production of steroid hormones, leading to changes in behavior and the estrous cycle. If only one ovary is affected, after unilateral ovariectomy, usually the mare can still be used for reproductive purposes. Herein, we report a case of ovarian thecoma in an elderly Crioulo mare. Case: A 15-year-old Crioulo mare was evaluated due to progressive weight loss. The mare presented a low body score, and on physical examination, all parameters were within reference limits. Hematological examination revealed anemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and neutrophilia. Serum biochemistry examination were within the physiological limits. Rectal palpation revealed an increase in volume in the left ovary (4.3 × 2.9 × 3 cm), smooth consistency and no associated pain in either of the ovaries. Rectal ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneous pattern, suggesting a neoplasm. As a treatment modality and for definitive diagnosis, the mare underwent a unilateral flank ovariectomy laparoscopically in the quadrupedal position. On histopathological evaluation of the left ovary, the sample showed cysts associated with proliferating spindle cells arranged in a solid arrangement, occasionally forming eddies, in addition to hemosiderosis, with clear cytoplasm and lipid vacuoles. Macroscopically, the ovary presented with a regular surface, smooth to firm consistency, a homogeneous brownish appearance with blackened foci, and brownish fluid-filled cysts. These findings confirmed thecoma of the left ovary in the mare. Discussion: Ovarian enlargement in mares can be associated to the presence of neoplasia. Clinical signs of ovarian neoplasms can be nonspecific; therefore, to achieve a definitive diagnosis, it is imperative to evaluate and compare the patient's history, physical examination, and results of complementary examinations. Excessive production of hormones lead to behavioral changes in mares with ovarian tumors, such as masculinized or aggressive behavior, and anestrus persistence. Thecomas may or may not interfere with steroid production and levels. On ultrasound examination, ovarian neoplasms may present similar echogenicity patterns. Histopathological evaluation is the best diagnostic approach after an ovariectomy. The prognosis of ovariectomy is considerably successful with the mare regaining reproductive health, although some mares may become infertile, with a small, inactive contralateral ovary. Thecoma is a rare neoplasm in horses; however, owing to its potential to cause altered reproductive functions, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in mares with increased ovarian volume.

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses associated to pituitary adenoma / Disfunção da pars intermedia da hipófise em equinos associado a adenoma pituitário

The clinical syndrome of the pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is the most common endocrinopathy of older horses. This syndrome is characterized by several clinical and pathological changes, which are usually associated with adenomas of the pars intermedia (PI) of the pituitary gland. The aim of this work is to describe five cases of pituitary adenoma of the PI associated with PPID in horses, addressing its clinical and pathological aspects. The horses had a mean of 22 years of age. The main clinical signs were hirsutism and paresis of hind limbs, and at post mortem examination all horses had hirsutism, and a nodule in the pituitary gland, which was histologically characterized as an adenoma of PI (5/5). Furthermore, two horses had gross lesions suggestive of chronic laminitis. Moreover, there was intense parasitism of Sarcocystis neurona (2/5), Strongylus vulgaris (1/5), Parascaris equorum (1/5), Draschia megastoma (1/5), and Klossiella equi (1/5).

A síndrome clínica da disfunção da pars intermedia da hipófise (PPID) é a endocrinopatia mais comum em cavalos idosos. Essa síndrome é caracterizada por várias alterações clínicas e patológicas, geralmente associadas a adenomas da pars intermedia (PI) da hipófise. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever cinco casos de adenoma hipofisário de PI associado a PPID em equinos, abordando seus aspectos clínicos e patológicos. Os cavalos apresentaram média de 22 anos de idade. Os principais sinais clínicos incluíam hirsutismo e paresia dos membros pélvicos, e no exame post mortem todos os equinos apresentavam hirsutismo e um nódulo na glândula pituitária, que foi histologicamente caracterizada como um adenoma de PI (5/5). Além disso, dois cavalos tinham lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de laminite crônica. Ainda, havia intenso parasitismo de Sarcocystis neurona (2/5), Strongylus vulgaris (1/5), Parascaris equorum (1/5), Draschia megastoma (1/5) e Klossiella equi (1/5).

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a puppy Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844) / Hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional em filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844)

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH) is a metabolic disorder that mainly affects young animals. This disease causes imbalance between the levels of calcium and phosphorus, culminating in bone changes. Wild animals raised in captivity can develop the disease when they are given an inadequate diet. The aim of this study is to report the clinical findings, the complementary exams and the therapeutics utilized in a Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat) cub originated from captivity with NSH. The animal went through complementary imaging exams and biochemical evaluation that respectively revealed generalized osteopenia and pathological fracture of the right femur, reduction of serum calcium level and elevation of serum phosphorus level. The diagnosis of NSH was established by associating the history, clinical signs, and findings of ancillary exams. The treatment was based on diet correction, mineral and vitaminic supplementation and sun exposure. The NSH diagnosis was stablished by associating history, clinical signs, imaging exams findings and serum biochemicals. The early identification of this disease is of paramount importance, because in this way corrections can be made in food management, in order to provide successful clinical recovery and promote quality of life for wild captive animals.(AU)

O hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (HSN) é uma desordem metabólica que acomete principalmente animais jovens. Essa doença cursa com desequilíbrio entre os níveis de cálcio e fósforo, culminando com alterações ósseas. Animais silvestres quando criados em cativeiro podem desenvolver a doença quando recebem uma dieta inadequada. O obje-tivo deste estudo é relatar os achados clínicos, os exames complementares e a terapêutica utilizada em um filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (gato-do-mato-grande)proveniente de cativeiro com HSN. O animal passou por exames complementares de imagem e avaliação bioquímica que revelaram respectivamente osteopenia generalizada e fratura patológica de fêmur direito, redução dos níveis séricos de cálcio e elevação do fósforo. O diagnóstico de HSN foi estabelecido associando o histórico, sinais clínicos e achados dos exames complementares. O tratamento foi baseado na correção da dieta, suplementação mineral e vitamínica e exposição solar. A identificação precoce dessa doença é de suma importância, pois dessa forma podem ser feitas correções no manejo alimentar, afim de proporcionar a recuperação clínica com êxito e promover qualidade de vida para os animais selva-gens de cativeiro.(AU)

Cutaneous myxoma in broiler chicken detected during slaughtering

Background: A cutaneous or superficial myxoma is a benign neoplasm of dermal or subcutaneous fibroblast origin. Although rare, it has been previously described in several species, including poultry. It presents as a single node or soft mass with a gelatinous cut surface. Histopathological analysis is essential for diagnosis and to differentiate it from other mesenchymal neoplasms and inflammatory or degenerative processes. Microscopically, it consists of dermal or subcutaneous lobules of plump, stellate, or spindle-shaped, bland-looking cells embedded in a basophilic myxoid matrix. This report describes the pathological findings in a rare case of cutaneous myxoma in a 42-day-old broiler flock. Cases: During ante mortem inspection of a 42-day-old broiler flock at a slaughterhouse under the authority of the Federal Inspection Service (southern Brazil), nodular lesions or encrusted areas with yellow and black areas were observed in the head skin of less than 1% of animals. These lesions, approximately 0.5 cm in diameter, were observed on the comb, in the periocular skin region, and close to the animals' nostrils. During the breeding period, no health or epidemiological events were observed. Fragments of the lesions in the comb and periocular skin were collected and fixed in buffered 10% formalin. The samples were sent to the laboratory, routinely processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of irregular multifocal proliferation of connective tissue showing spindle cells with poorly demarcated borders and scarce cytoplasm in a slightly basophilic myxoid aspect matrix. The adjacent epidermis is compressed due to neoplastic proliferation. No areas of epithelial hyperplasia or inclusion bodies were observed. According to the pathologic description and considering its descriptive epidemiology, our main clinical suspicion was cutaneous fowl pox, a pathology characterized by the appearance of nodules in regions devoid of feathers. However, the microscopic changes observed were compatible with those described for cutaneous myxomas. In addition, the extracellular matrix was positive for Alcian Blue staining, which is an indicator of myxoma. In the present case, the SIF did not report the same macroscopic lesions in other flocks of the same origin. Discussion: Connective tissue tumors, including myxomas, occur considerably less frequently under field conditions. In addition, these neoplasms are more frequent in mature birds and are not usually described in broilers, as observed in this report. The cutaneous myxoma described in broilers is usually a sporadic neoplasm that does not cause zootechnical losses, as observed in the case report. Its etiology is unknown and has been associated with various factors, such as local trauma and foreign bodies. Some fragments of plant material from the breeding environment were microscopically detected in the encrusted areas, which may indicate previous trauma or a foreign body. Myxoma has been associated with avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup A, but SIF did not report the same macroscopic lesions in other flocks of the same breeder hen's origin in the present case. Furthermore, sporadic connective tissue tumors associated with the virus occur in mature chickens but not in broilers. Myxoma lesions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of other connective tissue tumors and infectious agents that cause lesions in the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Carcinoma de células escamosas (cce) em cão na região prepucial: relato de caso / Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) in dog in the preputial region: case report / Carcinoma de células escamosas (cce) en perro de la región prepucial: reporte de un caso

A expectativa de vida dos animais de companhia vem aumentando devido as mudanças comportamentais e de cuidados dos tutores. Em analogia, com as idades cada vez mais avançadas, é comum o desenvolvimento de doenças associadas, sendo o tumor o mais comum entre elas. Todavia, as neoplasias mais comuns na clínica de pequenos animais estão associadas ao sistema tegumentar. O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE), ou carcinoma espinocelular, é uma neoplasia de epitélio, maligno, de crescimento lento e de baixo potencial metastático. Sua etiologia ainda não é precisamente conhecida e a causa exógena mais comum e descrita pela literatura é a exposição à luz ultravioleta, gerando consequentes lesões nas estruturas genéticas e imunogênicas na pele. Além disso, essas lesões apresentam-se de forma mais comum em animais de pelagem clara, com grande exposição solar e em área anatômicas hipopigmentadas. O prognóstico varia de acordo com a localização e o estágio clínico, sendo favorável o diagnóstico realizado precocemente, e o tratamento consiste na avaliação clínica seguida do protocolo adequado O presente relato de caso tem como objetivo principal reunir e discutir informações associadas sobre o carcinoma de células escamosas em caninos e felinos, abordando aspectos clínicos e patológicos, a fim de facilitar o raciocínio sobre o CCE, desde sua abordagem inicial, até seu diagnóstico final e estadiamento.(AU)

The life expectancy of companion animals has been increasing due to behavioral and care changes of the guardians. In analogy, with the increasingly advanced ages, the development of associated diseases is common, the tumor being the most common among them. However, the most common neoplasms in the small animal clinic are associated with the integumentary system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or squamous cell carcinoma, is a malignant, slow-growing, low-potential metastatic epithelial neoplasm. Its etiology is not yet precisely known and the most common exogenous cause described by the literature is exposure to ultraviolet light, generating consequent lesions on the genetic and immunogenic structures in the skin. In addition, these lesions are more common in light-haired animals, with high exposure to the sun, and in hypopigmented anatomical areas. The prognosis varies according to the location and clinical stage, being favorable to the early diagnosis, and the treatment consists in the clinical evaluation followed by the appropriate protocol. The present case report has as its main objective to gather and discuss associated information about squamous cell carcinoma in canines and cats, addressing clinical and pathological aspects, in order to facilitate the reasoning about the CCE, from its initial approach, to its final diagnosis and staging.(AU)

La esperanza de vida de los animales de compañía ha ido en aumento debido a los cambios de comportamiento y cuidado de los guardianes. Por analogía, con las edades cada vez más avanzadas, el desarrollo de enfermedades asociadas es común, siendo el tumor el más común entre ellos. Sin embargo, las neoplasias más comunes en la clínica de animales pequeños se asocian con el sistema tegumentario. El carcinoma epidermoide (CCE), o carcinoma epidermoide, es una neoplasia epitelial metastásica maligna de crecimiento lento y bajo potencial. Su etiología aún no se conoce con precisión y la causa exógena más común descrita por la literatura es la exposición a la luz ultravioleta, generando lesiones consecuentes en las estructuras genéticas e inmunogénicas de la piel. Además, estas lesiones son más comunes en animales de pelo claro, con alta exposición al sol, y en áreas anatómicas hipopigmentadas. El pronóstico varía según la localización y el estadio clínico, siendo favorable al diagnóstico precoz, y el tratamiento consiste en la evaluación clínica seguida del protocolo adecuado. El presente reporte de caso tiene como objetivo principal reunir y discutir información asociada sobre el carcinoma epidermoide en caninos y gatos, abordando aspectos clínicos y patológicos, con el fin de facilitar el razonamiento sobre el CCE, desde su abordaje inicial, hasta su diagnóstico final y estadificación.(AU)

Cerebral infarction and thrombotic meningoencephalitis in a calf due to candidiasis / Infarto cerebral e meningoencefalite trombótica em um bezerro devido a candidíase

We described a case of cerebral infarction and thrombotic meningoencephalitis due to candidiasis in a seven-month-old calf. The death occurred three days after the onset of apathy, fever, and the head's lateral deviation to the left. Macroscopic changes in the brain consisted of asymmetry of telencephalic hemispheres; the right hemisphere was enlarged, causing cerebellar herniation. A focally extensive red area was observed on the surface of the right occipital lobe. At cross-sections of the fixed brain, the lesions revealed to be extensive, red-brown, soft or cavitated areas affecting the white and grey matter from the level of the thalamus to the cerebellum and compressing subjacent structures. Histologically, there was acute, coalescent, multifocal necrosupurative meningoencephalitis, associated with vasculitis, congestion, thrombosis, edema, infarction, and intralesional fungal hyphae. The diagnosis of cerebral infarction and thrombotic meningoencephalitis due to candidiasis was made by the pathological changes, the staining and morphological characteristics of the agent, and immunohistochemistry. The cerebral infarction and thrombotic meningoencephalitis in cattle can result from vascular lesions due to infection by Candida sp.; although uncommon, this case demonstrated that candidiasis should be part of a list of differential diagnoses of severe brain injuries in cattle.

Descreve-se um caso de infarto cerebral e meningoencefalite trombótica devido a candidíase em um bezerro de sete meses de idade. A morte ocorreu três dias após o início de apatia, febre e desvio lateral da cabeça para a esquerda. As alterações macroscópicas no cérebro consistiam em assimetria dos hemisférios telencefálicos; o hemisfério direito estava aumentado, causando herniação cerebelar. Uma extensa área vermelha focal foi observada na superfície do lobo occipital direito. Nos cortes transversais do encéfalo fixado, as lesões revelaram áreas extensas, marrom-avermelhadas, moles ou cavitadas, afetando a substância branca e cinzenta desde o nível do tálamo até o cerebelo e comprimindo as estruturas subjacentes. Histologicamente, havia meningoencefalite necrossupurativa multifocal aguda, coalescente, associada a vasculite, congestão, trombose, edema, infarto e hifas fúngicas intralesionais. O diagnóstico de infarto cerebral e meningoencefalite trombótica devido a candidíase foi feito pelas alterações patológicas, coloração e características morfológicas do agente e imuno-histoquímica. O infarto cerebral e meningoencefalite trombótica em bovinos pode resultar de lesões vasculares devido à infecção por Candida sp.; embora incomum, este caso demonstra que a candidíase deve fazer parte de uma lista de diagnósticos diferenciais de lesões cerebrais graves em bovinos.

Refrigeração de sêmen canino em meio diluente à base de água de coco (Cocos nucifera) natural / Canine semen refrigeration in a natural coconut water (Cocos nucifera)-based extender / Refrigeración de semen canino en un medio diluyente natural a base de agua de coco (Cocos nucifera)

A inseminação artificial em cadelas contribui para o melhoramento genético da espécie, previne algumas doenças sexualmente transmissíveis a partir da cópula e possibilita a reprodução de animais que não poderiam copular de forma natural, seja por motivos anatômicos, geográficos ou comportamentais. Todavia, nem sempre é possível utilizar o sêmen fresco, sendo assim necessário um diluente para resfriar e mantê-lo viável por determinado período. Diante disso, o objetivo com este trabalho foi analisar o sêmen canino diluído em água de coco e refrigerado, à 5 ºC em diferentes tempos. Foram utilizados cinco cães da raça Hounds do Brasil, realizando três colheitas de sêmen de cada animal, com intervalos de sete dias. Os ejaculados foram mantidos a temperatura de 37ºC e realizado análises macroscópicas (volume, cor, aspecto e odor) e microscópicas (motilidade, vigor, concentração e morfologia espermática). Em seguida, os ejaculados foram diluídos em água de coco natural a uma concentração de 200 milhões de espermatozoides/mL, e mantidos à temperatura de 5 °C, por até 72 horas. Nos intervalos de seis, doze, vinte e quatro, trinta e seis, quarenta e oito, e setenta e duas horas, as amostras foram avaliadas quanto a motilidade e vigor espermático. Os ejaculados frescos apresentaram em média volume de 6,2 mL, cor branca, aspecto aquoso a leitoso, odor "sui generis", motilidade espermática de 89,5 %, vigor espermático 4,3, concentração média de 418 x106espermatozoides/mL e 7,3% de alterações patológicas. Após o início do resfriamento à 5 ºC, os valores de motilidade e vigor diminuíram com o passar do tempo, sendo os menores valores encontrados após 48 e 72 horas. O diluente a água de coco in natura mostrou-se eficiente para refrigeração de sêmen canino, à 5 ºC, conservando-o por um período de até 36h após a colheita, conforme preconizado pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal.(AU)

improvement of the species, prevents some sexually transmitted diseases through copulation and allows the reproduction of animals that could not copulate naturally, either for anatomical, geographic or behavioral reasons. However, it is not always possible to use fresh semen, thus requiring a diluent to cool and keep it viable for a certain period. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze canine semen diluted in coconut water and refrigerated at 5 ºC at different times. Five Brazilian Hounds were used, performing three semen collections from each animal, with intervals of seven days. The ejaculates were kept at a temperature of 37 ºC and macroscopic (volume, color, appearance and odor) and microscopic (motility, vigor, concentration and sperm morphology) analyzes were performed. Then, the ejaculates were diluted in natural coconut water at a concentration of 200 million sperm/mL, and kept at a temperature of 5 °C for up to 72 hours. At intervals of six, twelve, twenty-four, thirty-six, forty-eight, and seventy-two hours, samples were evaluated for sperm motility and vigor. Fresh ejaculates had an average volume of 6.2 mL, white color, watery to milky appearance, "sui generis" odor, 89.5% sperm motility, 4.3 sperm vigor, average concentration of 418 x106 spermatozoa/mL and 7.3%pathological changes. After the beginning of cooling at 5 °C, the values of motility and vigor decreased over time, with the lowest values found after 48 and 72 hours. The in natura coconut water extender proved to be efficient for cooling canine semen at5 ºC, keeping it for a period of up to 36 hours after harvest, as recommended by the Brazilian College of Animal Reproduction.(AU)

Artificial insemination in bitches contributes to the genetic La inseminación artificial en perras contribuye a la mejora genética de la especie, previene algunas enfermedades de transmisión sexual a través de la cópula y permite la reproducción de animales que no podrían copular de forma natural, ya sea por razones anatómicas, geográficas o de comportamiento. Sin embargo, no siempre es posible utilizar semen fresco, por lo que se requiere un diluyente para enfriarlo y mantenerlo viable durante un cierto período. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar semen canino diluido en agua de coco y refrigerado a 5 ºC en diferentes tiempos. Se utilizaron cinco sabuesos brasileños, realizándose tres colectas de semen de cada animal, con intervalos de siete días. Los eyaculados se mantuvieron a una temperatura de 37 ºC y se realizaron análisis macroscópicos (volumen, color, apariencia y olor) y microscópicos (motilidad, vigor, concentración y morfología espermática). Luego, los eyaculados se diluyeron en agua de coco natural a una concentración de 200 millones de espermatozoides/mL y se mantuvieron a una temperatura de 5 °C hasta por 72 horas. A intervalos de seis, doce, veinticuatro, treinta y seis, cuarenta y ocho y setenta y dos horas, se evaluó la motilidad y el vigor de los espermatozoides en las muestras. Los eyaculados frescos tuvieron un volumen promedio de 6,2 mL, color blanco, apariencia acuosa a lechosa, olor "sui generis", motilidad espermática de 89,5%, vigor espermático de 4,3, concentración promedio de 418 x106 espermatozoides/mL y cambios patológicos de 7,3%. Después del inicio del enfriamiento a 5 °C, los valores de motilidad y vigor disminuyeron con el tiempo, encontrándose los valores más bajos a las 48 y 72 horas. El diluyente de agua de coco in natura demostró ser eficaz para enfriar el semen canino a5 ºC, manteniéndolo por un período de hasta 36 horas después de la cosecha, según lo recomendado por el Colegio Brasileño de Reproducción Animal.(AU)

Expression of the NSE,SP,NFH and DβH in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camel

Abstract Neuroendocrine substances play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of testicles. The purpose of this study is to explore the localization and effects of four neuroendocrine markers (NSE, SP, NFH and DβH) in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camels using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence methods. The results showed that cryptorchidism caused a reduction in layers of spermatogenic epithelium and decreased glycogen positivity in the basement membrane. The ultrastructure revealed that macrophages were always found around the Leydig cells, crowded with swelling mitochondria in cryptorchidism. Expression of NSE in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism was significantly weakened compared to that in the normal group(p<0.01). We found that SP was always distributed along the nerve fibers in normal testes and was expressed in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism. However, expression of NFH in the cryptorchidic tissue was strongly positive in the spermatogenic epithelium, with limited expression in Leydig cells and no expression in peritubular myoid cells. Therefore, the expression of DβH in the Sertoli cells was comparatively strong in both the normal and cryptorchidism groups. NFH and DβH expression was significantly increased in the cryptorchidism group compared with the normal group (p<0.01). These findings indicated that the underdeveloped seminiferous epithelium and pathological changes in cryptorchid tissue in Bactrian camels were potentially related to a disorder in glycoprotein metabolism. Our results suggest that NSE and SP could help judge the pathological changes of cryptorchidism. The present study provides the first evidence at the protein level for the existence of NFH and DβH in Sertoli and Leydig cells in Bactrian camel cryptorchidism and provides a more in-depth understanding of neuroendocrine regulation is crucial for animal cryptorchidism.

Canine mammary neoplasms - evaluation of tumor microenvironment

Background: The tumor microenvironment is an important target of studies in different types of neoplasms. Understanding the role of general components such as immune, vascular and fibroblastic cells has the objective of contributing to prognosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between mast cells and angiogenesis in benign and malignant mammary neoplasms by investigating the role of degranulation and microlocation of mast cells and neoformed vessels in canine mammary neoplasms. Materials, Methods & Results: Mammary glands (n = 122) from 50 female dogs submitted to mastectomy without chemotherapy were evaluated and categorized into 3 groups: control group (n = 46); malignant group (n = 57) and benign group (n = 19). Lymph nodes without changes (n = 59) and with metastases (n = 6) were also evaluated. To evaluate the MCD (mast cell density) and angiogenesis, Toluidine Blue (0.1%) and Gomori’s Trichrome techniques were performed and adapted from previous studies. Photomicrographs of 10 hotspot areas on a 40x objective lens of the mammary glands and lymph nodes were captured to assess MCD and angiogenesis. In the absence of these areas, random fields were captured. For the mammary glands of the malignant and benign groups, 20 fields were analyzed, as the analysis considered the microlocation (peritumoral and intratumoral). Counting was performed manually using ImageJ software version 1.42q by 2 observers. The statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software version 19.0. The most frequent histological type in the malignant group was carcinoma in mixed tumor (68.42%; 39/57) and in the benign group was benign mixed tumor (57.89%; 11/19). Female dogs without breed pattern were more frequently affected represented 70% of the animals and the mean age was 9 years and 8 months ± 3 years and 1 month...

Canine mammary neoplasms - evaluation of tumor microenvironment

Background: The tumor microenvironment is an important target of studies in different types of neoplasms. Understanding the role of general components such as immune, vascular and fibroblastic cells has the objective of contributing to prognosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between mast cells and angiogenesis in benign and malignant mammary neoplasms by investigating the role of degranulation and microlocation of mast cells and neoformed vessels in canine mammary neoplasms. Materials, Methods & Results: Mammary glands (n = 122) from 50 female dogs submitted to mastectomy without chemotherapy were evaluated and categorized into 3 groups: control group (n = 46); malignant group (n = 57) and benign group (n = 19). Lymph nodes without changes (n = 59) and with metastases (n = 6) were also evaluated. To evaluate the MCD (mast cell density) and angiogenesis, Toluidine Blue (0.1%) and Gomoris Trichrome techniques were performed and adapted from previous studies. Photomicrographs of 10 hotspot areas on a 40x objective lens of the mammary glands and lymph nodes were captured to assess MCD and angiogenesis. In the absence of these areas, random fields were captured. For the mammary glands of the malignant and benign groups, 20 fields were analyzed, as the analysis considered the microlocation (peritumoral and intratumoral). Counting was performed manually using ImageJ software version 1.42q by 2 observers. The statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software version 19.0. The most frequent histological type in the malignant group was carcinoma in mixed tumor (68.42%; 39/57) and in the benign group was benign mixed tumor (57.89%; 11/19). Female dogs without breed pattern were more frequently affected represented 70% of the animals and the mean age was 9 years and 8 months ± 3 years and 1 month...(AU)

Immunophenotypical and pathological changes in dogs experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis / Alterações imunofenotípicas e patológicas em cães experimentalmente infectados por Ehrlichia canis

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is one of the most important tick-borne diseases worldwide, with multisystemic presentations. Immune dysregulation has been proposed as the primary mechanism involved in its pathogenesis and in tissue injury in dogs with CME. Experimental infection of German Shepherd dogs in the present study demonstrated that CME caused marked pathological changes in their lymph nodes and spleen, and also gave rise to mononuclear infiltration in organs and tissues. Immunophenotyping of cells in lymph nodes, spleen and injured tissues highlighted differences in lymphocyte subsets, local expression of immunoglobulin subclasses and MHCII molecules between infected and control dogs. These findings suggest that the immunophenotypic and immunopathological changes in dogs with acute experimental CME are related to Th1 bias and compartmentalized immune response.(AU)

A erliquiose monocítica canina (EMC) é uma das doenças veiculadas por carrapatos com apresentações multisistêmicas mais relevantes em todo o mundo. A desregulação do sistema imune vem sendo proposta como o principal mecanismo envolvido na patogênese e lesão de tecidos em cães com EMC. A infecção experimental de pastores alemães nesta pesquisa evidenciou marcadas alterações patológicas em linfonodos, baço e também infiltração mononuclear em órgãos e tecidos. A imunofenotipagem de células em linfonodos, baço e tecidos lesados destacou diferenças em subconjuntos de linfócitos, expressão local de subclasses de imunoglobulinas e de moléculas MHCII entre cães infectados e controle. Esses achados sugerem que um viés Th1 e uma resposta imune compartimentalizada estão relacionados às alterações imunofenotípicas e imunopatológicas em cães com EMC experimental aguda.(AU)

Expression of the NSE, SP, NFH and DbetaH in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camel

Neuroendocrine substances play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of testicles. The purpose of this study is to explore the localization and effects of four neuroendocrine markers (NSE, SP, NFH and DβH) in normal and cryptorchid testes of Bactrian camels using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence methods. The results showed that cryptorchidism caused a reduction in layers of spermatogenic epithelium and decreased glycogen positivity in the basement membrane. The ultrastructure revealed that macrophages were always found around the Leydig cells, crowded with swelling mitochondria in cryptorchidism. Expression of NSE in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism was significantly weakened compared to that in the normal group(p<0.01). We found that SP was always distributed along the nerve fibers in normal testes and was expressed in the Leydig cells of cryptorchidism. However, expression of NFH in the cryptorchidic tissue was strongly positive in the spermatogenic epithelium, with limited expression in Leydig cells and no expression in peritubular myoid cells. Therefore, the expression of DβH in the Sertoli cells was comparatively strong in both the normal and cryptorchidism groups. NFH and DβH expression was significantly increased in the cryptorchidism group compared with the normal group (p<0.01). These findings indicated that the underdeveloped seminiferous epithelium and pathological changes in cryptorchid tissue in Bactrian camels were potentially related to a disorder in glycoprotein metabolism. Our results suggest that NSE and SP could help judge the pathological changes of cryptorchidism. The present study provides the first evidence at the protein level for the existence of NFH and DβH in Sertoli and Leydig cells in Bactrian camel cryptorchidism and provides a more in-depth understanding of neuroendocrine regulation is crucial for animal cryptorchidism.(AU)

Ocurrence enzootic hematuria in buffaloes in Brazil: epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects

ABSTRACT: It is reported the occurrence of enzootic hematuria (EH) in buffaloes in Brazil after performing an epidemiological survey and clinicopathological analises. To date, EH caused by ingestion of Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, a radiomimetic plant popularly known as bracken fern, has not been described in this species in Brazil. Bovine EH is responsible for high economic losses in Brazils Southeast Region not only because of the deaths it causes, but also owing to its negative effect on productivity. In São José do Barreiro County, São Paulo, some farmers in areas with a high incidence of bovine EH have been replacing cattle with buffaloes, based on the premise that the latter would be more resistant to poisoning by ingestion of Pteridium spp. However, even though initial observations indicated that buffaloes are indeed less sensitive than cattle to the toxic principle of Pteridium spp., cases of hematuria in this species have been reported. According to preliminary date, EH only occurs in buffaloes over six years of age. Macroscopic examination revealed a thickened urinary vesicle mucosa, along with multiple foci of ulcerated, exophytic, verrucous, and pedunculated lesions. In one of the buffaloes studied, the bladder wall was ruptured and exhibited marked secondary inflammation. Histologically, neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes similar to those described in cattle poisoned by Pteridium spp. were observed. The neoplasms found included papilloma, carcinoma in situ, urothelial carcinoma (low and high grade), inverted, microcystic, and trabecular variants, urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation (squamous and glandular), squamous cell carcinoma, lymphangioma, hemangioma, and hemangiosarcoma. There was also coexistence of epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms. Bovine papillomavirus particles were not detected by polymerase chain reaction in the bladder samples analyzed.

RESUMO: Descreve-se, através de levantamento epidemiológico e avaliação clínico-patológica, a ocorrência de hematúria enzoótica (HE) em búfalos no Brasil. Essa condição, causada pela ingestão da planta radiomimética Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, conhecida popularmente como samambaia ou samambaia do campo, até então não havia sido descrita nessa espécie no Brasil. Na Região Sudeste, a HE bovina é responsável por elevadas perdas econômicas, devidas não apenas aos óbitos, mas também em função da queda de produtividade. No município de São José do Barreiro/SP, alguns produtores de áreas com alta incidência de HE bovina, vêm substituindo os bovinos por búfalos, com base na premissa de que estes seriam mais resistentes à intoxicação. Embora, de acordo com observações iniciais, os búfalos realmente sejam menos sensíveis que os bovinos ao princípio tóxico de Pteridium spp., ainda assim, tem-se verificado a ocorrência de casos de hematúria nessa espécie. De acordo com o levantamento inicial, a HE só ocorre em búfalos com idade a partir de seis anos. Ao exame macroscópico, verificou-se a mucosa da bexiga espessa, com múltiplos focos de lesões ulceradas, exofíticas, papiliformes, verrucosas, pedunculadas. Histologicamente, foram observadas alterações neoplásicas e não neoplásicas semelhantes às descritas nos bovinos com HE. Entre as neoplasias foram encontrados papiloma, carcinoma in situ, carcinoma urotelial (baixo e alto grau), variantes invertida, microcística e trabecular, carcinoma urotelial com diferenciação divergente (escamosa e glandular), carcinoma de células escamosas, linfangioma, hemangioma e hemangiossarcoma. Ocorreu também coexistência entre neoplasias epiteliais e mesenquimais. Não foram detectadas partículas de papilomavírus bovino pelo teste PCR nas amostras de bexiga analisadas.

Bothrops envenomation in dogs: local and systemic manifestations

Background: Snakebite envenoming is a condition that affects humans and domestic animals worldwide. Identification of the snake species involved in the envenomation is infrequent. Bothrops envenomation presents typical clinicopathological features. This report describes epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of 2 cases of Bothrops envenomation in dogs, including the first case of Bothrops moojeni snake striking a domestic animal in Brazil. Cases: Case 1. A dog was witnessed to have a Bothrops moojeni snakebite on a farm. In the first 24 h, acute lameness, pain, diffuse swelling, focal bleeding at the left forelimb, and increased whole-blood clotting time were observed in the envenomed dog. Polyvalent antivenom was administered in addition to fluid therapy, analgesics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. On the 5th day, the animal presented spontaneous bleeding at the wound site, thrombocytopenia, and increased whole-blood clotting time. An additional dose of polyvalent antivenom was administered, and local treatment at the snakebite site was initiated. After 13 days, the dog showed no clinical or laboratory changes and recovered entirely. Case 2. A mongrel dog was taken for a necropsy to determine the cause of death. Grossly, major findings included swelling in the nasal plane that extended to the neck and dissecting hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue and adjacent musculature. Hemorrhages were observed in the heart, parietal pleura, left forelimb, lumbar region, and perirenal tissue. Marked necrosis and disruption of small blood vessels and lymphatics within the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue were the main microscopic findings close to the snakebite site. Additionally, degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers and dissecting hemorrhage were observed in the head and neck tissues surrounding the snakebite site. Kidneys showed marked interstitial hemorrhage and acute tubular nephrosis. Discussion: Bothrops envenoming is characterized by local (hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis) and systemic (coagulative disorders, systemic hemorrhage, and acute kidney injury) changes due to the effect of the main venom components such as phospholipase A2 and metalloproteinases. These changes are hallmarks for the bothropic envenomation, supporting the diagnosis in cases 1 and 2. In case 1, the dog developed a Bothrops moojeni snakebite envenomation, but the immediate treatment with antivenom allowed a favorable outcome. In case 2, gross and microscopic findings supported the presumptive diagnosis of fatal bothropic envenomation. A marked local reaction such as swelling, pain, bleeding, bruising, and tissue necrosis was observed in case 1. In case 2, the most significant local changes were swelling and edema at the head and neck, hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue, and adjacent musculature. Systemic effects were observed clinically as spontaneous bleeding, thrombocytopenia, increased whole-blood clotting time (Case 1), systemic hemorrhages, and acute tubular nephrosis (Case 2). A proper treatment probably prevented the development of acute renal failure in Case 1. Herein, we show the first case of accidental snakebite envenomation by B. moojeni in a dog in Brazil. Information is scarce on the identification of venomous snake species striking domestic animals. Fast detection of well-determined clinical and pathological findings of Bothrops envenomation is essential for a correct diagnosis, therapeutics, and a good prognosis, even in cases with an unknown history.

Potential influences of expression levels of MFGE8 and HMGB1 on the intestinal mucosal barrier function and inflammatory response after blunt abdominal injury in rats

Purpose: To explore the influence of milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFGE8) on blunt abdominal injury in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats through the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Methods: The blunt abdominal injury model was generated in SD rats. A total of 44 rats was randomly assigned into three groups. Rat blunt abdominal injury was assessed by the abbreviated injury scale (AIS). The rats were sacrificed for observing the morphology of the abdominal cavity and intestines. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to visualize the pathological changes of rat intestines. Positive expressions of MFGE8 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in rat intestines were examined by immunohistochemical staining. Protein levels were determined by Western blot. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-1ß, IL-6 and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Blunt abdominal injury resulted in inflammatory response of intestinal tissues, increased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and MDA, upregulation of HMGB1, RhoA and ROCK2, and downregulation of MFGE8 in rats, which were significantly alleviated by intervention of rhMFGE8. Conclusions: MFGE8 protects the intestinal mucosal barrier function after blunt abdominal injury in rats by downregulating HMGB1. Moreover, it alleviates inflammatory response and oxidative stress caused by blunt abdominal injury in rats through downregulating RhoA and ROCK.

Effects of different acetylsalicylic acid doses on body organs, histopathology, and serum biochemical parameters in broiler birds / Efeito de diferentes doses de ácido acetil salicílico nos orgãos corpóreos, histopalogia e parâmetros bioquímicos sorológicos em frangos de corte

The poultry industry suffers from various diseases or stresses. In poultry, apart from being antipyretic, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used to cope with different issues including heat stress, and respiratory and digestive orders. This study evaluated the beneficial and toxic effects of ASA at different dose levels in broiler birds. To evaluate these toxic and beneficial effects it is necessary to examine the physical and serum biochemical parameters as well as the histopathological changes with tissue sections taken from broiler birds under experimental trial. This study was conducted on 60 one-day-old broiler chicks purchased from a local market in Faisalabad. Chicks were reared for the first 14 days under similar conditions. On the 15th day, birds were randomly divided into 4 groups (1-4) with 15 birds in each group. Group 4 was kept as control, while groups 1, 2, and 3 were treated with ASA at the dose of 300, 600, and 1200 mg/L of drinking water for 21 days. There were 3 samplings performed at 21, 28, and 35 days post-treatment. The live body weight and carcass weight were noted on each sampling. All the visceral organs were recorded for gross pathological changes. The serum samples were collected for biochemical evaluation. Histopathology of all the visceral organs was performed to observe the microscopic changes. A significant (P<0.05) increase in live body weight at a 300mg/L dose was noted after the first 2 samplings. A significant (P<0.05) increase in the relative organ weight was recorded at 1200 mg/L. The groups treated with ASA 600 and 1200 mg/L showed increased (P<0.05) AST, ALT, and creatinine levels from that of the control group. The group treated with 1200 mg/L of ASA showed increased (P<0.05) urea, serum total protein, and albumin level in all the samplings. Histopathological changes revealed swollen hepatocytes, increased sinusoidal spaces in the liver, congestion and abnormal glomerular spaces in the kidney, congestion and alveolar disruption in the lungs, and generation of villi and cellular degeneration in the intestine in a high-dose group. The study concluded that ASA at a low dose can be used for a long time in broilers and has a growth promontory role, while high-level doses cause hepatorenal toxicity.(AU)

A indústria avícola é afetada por diversas doenças ou estresses. Particularmente devido às aves serem antipiréticas. O ácido acetil salicílico (AAS) é largamente utilizado com diferentes objetivos que incluem o controle do estresse calórico, bem como a atividade respiratória e digestiva. O propósito deste estudo foi a avaliação dos efeitos benéficos e tóxicos do emprego de diferentes dosagens do AAS em frangos de corte. As variáveis analisadas foram: exame físico, parâmetros bioquímicos, bem como as alterações histopatológica em seções de tecidos colhidas das aves em um ensaio experimental. O estudo foi conduzido em 60 frangos de corte com um dia de idade adquiridos em um mercado local de Faisalabad que foram recriados nos primeiros 14 dias em idênticas condições. Então no 15º dia as aves foram distribuídas randomicamente em quatro grupos identificados pelos números 1 a 4, com 15 aves em cada grupo. O grupo 4 foi mantido como grupo controle e os grupos 1, 2 e 3 foram tratados com AAS, respectivamente, nas doses de 300, 600 e 1200 mg/L de água de bebida, durante 21 dias. Foram realizadas três amostragens nos dias 21, 28 e 35 pós-tratamento. O peso vivo corpóreo e da carcaça foi registrado em cada amostragem. Em todos os órgãos viscerais foi analisada a presença de alterações patológicas. As amostras de soro sanguíneo foram colhidas para a avaliação bioquímica. O exame histopatológico de todos os órgãos viscerais foi realizado para a observação de alterações microscópicas. A partir da segunda amostragem foi observado um aumento significante (p<0,05) no peso corpóreo na dosagem de 300mg/L. Um significante aumento no peso relativo dos órgãos foi registrado na dosagem de 1200 mg/L. Os grupos tratados com dosagens de 600 e 1200 mg/L de AAS, apresentaram aumento significante dos níveis de AST, ALT e de creatinina quando comparados ao grupo controle. O grupo tratado com 1200 mg/L de AAS apresentou um aumento significante (P,0,05) de uréia, proteína sérica total e de albumina em todas as amostragens. No grupo de alta dosagem foram observados alterações histopatológicas constituídas por aumento dos hepatócitos, aumento dos espaços sinusoidais no fígado, congestão e anormalidades nos espaços glomerulares nos rins, congestão e ruptura alveolar nos pulmões, degeneração das vilosidades e celular nos intestinos A conclusão obtida foi que em frangos de corte uma baixa dosagem do AAS pode ser utilizada por um período de longa duração, apresentando um efeito promotor do crescimento, contudo as doses elevadas determinam toxicidade hepática e renal.(AU)