Adenocarcinoma de saco anal com metástase vertebro-medular em um Cocker Spaniel / Anal sac adenocarcinoma with vertebromedullary metastasis in a Cocker Spaniel

Background: Several neoplasms can affect the perianal region, being the hepatic adenoma and the anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASAC), which is considered the most frequent. The ASAC is a malignant neoplasm originating from the secretory epithelium of the perianal apocrine glands and is rarely seen in veterinary medicine. The ASAC occurs mainly in adult to elderly canines with high metastasis rates. Patients may be asymptomatic or manifest discomfort and behavioral changes. In the presence of metastasis, the most frequent clinical signs are inappetence, coughing, dyspnea, and colorectal obstruction. Given this scenario, this paper aims to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic examination, and necropsy findings of a Cocker Spaniel with ASAC and metastasis in the vertebral body, spinal cord, and cauda equina. Case: A 8-year-old neutered male Cocker Spaniel (12 kg of body mass) with a clinical history of non-ambulatory paraparesis was evaluated. The patient also presented tenesmus, difficulty to defecate, and the presence of nodules in the anal sac area. On the neurological examination, asymmetrical changes compatible with injury between L4-S3 were found. A complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and imaging exams such as plain radiography, abdominal ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were requested. Blood count revealed anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. The liver showed increased echogenicity and thickened pancreas in the abdominal US scan. A slightly heterogeneous, vascularized mass with irregular borders was identified in the topographic region of the sublumbar lymph nodes; MRI images demonstrated an expansile formation in the ventral region of the lumbosacral spine, corresponding to the sublumbar lymph nodes and interruption of the cerebrospinal fluid at L5, suggestive of compression of the spinal cord and cauda equina. A presumptive diagnosis of perianal neoplasm with metastasis was made based on the complementary exams. The dog was referred to necropsy, which revealed a 4 cm tumor in the perianal region that invaded the pelvic canal. Multifocal nodules were present on the lung surface, liver, and kidneys, suggesting metastasis. On the cross-section of the spine, one could note the presence of the tumor in the vertebral bodies, spinal cord, and cauda equina from L5 to S3. Even with histopathological evaluation of the tumor, only the immunohistochemical analysis allowed us to confirm the anal sac adenocarcinoma. Discussion: Adenomas and carcinomas are perianal gland neoplasms common in adult and elderly male dogs; the Cocker Spaniel breed is among the most affected. The clinical signs presented by the patient, such as tenesmus and difficulty in adopting the posture of defecation, are common, although neurological changes are rare. As for metastasis, carcinomas of the perianal region present high chances of metastasis to organs including the liver, kidneys, and lungs, both lymphatically and hematogenously, but few studies have related these factors to neurological alterations due to metastasis. We concluded that metastases from carcinomas to the spine must be considered a possible differential diagnosis in cases of patients presenting clinical signs that are compatible with spinal cord compression and a history of previous neoplasm.

Cutaneous pythiosis in equines in the Amazon Biome / Pitiose cutânea em equídeos no Bioma Amazônico

The study aimed to describe the clinicopathological aspects of 37 cases of pythiosis, 34 in horses and three in mules, from properties located in the Amazon biome of Pará, Brazil. The clinical signs observed in the animals were weakness, poor-to-regular nutritional status, pale mucous membranes, itching at the lesion site, and lameness when the limbs were affected. The lesions were located on the lips, nostrils, rib region, thoracic and abdominal walls, scapular, distal limbs, foreskin, perineum and udder. Macroscopically, ulcerative and granulation-tissue-like masses were observed, with fistulous tracts filled with yellowish and foul-smelling serosanguinous discharges. In the biopsy, it was possible to visualize white and firm areas with foci of yellowish necrotic material and hardened masses, called kunkers. The histopathological examination showed a pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction with the presence of Pythium insidiosum hyphae, which were impregnated with black, confirming the diagnosis of pythiosis in equids in the Amazon biome, being the first report of the disease in mules in the region.

O trabalho objetivou descrever os aspectos clínico-patológicos de 37 casos suspeitos de pitiose, 34 em equinos e três em muares, provenientes de propriedades localizadas no Pará, bioma amazônico brasileiro. Os sinais clínicos observados nos animais eram caracterizados por debilidade, estado nutricional de ruim a regular, mucosas pálidas, prurido no local da lesão, além de claudicação quando os membros foram acometidos. As lesões eram localizadas nos lábios, narinas, região das costelas, parede torácica e abdominal, escapular, distais dos membros, prepúcio, períneo e úbere. Macroscopicamente observavam-se extensas lesões ulceradas com intensa proliferação de tecido de granulação, de bordos irregulares, com tratos fistulosos, de consistência firme, denominados de "kunkers", preenchidos com material amarelado e friável, possuindo exsudação serossanguinolenta de odor fétido. Ao exame histopatológico observou-se reação inflamatória piogranulomatosa com presença de hifas de Pythium insidiosum, as quais se impregnaram de negro, confirmando o diagnóstico de pitiose em equídeos no Bioma Amazônico, sendo o primeiro relato da doença em muares na região.

Penile fractures in young bulls raised in feedlots in Southern Brazil

Background: Penile fracture is a pathology of young cattle that perform precocious and disordered breeding. The incompatibility of height between males and females and sodomy between males cause a great pressure on the sigmoid flexure and retractor muscle of the penis, which are the main causes and sites of organ injury. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological aspects of penile fractures observed in young bulls raised in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) in southern Brazil. Cases: In 2 PEFs located in the municipalities of Pelotas (property 1) and Capão do Leão (property 2), 3 male cattle [1 from property 1 and 2 from property 2] presented subcutaneous edema in the foreskin and perineum, associated with dysuria. The evolution of the clinical picture was approximately 20 days in all cases, with evolution to death. The bovine necropsied on property 1 had an increased volume and inguinal edema, involving the penis and scrotal sac. Necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and local musculature was also observed. The testicles were surrounded by the necrotic tissue, and the right testis was swollen, with flaccid parenchyma adhering to the tunica albuginea. In the necropsy of 1 bull from property 2, an increase in the inguinal volume was observed, with an extensive area of necrosis and edema extending from the prepuce to the caudal musculature of the scrotal sac. There were also marked varicosis in the sigmoid flexure and necrosis of the adjacent region, without the involvement of the corpus cavernosum. During the necropsy of the 2 young bulls, fragments of organs from the abdominal, thoracic, and brain cavities were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. From the bull of the property 2, an anatomical piece consisting of the penis, prepuce, and testicles was also collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. After 48 h, the tissue samples were cleaved, embedded in paraffin, cut into 3-µm-thick sections, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A histological evaluation of the penile lesions in both cattle revealed intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum. In addition to areas of dystrophic calcification, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was also observed. In the bull from the property 1, an intense edema and proliferation of fibrous tissue surrounding the urethra were noted. There were also marked tubular degeneration and intense infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in the inner portion of the tunica albuginea. Discussion: In the present cases, the diagnosis was based on epidemiological data associated with clinical signs and pathology. The macroscopic lesions observed were probably due to the involvement of blood vessels adjacent to the penis, which suffered trauma during sodomy mating among cattle. These lesions have been described in other reports of this pathology and in diseases, such as acropostitis-phimosis, fibropapilloma of the glans, preputial abscess, and urolithiasis, and the differential diagnosis of these diseases must be carried out, as they have different etiologies. In the bulls of the present study, no lesions were observed in the corpus cavernosum, and this condition was attributed to the presence of varicosis and accumulation of urine in the prepuce, due to the difficulty in exposing the penis. Histologically, there were intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum, with the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, and areas of dystrophic calcification. The presence of necrotic lesions in tissues adjacent to the penis may be related to hypoxia, vascular lesions, or the action of chemical elements present in the urine. In both cases, vascular lesions were present, which were attributed to the main triggering factor for the disease.

Urethral reconstruction combined with modified urethrostomy in a cat after prepubic urethrostomy

Background: In cats, urethral obstruction is generally caused by various reasons, including feline idiopathic cystitis, urethral crystals, urethral trauma, mucous plug, congenital or acquired anatomical deformity, and urolithiasis, especially in male cats. Depending on the severity and duration of clinical signs, immediate management including conservative or surgical therapy for restoration of urethral patency is required. Repetitive urethral obstruction due to intraluminal plugs, obstruction that cannot be resolved by medical management, and urethral strictures, trauma, or neoplasia should be managed by surgery. When the penile or pelvic urethra is ruptured or not long enough to mobilize the pelvic urethra to the perineal skin by repetitive perineal urethrostomy, prepubic urethrostomy is indicated. Potential complications of prepubic urethrostomy include urinary incontinence, peristomal dermatitis. In such cases, management of the peristomal site or placement of an artificial urethral sphincter have been reported previously. However, to date, urethral reconstruction using pre-existing penis has not been reported after prepubic urethral stricture following prepubic urethrostomy. The objective of this report is to describe surgical procedure of the urethral reconstruction combined with modified perineal urethrostomy in a cat with prepubic urethral stricture after prepubic urethrosotmy. Case: A 3-year-old castrated Scottish straight cat presented with dysuria after prepubic urethrostomy. The owner reported that the patient was diagnosed with urethral rupture, had undergone prepubic urethrostomy 2 months prior to presentation, and had persistent dysuria despite repetitive surgical revision of the prepubic urethral stoma at a local hospital. On physical examination, the preputial orifice and the penis appeared grossly normal. On ultrasonography, pericystic and periurethral fat had an edematous, striated appearance with alternating hyperechoic and anechoic regions. A small amount of free fluid was visible around the urethra. Abdominal radiography revealed a mildly distended bladder and loss of serosal detail around the area of the urinary bladder neck, consistent with inflammation and free fluid observed on ultrasonography. The retrograde urethrogram showed no leakage in either sites of the prepubic urethral orifice or the penis. Hence, complete urethral reconstruction with modified perineal urethrostomy was performed. The patient had normal urination at the 15-month follow-up. Discussion: Prepubic urethrostomy is beneficial for the patients whose penile or pelvic urethra is ruptured or not long enough to mobilize the pelvic urethra to the perineum. Complications of prepubic urethrostomy include skin necrosis around the stoma; urinary incontinence; stricture of the urethral stoma due to several reasons such as surgical-site irritation; poor mucosa-skin apposition; failure to provide tension-free stoma; and failure to expose wider pelvic urethra. In these cases, surgical management of the level of prepubic urethral stoma has been recommended by previous studies. However, no studies have been reported urethral reconstruction using pre-existing penile urethra in a patient with prepubic urethral stricture so far. To the author's knowledge, this case is the first report describing urethral reconstruction in a cat with urethral stricture after prepubic urethrostomy.

Hérnia perineal em cães / Perineal hernia in dogs

Background: Perineal hernia is a serious disease characterized by weakening or atrophy and separation of the muscles andfasciae of the perineal musculature, followed by the caudal displacement of pelvic and abdominal organs to the perineumregion. Treatment is invariably surgical and several approaches have been proposed, but complication and recurrence ratesremain high. This study aimed to evaluate 120 cases of perineal hernia treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba (HVU)from 2005 to 2020, addressing the clinical and surgical aspects and the postoperative period, seeking to identify the mostrelevant factors to improve care and treatment of future patients affected by this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: The medical records of dogs with a definitive diagnosis of perineal hernia were collected.The prevalence of perineal hernia was calculated. Data were obtained regarding sex, being castrated or not, age, bodymass, race, clinical signs, affected side, possibility of hernia reduction, treatments used, associated pathologies. Of the 120cases, only 69 underwent surgery at the HVU and from these cases data were obtained regarding hernia content, surgicaltechniques, surgical wires used, recurrences and postoperative complications. Fisher’s exact test was applied to assess theinfluence of the type of surgical treatment and surgical thread on the occurrence of complications and recurrences. Perineal hernia was the second most frequently observed hernia. Mixed breed, male, non-neutered and geriatric dogs were themost affected. The most frequently observed clinical signs were related to the digestive and urinary tract, consistent withthe most commonly found hernia contents (bladder, prostate and rectum). The simple herniorrhaphy technique was themost used and showed a high number of complications. The second most used technique was...

Hérnia perineal em cães / Perineal hernia in dogs

Background: Perineal hernia is a serious disease characterized by weakening or atrophy and separation of the muscles andfasciae of the perineal musculature, followed by the caudal displacement of pelvic and abdominal organs to the perineumregion. Treatment is invariably surgical and several approaches have been proposed, but complication and recurrence ratesremain high. This study aimed to evaluate 120 cases of perineal hernia treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba (HVU)from 2005 to 2020, addressing the clinical and surgical aspects and the postoperative period, seeking to identify the mostrelevant factors to improve care and treatment of future patients affected by this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: The medical records of dogs with a definitive diagnosis of perineal hernia were collected.The prevalence of perineal hernia was calculated. Data were obtained regarding sex, being castrated or not, age, bodymass, race, clinical signs, affected side, possibility of hernia reduction, treatments used, associated pathologies. Of the 120cases, only 69 underwent surgery at the HVU and from these cases data were obtained regarding hernia content, surgicaltechniques, surgical wires used, recurrences and postoperative complications. Fishers exact test was applied to assess theinfluence of the type of surgical treatment and surgical thread on the occurrence of complications and recurrences. Perineal hernia was the second most frequently observed hernia. Mixed breed, male, non-neutered and geriatric dogs were themost affected. The most frequently observed clinical signs were related to the digestive and urinary tract, consistent withthe most commonly found hernia contents (bladder, prostate and rectum). The simple herniorrhaphy technique was themost used and showed a high number of complications. The second most used technique was...(AU)

Condição microbiológica após antissepsia da genitália externa em éguas / Microbiological condition after antisepsis of reproductive tract in mares

A endometrite é a principal responsável pela diminuição nas taxas de fertilidade e recuperação embrionária em éguas e em parte, pode ser associada a contaminações por falhas na antissepsia das biotécnicas reprodutivas aplicadas à espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de contaminação decorrentes de diferentes protocolos de antissepsia da genitália externa de éguas doadoras de embrião. Éguas sadias tiveram a vulva higienizada conforme um dos três grupos experimentais: (G1) sabão de côco; (G2) detergente neutro e (G3) clorexidina degermante 2%. Foi realizada a coleta de material da região da vulva, vestíbulo e útero com auxílio de swab estéril. As amostras foram processadas com objetivo de se determinar os principais microgranismos presentes, além da avaliação de Unidades Formadoras de Colônia (UFC). O G1 mostrou-se mais efetivo quanto à redução nas contagens de UFC em todas amostras. Por outro lado, G2 apresentou eficiência de 62%, sendo o tratamento menos eficiente na redução da contaminação das diferentes regiões avaliadas. A escolha adequada do agente sanitizante utilizado na higienização de períneo previamente a intervenções ginecológicas são de suma importância afim de se evitar contaminações ascendentes que levem a endometrites.(AU)

Endometritis is mainly responsible for the decrease in fertility and embryonic recovery rates in mares and, in part, it can be associated with contaminations due to failures in the antisepsis of reproductive biotechniques applied to the specie. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of contamination resulting from different protocols for antisepsis of the external genitalia of embryo donor mares. Healthy mares had their vulva sanitized according to one of the three experimental groups: (G1) coconut soap; (G2) neutral detergent and (G3) 2% chlorhexidine degerming. It was made the collection of material from the vulva, vestibule and uterus region with the aid of a sterile swab. The samples were processed in order to determine the main microorganisms present, in addition to the evaluation of Colony Forming Units (CFU). G1 was more effective in reducing CFU counts in all samples. On the other hand, G2 showed an efficiency of 62%, being the treatment less efficient in reducing contamination in the different regions evaluated. The proper choice of the sanitizing agent used to clean the perineum prior to gynecological interventions is of paramount importance in order to avoid ascending contamination that lead to endometritis.(AU)

Condição microbiológica após antissepsia da genitália externa em éguas / Microbiological condition after antisepsis of reproductive tract in mares

A endometrite é a principal responsável pela diminuição nas taxas de fertilidade e recuperação embrionária em éguas e em parte, pode ser associada a contaminações por falhas na antissepsia das biotécnicas reprodutivas aplicadas à espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de contaminação decorrentes de diferentes protocolos de antissepsia da genitália externa de éguas doadoras de embrião. Éguas sadias tiveram a vulva higienizada conforme um dos três grupos experimentais: (G1) sabão de côco; (G2) detergente neutro e (G3) clorexidina degermante 2%. Foi realizada a coleta de material da região da vulva, vestíbulo e útero com auxílio de swab estéril. As amostras foram processadas com objetivo de se determinar os principais microgranismos presentes, além da avaliação de Unidades Formadoras de Colônia (UFC). O G1 mostrou-se mais efetivo quanto à redução nas contagens de UFC em todas amostras. Por outro lado, G2 apresentou eficiência de 62%, sendo o tratamento menos eficiente na redução da contaminação das diferentes regiões avaliadas. A escolha adequada do agente sanitizante utilizado na higienização de períneo previamente a intervenções ginecológicas são de suma importância afim de se evitar contaminações ascendentes que levem a endometrites.

Endometritis is mainly responsible for the decrease in fertility and embryonic recovery rates in mares and, in part, it can be associated with contaminations due to failures in the antisepsis of reproductive biotechniques applied to the specie. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of contamination resulting from different protocols for antisepsis of the external genitalia of embryo donor mares. Healthy mares had their vulva sanitized according to one of the three experimental groups: (G1) coconut soap; (G2) neutral detergent and (G3) 2% chlorhexidine degerming. It was made the collection of material from the vulva, vestibule and uterus region with the aid of a sterile swab. The samples were processed in order to determine the main microorganisms present, in addition to the evaluation of Colony Forming Units (CFU). G1 was more effective in reducing CFU counts in all samples. On the other hand, G2 showed an efficiency of 62%, being the treatment less efficient in reducing contamination in the different regions evaluated. The proper choice of the sanitizing agent used to clean the perineum prior to gynecological interventions is of paramount importance in order to avoid ascending contamination that lead to endometritis.

Management of urethral obstruction in a cat with epidural sacrococcygeal anesthesia guided by electrical neurostimulation

Background: The treatment for urethral obstruction in cats consists of catheterization, and for this, the cat must be sedated or anesthetized. Sacococcygeal epidural block has the advantage of being close to receptors related to nociception located in the spinal cord and it is safer because it represents lower risk of spinal cord injury or inadvertent application in the subarachnoid space, when compared to the lumbosacral epidural. Nerve stimulation through the neurolocator to identify the epidural space increases the accuracy of this technique. Thus, the objective is to report a case of epidural anesthesia with a sacrococcygeal approach guided by neurostimulation in a cat with urethral obstruction. Case: A 4-year-old male Siamese cat, weighing 4 kg, was referred to the veterinary care with a history of apathy and anorexia for 2 days. From the physical exam, the clinical diagnosis of urethral obstruction was made, and to desobstruction, we chose to perform sacrococcygeal epidural block. Initially, the patient was anesthetized with propofol (4 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg). To perform the anesthetic block, the cat was placed in sternal decubitus with the hind limbs extended cranially to perform sacrococcygeal epidural block. The positive pole (cathode) was connected to the skin of the right inguinal region at the caudal aspect of the thigh and the neurostimulator was turned on and adjusted to 0.7 mA of stimulating current intensity, 0.1 ms duration and 1 Hz frequency. The needle for electrical neurolocation was introduced in the dorsal midline, perpendicular to the skin surface, between the spinous processes of S3-Cd1 in the skin. The exact injection point was obtained observed by the muscular response of the middle and distal third of the animal's tail with the neurostimulator adjusted to 0.3 mA of intensity, in the same duration and frequency as before. The total volume of 0.9 mL (0.22 mL/kg) of solution containing the combination of 0.6 mL of 0.75% levobupivacaine and 0.3 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected. The success of the block was confirmed by the loss of reflexes of the pelvic limbs and anal sphincter 10 min after the administration of the anesthetic solution. Discussion: In this case, the use of the neurolocator helped to perform an effective sacrococcygeal block, allowing urethral catheterization without the addition of other analgesic agents. This technique desensitizes and relaxes muscles in the regions of the perineum, anus, distal colon and penis, being useful for performing urethral catheterization. The use of smaller anaesthetic volumes to perform sacrococcygeal block makes it possible to achieve a more localized anesthesia, without affecting the motor function of the pelvic limbs. However, in our report, using a combination of levobupivacaine and lidocaine, the pelvic limb block was also verified despite the low volume applied. A hypothesis that could justify the different responses in relation to the pelvic limb block compared to other studies would be due to the different physicalchemical properties of the drugs used. Lidocaine is known to be less fat-soluble than bupivacaine, so it tends to spread more through the epidural space, in order to result in more extensive blocks. The use of a neurostimulator using a fixed electric current of 0.7 mA, pulse 0.1 ms and a frequency of 1 Hz allowed the correct identification of the needle position for the application of the anesthetic.

Atresia anal e malformações estruturais da região do períneo e ânus em uma égua / Anal atresia and structural malformations of the perineum and anus in a mare

Background: Anal atresia is a congenital defect and is related to the flaw of an opening in the membrane that separates the endoderm of the posterior intestine from the ectodermic anal membrane. This anomaly can cause debilitating disease, death, or abnormal development of the animal. Clinical presentation of urethrorectal fistula in domestic animals differs between males and females, as in the former there is passage of the urine through the anus, whereas in females there is elimination of the feces through the vulva. The absence of description of this disease in horses stimulated describing a case of surgical resolution of anal atresia, rectal bulb agenesis, and pneumovagina of an adult mare. Case: Mare with a history of defecating through the vagina. In the anamnesis, it was determined that the owner noticed the problem after observing the animal during a walk. Clinical examination verified absence of the anus with stool evacuation through the vagina, pneumovagina, and signs of cystitis, as the animal frequently urinated small volumes. Complementary laboratory tests of blood and urine were carried out for the diagnosis of cystitis, serum biochemistry, hemogram, and urinalysis being evaluated. The operation was scheduled for 8 days after clinical tests and sodium ceftiofur was prescribed, at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg, administered intramuscularly for 7 days. On the date chosen for surgical intervention, the animal was fasted for the previous 12 h; procedures began with the containment of the animal in a stock, followed by pre-anesthesia with detomidine, at a dose of 20 µg/kg, administered intravenously in solution at 1%. Anesthesia was a low peridural with 2% lidocaine at a total dose of 15 mL, to be able to work in the quadruped position. After containment of the tail and taking antiseptic and aseptic care, sutures were made in the skin...(AU)

Atresia anal e malformações estruturais da região do períneo e ânus em uma égua / Anal atresia and structural malformations of the perineum and anus in a mare

Background: Anal atresia is a congenital defect and is related to the flaw of an opening in the membrane that separates the endoderm of the posterior intestine from the ectodermic anal membrane. This anomaly can cause debilitating disease, death, or abnormal development of the animal. Clinical presentation of urethrorectal fistula in domestic animals differs between males and females, as in the former there is passage of the urine through the anus, whereas in females there is elimination of the feces through the vulva. The absence of description of this disease in horses stimulated describing a case of surgical resolution of anal atresia, rectal bulb agenesis, and pneumovagina of an adult mare. Case: Mare with a history of defecating through the vagina. In the anamnesis, it was determined that the owner noticed the problem after observing the animal during a walk. Clinical examination verified absence of the anus with stool evacuation through the vagina, pneumovagina, and signs of cystitis, as the animal frequently urinated small volumes. Complementary laboratory tests of blood and urine were carried out for the diagnosis of cystitis, serum biochemistry, hemogram, and urinalysis being evaluated. The operation was scheduled for 8 days after clinical tests and sodium ceftiofur was prescribed, at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg, administered intramuscularly for 7 days. On the date chosen for surgical intervention, the animal was fasted for the previous 12 h; procedures began with the containment of the animal in a stock, followed by pre-anesthesia with detomidine, at a dose of 20 µg/kg, administered intravenously in solution at 1%. Anesthesia was a low peridural with 2% lidocaine at a total dose of 15 mL, to be able to work in the quadruped position. After containment of the tail and taking antiseptic and aseptic care, sutures were made in the skin...

Hérnia perineal em canina fêmea / Perineal hernia in a bitch

Background: Perineal hernia is characterized by the displacement of abdominal organs to the perineal region after ruptureor weakening of the pelvic diaphragm muscles. This condition is common among middle-aged and elderly unneuteredmale dogs. Considering the severity of the condition and its rarity among bitches, this paper reports on a case of perinealhernia caused by hydrometra in a 12-year-old pinscher bitch.Case: The patient was a 12-year-old Pinscher bitch, weighing 3 kg, suffering from anuria and constipation in the 36 hprior to treatment, without reported trauma. She was unspayed, and her last estrus had occurred approximately thirty dayspreviously. The physical examination revealed an increase in volume in the right perineal region, increased volume in theleft inguinal region, increased body temperature (39.8ºC), pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominalpain and increased popliteal lymph nodes. The diagnosis was determined based on her medical history, clinical signs andan ultrasound scan, which revealed dilated uterine horns displaced unilaterally in the left inguinal region, with evidence ofhydrometra, full urinary bladder inside the hernia sac in the right dorsolateral perineal region and right kidney pyelectasis.After evaluating the animal’s physical condition, surgery was recommended, involving ovariohysterectomy associatedwith inguinal and perineal herniorrhaphy.Discussion: Perineal hernia, a common condition in male dogs, is characterized by the displacement of organs towardsthe perineal region. However, in this case, this condition occurred in female dog. Unlike males, the main causes of perineal hernia in females are trauma, chronic coughing related to heart disease, bronchitis, and tracheal collapse. Increasedintra-abdominal pressure associated with a weak pelvic diaphragm predisposes for herniation of abdominal contents,such as occurred through hydrometra. In this case...

Hérnia perineal em canina fêmea / Perineal hernia in a bitch

Background: Perineal hernia is characterized by the displacement of abdominal organs to the perineal region after ruptureor weakening of the pelvic diaphragm muscles. This condition is common among middle-aged and elderly unneuteredmale dogs. Considering the severity of the condition and its rarity among bitches, this paper reports on a case of perinealhernia caused by hydrometra in a 12-year-old pinscher bitch.Case: The patient was a 12-year-old Pinscher bitch, weighing 3 kg, suffering from anuria and constipation in the 36 hprior to treatment, without reported trauma. She was unspayed, and her last estrus had occurred approximately thirty dayspreviously. The physical examination revealed an increase in volume in the right perineal region, increased volume in theleft inguinal region, increased body temperature (39.8ºC), pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominalpain and increased popliteal lymph nodes. The diagnosis was determined based on her medical history, clinical signs andan ultrasound scan, which revealed dilated uterine horns displaced unilaterally in the left inguinal region, with evidence ofhydrometra, full urinary bladder inside the hernia sac in the right dorsolateral perineal region and right kidney pyelectasis.After evaluating the animals physical condition, surgery was recommended, involving ovariohysterectomy associatedwith inguinal and perineal herniorrhaphy.Discussion: Perineal hernia, a common condition in male dogs, is characterized by the displacement of organs towardsthe perineal region. However, in this case, this condition occurred in female dog. Unlike males, the main causes of perineal hernia in females are trauma, chronic coughing related to heart disease, bronchitis, and tracheal collapse. Increasedintra-abdominal pressure associated with a weak pelvic diaphragm predisposes for herniation of abdominal contents,such as occurred through hydrometra. In this case...(AU)

Uncommon location of lipoma: extraluminally vagina

Background: Lipomas are defined as a soft mass of well-differentiated adipose cells among mesenchymal tumors. Considering the localization of lipomas, these masses are commonly seen in subcutaneous tissue. The female reproductive tract is a rare site for development of lipomas and clinical findings appear depending on the size and localization. The connection of the mass with the vagina lumen causes different clinical findings. Intraluminal tumors protrude and arise from the vulva, while extraluminal tumors lead to perineal swelling. This case describes clinical, ultrasonographic, histological examination, and surgical management of extraluminal vaginal lipoma. Case: The present study reports a case of extraluminal vaginal lipoma in a 10-year-old Pitbull crossbred presented with anamnesis of a protruded tissue from the vulvar lips and dysuria following 6-month swelling in the perineum. Clinical examination revealed that the swelling was obvious and localized mostly on the lower left side of the perineum and the vaginal mucosa was protruded from the vulvar lips due to a mass. By vaginal palpation, the mass was not associated with the vaginal mucosa. The mass was located in the perivaginal region and transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a hypoechogenic mass. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, surgery was recommended. The mass was adherent to the serosa of the vagina and it did not enclose the vaginal mucosa. Excision of mass was performed with careful blunt dissection avoiding any urethral disruption and periurethral tissues. After the mass was determined to be extraluminal, there was no need for excision of the vaginal tissue with the mass during operation. Using histopathological examination the mass was identified as a lipoma composed of adipocytes. In addition, ovariohysterectomy was not recommended following the diagnosis of vaginal lipoma. Discussion: Lipomas uncommonly can be localized in...

Uncommon location of lipoma: extraluminally vagina

Background: Lipomas are defined as a soft mass of well-differentiated adipose cells among mesenchymal tumors. Considering the localization of lipomas, these masses are commonly seen in subcutaneous tissue. The female reproductive tract is a rare site for development of lipomas and clinical findings appear depending on the size and localization. The connection of the mass with the vagina lumen causes different clinical findings. Intraluminal tumors protrude and arise from the vulva, while extraluminal tumors lead to perineal swelling. This case describes clinical, ultrasonographic, histological examination, and surgical management of extraluminal vaginal lipoma. Case: The present study reports a case of extraluminal vaginal lipoma in a 10-year-old Pitbull crossbred presented with anamnesis of a protruded tissue from the vulvar lips and dysuria following 6-month swelling in the perineum. Clinical examination revealed that the swelling was obvious and localized mostly on the lower left side of the perineum and the vaginal mucosa was protruded from the vulvar lips due to a mass. By vaginal palpation, the mass was not associated with the vaginal mucosa. The mass was located in the perivaginal region and transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a hypoechogenic mass. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, surgery was recommended. The mass was adherent to the serosa of the vagina and it did not enclose the vaginal mucosa. Excision of mass was performed with careful blunt dissection avoiding any urethral disruption and periurethral tissues. After the mass was determined to be extraluminal, there was no need for excision of the vaginal tissue with the mass during operation. Using histopathological examination the mass was identified as a lipoma composed of adipocytes. In addition, ovariohysterectomy was not recommended following the diagnosis of vaginal lipoma. Discussion: Lipomas uncommonly can be localized in...(AU)

Correção de hérnia perianal em cão utilizando tela de polipropileno / Correction of perianal hernia using polypropylene screen in dog

A hérnia perineal resulta do enfraquecimento e separação dos músculos que formam o diafragma pélvico, promovendo deslocamento caudal de órgãos abdominais ou pélvicos no períneo. Os sinais clínicos mais comuns incluem tumefação da região perineal, tenesmo, disquesia, incontinência urinaria e/ou fecal, anúria e êmese devido a envolvimento urinário e/ou intestinal. O diagnóstico baseia-se no histórico clínico, anamnese, exame físico e exames complementares como radiografia simples ou contrastada e ultrassonografia. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar a eficácia do uso da tela de polipropileno na correção de hérnia perineal em paciente da espécie canina. Foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário Metropolitano (HVM) de Caucaia, um canino, da raça Pastor Alemão, macho, 36 kg e 7 anos de idade, apresentando sintomas como apatia, anorexia, tenesmo e aumento da região perianal. A suspeita clínica de hérnia perianal foi confirmada pelo exame ultrassonográfico. O tratamento cirúrgico foi indicado pela técnica de herniorrafia com fixação de tela de polipropileno. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi observado um nódulo em meio as estruturas, o qual foi retirado e enviado ao estudo histopatológico. O resultado indicou um quadro de necrose de tecido adiposo (adiponecrose). Para o fechamento do orifício da hérnia, utilizou-se tela de polipropileno fixada com nylon 2.0 em padrão simples interrompido e, posteriormente, foi realizada a orquiectomia. No pósoperatório, fez-se uso de amoxicicilina, cetoprofeno e tramadol. O paciente recebeu alta após 48 horas seguidas do ato cirúrgico, e corridos 12 dias, o animal não apresentou recidiva. Diante do caso relatado, pode-se concluir que a técnica de herniorrafia perineal com tela de polipropileno, associada à orquiectomia, constitui-se em procedimento eficaz sem apresentação de recidivas.

Perineal hernia results from the weakening and separation of the muscles that form thepelvic diaphragm, promoting caudal displacement of abdominal or pelvic organs in the perineum. The most common clinical signs include perineal region swelling, tenesmus, dyskinesia, urinary and / or fecal incontinence, anuria and emesis due to urinary and / or intestinal involvement. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, anamnesis, physical examination and complementary exams such as simple or contrast radiography and ultrasonography. The objective of this study was to report the surgical treatment for the correction of perineal hernia in a dog through the use of synthetic polypropylene mesh. A canine, German Shepherd dog, male, 36 kg and 7 years old, was submitted to the Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital (HVM), presenting symptoms of apathy, anorexia, tenesmus and an increase in the perianal region. Clinical suspicion of perianal hernia was confirmed by ultrasonographic examination. The surgical treatment was indicated by the herniorrhaphy technique with polypropylene mesh fixation. During the surgical procedure, a nodule was observed between the structures, which was removed and sent to the histopathological study. The result indicated an adipose tissue necrosis (adiponecrosis). In order to close the hernia hole, a polypropylene mesh was fixed with nylon 2.0 in a simple interrupted pattern and then the orchiectomy was performed. Postoperatively, amoxicillin, ketoprofen and tramadol were used. The patient was discharged 48 hours after the surgical procedure, and after 12 days, the animal did not present a recurrence. In view of thereported case, it can be concluded that the technique of perineal herniorrhaphy with polypropylene mesh, associated with orchiectomy, constitutes an effective procedure without relapses.

Correção de hérnia perianal em cão utilizando tela de polipropileno / Correction of perianal hernia using polypropylene screen in dog

A hérnia perineal resulta do enfraquecimento e separação dos músculos que formam o diafragma pélvico, promovendo deslocamento caudal de órgãos abdominais ou pélvicos no períneo. Os sinais clínicos mais comuns incluem tumefação da região perineal, tenesmo, disquesia, incontinência urinaria e/ou fecal, anúria e êmese devido a envolvimento urinário e/ou intestinal. O diagnóstico baseia-se no histórico clínico, anamnese, exame físico e exames complementares como radiografia simples ou contrastada e ultrassonografia. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar a eficácia do uso da tela de polipropileno na correção de hérnia perineal em paciente da espécie canina. Foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário Metropolitano (HVM) de Caucaia, um canino, da raça Pastor Alemão, macho, 36 kg e 7 anos de idade, apresentando sintomas como apatia, anorexia, tenesmo e aumento da região perianal. A suspeita clínica de hérnia perianal foi confirmada pelo exame ultrassonográfico. O tratamento cirúrgico foi indicado pela técnica de herniorrafia com fixação de tela de polipropileno. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi observado um nódulo em meio as estruturas, o qual foi retirado e enviado ao estudo histopatológico. O resultado indicou um quadro de necrose de tecido adiposo (adiponecrose). Para o fechamento do orifício da hérnia, utilizou-se tela de polipropileno fixada com nylon 2.0 em padrão simples interrompido e, posteriormente, foi realizada a orquiectomia. No pósoperatório, fez-se uso de amoxicicilina, cetoprofeno e tramadol. O paciente recebeu alta após 48 horas seguidas do ato cirúrgico, e corridos 12 dias, o animal não apresentou recidiva. Diante do caso relatado, pode-se concluir que a técnica de herniorrafia perineal com tela de polipropileno, associada à orquiectomia, constitui-se em procedimento eficaz sem apresentação de recidivas.(AU)

Perineal hernia results from the weakening and separation of the muscles that form thepelvic diaphragm, promoting caudal displacement of abdominal or pelvic organs in the perineum. The most common clinical signs include perineal region swelling, tenesmus, dyskinesia, urinary and / or fecal incontinence, anuria and emesis due to urinary and / or intestinal involvement. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, anamnesis, physical examination and complementary exams such as simple or contrast radiography and ultrasonography. The objective of this study was to report the surgical treatment for the correction of perineal hernia in a dog through the use of synthetic polypropylene mesh. A canine, German Shepherd dog, male, 36 kg and 7 years old, was submitted to the Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital (HVM), presenting symptoms of apathy, anorexia, tenesmus and an increase in the perianal region. Clinical suspicion of perianal hernia was confirmed by ultrasonographic examination. The surgical treatment was indicated by the herniorrhaphy technique with polypropylene mesh fixation. During the surgical procedure, a nodule was observed between the structures, which was removed and sent to the histopathological study. The result indicated an adipose tissue necrosis (adiponecrosis). In order to close the hernia hole, a polypropylene mesh was fixed with nylon 2.0 in a simple interrupted pattern and then the orchiectomy was performed. Postoperatively, amoxicillin, ketoprofen and tramadol were used. The patient was discharged 48 hours after the surgical procedure, and after 12 days, the animal did not present a recurrence. In view of thereported case, it can be concluded that the technique of perineal herniorrhaphy with polypropylene mesh, associated with orchiectomy, constitutes an effective procedure without relapses.(AU)

Melanoma anaplásico em equino de pelagem tordilha com metástase em osso e músculo / Anaplasic melanoma in equine of hair tissue with metastase in bone and muscle

Melanomas são neoplasias cutâneas, com origem em melanócitos. Estes neoplasmas são denominados como lesões melanocíticas e são classificados como nevo melanocítico, melanoma anaplásico e melanoma dérmico. Em equinos são mais frequentes em animais de pelagem tordilha. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de melanoma anaplásico, em um equino de pelagem tordilha encaminhado ao Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD), da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). No exame externo do cadáver foram observadas massas enegrecidas, sólidas, multilobuladas na região ventral da cauda, períneo e lábio superior. Na necropsia, foram observadas massas com as mesmas características nos linfonodos, músculos dos membros posteriores e no côndilo do osso occipital. Na avaliação histopatológica, de todos os tecidos, observou-se a proliferação de células com núcleos arredondados e abundante citoplasma, contendo grande quantidade de grânulos de melanina. Mitoses eram frequentes e havia acentuado pleomorfismo celular. Com base nos achados macroscópicos e microscópicos foi diagnosticado melanoma anaplásico.

Melanomas are cutaneous neoplasms, originating in melanocytes. These neoplasms are referred to as melanocytic lesions, and are classified as melanocytic nevus, anaplastic melanoma and dermal melanoma. In equines, they are more frequent in animals of tordilha coat. The objective of this study was to report a case of anaplastic melanoma in a tordilha fur horse referred to the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory of the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Pelotas. In the external examination of the cadaver, blackened, solid masses, multilobulated in the ventral region of the tail, perineum and upper lip were observed. At necropsy, there were masses with the same characteristics in lymph nodes, muscles of the hind limbs and in the condyle of the occipital bone. Histologically it was observed in all tissues, proliferation of cells with rounded nuclei, and abundant cytoplasm, containing large amount of melanin granules. Mitoses were frequent and there was marked cellular pleomorphism. Based on macroscopic and microscopic findings, anaplastic melanoma was diagnosed.

Effects of physiological stage and season on infrared thermograms of different body areas of dairy cows raised under tropical conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of season and pregnancy stage on the temperature of various body areas of Holstein cows using digital infrared thermography, an effective and non-invasive technique. The temperature was recorded at several areas of the body surface to determine the most reliable body area for measurement of rectal temperature in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Holstein cows (n = 24) were divided into groups according to their physiological stage. The experimental period was 365 days, containing a dry (April-September) and rainy (October-March) season, with parameters measured every 28 days. Thermographic data for different body areas, rectal thermometry, ultrasonography, and climatic data were collected between 7:00 and 9:00. Thermogram-recorded temperatures significantly differed (P < 0.05) between seasons and reproductive phases. Moreover, significant differences were noted between the temperatures of the flank, lateral udder, and perineal areas across seasons (P < 0.05). The udder, perineal, and rectal temperatures differed according to the reproductive phase (P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between reproductive phases and rectal, ocular globe, snout, flank, and perineum temperature. The body areas examined by thermographic imaging presented different temperatures, exhibiting physiological variation. Season and physiological stage influenced the temperature of body areas of milk cows.

Melanoma anaplásico em equino de pelagem tordilha com metástase em osso e músculo / Anaplasic melanoma in equine of hair tissue with metastase in bone and muscle

Melanomas são neoplasias cutâneas, com origem em melanócitos. Estes neoplasmas são denominados como lesões melanocíticas e são classificados como nevo melanocítico, melanoma anaplásico e melanoma dérmico. Em equinos são mais frequentes em animais de pelagem tordilha. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de melanoma anaplásico, em um equino de pelagem tordilha encaminhado ao Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD), da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). No exame externo do cadáver foram observadas massas enegrecidas, sólidas, multilobuladas na região ventral da cauda, períneo e lábio superior. Na necropsia, foram observadas massas com as mesmas características nos linfonodos, músculos dos membros posteriores e no côndilo do osso occipital. Na avaliação histopatológica, de todos os tecidos, observou-se a proliferação de células com núcleos arredondados e abundante citoplasma, contendo grande quantidade de grânulos de melanina. Mitoses eram frequentes e havia acentuado pleomorfismo celular. Com base nos achados macroscópicos e microscópicos foi diagnosticado melanoma anaplásico.(AU)

Melanomas are cutaneous neoplasms, originating in melanocytes. These neoplasms are referred to as melanocytic lesions, and are classified as melanocytic nevus, anaplastic melanoma and dermal melanoma. In equines, they are more frequent in animals of tordilha coat. The objective of this study was to report a case of anaplastic melanoma in a tordilha fur horse referred to the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory of the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Pelotas. In the external examination of the cadaver, blackened, solid masses, multilobulated in the ventral region of the tail, perineum and upper lip were observed. At necropsy, there were masses with the same characteristics in lymph nodes, muscles of the hind limbs and in the condyle of the occipital bone. Histologically it was observed in all tissues, proliferation of cells with rounded nuclei, and abundant cytoplasm, containing large amount of melanin granules. Mitoses were frequent and there was marked cellular pleomorphism. Based on macroscopic and microscopic findings, anaplastic melanoma was diagnosed.(AU)