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The analysis and classification of cavitary effusions play a crucial role in determining a patient's diagnosis and prognosis. This prospective study assed ed the activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and the concentration of Total Protein (TP) in serum, pleural, and peritoneal effusions in dogs and cats. Effusions were categorized into three groups: GI (low protein transudate), GII (high protein transudate), and GIII (exudate) following conventional classification. These groups, irrespective of species, were further divided into NPG (neoplastic) and NNG (non-neoplastic) groups. In dogs, significant differences were observed among groups GI, GII, and GIII in terms of effusion LDH activity/serum LDH (LDHR), effusion LDH activity, serum TP/effusion TP (TPR), and effusion TP. Increased LDH activity in effusion was associated with the presence of neoplasia. The groups organized based on the etiopathogenesis of the effusion exhibited varying values of serum TP, TPR, LDHR, effusion TP, and LDH activity in the effusion. Conversely, statistical analysis of the data from cats showed no differences between the groups for the parameters evaluated in this study. Compared to conventional classification, Light's criteria demonstrated greater sensitivity in distinguishing between transudates and exudates and higher specificity in identifying transudates. We propose the use of established biochemical analyses to discern the mechanism of cavitary effusion formation and advocate for LDH activity measurement in effusions as a complementary diagnostic tool for cavitary neoplasms, especially in cases where cytological analysis of the effusion yields inconclusive results.

A análise e classificação das efusões cavitárias auxiliam a determinar o diagnóstico e o prognóstico do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo foi avaliar a atividade da lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e a concentração de proteína total (PT) no soro e nos derrames pleurais e peritoneais de cães e gatos. As efusões foram organizadas em grupos GI (transudato de baixa proteína), GII (transudato de alta proteína) e GIII (exsudato) de acordo com a classificação convencional e distribuídos nos grupos NPG (neoplásica) e NNG (não neoplásica). Os cães dos grupos GI, GII e GIII apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em relação à atividade da LDH da efusão/LDH do soro (LDHR), da LDH na efusão, PT do soro/PT da efusão (TPR) e PT da efusão. Verificou-se associação do aumento da atividade da LDH na efusão com a presença de neoplasia. Os grupos organizados de acordo com a etiopatogenia apresentaram valores desiguais de PT sérico, TPR, LDHR, PT da efusão e LDH na efusão. Por outro lado, a análise estatística dos dados dos gatos não mostrou diferença entre os grupos para os parâmetros avaliados. Critérios de Light foram mais sensíveis para identificar transudatos e exsudatos e mais específicos para determinar transudatos em comparação com a classificação convencional. Propomos o uso de análises bioquímicas testadas para distinguir o mecanismo de formação de efusões cavitárias e medição da atividade de LDH em efusões como exame complementar no diagnóstico de neoplasias cavitárias, contribuindo nos casos em que a análise citológica da efusão é inconclusiva.

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Nowadays, alternative methods that do not use formaldehyde to preserve cadavers must be used due to this substance's toxicity. Synthetic models are a training option for teaching, but cost makes their use unviable in most underdeveloped countries. The present study's main objective was to develop a model for education and researching thorax radiology in cadavers of chemically prepared dogs. Megaesophagus, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and bronchography, as well as pulmonary insufflation, were simulated in 32 dogs cadavers, which received 150 mL/kg of pure ethyl alcohol solution with 5% glycerin followed by injection of 120 mL/kg of a solution containing 20% sodium chloride, 1% sodium nitrite and 1% sodium nitrate; they were kept refrigerated between 2 to 6 °C, for 30, 60, 90 or 120 days (G30, G60, G90, G120). There was no contamination, putrid odor, or subcutaneous emphysema. The pulmonary insufflation was kept, and the color and the consistency were similar to a fresh corpse after 120 days of conservation. It was possible to perform radiographic procedures, and almost all affections could be greatly mimicked. Megaesophagus and bronchography were easily simulated. Pneumothorax was the most challenging condition to be reproduced, especially in cadavers with some liquid in the thorax. The alcoholic and curing salt solutions are an embalming alternative with low financial and environmental costs and proved to preserve corpses.

Nos dias atuais, métodos alternativos e que não utilizem o formaldeído para conservação de cadáveres devem ser empregados, devido à toxicidade desse agente. Modelos sintéticos são opção de treinamento para o ensino, mas geralmente o preço inviabiliza seu uso na maioria dos países subdesenvolvidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo visando ao ensino e pesquisa da radiologia torácica em cadáveres de cães quimicamente preparados. Foram simulados megaesôfago, efusão pleural, pneumotórax e broncografia, além de insuflação pulmonar, em 32 cadáveres de cães, que receberam 150 mL/kg de solução de álcool etílico puro com 5% de glicerina seguido de injeção de 120 mL/kg de solução contendo 20% de cloreto de sódio, 1% de nitrito de sódio e 1% de nitrato de sódio, mantidos sob refrigeração entre 2 e 6 graus, por 30, 60, 90 ou 120 dias (G30, G60, G90, G120). Não houve contaminação, odor pútrido ou enfisema subcutâneo. A insuflação pulmonar foi mantida, e a cor e a consistência foram semelhantes a um cadáver fresco após 120 dias de conservação. Em todos os grupos foi possível realizar os procedimentos radiográficos e quase todas afecções puderam ser grandemente mimetizadas. O megaesôfago e a broncografia foram facilmente simuladas. O pneumotórax foi a afecção mais difícil de ser simulada principalmente nos cadáveres com um pouco de líquido na cavidade torácica. A solução alcoólica e de sal de cura são uma alternativa de embalsamamento com baixo custo financeiro e ambiental e comprovadamente conservam cadáveres.

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Clinical History: A 7-month-old female Boxer dog was referred to a veterinary hospital 4 days after showing increased abdominal volume and diarrhea, despite normal appetite. The dog lived in a semi-rural area on the outskirts of the town. On physical examination, there was dehydration of 8%, pale mucous membranes, a rectal temperature of 32º C, heart rate of 90 beats per minute, weak femoral pulse, capillary reperfusion time greater than 2 seconds, dyspnea, subcutaneous edema in the limbs, increased abdominal volume, and feces adhered to the hair in the perianal region. Results for blood counts and serum biochemistry are summarized in Table 1. There was hypochromic normocytic anemia, subnormal plasma proteins (5.6g/dL), and an unremarkable leukogram except for some hypersegmented neutrophils. Serum biochemistry showed azotemia, hypoalbuminemia, and a slight alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase. Radiological examinations of the chest and abdomen confirmed pleural and abdominal effusion and cardiac dilation.(AU)

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Background: Accidents involving porcupines (Coendou sp.) occur in rural areas or in locations of preserved forests in various regions of Brazil. In addition to their fur, they have very strong, horn-like quills that penetrate the skin of their assailant when attacked. Video-assisted surgery of the thoracic cavity or thoracoscopy is a crucial tool for treating pleural effusion and for evaluating and treating intrathoracic trauma in small animals. This study reports the case of a dog with an intrathoracic infection of unknown origin, wherein a porcupine quill was found adhered to the mediastinum during thoracoscopy and removed using Crile forceps. Case: A 4-year-old bitch of a non-specific breed, weighing 15 kg and having no prior history of trauma, was treated for dyspnea symptoms present for 7 days. The dog had previously been treated and prescribed antimicrobial therapy; however, the symptoms returned after treatment completion. Complementary imaging tests revealed a large amount of pleural effusion, particularly evident in the left hemithorax, which was drained and analyzed; the findings indicated septic exudate. The dog was taken to the operating room for an exploratory thoracoscopy procedure. During the procedure, an 11-mm port was positioned in the 8th left intercostal space at the level of the costochondral joint. Another 11-mm port was positioned in the paraxiphoid region using a 10-mm, 30° scope. The scope was then repositioned at the second port, allowing for inspection, biopsy sample collection, and washing and draining of the cavity, which revealed pleuritis and deposits of red-dish fibrinoid tissue with flaky white spots, suggestive of bacterial infection. During the final inspection, a dark, pointed structure adhering to the mediastinum was identified and removed using a curved Crile hemostatic forceps. A chest drain was positioned in the paraxiphoid access wound after being routed through a subcutaneous tunnel. Following this, the access wounds were sutured, and negative pressure was reestablished. Immediately after the procedure and removal of the foreign body, antibacterial treatment was started, and the dog returned to a healthy condition. The histopathological report of the pointed structure was consistent with a hystrix-like hair (porcupine quill). Discussion: The patient's recovery was better with surgical intervention through thoracoscopy than with exploratory thoracotomy. These results align with the international literature, which acknowledges that minimally invasive surgery significantly reduces the postoperative pain, recovery time, and duration of hospitalization. Furthermore, video assistance played a crucial role in locating and assisting in the foreign body removal, primarily due to the magnification of the image by the endoscope. Accidents involving dogs and porcupines constitute a small fraction of cases in veterinary medical care. This is because most pet owners seek veterinary care only when the animal is struck by many quills or some complication arises. It is crucial to conduct a thorough investigation in such cases to ensure that all the quills are found and removed, considering their potential to migrate, which could lead to severe complications if not addressed. Thus, it was evident that the thoracoscopy procedure facilitated a rapid recovery for the patient by allowing accurate localization and removal of the foreign body that caused the infection.

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Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a neoplasm with low incidence in small animals, and the possible causes are poorly elucidated but may be related to contact with asbestos. In the thoracic cavity, MMP can be localized or generalized to all cavity structures, and its clinical signs depend on this localization. Although some alternative therapies are being discussed, few studies are conclusive, with surgical intervention as the leading therapeutic option. Given this context, this report aimed to describe a case of MMP located in the mediastinum of a bitch treated with radical excision through mediated sternotomy. Case: A 7-year-old bitch of the Shar-pei breed was referred for care due to progressive weight loss and intense dyspnea. During the physical examination, dyspnea and muffled lung sounds were noted. The patient underwent hemodialysis, which showed neutrophilic leukocytosis. An abdominal ultrasound was also performed and revealed mild abdominal effusion, and chest radiography revealed an extensive tumor covering the entire chest cavity. Thoracocentesis was performed, and the material analyzed was a malignant exudate; the patient was referred to median sternotomy for exploratory purposes, and afterward, total macroscopic extirpation of the tumor was performed. A sample was sent for histopathology, and malignant mesothelioma was confirmed. The patient was discharged after 8 days of hospitalization with home treatment and did not return to the hospital. Upon contacting the guardian, we were informed that the animal had died 154 days after the procedure due to unknown causes. Discussion: Malignant pleural mesothelioma affects humans and animals; it is associated with the risk factor of contact with asbestos and the use of flea antiparasitic drugs. In small animals, its incidence is rare, albeit mesotheliomas have been reported in wild and large animals. The clinical signs are related to the location of the neoplasm. When it is located in the thoracic region, dyspnea, muffled lung sounds, cyanosis, and pleural effusion are observed in most cases. Diagnosis is usually late and incidental, although some tests, such as ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, tomography, radiography, and needle biopsy, can help in the diagnosis. Histopathology is the exam of choice for definitive diagnosis, as it helps one observe the proliferation of neoplastic mesothelial cells, atypical mitosis figures, and marked cellular pleomorphism. Many therapeutic options have been discussed, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and anti-tumor immunization, although there is little scientific proof of their efficacy in animals. The current treatment of choice is tumor excision by surgical procedure with a palliative objective since the prognosis of the disease is unfavorable. Minimally invasive video surgery has been gaining more and more space in veterinary medicine and has proven successful in numerous cases of thoracic masses. In the present report, we chose to perform median sternotomy for total excision due to the extension of the mass that occupied the thoracic cavity practically in its entirety. Further research should be conducted to help in palliative treatments and increase the survival of patients with mesotheliomas, given that most studies are done in humans and not animals. We conclude that median sternotomy is still the therapeutic option of choice for the palliative treatment of patients with extensive thoracic pleural mesotheliomas.

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Among the diseases that cause dyspnea in felines, primary pulmonary neoplasia is rare and tends to affect senile cats. This study reports the case of a seven teen year old FeLV infected cat who was diagnosed acinar adenocarcinoma of the lung and kidney metastasis. It presented prostration and anorexia and was hospitalized with dyspnea and pleural effusion. Chest radiography indicated increased radiopacity in the cranial portion of the right hemithorax, compatible with presence of intrathoracic mass and the cytologic analysis of pleural effusion suggested feline infectious peritonitis. The animal died two days after, and the definitive diagnosis was concluded after necropsy and histopathological examination. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma should be included with differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases in cats, especially the elderly.

Entre as doenças que causam dispneia em felinos, a neoplasia pulmonar primária é rara e costuma acometer gatos senis. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar o caso de um felino, de 17 anos, portador do vírus da leucemia felina, diagnosticado com adenocarcinoma acinar pulmonar primário com metástase no rim e na pleura parietal. O paciente apresentava histórico inespecífico, sendo as principais queixas prostração e anorexia, e foi internado apresentando dispneia e efusão pleural. A radiografia torácica indicou aumento da radiopacidade na porção cranial do hemitórax direito, compatível com presença de neoformação intratorácica. A citologia da efusão foi sugestiva de peritonite infecciosa felina. O animal veio a óbito dois dias após o atendimento inicial e o diagnóstico definitivo foi determinado por meio da necropsia e da avaliação histológica. O adenocarcinoma pulmonar deve ser incluído como diagnóstico diferencial de doenças respiratórias em gatos, principalmente idosos.

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O presente trabalho relata um caso de carcinoma de tireoide em um felino doméstico, SRD de 10 anos de idade, fêmea, em que foram realizados exames laboratoriais e de imagem no laboratório veterinário Delort em Jundiaí (SP). A paciente apresentava apenas perda de peso e aumento de volume em região cervical ventral no início do quadro. Durante os exames de ultrassom abdominal e radiografia torácica observou-se presença de efusão pleural e opacificação pulmonar por padrão miliar, o que sugeria um quadro metastático. Após os achados o paciente foi encaminhado para o oncologista, além de ser realizada a colheita de material para exame citológico, onde foi confirmado o diagnóstico de carcinoma.(AU)

This paper reports a case of thyroid carcinoma in a crossbreed domestic feline, 10 years old, female. Laboratory and imaging exams were performed at the veterinary laboratory Delort in Jundiaí (SP). The patient presented weight loss and volume increase in the ventral cervical region at the beginning of the condition. During abdominal ultrasound and thorax radiography, pleural effusion and pulmonary opacification by miliary pattern were observed, which suggested a pulmonary metastasis. After the findings, the patient was referred to the oncologist, in addition to the collection of material for cytological examination, where the diagnosis of carcinoma was confirmed.(AU)

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Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic enteropathy that causes gastrointestinal disorders in dogs and cats. It can result in protein loss generally, IBD can result in protein loss when a lymphoplasmacytic enteritis type is envolved. In this case, it is frequently associated with lymphangiectasia. Clinical signs include diarrhea, vomiting and progressive weight loss. This disease mainly affects middle-aged animals. There is only one report in young dog and no reports were observed in Dachshund breed. The objective of this article is reporting the association of inflammatory bowel disease and lymphangiectasia in a young female dachshund dog. Case: It was attended a 2-year-old female Dachshund dog, weighing 7.5 kg. The animal presented with a history of diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss and hyporexia. In the physical examination, it was detected prolonged capillary refill time (longer than two seconds), dehydration of 5 to 6%, muffled pulmonary auscultation on both sides of the thorax (suggesting pleural effusion), abdominal pain, flatulence and a positive balloon test (suggesting ascites). Thoracocentesis and abdominocentesis were performed to drain the pleural effusion and ascites, respectively. Both fluids were classified as transudate. The blood count resulted in normocytic normochromic anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, eosinopenia, lymphopenia, monocytosis and thrombocytosis. Serum biochemistry findings included hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, hypocholesterolemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia and increased alkaline phosphatase. Abdominal ultrasonography showed thickening of the duodenal wall, some segments with hyperechogenic streaks in the jejunal mucosa, colon with increased parietal thickness and presence of free peritoneal fluid. The histopathological analysis of intestinal and gastric fragments, obtained by surgical biopsy, confirmed the diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic IBD associated with lymphangiectasia. It was classified as severe according to the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI). The patient was admitted to hospital and submitted to dietary management, immunosuppressants, antibiotics and supportive therapy. However, the dog has died after 10 weeks. Discussion: The prognosis of IBD is highly variable, depends on therapeutic response and extent of intestinal damage. Dietary therapy associated with anti-inflammatories and immunosuppressants may result in IBD remission. This is characterized by periods of improvement that can last from months to years. Although, in more severe cases, some animals do not respond adequately and relapsed. Lymphangiectasia is a common complication of IBD in dogs, resulting in lymph extravasation and protein loss into the intestinal lumen. Those patients may develop protein-calorie depletion, disabling strokes, or intractable diarrhea. Hypoalbuminemia is an unfavorable prognostic marker. Firstly, in this case, the CIBDAI score was severe (14 points). Along treatment, it evolved into a clinically insignificant condition (2 points). However, later, there was regression to clinically severe disease (12 points). The dog did not respond adequately to the therapy, despite the indicated treatment have been instituted. It had continuously effusions, diarrhea and progressed to cachexia. Hypoproteinemia probably contributed to the severity of the clinical condition and therapeutic response failure, resulting in the animal's death at 10 weeks from the first appointment.

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Background: Caudal vena cava thrombosis (CVCT) is a serious disease that affects cattle. Due to being commonly a fatal pathology, it causes economic losses for producers and national livestock. Thus, the present study describes the epidemiological, clinical, ultrasonographic imaging and pathological findings in 4 cattle with CVCT attended at the Veterinary Hospital (HV) of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IMV) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA). Cases: The animals were crossbreds of the Gir x Holstein and Jersey x Holstein breeds, aged between 4 and 8 years old, raised in semi-extensive and intensive systems. The main clinical signs were pale mucous membranes, reluctance to move, markedly positive venous pulse, engorged jugular with positive stasis test, and serous to mucopurulent nasal exudation. The auscultation of the lung fields revealed tachypnea, silent areas, wheezing, and pleural friction, in addition to coughing, expiratory dyspnea, mouth breathing, and expiratory grunts. One animal had severe hemoptysis. The ultrasound examination performed on a bovine revealed a circular and dilated caudal vena cava in cross-section. Laboratory tests in 3 cattle revealed anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophil left shift, and increased liver enzymes. At necropsy, all cattle had thrombi in the hepatic segment of the caudal vena cava. In the lung, multiple abscesses and areas of parenchymal consolidation, crateriform areas, as well as thrombi in the arteries were observed. Pleural effusion and ascites were seen in all cattle. Clotted blood was seen in the trachea, bronchi, and on rumen contents of an animal. Histopathological alterations seen in the liver were centrilobular hepatocytes with frequent intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm, and pyknotic, karyorrhexic, or absent nuclei and cell borders barely distinguishable. In the lung were nodular and random formations, with a thick wall of mature connective tissue and a central area full of cellular debris, necrotic cells, and intact and degenerated neutrophils (abscesses). Discussion: The set of diagnostic tools that include epidemiology, clinical signs and clinical examinations, ultrasound, necropsy, and histopathology were efficient in the diagnosis of CVCT. The possible causes that led the animals to develop CVCT were diffuse septic pododermatitis in the medial nail of the right pelvic limb associated with traumatic reticuloabomasitis and liver abscesses. In 1 cow, it was not possible to establish the probable cause of CVCT, but for the other cattle in the present study, the probable causes are in agreement with studies that have shown that this disease can occur as a sequel to several septic conditions such as jugular phlebitis, mastitis, hoof rot, enteritis, pneumonia, traumatic reticulopericarditis, acidosis and rumen laminitis, as well as omphalophlebitis in calves. The tachypnea, serous to purulent nasal exudation, pulmonary wheezing, pleural friction, coughing, and expiratory dyspnea, usually with open mouth breathing and expiratory grunts evidenced in the animals of this study, occurred as a result of embolic abscess pneumonia. The presence of multiple lung abscesses, areas of parenchymal consolidation, crateriform foci, and thrombi in the pulmonary arteries and chronic suppurative pneumonia, found at necropsy of the animals in the present study, are related to the development of a thrombus in the caudal vena cava that detaches and embolizes and lodges in the pulmonary arteries. The histopathological findings in 1 cow are compatible with lesions found at necropsy and draw attention to embolic pneumonia and liver lesions, which, are related to thrombi in pulmonary arteries and abscesses formed from CVCT, as well as venous stasis exerted in the return circulation.

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Background: Primary lung neoplasms are uncommon in veterinary medicine, and when they develop, they are more frequently observed to be of epithelial origin. Although chondrosarcomas are the second most diagnosed type of neoplasm in dogs at skeletal sites, their development in extraskeletal tissues, including the spleen, aorta, heart, tongue, peritoneum, and lungs, corresponds to approximately only 1% of cases. Therefore, the occurrence of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma is considered very rare in domestic animals. Considering the rare occurrence and scarcity of data regarding its development, the present report describes the clinical and pathological aspects of a case of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a bitch. Case: A 8-year-old mixed-breed bitch, weighing 14.2 kg, was examined at one private veterinary clinic with the principal complaint of prolonged respiratory distress and resistance to exercise. Clinical evaluation revealed tachypnea with expiratory dyspnea due to intense pleural effusion, tachycardia, and diffusely pale mucous membranes. Thoracocentesis was performed with drainage of 1000 mL of modified transudate, and fluid cytology, blood count, and chest radiography were performed. Cytological analysis of the thoracic fluid did not identify neoplastic cells, the blood count showed intense regenerative anemia, and the radiograph showed an extensive area of consolidation in the left caudal lung lobe, compatible with neoplasia. The results of the tests performed, in addition to the evolution of the clinical picture and the impossibility of performing the indicated surgical intervention, culminated in the patient's unfavorable prognosis, followed by euthanasia, necropsy, and histopathological evaluation of the collected material. Necropsy revealed a white neoplastic formation with reddish areas and firm consistency that diffused into the parenchyma of the left caudal lung lobe with invasion of the rib cage, fracture of the fifth and sixth left ribs, diaphragmatic metastasis, intense hydrothorax, and moderate hydroperitoneum. Microscopically, in the histological sections of the lung and diaphragm, poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells with moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and interspersed with them, moderately differentiated chondrocytes surrounded by chondroid matrix, moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, and a low mitotic index culminated in the diagnosis of primary pulmonary mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Discussion: Malignant epithelial neoplasms were suspected; however, the histopathological features observed were compatible with primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma. The characteristics of the fluid collected through thoracentesis led to its classification as a modified transudate, which is often associated with neoplastic and hemorrhagic processes; both alterations were present in this case. The diagnosis of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma was established based on the histopathological findings since the cell type and distribution observed in the present case were compatible with the typical pattern observed in extraskeletal chondrosarcomas. An unfavorable prognosis is common in cases of primary or metastatic lung neoplasm since, in most cases, the condition is identified in the advanced stages of the disease, making therapeutic management challenging. Given the increase in the number of dog deaths due to neoplasms in recent years, this case report may contribute to a better understanding of the biological behavior of pulmonary chondrosarcoma and assist in the choice of treatment to be adopted when required.

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Background: Cardiomyopathies are a primary heart disorder and are one of the most causes of heart failure and sudden death in cats. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a diastolic dysfunction resulting from endomyocardial fibrosis, with filling restriction and ventricular distention. In these cases, a poor outcome is expected. Anasarca in animals is often associated with dystocia secondary to congenital changes. In adults, this is a rare condition, since subcutaneous edema in animals with congestive heart failure is an uncommon finding. Therefore, this report describes clinical and pathological findings in an unusual presentation of anasarca in two adult cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Cases: A 12-year-old female mixed breed cat (case 1) and a 6-year-old male mixed-breed cat (case 2) were present on an emergent basis at the veterinary hospital with a history of respiratory distress. Case 1 showed on physical examination intense restrictive mixed dyspnea and lethargy, with muffled heart sounds and respiratory noises in cardiorespiratory auscultation. The cat exhibited abdominal distension resulting from ascites. Generalized subcutaneous edema was evident mainly in the abdominal and submandibular areas and the thoracic and pelvic limbs. In these regions, a positive Godet signal was observed. Thoracic radiography revealed pleural effusion, and the cat underwent fluid drainage on both sides of the thoracic cavity. Drainage material was sent to the laboratory for clinical analysis, which indicated that it was a modified transudate. The clinical signs worsened, and the cat was euthanized. In case 2, physical examination showed severe restrictive mixed dyspnea, lethargy, and low body temperature (< 32°C). Abdominal distension resulting from ascites and generalized edema in the subcutaneous tissue with a positive Godet sign was observed. On cardiorespiratory auscultation, cardiac sounds and breathing noises were muffled. Thoracic radiography revealed pleural effusion. The cat was immediately placed in an incubator for clinical stabilization with oxygen therapy and warm-up. After 2 h of hospitalization, thoracentesis and drainage of cavity fluids were performed, which were classified as modified transudate. The patient remained in critical condition during hospitalization, evolving to death. The two cats were referred for a complete post mortem examination. Grossly, both cats showed distension of the abdomen and marked edema of subcutaneous tissue, mainly in the abdominal, ventral cervical, and thoracic and pelvic members. In the abdominal and thoracic cavities, a moderate amount of serous-free liquid, slightly reddish was observed. The heart of both cats was enlarged, with a globose appearance and a slightly whitish epicardium. The left ventricular endocardium was mild and diffusely thick and whitish, in addition to moderate dilation of the left atrium. Histological analyses of the heart showed in both cats moderate and diffuse proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in the endocardial region. Discussion: Restrictive cardiomyopathy has major importance in feline medicine due to its severity and poor outcome. Pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, and ascites are common findings in cats with congestive heart failure; however, generalized subcutaneous edema is uncommon. To the author's knowledge, there are no published cases in the literature of anasarca in adult cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy. In human cardiology, this presentation is commonly related to congestive heart failure, and it is reported under several conditions, such as restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis. The present study suggests that anasarca should be included in the list of associated clinical signs suggestive of severe congestive heart failure, mainly related to restrictive cardiomyopathy.

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Background: Mediastinal lymphoma occurs at a high incidence in cats positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV). It is a malignant lymphocytic neoplasm that may trigger clinical signs such as dyspnea, apathy, regurgitation, and weight loss. The objective of this work is to report a case of mediastinal lymphoma associated with FeLV in a cat, and describe the clinical, pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects that can help the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Case: A 3-year-old male neutered cat weighing 4.6 kg, positive for FeLV, and with a history of dyspnea and hyporexia was referred to a private veterinary clinic in the city of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. The only alteration found at the clinical examination was a muffled sound during lung auscultation. Radiographs of the thorax revealed the presence of pleural effusion; after drainage of the fluid, a mass located in the mediastinal area became radiographically observable. An analysis of the effusion fluid showed high cellularity characterized by a markedly pleomorphic population of individual round cells consistent with lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes with a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, round nucleus, condensed chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli were observed, along with medium and large lymphocytes. The medium and large lymphocytes were characterized by a variably increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio and a scant to moderate cytoplasm exhibiting moderate to intense basophilia and, occasionally, vacuoles. The nuclei were round, idented, or irregular; most of them were located eccentrically and contained coarse to finely granular chromatin. Nucleoli varied from single to multiple, round to angular, and central to peripheral and prominent. Macronucleoli and marked anisonucleosis were also observed, as well as binucleated cells and rare multinucleated cells. The conclusion was that it was a case of neoplastic effusion caused by a lymphoma. After an appointment with an oncologist, a chemotherapy protocol was established. The treatment of choice was CHOP, a combination of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg orally), doxorubicin (1 mg/kg intravenously), vincristine (0.5 mg/m2 intravenously), and prednisolone with a regressive dose starting at 2 mg/kg. The patient underwent 4 rounds of chemotherapy, and received a maintenance treatment thereafter. The patient's condition remained stable for 390 days without relevant clinical or hematological alterations. Discussion: The diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma was established by associating clinical finings, laboratory exams, and radiographic findings. Exams of utmost importance to reach this diagnosis were the thoracic radiography, which revealed the presence of a mass in the thorax, and the cytopathological analysis of the effusion fluid, as round cell neoplasms are easily dissociated. Young cats are the group most affected by FeLV, and mediastinal lymphoma is considered the most prevalent type of lymphoma in this species. The most common clinical sign is dyspnea; however, other signs such as apathy, weight loss, regurgitation (due to pressure on the esophagus), and Horner's syndrome (owing to pressure on the thoracic sympathetic innervation) may also occur. This disease is treated with chemotherapy, with CHOP frequently used as the chemotherapeutic protocol. The good therapeutic response for a longer time than the average estimated by studies on the prognostic of this disease indicates that a correct diagnosis along with an assertive approach and the cooperation of the tutor are essential in cases of mediastinal lymphoma.

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A anasarca fetal é caracterizada pelo edema generalizado do tecido subcutâneo, pela ampliação excessiva do feto, e, consequentemente, pela distocia obstrutiva durante o parto. Sua etiologia não foi elucidada, porém, acredita-se na relação da anasarca fecal com genes autossômicos recessivos, consanguinidade, malformações congênitas, dentre outros fatores. Além disso, o diagnóstico é feito por meio de ultrassonografia, pois não são observados sinais clínicos durante a gestação. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o caso de um cão recém-nascido da raça Husky Siberiano diagnosticado com anasarca fetal. O laudo, o qual foi obtido com a realização de uma ultrassonografia, estimou a presença de seis fetos com movimentação presente e normal. Entretanto, em um dos fetos os achados ultrassonográficos foram edema e cistos repletos de líquido no tecido subcutâneo, efusão pleural e peritoneal, os quais são compatíveis com anasarca fetal. Assim, foi realizado o procedimento de cesariana programada. Devido ao edema, o filhote nasceu pesando um quilo, enquanto os outros filhotes pesavam em média 350 gramas. Apesar de nascer com batimentos cardíacos presentes, o animal veio a óbito instantaneamente após o parto. A necropsia confirmou os achados ultrassonográficos e revelou a presença de hipoplasia pulmonar. O caso relatado apresenta como causa a consanguinidade, destacando a importância de proporcionar estratégias de reprodução que visem evitar a endogamia.

Fetal anasarca is characterized by generalized swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, excessive enlargement of the fetus, and, consequently, obstructive dystocia during delivery. Its etiology has not been elucidated; however, it is believed that the fetal anasarca is related to autosomal recessive genes, consanguinity, congenital malformations, among other factors. In addition, the diagnosis is made through ultrasound, as clinical signs are not observed during pregnancy. Thus, this study aimed to describe the case of a newborn Siberian Husky dog diagnosed with fetal anasarca. The report, which was obtained with ultrasonography, estimated the presence of six fetuses with present and normal movement. However, in one of the fetuses, the sonographic findings were edema and cysts filled with liquid in the subcutaneous tissue, pleural and peritoneal effusion, which are consistent with fetal anasarca. Therefore, a scheduled cesarean section was performed. Due to the edema, the puppy was born weighing one kilo, while the other puppies weighed an average of 350 grams. Despite being born with a heartbeat, the animal died instantly after delivery. The necropsy confirmed the sonographic findings and revealed the presence of pulmonary hypoplasia. The reported case presents consanguinity as the cause, highlighting the importance of providing reproduction strategies to avoid inbreeding.

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Background: Erythroid leukemia is a myeloproliferative hematopoietic disorder considered acute when there is a predominance of blasts in the bone marrow. It is frequently reported in cats infected with feline leukemia virus, but it is unclear whether this virus is involved in the oncogenesis. The clinical signs in cats are anorexia, apathy, weight loss, with evolution from 2 weeks to 2 months, pale mucous membranes, hemorrhages, ascites, salivation, and dyspnea due to pleural effusion. This affection responds little to chemotherapy with an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study is to report a case of a feline leukemia virus infected cat with the onset of severe hemolytic anemia. Case: A 8-year-old male mixed breed cat was attended with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia, apathy, progressive weight loss, and yellowish color of urine for 7 days. Laboratorial exams showed anemia (with metarubricytes, acanthocytes and ghost cells), leukocytosis and FeLV reagent test. The cat underwent treatment with methylprednisolone acetate and supportive care. One day later, the animal returned with icteric mucous membranes, and emesis. A blood count was performed that found worsening anemia, increased leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholangiohepatitis and lymphadenomegaly in mesenteric lymph nodes. Treatment was started with ondansetron, metronidazole, and amoxicilin with potassium clavulanate. The cat returned after 3 days and laboratorial exams revealed worsening of blood parameters, so blood transfusion was performed. After 2 days, the patient started with dyspnea and hypothermia, that evolved to cardiorespiratory arrest. The body was sent to necropsy and histopathology, where blast cells and rubricytes were found in blood vessels of various organs. The bone marrow was markedly cellular with complete disappearance of adipose tissue. Most of the cells were blasts with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nucleus with finely dotted chromatin and a large nucleolus. There were rubricytes, which made possible to confirm acute erythroid leukemia as a morphological diagnosis. Discussion: The clinical signs observed in acute erythroid leukemia are lethargy, inappetence, fever, splenomegaly, mild lymphadenomegaly, associated with leukocytosis, severe anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The reported animal presented signs similar to those described in the literature except that there was no change in platelet counts. The diagnosis of leukemia was reached after histopathology, and it is made when is observed more than 30% of myeloblasts and monoblasts together or when the blast cells count including rubriblasts is greater than 30%. Although chemotherapy, the prognosis is usually poor. It is essential to perform the myelogram for the diagnosis of myeloid leukemias in vivo. In this report, we only achieve final diagnosis after the cat's death, due to the aggressive behavior of the disease. Clinicians must be aware of the likely development of acute erythroid leukemia whenever a feline leukemia virus infected cat presents hemolytic anemia to get an early diagnosis, since this is an extremely aggressive disease, to propose prompt chemotherapy and give the patient a longer survival period.

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An 11-year-old pet goat presented a clinical history of acute respiratory distress with ultrasound diagnosis of wide lung injury. The animal was euthanized due to welfare reasons. At necropsy, it was found pleural effusion and adhesion on the right cranioventral thoracic region. The right cranial and middle lung lobes were firm and light gray with a neocavity containing purulent exudate. From the middle lobe, there was a nodular proliferation occupying alveolar spaces, densely cellular and composed by cuboid-columnar epithelial cells arranged in papillae and acini (60%), as well as polygonal cells arranged in nests with squamous differentiation (40%). Marked pleomorphism, anisocytosis and anisocariosis were also noted. A total of 39 mitosis figures for ten fields at 400x magnification were counted. Lung samples were negative for jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV) by PCR. Immunostaining for TTF1 and P53 occurred in zones of adenomatous and squamous differentiation, respectively. In MIB-1, 14% (82/594) of immunolabeled cells were observed in the squamous component. In conclusion, the histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics confirmed the diagnosis of a pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma, without JSRV involvement, in goat species.(AU)

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Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the disease’s clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...

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Background: Pulmonary neoplasia is an abnormal proliferation of cells at the lung tissue, and may be classified as primary, secondary or metastatic, and multisystemic. However, primary neoplasia is rare in canids. Additionally, neoplasms may be classified according to their biological behavior as either malignant or benign. Malignant tumors are more prevalent. The diagnosis can be difficult due to nonspecific symptoms, taking into account that some affected patients do not have symptoms at all; thus, the real incidence of the disease might remain undiagnosed on certain occasions. Therefore, we aimed to report an unprecedented successful case of lung lobectomy surgery in dogs with the aid of infrared video thermometry, which showed real-time images during the surgical procedure. Case: A 10-year-old male dog, crossbreed with Cocker Spaniel, was attended with a history of lethargy, dullness, progressive weight loss, cough, and difficulty breathing. Due to the chronic severity of the clinical signs and the normal physiological clinical examination, complementary exams were requested, such as radiography of the cervical and thoracic regions, cranial and thoracoabdominal computed tomography (TCT). The results of the exams showed the presence of a nodule mass in the right caudal pulmonary lobe which caused a lateral deviation to the left hemithorax of the cardiac silhouette. The patient underwent a surgical procedure with an approach through the thoracic region, at the height of the seventh intercostal space, and a total lobectomy was performed. Throughout the surgical procedure, video thermometry in real-time through the MART station (Metabolic Activity in Real-Time FLIR SC325®) was used to determine the viability of adjacent tissues through temperature differences measured in degrees Celsius. The surgical fragment containing the direct caudal pulmonary lobe and the mass were sent to the pathology sector for anatomopathological evaluation. An abundant papillary epithelial proliferation was visualized through microscopy, presenting areas of necrosis and inflammatory polymorphonuclear infiltrate. The nodule was diagnosed as lung papillary adenocarcinoma. Discussion: Adenocarcinomas consist of papillary, acinar, solid, or mixed glandular structures. They may originate from the airways, bronchial glands, or bronchoalveolar region, and often show invasive growth presenting a rudimentary and irregular shape. The clinical signs are non-specific, including exercise intolerance, non-productive cough, chronic respiratory signs such as tachypnoea or dyspnea, reduced appetite, weight loss, lethargy, chest palpation pain, hemothorax, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion. The diagnosis is concluded through imaging diagnostic tests, of which chest radiography is the most important, followed by magnetic resonance and computed tomography. Also, histopathological examination is essential to determine a definitive diagnosis. The treatment of choice for adenocarcinoma nodules is a surgical excision of the tumor mass. However, the type of surgical approach is determined by different factors such as size, location, and involvement of adjacent structures. The ablation of pulmonary masses may be performed either via partial or total lobectomies. Nevertheless, partial lobectomy is more often performed on non-neoplastic masses or to obtain material for biopsy, whilst total lobectomy is recommended for a malignant neoplasm removal. The prognosis is always guarded, having a more favorable outcome in masses of the smaller diameter without the involvement of adjacent structures.(AU)

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Background: Manatees are the most endangered aquatic mammals in Brazil. The current conservation scenario, together with their biological characteristics, raises concern with the future of this species. Pyothorax, also known as septic pleural effusion or pleural empyema, is characterized by the accumulation of a septic purulent exudate within the pleural space. Although this infection often has a multifactorial etiology, it is most commonly associated with respiratory tract disorders and trauma. Here, we report a case of pyothorax in a Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus) held in captivity for acclimatization in Brazil. Case: A young, male Antillean manatee, aged 4 years and 11 months, measuring 227 cm in total length, and weighing 258 kg was held in captivity for acclimatization (natural environment) in Porto de Pedras in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. The animal died in February 2013 and was sent for necropsy at the CMA/ICMBio laboratory. The study was developed with authorisation from the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (License number 020/2009) and under the license SISBIO/ ICMBio number 20685-1. Externally, the carcass of the animal showed swelling and bulging of the right antimere and purulent secretion from the right nostril. After external examination, a window was opened in the layers of skin, fat, and muscles from the level of the anus to the navel. Subsequently, the abdominal cavity was opened for inspecting the internal organs. The subcutaneous muscles had a slightly friable, swollen, and pale texture, in addition to petechial hemorrhage, suffusions, and marked edema of the subcutaneous tissue. The right hemidiaphragm was elevated, filling the abdominal and thoracic spaces. Depending on the elevation, all organs were moved to...

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A hidropsia fetal é uma afecção que comumente leva à obstrução do canal do parto e à morte do feto acometido. Ela se caracteriza por um acúmulo anormal de líquido no espaço extravascular, edema subcutâneo generalizado e nas cavidades peritoneal, pleural e pericárdica. Este trabalho objetiva relatar uma hidropsia fetal canina do tipo anasarca, diagnosticada por exame ultrassonográfico, em modo bidimensional. A cadela Fox Paulistinha de 2 anos, estava em trabalho de parto há 12 horas e havia expulsado três filhotes, sendo um natimorto. À palpação foi detectado um filhote no canal do parto e solicitou-se exame ultrassonográfico para avaliação da viabilidade fetal e possível encaminhamento cirúrgico. A ultrassonografia revelou persistência de fetos: um ausente de batimentos cardíacos e obstruindo o canal do parto e outros dois em sofrimento fetal. O feto morto apresentava-se aumentado de tamanho e com edema subcutâneo ao longo de toda a extensão do tronco. Foram observados cistos cervicais bilateralmente, além de efusão pleural e abdominal. A idade gestacional por morfogênese e diâmetro biparietal foi de 68 dias e a placenta encontrava-se aumentada, medindo 0,83cm. A paciente foi submetida a cesariana de emergência. Ambos os filhotes em sofrimento foram retirados, já sem batimentos e o filhote malformado foi necropsiado. Adicionalmente, foi constatada congestão no coração, pulmões, fígado, intestino e peritônio. O filhote hidrópico não afetou a expulsão anterior dos que se posicionaram mais próximos ao canal do parto; contudo, obstruiu a passagem dos que se posicionavam cranialmente a ele, levando ao sofrimento e consequente morte fetal de dois filhotes.

Fetal hydrops is a condition that commonly leads to obstruction of the birth canal and death of the affected fetus. It is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space, generalized subcutaneous edema and in the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities. This work aims to report a canine hydropsy of the anasarca type diagnosed by ultrasound examination, in two-dimensional mode. A 2-year-old Brazilian Terrier bitch with a labor enduring 12 hours had successfully expelled three puppies, one of them stillborn. On palpation, a fetus was detected in birth canal and an ultrasound examination was requested to assess fetal viability and possible surgical referral. Ultrasonography revealed the persistence of fetuses: one missing a heartbeat and obstructing the birth canal and two in fetal distress. The dead fetus was enlarged and had subcutaneous edema along the length of the body. Cervical cysts were observed bilaterally in the subcutaneous tissue, besides to pleural and abdominal effusion. Gestational age was 68 days based on morphogenesis and biparietal diameter. Placenta was enlarged, measuring 0.83cm. The patient underwent an emergency cesarean section. Both puppies that were in fetal suffering were removed without heartbeat and the malformed puppy was necropsied. In addition, congestion was found in the heart, lungs, liver, intestine and peritoneum. The hydropic pup did not affected the previous expulsion of those who were closer to the birth canal, however it obstructed the passage of those who positioned themselves cranially to him, leading to the suffering and consequent fetal death of two puppies.

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Pythiosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting captive and free-ranging wild animals. We report granulomatous pneumonia due to Pythium insidiosum in two South American coatis (Nasua nasua), who were found dead without any clinical records. Severe granulomatous pneumonia associated with pleural effusion was revealed in the necropsy. Microscopically, variably sized granulomas and pyogranulomas presented negative hyphae profiles at the periphery of their necrotic cores. Grocott methenamine silver stain highlighted these structures, and immunostain (anti- P. insidiosum) was strongly positive. Molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction amplified P. insidiosum specific DNA. These findings characterized P. insidiosum as a cause of granulomatous pneumonia in coatis and proved that pythiosis needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases affecting this species in endemic areas.(AU)

A pitiose é uma doença infecciosa emergente que afeta animais silvestres de cativeiro e em vida livre. Reportamos dois casos de pneumonia granulomatosa decorrentes da infecção por Pythium Insidiosum em quatis sul-americanos (Nasua nasua), que foram encontrados mortos sem apresentar nenhum quadro clínico prévio. Pneumonia granulomatosa severa associada a efusão pleural foi observada durante a necropsia. Na microscopia, foram observados múltiplos granulomas e piogranulomas de tamanhos variados que continham imagens negativas de hifas na periferia de seus centros necróticos. A coloração de metenamina de prata (Grocott) evidenciou estas estruturas, e a imunomarcação (anti-P. insidiosum) foi fortemente positiva. A análise molecular pela reação de polimerase em cadeia amplificou o DNA específico do P. insidiousum. Estes achados caracterizaram o P. insidiosum como a causa da pneumonia granulomatosa nos quatis e provou que a pitiose deve ser considerada um diagnostico diferencial para outras doenças respiratórias que afetam esta espécie.(AU)