Eradicant and curative treatments of hexanal against peach brown rot

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp. , is one of the most important peach (Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch) diseases and the main cause of postharvest losses. Currently, alternative methods for postharvest disease control, such as the use of volatiles, are under investigation. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of hexanal on the in vitro development of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa and on monocyclic components of brown rot on peaches. To evaluate the effect on pathogen development in vitro, a single dose of 215 µL of liquid hexanal was placed on glass jars in closed plastic containers (4.3 L) at the moment of fungi transfer, 24 or 48 h after transferring to Petri dishes. After hexanal application, the Petri dishes were kept inside the containers that were closed for 24 h at 20 ºC. Mycelial growth was measured seven days after hexanal removal. For in vivo assays, inoculated fruits were kept in closed plastic containers, and hexanal was applied at the moment of fruit inoculation or 24 hours thereafter. The monocyclic components infection frequency, expressed as brown rot incidence, lesion diameter and lesion sporulation, were assessed daily for seven days. Overall, hexanal was more effective in inhibiting mycelial growth when applied at the moment of pathogen transfer. Hexanal did not prevent pathogen infection, but reduced lesion diameter and completely inhibited spore production on the fruit for both treatments. Hexanal provides a promising alternative for chemical control and can be used in postharvest handling systems.

Eradicant and curative treatments of hexanal against peach brown rot

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp. , is one of the most important peach (Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch) diseases and the main cause of postharvest losses. Currently, alternative methods for postharvest disease control, such as the use of volatiles, are under investigation. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of hexanal on the in vitro development of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa and on monocyclic components of brown rot on peaches. To evaluate the effect on pathogen development in vitro, a single dose of 215 µL of liquid hexanal was placed on glass jars in closed plastic containers (4.3 L) at the moment of fungi transfer, 24 or 48 h after transferring to Petri dishes. After hexanal application, the Petri dishes were kept inside the containers that were closed for 24 h at 20 ºC. Mycelial growth was measured seven days after hexanal removal. For in vivo assays, inoculated fruits were kept in closed plastic containers, and hexanal was applied at the moment of fruit inoculation or 24 hours thereafter. The monocyclic components infection frequency, expressed as brown rot incidence, lesion diameter and lesion sporulation, were assessed daily for seven days. Overall, hexanal was more effective in inhibiting mycelial growth when applied at the moment of pathogen transfer. Hexanal did not prevent pathogen infection, but reduced lesion diameter and completely inhibited spore production on the fruit for both treatments. Hexanal provides a promising alternative for chemical control and can be used in postharvest handling systems.(AU)

Evaluation of potential antagonistism in yeasts, seeking biocontrol of spoilage by Penicillium expansum / Avaliação do potencial antagônico de leveduras, visando biocontrole de deterioração por Penicillium expansum

Considerable losses during apple fruit storage occur due to microbiological diseases, mainly caused by Penicillium expansum, which in addition to fruit pulp deterioration produces patulin, a mycotoxin with carcinogenic and teratogenic activity. Biological control of post-harvest disease by antagonist yeasts focused on killer toxins is an appreciable alternative to the chemical fungicides, due to the low possibility of toxic residues demonstrated during fermentative processes. Twenty out of 44 yeasts (16 isolated from fruits, 10 from corn silage and 18 from laboratory anthill), showed antagonism against spores of P. expansum. The assay in solid medium pointed the strongest nutrient competition antagonism by D. hansenii strain C1 (31 mm inhibition diameter), while D. hansenii strain C7 (15 mm) showed higher antibiosis and parasitism pattern. In the following step the extracellular activity was tested performing the assay with culture supernatant in Yeast Medium agar, where C. guilliermondii P3 was more effective against conidia germination (inhibition rate of 58.15%) while P. ohmeri showed better inhibition on micelial growth (66.17%). The antibiosis showed by both yeasts could suggest probable mechanism associated with killer phenomenon, once both strains were killer positive against sensitive reference strains (S. cerevisiae NCYC 1006 and P. kluyveri CAY-15). In order to enhanc

As perdas consideráveis no armazenamento de maçãs decorrem principalmente de desordens microbiológicas, causadas por Penicillium expansum, que além de colonizar o fruto e causar dano à polpa, produz a patulina, micotoxina teratogênica e cancerígena. Entre as alternativas ao tradicional tratamento químico de doenças pós-colheita de frutos, enfoca-se o biocontrole por leveduras antagonistas, com ênfase em linhagens killer, em função da baixa possibilidade de resíduos tóxicos e com ampla inocuidade demonstrada nos processos fermentativos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o potencial antagônico de leveduras no controle de P. expansum, mediante antifungigrama em meio sólido e líquido. Do total de 44 leveduras isoladas (16 de frutas, 10 de silagem de milho e 18 de formigueiro de laboratório), 20 apresentaram antagonismo perante esporos de P. expansum em ágar Meio Para Levedura, sendo Debaryomyces hansenii C1 responsável por maior atividade associada à competição por nutrientes (zona de inibição de 31 mm) e D. hansenii C7 por antibiose/hiperparasitismo (15 mm). Entretanto, o ensaio realizado com o sobrenadante de cultivo reduziu o número de cepas ativas em cinco, sendo Pichia ohmeri 158 e Candida guilliermondii P3 as de maior atividade antagônica. No antifungigrama em meio líquido (caldo MPL) o sobrenadante do cultivo de C. guilliermondii (25ºC/72 horas) inibiu 58,15% da germina

Evaluation of potential antagonistism in yeasts, seeking biocontrol of spoilage by Penicillium expansum / Avaliação do potencial antagônico de leveduras, visando biocontrole de deterioração por Penicillium expansum

Considerable losses during apple fruit storage occur due to microbiological diseases, mainly caused by Penicillium expansum, which in addition to fruit pulp deterioration produces patulin, a mycotoxin with carcinogenic and teratogenic activity. Biological control of post-harvest disease by antagonist yeasts focused on killer toxins is an appreciable alternative to the chemical fungicides, due to the low possibility of toxic residues demonstrated during fermentative processes. Twenty out of 44 yeasts (16 isolated from fruits, 10 from corn silage and 18 from laboratory anthill), showed antagonism against spores of P. expansum. The assay in solid medium pointed the strongest nutrient competition antagonism by D. hansenii strain C1 (31 mm inhibition diameter), while D. hansenii strain C7 (15 mm) showed higher antibiosis and parasitism pattern. In the following step the extracellular activity was tested performing the assay with culture supernatant in Yeast Medium agar, where C. guilliermondii P3 was more effective against conidia germination (inhibition rate of 58.15%) while P. ohmeri showed better inhibition on micelial growth (66.17%). The antibiosis showed by both yeasts could suggest probable mechanism associated with killer phenomenon, once both strains were killer positive against sensitive reference strains (S. cerevisiae NCYC 1006 and P. kluyveri CAY-15). In order to enhanc

As perdas consideráveis no armazenamento de maçãs decorrem principalmente de desordens microbiológicas, causadas por Penicillium expansum, que além de colonizar o fruto e causar dano à polpa, produz a patulina, micotoxina teratogênica e cancerígena. Entre as alternativas ao tradicional tratamento químico de doenças pós-colheita de frutos, enfoca-se o biocontrole por leveduras antagonistas, com ênfase em linhagens killer, em função da baixa possibilidade de resíduos tóxicos e com ampla inocuidade demonstrada nos processos fermentativos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o potencial antagônico de leveduras no controle de P. expansum, mediante antifungigrama em meio sólido e líquido. Do total de 44 leveduras isoladas (16 de frutas, 10 de silagem de milho e 18 de formigueiro de laboratório), 20 apresentaram antagonismo perante esporos de P. expansum em ágar Meio Para Levedura, sendo Debaryomyces hansenii C1 responsável por maior atividade associada à competição por nutrientes (zona de inibição de 31 mm) e D. hansenii C7 por antibiose/hiperparasitismo (15 mm). Entretanto, o ensaio realizado com o sobrenadante de cultivo reduziu o número de cepas ativas em cinco, sendo Pichia ohmeri 158 e Candida guilliermondii P3 as de maior atividade antagônica. No antifungigrama em meio líquido (caldo MPL) o sobrenadante do cultivo de C. guilliermondii (25ºC/72 horas) inibiu 58,15% da germina