Fast-growing forest management to regulate the balance between wood production and water supply

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, fast-growing forest plantations are able to support the wood supply but may simultaneously reduce water availability. The trade-off between wood production and water supply is more evident in areas with low water availability, high seasonal variation, or high water demand from local communities. The management regime adopted in forest plantations can either increase or reduce this trade-off. Thus, we assess herein the water and wood supply under different fast-growing forest plantation management regimes to understand how forest management practices can balance the provision of these services. The study was conducted at two catchments with a predominance of fast-growing forest plantations, namely, the mosaic management catchment (MMC) and the intensive management catchment (IMC). Rainfall and streamflow were monitored for three water years. Hydrological indexes were calculated to assess the hydrological regime of both catchments, and make inventories of the forest to assess forest growth rates. MMC had streamflow coefficients, baseflow index and baseflow stability higher than those of IMC. Mean annual wood increment was 32.73 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in MMC, with a mean age of 15 years, and 44.40 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in IMC at coppice in the second year. MMC hydrological indexes remained stable over the period studied, while in IMC the hydrological indexes were affected by climatic variations, mainly in drier years. MMC showed potential for supplying both water and wood. However, in IMC there was a trade-off between wood supply at the expense of the water supply. Thus, the intensity of fast-growing management can be adjusted to achieve a balance between water and wood supply on a catchment scale.

Fast-growing forest management to regulate the balance between wood production and water supply

Increasingly, fast-growing forest plantations are able to support the wood supply but may simultaneously reduce water availability. The trade-off between wood production and water supply is more evident in areas with low water availability, high seasonal variation, or high water demand from local communities. The management regime adopted in forest plantations can either increase or reduce this trade-off. Thus, we assess herein the water and wood supply under different fast-growing forest plantation management regimes to understand how forest management practices can balance the provision of these services. The study was conducted at two catchments with a predominance of fast-growing forest plantations, namely, the mosaic management catchment (MMC) and the intensive management catchment (IMC). Rainfall and streamflow were monitored for three water years. Hydrological indexes were calculated to assess the hydrological regime of both catchments, and make inventories of the forest to assess forest growth rates. MMC had streamflow coefficients, baseflow index and baseflow stability higher than those of IMC. Mean annual wood increment was 32.73 m³ ha-¹ yr-¹ in MMC, with a mean age of 15 years, and 44.40 m³ ha-¹ yr-¹ in IMC at coppice in the second year. MMC hydrological indexes remained stable over the period studied, while in IMC the hydrological indexes were affected by climatic variations, mainly in drier years. MMC showed potential for supplying both water and wood. However, in IMC there was a trade-off between wood supply at the expense of the water supply. Thus, the intensity of fast-growing management can be adjusted to achieve a balance between water and wood supply on a catchment scale.

Diversity of avian species, their ecosystems and climate conditions in two zones of High Atlas (central Morocco) for ecotouristic purposes

The analysis of avian diversity and their natural ecosystems at a regional scale is the first step to understanding and classifying a specific region's ecological importance and, therefore, adopting sustainable economic activities and implementing suitable conservation measures. This study investigated the avian richness and natural ecosystems in Eastern and central High Atlas between 2015 and 2021. Transects and point-count methods were used to identify and estimate populations of birds and to delimit the nature of ecosystems. A total of 175 bird species among resident-breeders, migrantbreeders, migrant-winterers, and accidental-visitors were documented. These birds belong to 19 orders and are grouped into 51 families. Among recorded birds, 20 species were categorized as species of ectouristic interest due to their roles in birdwatching, hunting, racing sports, and trade activities. These species were observed in natural and human-made ecosystems, with the majority in wetlands. The abundance of a wide range of ecosystems and various bioclimatic stages is suggested to be behind the avian richness of these mountainous areas. Finally, these natural landscapes and their avian richness could be used for ecotouristic purposes. Visitors could profit from the view of landscapes and observation of the most iconic and rare animal species, which is suggested to increase the income for local populations and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources.

Potential of Kazakhstan's grain export trade / O potencial do comércio de exportação de grãos do Cazaquistão

ABSTRACT: Kazakhstan is located in the hinterland of Central Asia. Its virtuous geographical advantages and huge grain production potential make it one of the most important grain exporters in the world. The research on the problem of the grain trade in Kazakhstan is of great significance for food security. This study measured its international competitiveness using the International Market Share Index, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Trade competitiveness index and calculated the international competitiveness and analyzed the influencing factors of grain export by constructing an extended gravity model and measured its export potential. Results showed that Kazakhstan has a low share of the international grain market; however, wheat, barley, and buckwheat have strong export advantages; the level of economic development and economic distance has significantly promoted the scale of grain exports. While geographical distance, the difference in GDP per capita, and the fact whether trading partner countries have joined the Eurasian Economic Union have caused obstacles to grain exports. Kazakhstan's export potential to 6 countries including Russia, Kyrgyzstan and China shows an upward" trend, its export potential to 6 countries including Tajikistan and Ukraine showing a "stable" trend, and its export to 9 countries included Poland and Germany. The potential showed a "declining" trend.

RESUMO: O Cazaquistão está localizado no interior da Ásia Central. Suas virtuosas vantagens geográficas e grande potencial de produção de grãos a tornam um dos exportadores de grãos mais importantes do mundo. A pesquisa sobre o problema do comércio de grãos no Cazaquistão é de grande importância para a segurança alimentar. Este estudo mede sua competitividade internacional por meio do índice IMS, índice RCA, índice TC e calcula a competitividade internacional e analisa os fatores influenciadores da exportação de grãos por meio da construção de um modelo gravimétrico estendido e mede seu potencial exportador. Os resultados mostram que o Cazaquistão tem uma baixa participação no mercado internacional de grãos; no entanto, trigo, cevada e trigo sarraceno têm fortes vantagens de exportação; o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e a distância econômica têm promovido significativamente a escala das exportações de grãos. Embora a distância geográfica, a diferença no PIB per capita e o fato de os países parceiros comerciais terem aderido à União Econômica da Eurásia têm causado obstáculos às exportações de grãos. O potencial de exportação do Cazaquistão para seis países, incluindo Rússia, Quirguistão e China mostra uma tendência de "alta", seu potencial de exportação para seis países, incluindo Tajiquistão e Ucrânia, mostra uma tendência" estável "e sua exportação para nove países, incluindo Polônia e Alemanha. O potencial mostra uma tendência de "declínio".

Potential of Kazakhstan’s grain export trade / O potencial do comércio de exportação de grãos do Cazaquistão

Kazakhstan is located in the hinterland of Central Asia. Its virtuous geographical advantages and huge grain production potential make it one of the most important grain exporters in the world. The research on the problem of the grain trade in Kazakhstan is of great significance for food security. This study measured its international competitiveness using the International Market Share Index, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Trade competitiveness index and calculated the international competitiveness and analyzed the influencing factors of grain export by constructing an extended gravity model and measured its export potential. Results showed that Kazakhstan has a low share of the international grain market; however, wheat, barley, and buckwheat have strong export advantages; the level of economic development and economic distance has significantly promoted the scale of grain exports. While geographical distance, the difference in GDP per capita, and the fact whether trading partner countries have joined the Eurasian Economic Union have caused obstacles to grain exports. Kazakhstan’s export potential to 6 countries including Russia, Kyrgyzstan and China shows an upward” trend, its export potential to 6 countries including Tajikistan and Ukraine showing a “stable” trend, and its export to 9 countries included Poland and Germany. The potential showed a “declining” trend.

O Cazaquistão está localizado no interior da Ásia Central. Suas virtuosas vantagens geográficas e grande potencial de produção de grãos a tornam um dos exportadores de grãos mais importantes do mundo. A pesquisa sobre o problema do comércio de grãos no Cazaquistão é de grande importância para a segurança alimentar. Este estudo mede sua competitividade internacional por meio do índice IMS, índice RCA, índice TC e calcula a competitividade internacional e analisa os fatores influenciadores da exportação de grãos por meio da construção de um modelo gravimétrico estendido e mede seu potencial exportador. Os resultados mostram que o Cazaquistão tem uma baixa participação no mercado internacional de grãos; no entanto, trigo, cevada e trigo sarraceno têm fortes vantagens de exportação; o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e a distância econômica têm promovido significativamente a escala das exportações de grãos. Embora a distância geográfica, a diferença no PIB per capita e o fato de os países parceiros comerciais terem aderido à União Econômica da Eurásia têm causado obstáculos às exportações de grãos. O potencial de exportação do Cazaquistão para seis países, incluindo Rússia, Quirguistão e China mostra uma tendência de “alta”, seu potencial de exportação para seis países, incluindo Tajiquistão e Ucrânia, mostra uma tendência“ estável ”e sua exportação para nove países, incluindo Polônia e Alemanha. O potencial mostra uma tendência de “declínio”.

Potential of Kazakhstans grain export trade / O potencial do comércio de exportação de grãos do Cazaquistão

Kazakhstan is located in the hinterland of Central Asia. Its virtuous geographical advantages and huge grain production potential make it one of the most important grain exporters in the world. The research on the problem of the grain trade in Kazakhstan is of great significance for food security. This study measured its international competitiveness using the International Market Share Index, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Trade competitiveness index and calculated the international competitiveness and analyzed the influencing factors of grain export by constructing an extended gravity model and measured its export potential. Results showed that Kazakhstan has a low share of the international grain market; however, wheat, barley, and buckwheat have strong export advantages; the level of economic development and economic distance has significantly promoted the scale of grain exports. While geographical distance, the difference in GDP per capita, and the fact whether trading partner countries have joined the Eurasian Economic Union have caused obstacles to grain exports. Kazakhstans export potential to 6 countries including Russia, Kyrgyzstan and China shows an upward” trend, its export potential to 6 countries including Tajikistan and Ukraine showing a “stable” trend, and its export to 9 countries included Poland and Germany. The potential showed a “declining” trend.(AU)

O Cazaquistão está localizado no interior da Ásia Central. Suas virtuosas vantagens geográficas e grande potencial de produção de grãos a tornam um dos exportadores de grãos mais importantes do mundo. A pesquisa sobre o problema do comércio de grãos no Cazaquistão é de grande importância para a segurança alimentar. Este estudo mede sua competitividade internacional por meio do índice IMS, índice RCA, índice TC e calcula a competitividade internacional e analisa os fatores influenciadores da exportação de grãos por meio da construção de um modelo gravimétrico estendido e mede seu potencial exportador. Os resultados mostram que o Cazaquistão tem uma baixa participação no mercado internacional de grãos; no entanto, trigo, cevada e trigo sarraceno têm fortes vantagens de exportação; o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e a distância econômica têm promovido significativamente a escala das exportações de grãos. Embora a distância geográfica, a diferença no PIB per capita e o fato de os países parceiros comerciais terem aderido à União Econômica da Eurásia têm causado obstáculos às exportações de grãos. O potencial de exportação do Cazaquistão para seis países, incluindo Rússia, Quirguistão e China mostra uma tendência de “alta”, seu potencial de exportação para seis países, incluindo Tajiquistão e Ucrânia, mostra uma tendência“ estável ”e sua exportação para nove países, incluindo Polônia e Alemanha. O potencial mostra uma tendência de “declínio”.(AU)

The donkey skin trade: a growing global problem / O comércio de peles de jumento: um problema global em crescimento

Growing demand for ejiao ­ gelatin produced from donkey skin and used in Traditional Chinese Medicine ­ is putting global donkey populations at risk and threatening the livelihoods of millions of people that depend on them in lower and middle-income countries. Hundreds of thousands of donkeys are slaughtered for their skins and exported annually, mostly from Africa to China. However, the trade is spreading across the globe, including Brazil. This article highlights the appalling welfare conditions for donkeys caught up in both the legal and illegal trade, as well as the effects on vulnerable people and the potential for disease spread and hazards to human health.(AU)

A crescente demanda por ejiao ­ uma gelatina produzida a partir da pele de jumento e usada na medicina tradicional chinesa ­ está colocando em risco as populações globais de jumentos e ameaçando a subsistência de milhões de pessoas que dependem delas em países de renda média e baixa. Centenas de milhares de jumentos são abatidos para obter suas peles e exportados anualmente, principalmente da África para a China. No entanto, o comércio está se espalhando pelo globo, inclusive para o Brasil. Este artigo destaca as péssimas condições de bem-estar para os jumentos apanhados no comércio legal e ilegal, bem como os efeitos sobre as pessoas vulneráveis e o potencial de propagação de doenças e riscos para a saúde humana.(AU)

The donkey skin trade: a growing global problem / O comércio de peles de jumento: um problema global em crescimento

Growing demand for ejiao ­ gelatin produced from donkey skin and used in Traditional Chinese Medicine ­ is putting global donkey populations at risk and threatening the livelihoods of millions of people that depend on them in lower and middle-income countries. Hundreds of thousands of donkeys are slaughtered for their skins and exported annually, mostly from Africa to China. However, the trade is spreading across the globe, including Brazil. This article highlights the appalling welfare conditions for donkeys caught up in both the legal and illegal trade, as well as the effects on vulnerable people and the potential for disease spread and hazards to human health.(AU)

A crescente demanda por ejiao ­ uma gelatina produzida a partir da pele de jumento e usada na medicina tradicional chinesa ­ está colocando em risco as populações globais de jumentos e ameaçando a subsistência de milhões de pessoas que dependem delas em países de renda média e baixa. Centenas de milhares de jumentos são abatidos para obter suas peles e exportados anualmente, principalmente da África para a China. No entanto, o comércio está se espalhando pelo globo, inclusive para o Brasil. Este artigo destaca as péssimas condições de bem-estar para os jumentos apanhados no comércio legal e ilegal, bem como os efeitos sobre as pessoas vulneráveis e o potencial de propagação de doenças e riscos para a saúde humana.(AU)

Bovine tuberculosis in safari park in Brazil

ABSTRACT: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, affecting domestic animals, wild animals and humans. In captivity, for wild animals, bTB represents a risk to animal keepers and zoo visitors, in addition to the possibility of spreading the infection to domestic animals or through the trade of infected wild animals. Sambar (Cervus unicolor), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) from a safari park in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, showed a clinical condition of dyspnea and weight loss. Some animals died and showed lesions suggestive of tuberculosis (LST), which were confirmed by histopathology. After the interdiction of the safari park by the state veterinary authorities, 281 deer were euthanized with the authorization of the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). Retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes and viscera were collected from 21 animals, which were grown in Stonebrink medium for up to 90 days. After DNA extraction from the bacterial colonies, PCR was performed for targets flanking the region of differentiation 4 (RD4). Of the 21 samples, 14 (66.7%) presented LST with a granulomatous appearance, a whitish coloration, and caseous or calcified consistency, and seven samples (33.3%), showed no lesions. In the culture of 14 samples with LST, 13 (92.8%) presented bacterial growth compatible with M. bovis. In the cultivation of the seven samples without LST, four (57.1%) presented colonies compatible with M. bovis. PCR and DNA sequencing of the PCR amplicons detected as positive all the 17 (100%) bacteriological cultures suggestive of M. bovis, thus confirming the outbreak of bTB in deer. Decisions about positive tested and suspicious animals should be taken based on the evaluation of the risk of transmission to the rest of the zoological animals, animal welfare, conservation considerations and, the zoonotic potential of this pathogen.

RESUMO: A tuberculose bovina (bTB) é uma doença infecciosa causada por Mycobacterium bovis, afetando animais domésticos, animais selvagens e humanos. Para animais selvagens em cativeiro, a bTB representa um risco para os tratadores de animais e visitantes do zoológico, além da possibilidade de espalhar a infecção para animais domésticos ou por meio do comércio de animais silvestres infectados. Cervídeos sambar (Cervus unicolor), veado-vermelho (Cervus elaphus) e gamo (Dama dama) de um parque safári no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, mostraram uma condição clínica de dispneia e perda de peso. Alguns animais morreram e apresentaram lesões sugestivas de tuberculose (LST), as quais foram confirmadas por histopatologia. Após a interdição do parque safári pelas autoridades veterinárias estaduais, 281 veados sofreram eutanásia com a autorização do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos e submandibulares e vísceras foram coletados de 21 animais, que foram cultivados em meio Stonebrink por até 90 dias. Após extração de DNA das colônias bacterianas, foi realizada PCR para alvos que flanqueavam a região de diferenciação 4 (RD4). Das 21 amostras, 14 (66,7%) apresentaram LST com aspecto granulomatoso, coloração esbranquiçada e consistência caseosa ou calcificada, e sete amostras (33,3%) não apresentaram lesões. Na cultura de 14 amostras com LST, 13 (92,8%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano compatível com M. bovis. No cultivo das sete amostras sem LST, quatro (57,1%) apresentaram colônias compatíveis com M. bovis. A PCR e o sequenciamento de DNA dos fragmentos de PCR detectaram como positivo todas as 17 (100%) culturas bacteriológicas sugestivas de M. bovis, confirmando assim o surto de bTB em cervídeos. As decisões sobre animais positivos testados e suspeitos devem ser tomadas com base na avaliação do risco de transmissão para o restante dos animais zoológicos, bem-estar animal, considerações de conservação e no potencial zoonótico desse patógeno.

Bovine tuberculosis in safari park in Brazil / Tuberculose bovina em parque safári no Brasil

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, affecting domestic animals, wild animals and humans. In captivity, for wild animals, bTB represents a risk to animal keepers and zoo visitors, in addition to the possibility of spreading the infection to domestic animals or through the trade of infected wild animals. Sambar (Cervus unicolor), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) from a safari park in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, showed a clinical condition of dyspnea and weight loss. Some animals died and showed lesions suggestive of tuberculosis (LST), which were confirmed by histopathology. After the interdiction of the safari park by the state veterinary authorities, 281 deer were euthanized with the authorization of the "Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis" (IBAMA). Retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes and viscera were collected from 21 animals, which were grown in Stonebrink medium for up to 90 days. After DNA extraction from the bacterial colonies, PCR was performed for targets flanking the region of differentiation 4 (RD4). Of the 21 samples, 14 (66.7%) presented LST with a granulomatous appearance, a whitish coloration, and caseous or calcified consistency, and seven samples (33.3%), showed no lesions. In the culture of 14 samples with LST, 13 (92.8%) presented bacterial growth compatible with M. bovis. In the cultivation of the seven samples without LST, four (57.1%) presented colonies compatible with M. bovis. PCR and DNA sequencing of the PCR amplicons detected as positive all the 17 (100%) bacteriological cultures suggestive of M. bovis, thus confirming the outbreak of bTB in deer. Decisions about positive tested and suspicious animals should be taken based on the evaluation of the risk of transmission to the rest of the zoological animals, animal welfare, conservation considerations and, the zoonotic potential of this pathogen.(AU)

A tuberculose bovina (bTB) é uma doença infecciosa causada por Mycobacterium bovis, afetando animais domésticos, animais selvagens e humanos. Para animais selvagens em cativeiro, a bTB representa um risco para os tratadores de animais e visitantes do zoológico, além da possibilidade de espalhar a infecção para animais domésticos ou por meio do comércio de animais silvestres infectados. Cervídeos sambar (Cervus unicolor), veado-vermelho (Cervus elaphus) e gamo (Dama dama) de um parque safári no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, mostraram uma condição clínica de dispneia e perda de peso. Alguns animais morreram e apresentaram lesões sugestivas de tuberculose (LST), as quais foram confirmadas por histopatologia. Após a interdição do parque safári pelas autoridades veterinárias estaduais, 281 veados sofreram eutanásia com a autorização do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos e submandibulares e vísceras foram coletados de 21 animais, que foram cultivados em meio Stonebrink por até 90 dias. Após extração de DNA das colônias bacterianas, foi realizada PCR para alvos que flanqueavam a região de diferenciação 4 (RD4). Das 21 amostras, 14 (66,7%) apresentaram LST com aspecto granulomatoso, coloração esbranquiçada e consistência caseosa ou calcificada, e sete amostras (33,3%) não apresentaram lesões. Na cultura de 14 amostras com LST, 13 (92,8%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano compatível com M. bovis. No cultivo das sete amostras sem LST, quatro (57,1%) apresentaram colônias compatíveis com M. bovis. A PCR e o sequenciamento de DNA dos fragmentos de PCR detectaram como positivo todas as 17 (100%) culturas bacteriológicas sugestivas de M. bovis, confirmando assim o surto de bTB em cervídeos. As decisões sobre animais positivos testados e suspeitos devem ser tomadas com base na avaliação do risco de transmissão para o restante dos animais zoológicos, bem-estar animal, considerações de conservação e no potencial zoonótico desse patógeno.(AU)

Bovine tuberculosis in safari park in Brazil / Tuberculose bovina em parque safári no Brasil

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, affecting domestic animals, wild animals and humans. In captivity, for wild animals, bTB represents a risk to animal keepers and zoo visitors, in addition to the possibility of spreading the infection to domestic animals or through the trade of infected wild animals. Sambar (Cervus unicolor), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) from a safari park in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, showed a clinical condition of dyspnea and weight loss. Some animals died and showed lesions suggestive of tuberculosis (LST), which were confirmed by histopathology. After the interdiction of the safari park by the state veterinary authorities, 281 deer were euthanized with the authorization of the "Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis" (IBAMA). Retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes and viscera were collected from 21 animals, which were grown in Stonebrink medium for up to 90 days. After DNA extraction from the bacterial colonies, PCR was performed for targets flanking the region of differentiation 4 (RD4). Of the 21 samples, 14 (66.7%) presented LST with a granulomatous appearance, a whitish coloration, and caseous or calcified consistency, and seven samples (33.3%), showed no lesions. In the culture of 14 samples with LST, 13 (92.8%) presented bacterial growth compatible with M. bovis. In the cultivation of the seven samples without LST, four (57.1%) presented colonies compatible with M. bovis. PCR and DNA sequencing of the PCR amplicons detected as positive all the 17 (100%) bacteriological cultures suggestive of M. bovis, thus confirming the outbreak of bTB in deer. Decisions about positive tested and suspicious animals should be taken based on the evaluation of the risk of transmission to the rest of the zoological animals, animal welfare, conservation considerations and, the zoonotic potential of this pathogen.(AU)

A tuberculose bovina (bTB) é uma doença infecciosa causada por Mycobacterium bovis, afetando animais domésticos, animais selvagens e humanos. Para animais selvagens em cativeiro, a bTB representa um risco para os tratadores de animais e visitantes do zoológico, além da possibilidade de espalhar a infecção para animais domésticos ou por meio do comércio de animais silvestres infectados. Cervídeos sambar (Cervus unicolor), veado-vermelho (Cervus elaphus) e gamo (Dama dama) de um parque safári no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, mostraram uma condição clínica de dispneia e perda de peso. Alguns animais morreram e apresentaram lesões sugestivas de tuberculose (LST), as quais foram confirmadas por histopatologia. Após a interdição do parque safári pelas autoridades veterinárias estaduais, 281 veados sofreram eutanásia com a autorização do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). Os linfonodos retrofaríngeos e submandibulares e vísceras foram coletados de 21 animais, que foram cultivados em meio Stonebrink por até 90 dias. Após extração de DNA das colônias bacterianas, foi realizada PCR para alvos que flanqueavam a região de diferenciação 4 (RD4). Das 21 amostras, 14 (66,7%) apresentaram LST com aspecto granulomatoso, coloração esbranquiçada e consistência caseosa ou calcificada, e sete amostras (33,3%) não apresentaram lesões. Na cultura de 14 amostras com LST, 13 (92,8%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano compatível com M. bovis. No cultivo das sete amostras sem LST, quatro (57,1%) apresentaram colônias compatíveis com M. bovis. A PCR e o sequenciamento de DNA dos fragmentos de PCR detectaram como positivo todas as 17 (100%) culturas bacteriológicas sugestivas de M. bovis, confirmando assim o surto de bTB em cervídeos. As decisões sobre animais positivos testados e suspeitos devem ser tomadas com base na avaliação do risco de transmissão para o restante dos animais zoológicos, bem-estar animal, considerações de conservação e no potencial zoonótico desse patógeno.(AU)

Understanding the trade-off between the environment and fertility in cows and ewes

The environment contributes to production diseases that in turn badly affect cow performance, fertility and culling. Oestrus intensity is lower in lame cows, and in all cows 26% potential oestrus events are not expressed (to avoid getting pregnant). To understand these trade-offs, we need to know how animals react to their environment and how the environment influences hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) interactions with the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPO). Neurotransmitters control secretion of GnRH into hypophyseal portal blood. GnRH/LH pulse amplitude and frequency drive oestradiol production, culminating in oestrus behaviour and a precisely-timed GnRH/LH surge, all of which are disrupted by poor environments. Responses to peripheral neuronal agents give clues about mechanisms, but do these drugs alter perception of stimuli, or suppress consequent responses? In vitro studies confirm some neuronal interactions between the HPA and HPO; and immuno-histochemistry clarifies the location and sequence of inter-neurone activity within the brain. In both species, exogenous corticoids, ACTH and/or CRH act at the pituitary (reduce LH release by GnRH), and hypothalamus (lower GnRH pulse frequency and delay surge release). This requires inter-neurones as GnRH cells do not have receptors for HPA compounds. There are two (simultaneous, therefore fail-safe?) pathways for CRH suppression of GnRH release via CRH-Receptors: one being the regulation of kisspeptin/dynorphin and other cell types in the hypothalamus, and the other being the direct contact between CRH and GnRH cell terminals in the median eminence. When we domesticate animals, we must provide the best possible environment otherwise animals trade-off with lower production, less intense oestrus behaviour, and impaired fertility. Avoiding life-time peri-parturient problems by managing persistent lactations in cows may be a worthy trade-off on both welfare and economic terms – better than the camouflage use of drugs/hormones/feed additives/intricate technologies? In the long term, getting animals and environment in a more harmonious balance is the ultimate strategy.

Understanding the trade-off between the environment and fertility in cows and ewes

The environment contributes to production diseases that in turn badly affect cow performance, fertility and culling. Oestrus intensity is lower in lame cows, and in all cows 26% potential oestrus events are not expressed (to avoid getting pregnant). To understand these trade-offs, we need to know how animals react to their environment and how the environment influences hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) interactions with the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPO). Neurotransmitters control secretion of GnRH into hypophyseal portal blood. GnRH/LH pulse amplitude and frequency drive oestradiol production, culminating in oestrus behaviour and a precisely-timed GnRH/LH surge, all of which are disrupted by poor environments. Responses to peripheral neuronal agents give clues about mechanisms, but do these drugs alter perception of stimuli, or suppress consequent responses? In vitro studies confirm some neuronal interactions between the HPA and HPO; and immuno-histochemistry clarifies the location and sequence of inter-neurone activity within the brain. In both species, exogenous corticoids, ACTH and/or CRH act at the pituitary (reduce LH release by GnRH), and hypothalamus (lower GnRH pulse frequency and delay surge release). This requires inter-neurones as GnRH cells do not have receptors for HPA compounds. There are two (simultaneous, therefore fail-safe?) pathways for CRH suppression of GnRH release via CRH-Receptors: one being the regulation of kisspeptin/dynorphin and other cell types in the hypothalamus, and the other being the direct contact between CRH and GnRH cell terminals in the median eminence. When we domesticate animals, we must provide the best possible environment otherwise animals trade-off with lower production, less intense oestrus behaviour, and impaired fertility. Avoiding life-time peri-parturient problems by managing persistent lactations in cows may be a worthy trade-off on both welfare and economic terms better than the camouflage use of drugs/hormones/feed additives/intricate technologies? In the long term, getting animals and environment in a more harmonious balance is the ultimate strategy.(AU)

Avaliação higiênico-sanitária da venda de pescado no município de Caucaia / Hygienic-sanitary evaluation of fish sales in the Caucaia municipality

O consumo de pescado tem aumentado muito nos últimos anos no Brasil, principalmente na região Nordeste. Apesar do grande comércio de pescado na região do município de Caucaia no Ceará, não se conhece sobre a qualidade do pescado vendido nessa localidade, condições higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos pontos de venda de pescado em Caucaia, assim como as características de frescor desse produto comercializado nesse município. Foram visitados 22 postos de venda de pescado (3 no centro de Caucaia e 19 barracas de praia). Observou-se que os pontos de vendas localizados tanto no centro urbano quanto na região praiana não obedeciam ao binário tempo de prateleira-temperatura e não apresentavam infraestruturas adequadas de conservação, onde 50% dos estabelecimentos visitados não dispunham de saneamento básico. Todos os locais de comercialização de pescado do município não seguiam às normas de boas práticas de manipulação e higiene. Além disso, o pescado comercializado apresentava características fora dos padrões de qualidade para consumo. Diante disso, pode-se concluir que os estabelecimentos que comercializam pescado no município de Caucaia apresentam condições inadequadas de manipulação e conservação dos produtos, caracterizando-se como um risco potencial à segurança alimentar dos consumidores.

Fish consumption has increased significantly in recent years in Brazil, especially in the Northeast. Despite the large fish trade in the region of the municipality of Caucaia in Ceará, it is not known about the quality, hygienic and, sanitary conditions of the fish sold in this locality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of Caucaia’s fish outlets, as well as the freshness characteristics of this product marketed in this municipality. Twenty-two fish outlets were visited (3 in the center of Caucaia and 19 beach huts). It was observed that the points of sale located in both the urban center and the beach region did not obey the binary shelf-temperature time and did not present adequate conservation infrastructures, where 50% of the visited establishments did not have basic sanitation. All fish marketing sites in the municipality did not follow the rules of good handling and hygiene practices. In addition, the marketed fish presented characteristics that were outside the quality standards for consumption. In view of this, it can be concluded that establishments that sell fish in the municipality of Caucaia present inadequate conditions for handling and conservation of products, characterizing as a potential risk to the food safety of consumers.

Avaliação higiênico-sanitária da venda de pescado no município de Caucaia / Hygienic-sanitary evaluation of fish sales in the Caucaia municipality

O consumo de pescado tem aumentado muito nos últimos anos no Brasil, principalmente na região Nordeste. Apesar do grande comércio de pescado na região do município de Caucaia no Ceará, não se conhece sobre a qualidade do pescado vendido nessa localidade, condições higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos pontos de venda de pescado em Caucaia, assim como as características de frescor desse produto comercializado nesse município. Foram visitados 22 postos de venda de pescado (3 no centro de Caucaia e 19 barracas de praia). Observou-se que os pontos de vendas localizados tanto no centro urbano quanto na região praiana não obedeciam ao binário tempo de prateleira-temperatura e não apresentavam infraestruturas adequadas de conservação, onde 50% dos estabelecimentos visitados não dispunham de saneamento básico. Todos os locais de comercialização de pescado do município não seguiam às normas de boas práticas de manipulação e higiene. Além disso, o pescado comercializado apresentava características fora dos padrões de qualidade para consumo. Diante disso, pode-se concluir que os estabelecimentos que comercializam pescado no município de Caucaia apresentam condições inadequadas de manipulação e conservação dos produtos, caracterizando-se como um risco potencial à segurança alimentar dos consumidores.(AU)

Fish consumption has increased significantly in recent years in Brazil, especially in the Northeast. Despite the large fish trade in the region of the municipality of Caucaia in Ceará, it is not known about the quality, hygienic and, sanitary conditions of the fish sold in this locality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of Caucaias fish outlets, as well as the freshness characteristics of this product marketed in this municipality. Twenty-two fish outlets were visited (3 in the center of Caucaia and 19 beach huts). It was observed that the points of sale located in both the urban center and the beach region did not obey the binary shelf-temperature time and did not present adequate conservation infrastructures, where 50% of the visited establishments did not have basic sanitation. All fish marketing sites in the municipality did not follow the rules of good handling and hygiene practices. In addition, the marketed fish presented characteristics that were outside the quality standards for consumption. In view of this, it can be concluded that establishments that sell fish in the municipality of Caucaia present inadequate conditions for handling and conservation of products, characterizing as a potential risk to the food safety of consumers.(AU)

Floral phenology, seed germination and hybrid plants of the Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida)

The Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) is a food plant native to the Amazon region. Several local varieties are cultivated by traditional family farmers for consumption and local trade. However, socioeconomic processes may be causing species genetic erosion. Knowledge about species sexual reproduction is essential for its conservation and genetic improvement. The objective of this study was to observe the floral phenology, to assess the germination and dormancy of seeds, to conduct controlled pollinations and to select hybrid plants of D. trifida with agronomic potential. Seed dormancy was confirmed and was broken by after-ripening at 28 oC and 80% RH. We carried out controlled pollinations between local landraces and cultivated the resulting hybrid plants in the field. The new genotypes showed high phenotypic variability and tubers with new characteristics, which permitted the selection of genotypes with agronomic potential for further studies. The results contribute to the conservation of agrobiodiversity and genetic improvement for added value of Amazonian native food plants.(AU)

O cará (Dioscorea trifida) é uma planta alimentícia nativa da Amazônia. Diversas variedades locais são cultivadas por agricultores familiares para consumo e comercialização local. Porém, processos socioeconômicos podem estar causando a erosão genética da espécie. O conhecimento sobre a reprodução sexuada da espécie é essencial para sua conservação e melhoramento genético. O estudo teve como objetivos observar a fenologia floral, estudar a germinação e a quebra de dormência de sementes, testar a viabilidade de polinizações controladas e selecionar plantas híbridas de D. trifida com potencial agronômico. A dormência de sementes e a quebra da dormência após o armazenamento à 28 oC e 80% UR foram comprovadas. As plantas híbridas obtidas a partir das polinizações controladas foram cultivadas em condições de campo. Os novos genótipos apresentaram alta variabilidade fenotípica e tubérculos com novas características, permitindo a seleção de genótipos com potencial agronômico para futuros estudos. Os resultados contribuem para a conservação da agrobiodiversidade e o melhoramento genético para agregar valor a plantas alimentícias nativas da Amazônia.(AU)

Crop residue harvest for bioenergy production and its implications on soil functioning and plant growth: A review

The use of crop residues as a bioenergy feedstock is considered a potential strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, indiscriminate harvesting of crop residues can induce deleterious effects on soil functioning, plant growth and other ecosystem services. Here, we have summarized the information available in the literature to identify and discuss the main trade-offs and synergisms involved in crop residue management for bioenergy production. The data consistently showed that crop residue harvest and the consequent lower input of organic matter into the soil led to C storage depletions over time, reducing cycling, supply and availability of soil nutrients, directly affecting the soil biota. Although the biota regulates key functions in the soil, crop residue can also cause proliferation of some important agricultural pests. In addition, crop residues act as physical barriers that protect the soil against raindrop impact and temperature variations. Therefore, intensive crop residue harvest can cause soil structure degradation, leading to soil compaction and increased risks of erosion. With regard to GHG emissions, there is no consensus about the potential impact of management of crop residue harvest. In general, residue harvest decreases CO2 and N2O emissions from the decomposition process, but it has no significant effect on CH4 emissions. Plant growth responses to soil and microclimate changes due to crop residue harvest are site and crop specific. Adoption of the best management practices can mitigate the adverse impacts of crop residue harvest. Longterm experiments within strategic production regions are essential to understand and monitor the impact of integrated agricultural systems and propose customized solutions for sustainable crop residue management in each region or landscape. Furthermore, private and public investments/cooperations are necessary for a better understanding of the potential environmental...

Crop residue harvest for bioenergy production and its implications on soil functioning and plant growth: A review

The use of crop residues as a bioenergy feedstock is considered a potential strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, indiscriminate harvesting of crop residues can induce deleterious effects on soil functioning, plant growth and other ecosystem services. Here, we have summarized the information available in the literature to identify and discuss the main trade-offs and synergisms involved in crop residue management for bioenergy production. The data consistently showed that crop residue harvest and the consequent lower input of organic matter into the soil led to C storage depletions over time, reducing cycling, supply and availability of soil nutrients, directly affecting the soil biota. Although the biota regulates key functions in the soil, crop residue can also cause proliferation of some important agricultural pests. In addition, crop residues act as physical barriers that protect the soil against raindrop impact and temperature variations. Therefore, intensive crop residue harvest can cause soil structure degradation, leading to soil compaction and increased risks of erosion. With regard to GHG emissions, there is no consensus about the potential impact of management of crop residue harvest. In general, residue harvest decreases CO2 and N2O emissions from the decomposition process, but it has no significant effect on CH4 emissions. Plant growth responses to soil and microclimate changes due to crop residue harvest are site and crop specific. Adoption of the best management practices can mitigate the adverse impacts of crop residue harvest. Longterm experiments within strategic production regions are essential to understand and monitor the impact of integrated agricultural systems and propose customized solutions for sustainable crop residue management in each region or landscape. Furthermore, private and public investments/cooperations are necessary for a better understanding of the potential environmental...(AU)

Changes in quality during maturation of physalis fruit / Mudanças na qualidade durante a maturação de frutos de fisális

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in quality of fruits of two species of physalis (P. angulata and P. pubescens) harvested from family farmer orchards in different maturity stages, comparing with fully ripen fruits to those of the commercial species (P. peruviana) of similar maturity. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in five maturity stages for P. angulata and in four for P. pubescens. Data were submitted to variance analysis and means of the maturity stages compared by the Tukey test at 5 % probability. For the comparison of fully ripen fruits of P. peruviana with the two species produced in different locations were used six replications and the means compared by Dunnetts test at 5 % probability. The fruit diameter varied from 15.1 to 18.0 mm that classifies it as of caliber B. During maturation the color of the fruit evolved from green to totally yellow (P. angulata) and to yellow-brown with purplish features (P. pubescens). The soluble solids (SS) contents of the fruits of P. angulata were superior to those of P. pubescens and the commercial species. Comparing with commercial species, the SS/AT ratio was higher in locally produced fruits, indicating more palatable fruits. Fruits of P. angulata present favorable characteristics for fresh consumption, with potential for extensive cultivation and trade in family horticulture.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as mudanças na qualidade de frutos de duas espécies de fisális (P. angulata e P. pubescens) colhidas de hortas de agricultores familiares em diferentes estádios de maturação, comparando os frutos completamente maduros aos da espécie comercial (P. peruviana) de maturidade similar. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em cinco estádios de maturação para P. angulata e em quatro para P. pubescens. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias dos estádios de maturação comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade. Na comparação dos frutos maduros da P. peruviana com os das espécies colhidas de diferentes localidades, foram utilizadas seis repetições, com as médias comparadas pelo teste de Dunnett, a 5% de probabilidade. O diâmetro do fruto variou de 15,1 a 18,0 mm que o classifica como de calibre B. Durante a maturação a coloração do fruto evoluiu do verde para completamente amarela (P. angulata) e para amarelo pardo com traços arroxeados (P. pubescens). O teor de sólidos solúveis (SS) de frutos de P. angulata foi superior aos da P. pubescens e da espécie comercial. Comparando com a espécie comercial, a relação SS/AT foi superior em frutos das espécies localmente produzidas, indicando frutos mais palatáveis. Assim, os frutos de P. angulata apresentam características favoráveis para o consumo fresco, com potencial para amplo cultivo e comercialização na horticultura familiar.(AU)

Fish and fishery products trade in Brazil, 2005 to 2015: A review of available data and trends

ABSTRACT: Along the last ten years fish and fishery product trade in Brazil has been on a downward trajectory turning a profit of US$ 98.6 million in 2005 into a loss of US$ 1.25 billion by 2014. On the other hand, the country is a leading producer of grains and has the third largest animal feed industry in the world, which has added 5.5 million hectares of freshwater reservoirs and 3.5 million km2 of an exclusive marine economic zone in the same period, a sizable potential for development of the aquaculture industry. This study aims at unveiling strategies for the reduction of the deficit in the Brazilian seafood trade balance, based on critical analysis of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of imported fishery products. The fish and fishery product trade in Brazil, from 2005 to 2015, was studied considering import and export data mined from the Brazilian Ministry of Development, Industry and Commerce databases through the Aliceweb system, and clustered as follows: processing; product species; origin; conservation; and group. The main imported products were gutted fresh fish, highest price (salmon); salted dried fish, higher price (cod); frozen fish fillets, lowest price (fish and hake). The replacement of fish imports by domestic production is not enough to enable consumers to identify the equivalence between products (technical, qualitative or organoleptic). Developing strategies for the production of fish and fishery products at competitive prices and quantities that meet consumer demand is an immediate need, and the development of the aquaculture industry a rational strategy.