Effects of a monocomponent protease from Bacillus licheniformis on broiler performance, digestibility, and carcass yield

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effectsof protease addition to the diet of broilers at a higher level (1× or 2×) thanthe nutritional value proposed for the enzyme. The first experiment, 1280 day-old chicks (Cobb500®) were randomly allocated (randomized block design, 2×2+1 factorial arrangement),five treatments, eight replicates containing32 birds/replicate. Treatmentsconsisted: control diet without protease (CD); CD + 1× nutritional value of the enzyme (CDM1); CD + 2× nutritional value of the enzyme (CDM2); CDM1 + protease; and CDM2 + protease. The experimental period was 42 days. The mean weight (AFW), feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion, and carcass yield were evaluated. Significant differences were observed for AFW, WG, FI, abdominal fat yield, and feet percentage in the carcass. In the second experiment, 120 Cobb500®chicks at 14 days of age were allotted in a completely randomized design, 2×2+1 factorial arrangement, five treatments, six replicates withfour birds/replicate. The treatments were consistent with the first experiment. Significant improvements in the nitrogen balance wereobserved for the broilersthat received protease.The use of the enzyme tested is recommended with the recommended nutritional matrix, improving the zootechnical indices of broilers.(AU)

Performance, Gut Integrity, Enterobacteria Content in Ceca of Broiler Fed Different Eubiotic Additives

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of different eubiotics on productive characteristics, intestinal integrity, as well as the content of enterobacteria in the cecum of broiler chickens. A completely randomized design with five treatments and 8 replicates of 25 birds each was used. In total 1000 mixed broiler chickens from Ross308 strain, one day old were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The birds were housed on concrete floors in a conventional house. A sorghum+soybean meal control diet was used, to which the additives under study were added. The treatments were distributed as follows: T1 = Control diet without antibiotic or eubiotic; T2 = T1 + bacteriophages; T3 = T1 + antibiotic; T4 = T1 + probiotic; T5 = T1 + symbiotic. The results obtained at 49 days of age for weight gain and feed conversion rate improved (p<0.05) with the addition of the antibiotic and eubiotics. A lower (p<0.05) intestinal density was observed with the probiotic. The height, width, and area of villi in duodenum was higher (p<0.05) when antibiotic and eubiotics were included. In the histological score, in duodenum, the antibiotic and eubiotics resulted with a higher score (p<0.05), associated to a physiological and controlled inflammation response that allowed improving productivity. Finally, the relative expression of enterobacteria, such as Lactobacillus salivarius, allowed associating positive changes in the microbiome and better productive parameters when including the symbiotic, with comparable results to the antibiotic when including the eubiotics.(AU)

The Effect of Moringa Oleifera Leaf and Canola Seed Powder on Fattening, Laying Performance, Blood Plasma Constituents, and Microbiota in Japanese Quails

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of feeding Japanese quail chicks with diets containing different levels of Moringa oleifera leaf and canola seed powder on growth performance, carcass yield, blood plasma constituents, and egg production. The trial lasted for a total of 7 weeks, with 5 weeks of fattening and two weeks of laying. The first group was the control group, while the second group was supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves (4g/kg diet), the third group was supplemented with canola seed powder (4g/kg diet), the fourth group was supplemented with a mix of Moringa oleifera leaves and canola seed powder (8g/kg diet). The results showed that canola seed powder from 0-3 weeks of age increased body weight in comparison to the control group, but there were no significant differences (p<0.05) among groups in terms of the final body weight and feed conversion ratio. Average daily feed intake was significantly different (p<0.05). However, body weight, carcass weight, liver weight, gizzard weight, and abdominal fat weight increased significantly compared to the control group. Feeding Moringa oleifera leaves and canola seed powder significantly increased the total plasma protein, as compared to the control group. There were significant decreases in cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL levels among groups, with no significant differences in glucose, ALT and LDL among all treatments. The addition of Moringa oleifera leaf and canola seed powder showed significant effects on calcium and magnesium. Both Moringa oleifera leaf and Moringa-canola mixture significantly reduced the presence of some pathogenic bacteria in the digestive system, which was seen as an important contribution to the digestive and immune systems.(AU)

Insect meal in poultry feed: a potential protein source

The present study aims to conduct a review on the potential use of insect meal as an alternative protein source in poultry feed, particularly to serve the rearing of free-range chickens. Insects are already part of the diet of birds in their natural habitat, and the availability of low-cost alternative foods with low environmental impact is essential for the development of the activity. The review comprehended studies that used meals consisting of silkworm (Bombyx mori) chrysalis, earthworm (Eisenia foetida), housefly (Musca domestica), black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) to replace plant-based protein sources. In general, insect meals have a high content of crude protein and ether extract, as well as an essential amino acid profile suitable for poultry feeding. The addition of insect meal in poultry feed normally shows good results as to growth performance and egg production, without causing a negative effect on carcass characteristics, meat sensory quality and egg quality, presenting itself as an alternative protein source with good prospects for replacing plant-based sources in poultry feed.(AU)

Veganism and animal welfare, scientific, ethical, and philosophical arguments

The justification for this review article is to understand the position of vegans and those individuals who consume food of animal origin from an unbiased perspective but with a grounding in scientific evidence. This will provide people who eat meat with scientific and ethical arguments to defend their alimentary autonomy in the context of the moral conflict that has emerged in societies regarding the consumption of meat and animal products, which is criticized ­sometimes even attacked­ by activists, ovolactovegetarians, or vegetarians with alimentary habits that stress ethical and moral respect for animals. These individuals refuse to eat meat and animal products but sometimes show disrespect for those who do. In recent decades, veganism and vegetarianism have reached an apogee in some western societies where they are often considered a healthy option for humans that simultaneously fosters animal and environmental welfare. While those diets may provide numerous benefits, they can also entail health risks by failing to provide balance and necessary dietary supplements. Various researchers concur that they are not appropriate for pregnant women, children, or carnivorous or omnivorous pets. Our review of scientific articles in favor and against dietary regimens that lack protein of animal origin leads to the conclusion that these dietary changes, on their own, do not reduce animal suffering or the contamination generated by the meat, dairy, and poultry industries. Finally, it is important to consider that, despite the popular opinion that vegetarianism and veganism are healthy diet alternatives, the diet must be individualized and well-balanced according to each stage of their life cycle.

Emulsifiers in diets with energy reduction for laying hens

Emulsifiers in animal diets are an interesting and effective strategy for nutritionists to improve the digestion of dietary lipids and, consequently, provide better performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of diets with emulsifier based on mono-and diglycerides (120 g t-1of feed) associated with different energy levels (2,775; 2,725; 2,675 and 2,625 kcal of metabolizable energy kg-1of feed) on performance and egg quality of Hisex Brown laying hens. The laying hens weredistributed in 50 experimental plots with eight birds each. A completely randomized design with five treatments and ten replicates/treatments was used. The treatments in this study were: control diet (C) with 2,775 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME) kg-1of feed; C + E: diet C supplemented with an emulsifier (E) at 120 g t-1of feed; diet C with reduction of 50 kcal ME and supplemented with E (NC50 + E); diet C with reduction of 100 kcal ME and supplemented with E (NC100 + E); and diet C with reduction of 150 kcal ME and supplemented with E (NC150 + E). All diets had the same inclusion level of degummed soybean oil (2%). There was no influence of the treatments on the performance and quality of the eggs (p >0.05). The current study has shown that diets supplemented with emulsifiers based on mono-and diglycerides (120 g t-1) allows reducing the metabolizable energy level up to 150 kcal kg-1of feed, without impairment on performance and egg quality of Hisex Brown laying hens.(AU)

Effects of dietary fiber on performance and egg quality of laying hens at pre-laying and laying peak

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary fiber on the performance and egg quality of laying hens at pre-laying and laying peak periods. The experimental period was divided into three periods: pre-laying (16 to 19 weeks of age), the start of laying (20 to 22 weeks of age) and laying peak (23 to 28 weeks of age). The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments constituted by five levels of fiber (2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50, and 4.00%) in the diets, with five replicates (pens) of six birds each, totalling 180 hens. Performance and egg quality results were evaluated by polynomial regression at 5%. Fiber levels were not influenced (p >0.05) the first laying of the hens. However, levels above 2.50% of fiber provided worst (p <0.05) performance results, regardless of the period evaluated. Shortly after the start of laying, higher levels of fiber also caused a linear reduction (p <0.05) on egg weight and percentages of yolk and albumen, and an increase (p <0.05) on eggshells. Higher fiber levels caused a linear reduction (p <0.05) in the quality of the eggs, regardless of the period evaluated. It was concluded that the fiber levels did not influence the start period of the laying. Both pre-laying and start of the laying, levels above 2.5% of fiber caused a gradual worsening in performance. From the start of laying up to laying peak, levels above 2.5% of fiber also caused a gradual worsening in egg quality.(AU)

Estimating Chicken Meat Productions of Leader Countries for 2019-2025 Years / Estimando a produção de carne de frango em países líderes para os anos 2019-2025

The study predicted chicken meat production in 2019-2025 period for the leading chicken-producing countries with the help of the 1961-2018 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data since chicken meat consumption is so high worldwide. The USA ranks the first place while Brazil and China take second and third places, respectively. The analysis of the pioneer chicken meat-producing countries indicates that while the portion of the USA in world production decreases, the share, particularly Brazil and China, will approach that of the USA. World chicken meat production, which was 7.56 million tons in 1961, will increase to 139.19 million tons in 2025, and this production per capita is predicted to increase to 17.0 kg in 2025 from 2.4, 5.35, 9.80, and 15.0 kg in 1961, 1981, 2001, and 2018, respectively. Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Japan, and India will run the highest increases in production. However, the share of countries in chicken meat production will decrease from 61% to 60% in 2019-2025 compared to the 2012-2018 periods. This condition showed that apart from some leading countries, the production will keep a rapid increase in production. The increase in chicken meat production and chicken meat import worldwide will improve human nutrition, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Countries that run cost advantages and high-quality life standards in line with technological innovations produce processed chicken products, strengthen animal health, hygiene, and transportation standards, and attach importance to advertising activities that increase consumer demand will be more advantageous in this market.

O estudo visa prever a produção de carne de frango no período de 2019-2025 para os principais países produtores de frango com a ajuda dos dados da Organização para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO) de 1961-2018, uma vez que o consumo de carne de frango é tão alto emtodo o mundo. Os EUA ocupam o primeiro lugar, enquanto o Brasil e a China ficam com o segundo e o terceiro lugares, respectivamente. A análise dos países pioneiros na produção de carne de frango indica que enquanto a participação dos EUA na produção mundial diminui a participação, principalmente do Brasil e da China, se aproximará da dos EUA. A produção mundial de carne de frango, que era de 7,56 milhões de tonelada sem 1961, aumentará para 139,19 milhões de tonelada sem 2025, e esta produção per capita deve aumentar para 17,0 kg em 2025 de 2,4, 5,35, 9,80 e 15,0 kg em 1961, 1981, 2001 e 2018, respectivamente. Indonésia, Rússia, Brasil, Japão e Índia terão os maiores aumentos de produção. No entanto, a participação dos países na produção de carne de frango cairá de 61% para 60% em 2019-2025 em relação ao período de 2012-2018. Essa condição mostra que, além de alguns países líderes, a produção manterá um rápido aumento da produção. O aumento na produção e importação de carne de frango em todo o mundo melhorará a nutrição humana, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvidos. Os países que possuem vantagens de custo e padrões de vida de alta qualidade alinhados às inovações tecnológicas produzem produtos processados de frango, fortalecemos padrões de saúde, higiene e transporte animal e atribuem importância a atividades de publicidade que aumentem a demanda do consumidor serão mais vantajosas neste mercado.

Estimating Chicken Meat Productions of Leader Countries for 2019-2025 Years / Estimando a produção de carne de frango em países líderes para os anos 2019-2025

ABSTRACT: The study predicted chicken meat production in 2019-2025 period for the leading chicken-producing countries with the help of the 1961-2018 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data since chicken meat consumption is so high worldwide. The USA ranks the first place while Brazil and China take second and third places, respectively. The analysis of the pioneer chicken meat-producing countries indicates that while the portion of the USA in world production decreases, the share, particularly Brazil and China, will approach that of the USA. World chicken meat production, which was 7.56 million tons in 1961, will increase to 139.19 million tons in 2025, and this production per capita is predicted to increase to 17.0 kg in 2025 from 2.4, 5.35, 9.80, and 15.0 kg in 1961, 1981, 2001, and 2018, respectively. Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Japan, and India will run the highest increases in production. However, the share of countries in chicken meat production will decrease from 61% to 60% in 2019-2025 compared to the 2012-2018 periods. This condition showed that apart from some leading countries, the production will keep a rapid increase in production. The increase in chicken meat production and chicken meat import worldwide will improve human nutrition, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Countries that run cost advantages and high-quality life standards in line with technological innovations produce processed chicken products, strengthen animal health, hygiene, and transportation standards, and attach importance to advertising activities that increase consumer demand will be more advantageous in this market.

RESUMO: O estudo visa prever a produção de carne de frango no período de 2019-2025 para os principais países produtores de frango com a ajuda dos dados da Organização para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO) de 1961-2018, uma vez que o consumo de carne de frango é tão alto emtodo o mundo. Os EUA ocupam o primeiro lugar, enquanto o Brasil e a China ficam com o segundo e o terceiro lugares, respectivamente. A análise dos países pioneiros na produção de carne de frango indica que enquanto a participação dos EUA na produção mundial diminui a participação, principalmente do Brasil e da China, se aproximará da dos EUA. A produção mundial de carne de frango, que era de 7,56 milhões de tonelada sem 1961, aumentará para 139,19 milhões de tonelada sem 2025, e esta produção per capita deve aumentar para 17,0 kg em 2025 de 2,4, 5,35, 9,80 e 15,0 kg em 1961, 1981, 2001 e 2018, respectivamente. Indonésia, Rússia, Brasil, Japão e Índia terão os maiores aumentos de produção. No entanto, a participação dos países na produção de carne de frango cairá de 61% para 60% em 2019-2025 em relação ao período de 2012-2018. Essa condição mostra que, além de alguns países líderes, a produção manterá um rápido aumento da produção. O aumento na produção e importação de carne de frango em todo o mundo melhorará a nutrição humana, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvidos. Os países que possuem vantagens de custo e padrões de vida de alta qualidade alinhados às inovações tecnológicas produzem produtos processados de frango, fortalecemos padrões de saúde, higiene e transporte animal e atribuem importância a atividades de publicidade que aumentem a demanda do consumidor serão mais vantajosas neste mercado.

Effect of the addition of poultry by-product meal on the zootechnical performance of Nile tilapia fingerlings / Efeito da adição de farinha de vísceras de aves sobre o desempenho zootécnico de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo

This study has aimed to assess the inclusion of poultry by-product meal in the diets of Nile tilapia fingerlings on heterogeneous growth and zootechnical performance. We used 144 animals with a mean initial weight of 1.3 ± 0.02 g distributed in 24 polyethylene aquariums with a capacity of 80 L of water, connected to a recirculation system following a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (0.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 18.0% of poultry by-product meal) and six replications. At the end of the experimental period, the following variables were evaluated: final weight, survival rate, weight gain, heterogeneous growth, average feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and hepatosomatic and liposomatic index. The treatments have had no effect on the variables analyzed in the performance test. Therefore, up to 18% poultry by-product meal can be included in Nile tilapia fingerling diets.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inclusão da farinha de vísceras de aves em dietas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, sobre o crescimento heterogêneo (CHet) e desempenho zootécnico. Foram utilizados 144 animais com peso médio inicial 1,3 ± 0,02 g, distribuídos em 24 aquários de polietileno com capacidade para 80 L de água, interligados a um sistema de recirculação seguindo um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0,0; 6,0; 12,0 e 18,0% de farinha de vísceras de aves) e seis repetições. Ao término do período experimental foram avaliados: peso final, taxa de sobrevivência, ganho em peso, crescimento heterogêneo, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência proteica, índices hepatossomático e lipossomático. Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis analisadas no ensaio de desempenho. Sendo assim, a farinha de vísceras de aves pode ser incluída até 18% nas dietas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo.(AU)

Beta-glucanases e xilanases na nutrição de não ruminantes / Beta-glucanases and xylanases in non-ruminant nutrition / Beta glucanasas y xilanasas en la nutrición de no rumiantes

A busca por custo x benefício na avicultura envolve compreender como melhorar o desempenho animal através da alimentação ao mesmo tempo em que haja diminuição dos custos. Tendo em vista o crescente aumento monetário da matéria prima da ração, várias pesquisas se voltam para novas fontes energéticas derivados de plantas, que contem quantidades significativas de fibras e agem como fatores antinutricionais, interferindo no desempenho zootécnico das aves. Os principais componentes das fibras, as beta glucanas e xilanas, podem ser quebradas e melhor aproveitadas quando no uso de enzimas exógenas chamadas de carboidrases, sendo a beta glucanase e xilase as respectivas enzimas que fazem a lise desses componentes. É necessário, portanto, melhor compreensão da forma de ação de cada enzima, assim como a fonte nutritiva das bases alimentares alternativas. Essa obra tem por objetivo abordar e revisar as duas principais fontes de fibras, beta glucanas e xilanas, e suas respectivas enzimas, beta glucanase e xilase.(AU)

The pursuit for cost-benefit in poultry farming involves understanding how to improve animal performance through feeding while reducing costs. In view of the growing monetary increase in feed raw material, several researches are focused on new energy sources derived from plants, which contain significant amounts of fiber and act as anti-nutritional factors, interfering with the zootechnical performance of birds. The main components of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, can be broken down and better utilized when using exogenous enzymes called carbohydrases, with beta glucanase and xylase being the respective enzymes that lyse these components. It is therefore necessary to better understand the mode of action of each enzyme, as well as the nutritive source of alternative food bases. This work aims to address and review the two main sources of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, and their respective enzymes, beta glucanase and xylase.(AU)

La búsqueda de la relación costo-beneficio en la avicultura implica comprender cómo mejorar el rendimiento animal a través de la alimentación y reducir los costos. Ante el creciente aumento monetario de la materia prima de los alimentos, varias investigaciones se enfocan en nuevas fuentes de energía derivadas de las plantas, que contienen cantidades significativas de fibra y actúan como factores antinutricionales, interfiriendo en el desempeño zootécnico de las aves. Los principales componentes de la fibra, los betaglucanos y los xilanos, se pueden descomponer y utilizar mejor cuando se usan enzimas exógenas llamadas carbohidrasas, siendo la betaglucanasa y la xilasa las enzimas respectivas que lisan estos componentes. Por lo tanto, es necesario comprender mejor el modo de acción de cada enzima, así como la fuente nutritiva de las bases alimenticias alternativas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar y revisar las dos principales fuentes de fibra, beta glucanos y xilanos, y sus respectivas enzimas, beta glucanasa y xilasa.(AU)

Thermal environment characterization of laying hen-housing systems

This study systematically collected data on variables that influence the thermal environment characteristics in poultry houses. Laying poultry farming is a relevant economic activity in Brazilian agriculture and has been expressively growing mainly regarding genetics and nutrition. Thermal comfort in poultry houses is needed to achieve poultry's maximum productive potential. Therefore, laying aviaries previously naturally ventilated (positive pressure) are starting to be equipped with cage batteries and designed with lateral closures, using negative pressure ventilation and in some cases associated with adiabatic cooling. However, negative pressure ventilation systems' thermal efficiency in tunnel mode and its distribution in different cage levels is still slightly known. Consequently, this system's thermal efficiency needs to be investigated to ensure adequate climate indices recommendations and avoid costs and losses due to inadequate handling and facilities.

Productive parameters in three production models: floor, cage and grazing in layer poultry in Ocaña Norte de Santander / Parâmetros produtivos em três modelos de produção: piso, gaiola e pastejo em aves posturais em Ocaña Norte de Santander

The objective was to evaluate the three housing systems in laying birds to determine animal welfare and productivity parameters of the Isa Brown line. 135 laying hens distributed in 45 hens were used for each exploitation system; the managed feeding was 114gr/bird/day in the floor and cage systems for the entire trial period, for the grazing system 14 gr less of concentrate were used; the study had a duration of 8 weeks, of which the first was for accustoming and 7 for testing; At the end of each week, 9 eggs were collected to be studied and analyzed in the animal nutrition laboratory, using 3 eggs for each housing system. The information obtained was analyzed using SPSS for each variable. The parameters of production, consumption, feed conversion, and egg weight, were evaluated; where one-factor ANOVA and Tukey HSD test and least significant difference. The percentage production was no significant difference between the three cage floor and grazing production models being (P-Value <0.05), for the food consumption parameter there is a significant difference (P-Value> 0.05) for each housing system (34.54 ± 6.93), also happened with the conversion variable between the floor, cage production models with the grazing one (1.93 ± 0.6), for the egg weight they were similar in all housing systems (61.1 g in cage, 60.8 g in floor and 60.6 g in grazing) where there were no significant differences. In conclusion, birds with a lower housing density allow better behavior, which is an indicator of comfort, generating higher productivity.

O objectivo era avaliar os três sistemas de habitação (solo, gaiola e pasto) nas galinhas poedeiras para determinar os parâmetros de bem-estar animal e produtividade da linha Isa Brown. Foram utilizadas 135 galinhas poedeiras, distribuídas em 45 galinhas por sistema; a ração administrada foi de 114 g/ave/dia no chão e sistemas de gaiolas, e 14 g menos concentrado foi utilizado para o sistema de pastagem; o estudo durou 8 semanas; a primeira semana foi para habituação e 7 semanas para testes. Foram recolhidos três ovos por sistema por semana para serem estudados e analisados no laboratório de nutrição animal. Os dados foram analisados com SPSS para cada variável. Os parâmetros de produção, consumo, conversão alimentar e peso dos ovos foram avaliados utilizando um único factor ANOVA e o teste HSD de Tukey para a diferença menos significativa. A percentagem de produção não tinha diferença significativa entre os três modelos de produção (valor P < 0,05), para o parâmetro de consumo de ração havia uma diferença significativa (valor P > 0,05) para cada sistema de habitação (34,54 ± 6,93), a variável de conversão alimentar entre modelos de produção (1,93 ± 0,6), para os pesos dos ovos eram semelhantes em todos os sistemas de habitação (61,1 g para a gaiola, 60,8 g para o solo e 60,6 g para o pasto) onde não havia diferença significativa. Em conclusão, as aves com menor densidade de alojamento permitem um melhor comportamento, o que é um indicador de conforto, levando a uma maior produtividade.

Effect of exogenous emulsifier and different fat sources on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profile of broiler chickens / Efeito de emulsificante exógeno e diferentes fontes de gordura no desempenho, características de carcaça e digestibilidade de nutriente e perfil lipídico sérico em frangos de corte

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an emulsifier on reduced-energy diets using two fat sources for broilers. The study was designed as a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was 2 fat sources (poultry fat or beef tallow). The second factor was a basal diet with the recommended energy levels, a diet with a 0.83 MJ/kg of energy reduction, and a diet with an energy reduction and inclusion of 1 g emulsifier/kg of diet. The emulsifier used in this study was composed of soy lecithin and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. The emulsifier increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in beef tallow diets compared to energy-reduced diets (P<0.001). Broilers fed poultry fat had higher weights and weight gains at 35 and 42 d of age (p=0.001), and they had higher daily deposition of fat in the carcass (P = 0.025) when compared to diets with beef tallow. The inclusion of emulsifiers in broiler diets improves AME and AMEn but did not affect the energy reduction diets, which resulted in reduced performance, decreasing daily fat deposition, but without effects on serum lipid profile in broilers.(AU)

Um estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito de um emulsificante em dietas com baixo teor de energia usando duas fontes de gordura para frangos de corte. O estudo foi delineado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 de tratamentos, o primeiro fator foi 2 fontes de gordura (gordura de frango ou sebo bovino) e o segundo fator uma dieta basal com os níveis de energia recomendados, uma dieta com 0,83 MJ / kg de redução de energia e uma dieta com redução de energia e inclusão de 1 g de emulsionante / kg de dieta (composto de lecitina de soja e ricinoleato de polietilenoglicol). O emulsificante aumentou a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) em dietas com sebo bovino em comparação com dietas com redução de energia (P <0,001). Frangos de corte alimentados com gordura de frango apresentam maiores pesos e ganhos de peso aos 35 e 42 dias de idade (p=0,001), e maior deposição diária de gordura na carcaça (P=0,025) quando comparados às dietas com sebo bovino. O emulsificante incluído nas dietas de frangos de corte melhora a EMA e EMAn, mas não supre a redução energética, causando efeitos negativos no desempenho, diminuindo a deposição diária de gordura, mas sem efeitos no perfil lipídico sérico em frangos de corte.(AU)

Performance and egg qualities of laying japanese quails fed yam peel meal based diets with enzymes complex + yeast supplementation

A 10-week experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of enzyme complex + yeast (Maxigrain®, MXG®) supplementation of sun-dried yam peel meal (YPM) based diet of laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on performance and egg quality. A total of 240, seven-weeks old quails were distributed in a completely randomize design with four dietary treatments and five replicates of 12 quails each. Diet 1 served as the control diet without YPM while diet 2, 3, and 4 contained 25, 50, and 75% YPM with MXG® supplementation (1g per kg), respectively. MXG® supplementation in YPM diets improved (p < 0.05) egg mass and feed conversion per egg. Increasing levels of YPM with MXG® supplementation did not show any effect (p > 0.05) on internal and external egg quality attributes except for eggshell weight and thickness which was higher (p < 0.05) in quails fed 75% YPM diet. It was concluded, therefore, that the utilization of YPM as an alternative dietary ingredient with MXG® supplementation can be tolerated in the diets of laying Japanese quails up to 75% inclusion level without any negative effect on productive and egg quality performance.(AU)

Use of essential oils in the diet of slow-growing broilers and their effects on performance / Uso de óleos essenciais em dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho

This study proposes to examine the effect of supplementing the diet of slow-growing broilers with essential oils. A total of 270 one-day-old female chicks of the Pesadão Vermelho line, reared in an intensive system, were allocated to one of three treatments (1: Control, without addition of essential oils; 2: Feed supplemented with cinnamon essential oil; and 3: Feed supplemented with lemongrass essential oil) in a completely randomized design with nine replicates of 10 birds each. Growth performance variables were evaluated at 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 days, whereas carcass yield, primal cuts, and internal organs were analyzed at 71 days of age. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and differences between means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Supplementation with lemongrass essential oil improved the live weight of birds at 14, 28, and 42 days, as well as feed conversion and feed efficiency at 42 and 56 days of rearing (P<0.05). The treatments with cinnamon and lemongrass essential oils provided the highest thigh yields (P<0.05). The other evaluated variables did not show statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments.(AU)

O experimento teve como objetivo, avaliar o efeito da suplementação de óleos essenciais nas dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento. Foram utilizados 270 pintos de um dia, fêmeas da linhagem Pesadão Vermelho, criados em sistema intensivo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com três tratamentos (Tratamento 1: Controle, sem adição de óleo essencial; Tratamento 2: Ração suplementada com óleo essencial de canela e Tratamento 3: ração suplementada com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira) e nove repetições de 10 aves cada. Aos 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho zootécnico e aos 71 dias o rendimento de carcaça, cortes nobres e órgãos internos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças entre as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A suplementação com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira melhorou o peso vivo das aves aos 14, 28 e 42 dias e a conversão e eficiência alimentar aos 42 e 56 dias de criação (P<0,05). Os tratamentos com óleo essencial de canela e de capim-cidreira proporcionaram maior rendimento de sobrecoxa (P<0,05). Em relação as demais variáveis avaliadas, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas significativas (P>0,05) para os tratamentos testados.(AU)

25-Hydroxycholecalciferol As an Alternative to Vitamin D3 in Diets with Different Levels of Calcium for Broilers Reared Under Heat Stress

The objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) or vitamin D3 (VitD3) and different total calcium (Ca) levels on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood, enzymatic, and bone biochemistry of broilers reared under heat stress between 1 and 42 days of age. A total of 504 male, Cobb 500, broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (VitD3 or 25(OH)D3 × four Ca levels (100, 90, 80 and 70% of the recommendations of Rostagno et al. (2011)), eight treatments, seven replicates and nine broilers per cage. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not (p>0.05) vary when levels of Ca were reduced and vitamin D3 sources were supplemented in the diets from 1 to 21 days for broilers chickens. 25 (OH)D3 increased weight gain results (p<0.05). From 1 to 42 d, no differences (p>0.05) were observed on performance, carcass yields and meat quality, bone deposition of Ca and P, and alkaline phosphatase concentration. Higher serum (p<0.05) concentrations of Ca and P were found in broilers fed with 25(OH)D3. The replacement of VitD3 with 25(OH)D3 and the Ca reduction of 30% in diets did not negatively affect performance, carcass characteristics, and Ca and P deposition in the tibia of broilers at 42 days of age, under heat stress.(AU)

Feeding programs for commercial turkeys at the finishing stage / Programas alimentares para perus comerciais em fase de terminação

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of feeding management on performance and carcass yield of male turkeys during finishing stage. 920 male turkeys were used, which were housed in 40 pens; each pen was comprised of experimental unit. The birds, from 91 to 154 days, were submitted to four feeding managements, based on feed intake, that were: ad libitum, where feed was permanently available to birds; controlled with a daily supply of 100% of recommended feed amount; controlled with 95% of recommended daily feed amount, and controlled with 90% of recommended daily feed amount. Each feeding treatment had ten replicates of 23 birds each. Controlled or restricted feeding management reduced feed intake, average weight, and weight gain (P 0.05), only breast yield was reduced (P<0.05) when the birds received 90% of that recommended by the lineage, compared to the ad libitum feed management. The feeding management of male turkeys with restriction of the recommended feed amount during the finishing stage had a negative effect on the performance of the birds. However, controlled feeding at 100% of recommended to the lineage reduced feed intake and did not change the carcass weight, breast or leg yield, or fat deposition.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes manejos alimentares de perus machos na fase de terminação sobre desempenho e rendimento de carcaça. Foram utilizados 920 perus machos, alojados em 40 boxes, onde cada box constituiu uma unidade experimental. As aves, de 91 a 154 dias de idade, foram submetidas a quatro diferentes manejos alimentares, baseados no consumo de ração. Os manejos alimentares foram: a vontade, em que a dieta estava permanentemente disponível as aves; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 100% da quantidade recomendada; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 95% da quantidade de ração recomendada; controlado com o fornecimento diário de 90 % da quantidade de ração recomendada. Cada tratamento alimentar contou com 10 repetições de 23 aves cada. Manejos de alimentação controlados ou restritos reduziram o consumo de ração, peso médio, ganho de peso (P0.05), apenas o rendimento de peito foi reduzido (P<0.05) quando as aves receberam 90% do recomendado pela linhagem em relação ao manejo a vontade. Manejos alimentares com restrição da quantidade de ração recomendada, na fase de terminação de perus de corte machos, têm efeito negativo sobre o desempenho das aves, no entanto a alimentação controlada em 100 % do recomendado pela linhagem reduz o consumo de ração e não altera o peso ou rendimento da carcaça, peito, pernas e a deposição de gordura.

Protein hydrolysate of poultry by-product and swine liver in the diet of pacific white shrimp / Roteína hidrolisada de subprodutos de frango e fígado suíno na dieta do camarão-branco-do-pacífico

This study aimed to evaluate the use of protein hydrolysate of poultry by-product and swine liver in the diet of Litopenaeus vannamei and its effect on the intestinal microbiota and on the enzymatic activity of the hepatopancreas. Shrimp (10.94 ± 0.90 g) were fed with diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of replacement of salmon by-product meal by protein hydrolysate, in triplicate. The hepatopancreas enzymatic activity and composition of intestinal microbiota was studied. It was observed that the protein hydrolysate in the diet changed the enzymatic activity of the shrimp when compared to the control group (p <0.05). Amylase activity increases directly with the percent of protein replacement in the diet. Metagenomic analysis revealed change in the gut biome of the shrimps. The increasing levels of protein replacement provided greater richness and diversity in gut microbiota in the 75% and 100% treatments, which were mainly related to changes in the abundances in the families Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae. A reduction in the abundance of the Vibrionaceae family was observed with the inclusion of protein hydrolysate in the diet. These results indicate that the protein hydrolysate demonstrated beneficial changes when added at concentrations of 25% in the diet of L. vannamei.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de hidrolisado proteico de subproduto de aves e fígado de suíno na dieta do Litopenaeus vannamei e seu efeito na microbiota intestinal e na atividade enzimática do hepatopâncreas. Camarões (10,94 ± 0,90 g) foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% de substituição da farinha de subproduto de salmão pela proteína hidrolisada, em triplicata. A atividade enzimática do hepatopâncreas e a composição da microbiota intestinal foram estudadas. Observou-se que a proteína hidrolisada da dieta alterou a atividade enzimática do camarão quando comparado ao grupo controle (p <0,05). A atividade da amilase aumentou diretamente com a porcentagem de reposição de proteínas na dieta. A análise metagenômica revelou mudança no bioma intestinal dos camarões. Os níveis crescentes de reposição proteica proporcionaram maior riqueza e diversidade no trato digestório nos tratamentos 75% e 100%, estando principalmente relacionadas a mudanças na abundância das famílias Rhodobacteraceae e Flavobacteriaceae. Uma redução na abundância da família Vibrionaceae foi observada com a inclusão do hidrolisado proteico na dieta. Esses resultados indicam que a proteína hidrolisada demonstrou alterações benéficas quando adicionada em concentrações de 25% na dieta do L. vannamei.

Protein hydrolysate of poultry by-product and swine liver in the diet of pacific white shrimp / Roteína hidrolisada de subprodutos de frango e fígado suíno na dieta do camarão-branco-do-pacífico

This study aimed to evaluate the use of protein hydrolysate of poultry by-product and swine liver in the diet of Litopenaeus vannamei and its effect on the intestinal microbiota and on the enzymatic activity of the hepatopancreas. Shrimp (10.94 ± 0.90 g) were fed with diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of replacement of salmon by-product meal by protein hydrolysate, in triplicate. The hepatopancreas enzymatic activity and composition of intestinal microbiota was studied. It was observed that the protein hydrolysate in the diet changed the enzymatic activity of the shrimp when compared to the control group (p <0.05). Amylase activity increases directly with the percent of protein replacement in the diet. Metagenomic analysis revealed change in the gut biome of the shrimps. The increasing levels of protein replacement provided greater richness and diversity in gut microbiota in the 75% and 100% treatments, which were mainly related to changes in the abundances in the families Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae. A reduction in the abundance of the Vibrionaceae family was observed with the inclusion of protein hydrolysate in the diet. These results indicate that the protein hydrolysate demonstrated beneficial changes when added at concentrations of 25% in the diet of L. vannamei.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de hidrolisado proteico de subproduto de aves e fígado de suíno na dieta do Litopenaeus vannamei e seu efeito na microbiota intestinal e na atividade enzimática do hepatopâncreas. Camarões (10,94 ± 0,90 g) foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% de substituição da farinha de subproduto de salmão pela proteína hidrolisada, em triplicata. A atividade enzimática do hepatopâncreas e a composição da microbiota intestinal foram estudadas. Observou-se que a proteína hidrolisada da dieta alterou a atividade enzimática do camarão quando comparado ao grupo controle (p <0,05). A atividade da amilase aumentou diretamente com a porcentagem de reposição de proteínas na dieta. A análise metagenômica revelou mudança no bioma intestinal dos camarões. Os níveis crescentes de reposição proteica proporcionaram maior riqueza e diversidade no trato digestório nos tratamentos 75% e 100%, estando principalmente relacionadas a mudanças na abundância das famílias Rhodobacteraceae e Flavobacteriaceae. Uma redução na abundância da família Vibrionaceae foi observada com a inclusão do hidrolisado proteico na dieta. Esses resultados indicam que a proteína hidrolisada demonstrou alterações benéficas quando adicionada em concentrações de 25% na dieta do L. vannamei.(AU)