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Despite the significant socioeconomic impact of yam cultivation in developing countries, this field needs more scientific studies and incentives. In Brazil, the absence of a developed processing chain has resulted in a considerable production loss due to the predominant form of commercialization (in natura). This study aimed was to examine the physicochemical and technological composition of yams of the species Dioscorea trifida L., including both white and purple varieties. The aim was to contribute to an increase in food utilization and technological potential. The proximate composition of the flours indicated that the yam species investigated have the potential for human consumption and are good sources of energy (1,489 and 1,527 kJ), with considerable levels of total fiber (8.18 and 6.69 g 100 g-1), potassium (1,325 and 981 mg 100 g-1), and phenolic compounds (133 and 110 mg 100 g-1) for white and purple yams, respectively. Additionally, the yams demonstrated distinct properties in water and oil, indicating their potential for use in breading applications. The viscoamylographic profiles of purple yam flour and yam starches were found suitable for use in quick-cooking foods that reach high viscosity when heated, whereas white yam flour was identified as a suitable thickening agent. The yams yielded flours and starches with favorable characteristics as food ingredients, offering greater added value and enhanced stability compared to the original raw materials. They present a sustainable alternative for reducing post-harvest losses and, as they are gluten-free, they cater to the celiac population.

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The present study evaluated the effectiveness of using disposable masks in mitigating the spread of Staphylococcus aureus during the chicken cutting process in a large poultry abattoir. The identification of carriers of S. aureus and the influence of the time of use of disposable masks was carried out. Contamination of utensils and equipment by S. aureus and products by mesophilic aerobes was determined, with and without the use of masks. The efficiency of different commercial masks was evaluated against S. aureus under simulated conditions. The results revealed that 36% of workers on processing lines at the abattoirs carried S. aureus. An increase in S. aureus counts was observed in masks worn by employees for up to 3 h. The transfer of microbial load to utensils was enhanced in the absence of the mask and over time. The breast fillets evaluated showed no difference in the count of mesophilic bacteria with and without the use of masks by employees, conversely, the cuts of thigh and drumstick, thigh fillet and drumstick and wings showed a significant difference with average counts lower than 2 .96 Log CFU/g. Tests under simulated conditions demonstrated the effectiveness of commercial masks in retaining microorganisms. The test mask used by the abattoirs proved to be inefficient, allowing the passage of sprays containing S. aureus, at 6, 15 and 25 cm, with 2.53, 1.74 and 0.66 Log CFU/plate, respectively. This mask saturated, creating a barrier effect that increased contamination in the employees' work area.

O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia do uso de máscaras descartáveis na mitigação da propagação de Staphylococcus aureus durante o processo de corte de frango em um grande abatedouro de aves. Foi realizada a identificação de portadores de S. aureus e influência do tempo de uso de máscaras descartáveis. A contaminação em utensílios e equipamentos por S. aureus e produtos por aeróbios mesófilos foi determinada, com e sem uso de máscaras. A eficiência de diferentes máscaras comerciais foi avaliada contra S. aureus em condições simuladas. Os resultados revelaram que 36% dos trabalhadores das linhas de processamento no frigorífico eram portadores de S. aureus. Foi observado aumento na contagem de S. aureus em máscaras usadas pelos funcionários até 3 horas. A transferência de carga microbiana para utensílios foi potencializada na ausência da máscara e com o passar do tempo. Os filés de peito avaliados não apresentaram diferença na contagem de bactérias mesófilas com e sem o uso de máscaras pelos funcionários, por outro lado, os cortes de coxa e sobrecoxa, filé de coxa e sobrecoxa e asas apresentaram diferença significativa com contagens médias inferiores a 2,96 Log de UFC/g. Testes de condições simuladas demonstraram a eficácia das máscaras comerciais na retenção de microrganismos. A máscara teste utilizada pelo frigorífico mostrou-se ineficiente, permitindo a passagem de pulverizações contendo S. aureus, a 6, 15 e 25 cm, com 2,53, 1,74 e 0,66 Log UFC/placa, respectivamente. Essa máscara saturava, criando um efeito barreira que aumentava a contaminação na área de trabalho dos funcionários.

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With advancements in coffee cultivation, several traits may be considered in selection of plants, which must exhibit a set of favorable characteristics. The outturn index, defined as the relationship between the mass of mature fruit and processed beans, emerges as a key factor influencing productivity. This study characterized the outturn over two harvests of 57 clones marketed in the public domain and 10 registered cultivars. The analysis considers the effects of genotypes, measurements, and genetic progress achieved through plant selection. According to the maturation cycle of each clone, washed samples of cherry coffee were collected considering a completely randomized factorial design for characterization of the effects of genotypes, years, and the genotype × years (GY) interaction. The drying, peeling, and the outturn index were individually assessed. Despite the significant effects of the GY interaction, genotypes demonstrated minimal alterations in their ranking across measurements. Clones with higher outturn, including LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220, and AS5, exhibited an average outturn of 25.51%, reflecting a gain of 12.17%. Conversely, clones with lower outturn, such as BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1, and P60, had an average of 19.15%, indicating a reduction of 14.02% compared to the general mean. Analyzing the distribution of the outturn values, 19.4%, 62.7%, and 17.9% of genotypes were classified as high, medium, and low outturn, respectively, providing valuable insights for optimal cultivation strategies.

Com o avanço da cafeicultura, múltiplas características devem ser consideradas na seleção de plantas, que devem apresentar um conjunto de atributos favoráveis. O rendimento, definido como a relação de massas entre os frutos maduros e os grãos processados, é um importante componente da produtividade. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o rendimento ao longo de duas colheitas de 57 clones comercializados em domínio público e 10 cultivares registradas. A análise considera efeitos de genótipos, medições e estimativas de ganhos com a seleção. De acordo com o ciclo de maturação de cada clone, amostras de café cereja foram colhidas considerando um delineamento fatorial inteiramente ao acaso para a caracterização dos efeitos de genótipos, anos e interação genótipo × anos (GA). A secagem, o descascamento e o rendimento foram avaliados individualmente. Apesar dos efeitos significativos da interação GA, os genótipos apresentaram pequenas mudanças no ordenamento de uma medição para a outra. Clones com maior rendimento, entre eles, LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220 e AS5 apresentaram rendimento médio de 25,51% associado a estimativas de ganho de 12,17%. Por outro lado, clones de menor rendimento, como BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1 e P60 tiveram uma média de 19,15% associada a uma redução de 14,02%. A partir da distribuição dos valores, 19,4, 62,7 e 17,9% dos genótipos apresentaram rendimento classificados como alto, médio e baixo, subsidiando o melhor cultivo dos genótipos avaliados.

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To improve the nutritional and functional quality of agro-industrial waste, his study established a ternary mixture of flours made from pineapple, acerola, and passion fruit waste using the simplex-centroid design, as well as to evaluate their effects on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of edible ice cream. Using mixture planning, nine ternary flour components were applied to edible ice cream formulations to evaluate acceptance scores for taste, texture, and overall impression attributes, as well as physicochemical parameters (pH, acidity, soluble solids, and color parameters) and microbiological parameters (thermotolerant coliforms at 45 ºC, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella). The simplex-centroid design demonstrated that the cubic model best predicts the results for the analyzed sensory attributes. The response surface graphs indicated the area of greatest acceptance in the formulations with the maximum percentage established for the flour with acerola waste. The highest level of acceptability was given to the ternary mixture of 60%, 30%, and 10% pineapple, passion fruit, and acerola flours, respectively. The results indicated that sorbet enriched with flour composed of the ternary mixture is a product with the potential for exploitation, as well as contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts generated by the large and improper disposal of agro-industrial fruit processing residues in the ecosystem.

Visando a qualidade nutricional e funcional dos resíduos agroindustriais, o estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a mistura ternária de farinhas elaboradas com resíduos de abacaxi, acerola e maracujá utilizando o delineamento simplex-centroide, assim como avaliar seus efeitos nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais em gelados comestíveis. Com o planejamento de misturas, nove componentes ternários das farinhas foram aplicados em formulações de gelados comestíveis para avaliação dos escores de aceitação para os atributos sabor, textura e impressão global, bem como os parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis e parâmetros de cor) e microbiológicos (coliformes termotolerantes a 45 ºC, Enterobacteriaceae e Salmonella). O delineamento simplex-centroide demonstrou que o modelo cúbico melhor prediz os resultados para os atributos sensoriais analisados. Os gráficos de superfície de resposta indicaram a área de maior aceitação nas formulações com o máximo percentual estabelecido para a farinha com os resíduos de acerola. O maior índice de aceitabilidade foi atribuído a mistura ternária constituída com 60%, 30% e 10% para as farinhas de abacaxi, maracujá e acerola, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que o sorbet enriquecido com a farinha composta pela mistura ternária é um produto com potencial para exploração, além de contribuir para a redução dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo grande e inadequado descarte de resíduos do processamento agroindustrial de frutas no ecossistema.

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Os probióticos, microrganismos vivos que, quando administrados aos hospedeiros em quantidades adequadas, fornecem benefícios à saúde, têm sido amplamente utilizados na indústria de alimentos como ingrediente importante no desenvolvimento de produtos com alegação funcional. Produtos lácteos são as matrizes mais utilizadas como veículo de probióticos, mas observa-se um crescente interesse pelas matrizes vegetais, entre elas bebidas à base de frutas e cereais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a realização de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a utilização de probióticos em bebidas não fermentadas, usando o Google Acadêmico, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), PubMed® e Science Direct como motores de busca. A utilização de microrganismos probióticos em bebidas representa um grande desafio devido a fatores como multiplicação, sobrevivência, viabilidade, estabilidade e funcionalidade no processamento, armazenamento e consumo, além das possibilidades de mudanças nas características sensoriais. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de bebidas não fermentadas enriquecidas com bactérias probióticas deve considerar a estipe, a matriz e tecnologia empregada na produção, para que de fato elas tenham alegação funcional e possam ser uma possibilidade de alimento prático e saudável.(AU)

Probiotics, living microorganisms that, when administered in appropriate quantities to hosts, provide health benefits, have been widely used in the food industry as an important ingredient in the development of products with functional claims. Dairy products are the most commonly used matrices as probiotic carriers, but there is a growing interest in plant-based matrices, including fruit and cereal-based beverages. This study aimed to conduct a literature review on the use of probiotics in non-fermented beverages using search engines such as Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), PubMed®, and Science Direct. The use of probiotic microorganisms in beverages represents a significant challenge because factors such as growth, survival, viability, stability, and functionality in processing, storage, and consumption, as well as potential changes in sensory characteristics, are crucial for product quality. Therefore, the development of non-fermented beverages enriched with probiotic bacteria should consider the strain, matrix, and technology employed in production, so that they can truly have functional claims and be a practical and healthy food option.(AU)

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The study aimed to optimize the processing conditions for hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) with the addition of coagulated blood. Factorial design and response surface methodology were used to optimize processing conditions in function of protein content (%) and digestibility value (%) of HFM. Higher protein contents were obtained when the upper levels of the variables pressure (kgf.cm−2), hydrolysis time (min), and blood addition (%) were used in the process. Longer hydrolysis time and a higher percentage of blood result in higher digestibility values. Mathematics models can be used to estimate the protein content and digestibility value of HFM with coagulated blood. Hydrolyzed feather meal with higher protein content and digestibility value can be produced by adding coagulated blood and appropriate processing parameters.(AU)

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Eggs are a cornerstone of the food industry. They are a versatile ingredient used in a wide variety of products for their rich protein, vitamin and mineral contents. The use of efficient and high-quality eggs is of great importance in hatcheries, as well as in direct food consumption. The use of quality and efficient eggs in hatcheries has a strong impact on chick, egg, and white meat production. Artificial intelligence-based smart systems usage for product quality classification is growing steadily in productive sectors. In many of these systems, product images are used as input data. The use of such smart systems provides both fast and low-error quality control. Smart systems can quickly and accurately classify new products with algorithms trained by product images. In this study, an intelligent classification system using a machine learning algorithm, which is a subfield of artificial intelligence, was designed to classify the quality and efficiency of chick eggs in a chicken hatchery. Eggs are most commonly classified according to their size as either Large (L), Medium (M) or Small (S). In this study, 425 egg images were obtained using the image acquisition system designed on the hatchery belt system, and the data for each egg was recorded in a dataset. In the next stage, image processing methods (Morphological operations and Hough Transform) and the SVM machine learning algorithm were used together in the proposed model. According to our results, the classification of eggs into L, M, and S was successfully achieved at 98.0% using the SVM algorithm on the dataset.(AU)

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Seafood is one of the most important sources of nutrients. However, they have a short shelf-life and the traditional preservation methods may generate losses in their natural flavour and nutrients. Thisstudy evaluated and optimize the High Pressure Processing (HPP) regarding pressure level (200-400 MPa) and holding time (0-5 min) applied to lion's paw scallop (Nodipecten nodosus) to reduce microbial contamination while maintaining desirable characteristics. Response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and Desirability function were employed to simultaneously optimize these quality attributes. HPP enhanced microbial quality at 200 MPa/5 min, despite promoting inadequate physical-chemical modifications in the adductor muscle of the scallop. In such processing condition, in spite of a slight increase in muscle humidity which could be of benefit, pH increase was also verified, as well as a decrease in water holding capacity (WHC). At more severe level (400 MPa/5 min), a decrease in the shear force related to instrumental texture and in Whiteness (W) and Luminosity (L*) related to color was observed. Simultaneous optimization provided a value of 365MPa / 2min where physicochemical characteristics would be the more similar to the scallop without facing a preservation process.

Os frutos do mar são uma das fontes mais importantes de nutrientes. No entanto, possuem vida de prateleira curta e os métodos tradicionais de conservação podem gerar perdas em seu sabor natural e nutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e otimizar o Processamento por Alta Pressão (APH) em relação ao nível de pressão (200-400 MPa) e tempo de espera (0-5 min) aplicado à vieira pata de leão (Nodipecten nodosus) para reduzir a contaminação microbiana, mantendo características desejáveis. Metodologia de superfície de resposta com design Box-Behnken e função de Desejabilidade foram empregadas para otimizar simultaneamente esses atributos de qualidade. A APH melhorou a qualidade microbiana a 200 MPa/5 min, apesar de promover modificações físico-químicas inadequadas no músculo adutor da vieira. Nessa condição de processamento, apesar de um leve aumento da umidade do músculo que poderia ser benéfico, também foi verificado aumento do pH, bem como diminuição da capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). No nível mais severo (400 MPa/5 min), observou-se uma diminuição na força de cisalhamento relacionada à textura instrumental e na Brancura (W) e Luminosidade (L*) relacionada à cor. A otimização simultânea proporcionou um valor de 365MPa/2min em que as características físico-químicas seriam as mais semelhantes às da vieira sem enfrentar um processo de preservação.

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This review article analyzes the legal regulation of organic production in Ukraine. The steady growth and development of this market are indicated by: 1) an increase in the area of agricultural land allocated for organic production, 2) a rise in the number of domestic organic operators, and 3) the increasing volume of organic product exports to other countries. However, there is a need to implement a set of measures, including: improving legal support, developing the infrastructure of the organic products market, ensuring adequate state support, and enhancing the system of standardization and certification for the production, processing, storage, and transportation of organic products. Additionally, there is a need to introduce an effective system for controlling the sale of organic raw materials, their processing, and the sale of organic products. A fundamental rethinking of the concept of food security in Ukraine is also required, particularly to determine the priority directions for developing agrarian policy under martial law conditions and in the post-war period.

Este artigo de revisão analisa a regulamentação legal da produção orgânica na Ucrânia. O crescimento constante e o desenvolvimento deste mercado são indicados por: 1) um aumento na área de terras agrícolas destinadas à produção orgânica, 2) um aumento no número de operadores orgânicos domésticos, e 3) o crescente volume de exportação de produtos orgânicos para outros países. No entanto, há a necessidade de implementar um conjunto de medidas, incluindo: melhorar o suporte legal, desenvolver a infraestrutura do mercado de produtos orgânicos, garantir um suporte estatal adequado e aprimorar o sistema de padronização e certificação para a produção, processamento, armazenamento e transporte de produtos orgânicos. Além disso, é necessário introduzir um sistema eficaz de controle da venda de matérias-primas orgânicas, seu processamento e a venda de produtos orgânicos. Também é necessário repensar fundamentalmente o conceito de segurança alimentar na Ucrânia, particularmente para determinar as direções prioritárias para o desenvolvimento da política agrária sob condições de lei marcial e no período pós-guerra.

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Leaf Area Index (LAI) is the ratio of ground surface area covered by leaves. LAI plays a significant role in the structural characteristics of forest ecosystems. Therefore, an accurate estimation process is needed. One method for estimating LAI is using Digital Cover Photography. However, most applications for processing LAI using digital photos do not consider the brown color of plant parts. Previous research, which includes brown color as part of the calculation, potentially produced biased results by the increased pixel count from the original photo. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation. The proposed methods consider the brown color while minimizing errors. Image processing is carried out in two stages to separate leaves and non-leaf pixels by using the RGB color model for the first stage and applying the CIELAB color model in the second stage. Proposed methods and existing applications are evaluated against the actual LAI value obtained using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) as the ground truth. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods effectively identify non-leaf parts and exhibit the lowest error rates compared to other methods. In conclusion, this study provides alternative techniques to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation in forest ecosystems.

O Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) é a razão da área da superfície do solo coberta por folhas. O IAF desempenha um papel significativo nas características estruturais dos ecossistemas florestais. Portanto, é necessário um processo de estimativa preciso. Um método para estimar o IAF é o uso da Fotografia de Cobertura Digital. No entanto, a maioria das aplicações para processamento do IAF usando fotos digitais não considera a cor marrom das partes das plantas. Pesquisas anteriores, que incluem a cor marrom no cálculo, potencialmente produziram resultados enviesados devido ao aumento na contagem de pixels da foto original. Este estudo tem como objetivo aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF. Os métodos propostos consideram a cor marrom enquanto minimizam erros. O processamento de imagem é realizado em duas etapas para separar os pixels de folhas e não folhas, usando o modelo de cor RGB na primeira etapa e aplicando o modelo de cor CIELAB na segunda etapa. Os métodos propostos e as aplicações existentes são avaliados em relação ao valor real do IAF obtido por meio da Varredura a Laser Terrestre (TLS) como referência. Os resultados demonstram que os métodos propostos identificam efetivamente as partes não foliares e apresentam as menores taxas de erro em comparação com outros métodos. Concluindo, este estudo oferece técnicas alternativas para aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF em ecossistemas florestais.

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Fish processing provides waste of around 50.0% to 70.0% of the animal's initial weight, especially the skin. Thus, this residue contains the by-product that allows biopolymers to be obtained, highlighting collagen, which can be widely used in different areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the yield of collagen extracted from peacock bass Cichla monoculus skin and to characterize them physicochemically. Twenty-five peacock bass with an average weight of 646 ± 175 g were used. The skin samples were removed by manual filleting and weighed, with an average yield of 3.7%. Subsequently, such models were analyzed for chemical composition, showing 61.8% for moisture, 29.3% for crude protein, 1.5% for ash, 6.3% for total lipids, and 1.2% for non-nitrogenous extract (NNE). Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) presented an average yield of 8.2%, presenting in its analysis of centesimal composition 12.5% ​​of moisture, 82.6% of crude protein, 1.1% of ash, 2.6% of total lipids, and 1.2% NNE. The skin and collagen extracted from the tucunaré skin have technological potential for use in the preparation of products, adding value to these by-products from fish processing.

O processamento do pescado fornece em resíduos cerca de 50,0% a 70,0% do peso inicial do animal, destacando-se a pele. Assim, nesse resíduo encontra-se o subproduto que permite a obtenção de biopolímeros, dando destaque ao colágeno, que pode amplamente ser utilizado em diversas áreas. O presente estudo objetivou fazer uma avaliação do rendimento do colágeno extraído da pele do tucunaré Cichla monoculus, e caracterizá-los físico-quimicamente. Foram utilizados 25 tucunarés com peso médio de 646 ± 175 g. As amostras de pele foram retiradas por filetagem manual e pesadas, apresentando rendimento médio de 3,7%. Posteriormente, tais amostras foram analisadas quanto à composição centesimal, apresentando os valores de 61,8% para umidade, 29,3% para proteína bruta, 1,5% para cinzas, 6,3% para lipídios totais e 1,2% para extrato não nitrogenado (ENN). Colágeno solúvel em ácido (ASC) apresentou o rendimento médio de 8,2%, apresentando em sua análise de composição centesimal 12,5% de umidade, 82,6% de proteína bruta, 1,1% de cinzas, 2,6% de lipídios totais e 1,2% ENN. A pele e o colágeno extraído da pele do tucunaré apresentam potencial tecnológico para aproveitamento na elaboração de produtos, agregando valor a esses subprodutos provenientes do processamento do pescado.

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Alimentação segura, adequada e saudável é um direito de todo cidadão brasileiro, portanto, é responsabilidade do poder público garantir a prevenção de doenças de transmissão hídrica e alimentar. Estas podem estar associadas à contaminação por microrganismos ou substâncias químicas. A contaminação pode se dar em toda a cadeia produtiva, logo, é necessário que se faça um treinamento com os agentes envolvidos nesse processo. O presente trabalho analisou o nível de retenção do conteúdo teórico de um curso de capacitação para manipuladores de alimentação escolar da rede pública do município de Jaboticabal, SP. Essa análise foi feita por meio da aplicação de um questionário anteriormente à ministração do curso e, o mesmo questionário, imediatamente após. O teste não paramétrico Wilcoxon e o teste de associação de Spearman permitiram observar um aumento da pontuação (P=0,0002199/ P<0,05) nos questionários após a ministração do treinamento; no entanto, quando analisado questão a questão, esse aumento não se mostrou significativo na maioria das questões, ocorrendo apenas na pergunta cuja resposta foi abordada de forma lúdica. Recomenda-se a adoção de metodologias ativas em futuros treinamentos de manipuladores de alimentos e em outras ações de Educação Permanente em Saúde e Educação popular em Saúde.(AU)

The safety of our food is a basic right of every Brazilian citizen, therefore, the State must ensure the prevention of food-borne diseases. These may be associated with food contamination by microorganisms or chemical substances. Contamination can occur in all the productive chain, so it is necessary to training people involved in this process. The present work analyzed the level of retention of the theoretical content of a training course for school food handlers in the public network in the municipality of Jaboticabal. This analysis was carried out by applying a questionnaire prior to the course delivery and the same questionnaire immediately after. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test and Spearman's association test allowed us to observe an increase in the scores of the questionnaires after the training; however, when analyzed question by question, this increase was not significant in most questions, occurring only in the question whose answer was approached in a playful way. It is recommended that active methodologies be adopted in future training of food handlers and in other Continuing Health Education and popular Health Education actions.(AU)

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Os Centros de Tradições Gaúchas (CTG) são entidades de divulgação e perpetuação da cultura do Rio Grande do Sul. A produção de refeições nessas entidades ocorre nos ensaios dos grupos de danças tradicionais e nos eventos oferecidos à comunidade, como jantares. Sabendo do impacto das doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTA) na saúde humana, o objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a adequação dos CTG às boas práticas para manipulação de alimentos (BPM), explorar quem são os responsáveis pelas atividades de manipulação de alimentos e identificar a frequência e o número da produção de refeições servidas nessas instituições. A Portaria SES-RS nº 78/2009 e um questionário de coleta de dados dos grupos de dança e da produção de refeições foram aplicados em 5 CTG do Rio Grande do Sul. Outros 17 CTG do estado responderam a um segundo questionário, semelhante ao primeiro, com adição de perguntas sobre controle sanitário. Obteve-se uma média de adequação às BPM de 38% entre os CTG. Verificou-se que são servidas, em média, 4 refeições por semana entre os ensaios das invernadas artísticas próximos a competições. Em 36% dos CTG, ocorrem de 2 a 3 eventos por trimestre com produção de refeições. Em 45% dos CTG, são servidas de 100 a 200 pessoas nos eventos. Em relação aos trabalhos na cozinha, apenas 23,5% dos CTG têm como responsáveis dessas atividades pessoas devidamente capacitadas. Sendo os CTG instituições sem fins lucrativos, a criação de programas para a garantia do alimento seguro nesses espaços se faz necessária.

Centros de Tradições Gaúchas (CTG) are entities for the dissemination and perpetuation of Rio Grande do Sul culture. The production of meals in these entities takes place in the rehearsals of traditional dance groups and in events offered to the community, such as dinners. Knowing the impact of the foodborne diseases in human health, the objective of this work is to identify the adequacy of CTG to good food handling practices, to explore who are responsibles for food handling activities and identify the frequency and number of meals served in these institutions. The Portaria SES-RS No. 78/2009 and a questionnaire for data collection from dance groups and meals production were applied in 5 CTG in Rio Grande do Sul. Another 17 CTG in the state answered a second questionnaire, similar to the first, with the addition of questions about sanitary control. The average compliance with good practices was 38% among the CTG. It was found that, on average, 4 meals are served per week between rehearsals of the dance groups close to competitions. In 36% of the CTG, 2 to 3 events are held per quarter with production of meals. In 45% of the CTG, the number of people served at the events varies from 100 to 200. Regarding the work in the kitchen, only 23.5% of the CTG have duly trained people for these activities. Given that CTG are non-profit institutions, the creation of programs to ensure food safety in these spaces is necessary.

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Microalgal lipids exhibit physical-chemical characteristics similar to vegetable oils, representing alternative sources of long-chain fatty acids for food supplements. However, separating intracellular lipids from microalgae biomass is still challenging due to downstream processing technology limitations that depend on the particular microalgal species and its cultivation conditions. Thus, this work evaluated a multistep process for lipid extraction from Tetradesmus obliquus biomass instead of conventional single extraction methods to improve the lipid yield. The wet biomass was freeze-dried, the cells of the dried biomass were disrupted in a ball mill, and the milled biomass was suspended in water to obtain solid contents of 5 % and 10 % w v­1. Lipids were extracted from the aqueous suspension using the ethanol polar solvent and the hexane apolar solvent with ethanol:hexane ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 3:5 v v­1. Tests were also carried out on the deproteinized biomass to evaluate the effect of proteins on emulsion formation since deproteinization can avoid emulsion formation. Thus, lipid downstream processing could be designed without an emulsion removal stage. The biomass was deproteinized before lipid extraction with NaOH at pH 10. The highest lipid content was verified for the 1:2 ethanol:hexane ratio, in which up to 42 % of the total lipids were extracted from the biomass. With the 3:5 ratio, the organic and aqueous phases emulsified due to the presence of lipoproteins, which hindered the lipid extraction process. Under the studied conditions, no increase in lipid extraction yield was observed with increases in the solid content or biomass deproteinization.(AU)

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This study evaluated the impacts of thermal processing on the chemical composition of jackfruit seeds and their toxicity. The ash content of the seeds subjected to roasting was higher (3.21%) compared to the seeds in the other treatments. However, the contents of moisture (5.29%) and protein (10.49%) were lower. The protein content showed a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) among the studied groups (10.49%). The lipid content was lower in the seeds subjected to cooking (1.13%), while the carbohydrate content showed a significant difference (P≤ 0.05) among the groups studied (54.11%). Raw seeds had the highest fiber content (25.20%). Regarding toxicity, only the cooked jackfruit seed flour showed cytotoxic potential. However, none of the samples caused irritation or vascular disorders in fertilized eggs. These results suggested that heat treatment can ensure the safety of seeds against cytotoxicity; although, it reduces the content of some macronutrients.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos do processamento térmico na composição química das sementes de jaca sua toxicidade. O teor de cinzas das sementes submetida à torra foi maior (3,21%) em comparação com as sementes nos outros tratamentos. No entanto, os teores de umidade (5,29%) e proteínas (10,49%) foram menores. O teor de proteínas apresentou diferença significativa (P≤ 0.05) entre os grupos estudados (10,49%). O teor de lipídeos foi menor nas sementes submetidas ao cozimento (1,13%), enquanto o teor de carboidratos apresentou diferença significativa (P ≤ 0.05) entre os grupos estudados (54,11%). As sementes brutas apresentaram o maior teor de fibras (25,20%). Em relação à toxicidade, apenas a farinha de sementes de jaca cozidas apresentou potencial citotóxico, embora nenhuma das amostras tenha causado irritação ou distúrbios vasculares em ovos fecundados. Esses resultados sugerem que o tratamento térmico pode garantir a segurança das sementes frente à citotoxicidade, embora reduza o teor de alguns macronutrientes.

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The knowledge of correlations between multiple characteristics in plant breeding leads to more effective selection strategies. The path analysis allows refining these correlations and partitioning them into direct and indirect effects on the main variable. The path analysis becomes more effective when based on predicted genotypic values rather than phenotypic values. The objective was to evaluate correlations between the main agronomic characteristics of grapevine cultivation and their direct and indirect effects on yield per plant to improve selection strategies to reach superior progenies. A randomized complete block design was installed using four cultivars and two rootstocks, five repetitions, and plots of four plants. Data from three crop seasons were analyzed from a mixed model and genetic correlations were subject to the path analysis. A high and positive significant correlation was found between average fruit production and the number of clusters per plant. On the other hand, the average production per plant showed a low correlation to cluster width and height per grapevine. Wider and higher berries tend to increase berry fresh mass and therefore increase the contents of soluble solids and reducing sugars. Among the features, the number of clusters per plant has the strongest direct effect on fruit production in grape cultivars. Berry fresh mass, berry length, and berry width were indirectly influenced by the number of clusters and showed high heritability compared to yield and number of clusters. These characteristics could be used in indirect selection.

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This trial was designed to evaluate the effect of processing method of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCGS) on feed intake, performance, carcass traits, feeding behavior, rumen morphology, and blood metabolites of cattle in the finishing phase. Thirty-eight F1 Angus × Nellore bulls (365±22 kg) raised under grazing conditions were housed in individual pens (2 × 4 m) for the feeding trial. At the end of the adaptation period, animals were weighed after a 16-h fast, blocked by shrunk body weight, and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: GRC, consisting of RCGS that was ground before ensiling using a hammer mill with a uniform 8-mm screen (1.52 mm geometric mean particle size); and RRC, consisting of RCGS that was rolled before ensiling in a roller mill mounted in a bagging machine (2.18 mm geometric mean particle size). Diet ingredients were mixed manually twice daily, at 09:00 and 15:00 h, and offered as total mixed rations in amounts approximately 50 g/kg in excess of daily intake. The experimental diets contained a forage:concentrate ratio of 130:870 g/kg, with 644 g/kg of RCGS. The GRC resulted in greater daily variation in dry matter intake, total-tract digestibility (dry and organic matter), fecal pH, rumen papillae width, and lower first meal duration, meal length, fecal starch, and rumen papillae height than the RRC. However, grinding or rolling RCGS did not affect dry matter intake, growth performance, carcass traits, or health (liver abscesses, ruminitis, serum D-lactate) of finishing beef cattle. Therefore, the processing equipment to make RCGS might be preferable based on equipment availability, milling yield, energy consumption, and diet composition.(AU)

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Cotton has a considerable economic impact on agribusiness. Strategies to reduce production loss due, for example, to pest attacks are increasingly required. Spodoptera frugiperda, known as fall armyworm, causes irreversible damage to cotton. In this context, a current approach is the use of hyperspectral measurements obtained by remote sensors and processed by machine learning algorithms. However, such measures generate data redundancy, making it difficult to extract information. An alternative is to apply pre-processing techniques, but little is known about the impact these generate on the learning ability of algorithms. This study evaluates the performance of machine learning algorithms in identifying cotton plants attacked by pests using pre-processed and raw hyperspectral measurements. Data are collected by EMBRAPA, and consist of hyperspectral measurements, in the range of 350-2500 nm, referring to eight days of collections in healthy cotton plants and attacked by S. frugiperda. Pre-processing techniques to try are baseline removal, smoothing, first and second order derivatives. A group of machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Extra Tree, was used to model pre-processed and non-pre-processed hyperspectral measurements. According to the proposed metric, the F-Score and the Extra Trees (EXT) algorithm performed better (0.77). So it overlapped the other results with the preprocessed dataset. In addition to obtaining the most important lengths for the algorithm to have its best performance. Concluding that machine learning with spectroscopy can help the field in a promising way. Studies in other crops and with other factors applied to the plant are recommended.

O algodão tem um considerável impacto econômico no agronegócio. Estratégias para redução de perda de produção devido, por exemplo, a ataques de pragas são cada vez mais requeridas. A Spodoptera frugiperda, conhecida como lagarta do cartucho, causa danos irreversíveis ao algodão. Neste contexto, uma abordagem atual é o uso de medidas hiperespectrais obtidas por sensores remotos e processadas por algoritmos de aprendizagem de máquina. Todavia, tais medidas geram redundância de dados, dificultando a extração de informações. Uma alternativa é aplicar técnicas de pré-processamento, mas pouco se sabe sobre o impacto que estas geram na capacidade de aprendizagem dos algoritmos. Este trabalho avalia o desempenho de algoritmos de aprendizagem de máquina ao identificarem plantas de algodão atacadas por pragas utilizando medidas hiperespectrais pré-processadas e brutas. Os dados são coletados pela EMBRAPA, e consistem em medidas hiperespectrais, no intervalo de 350-2500 nm, referentes a oito dias de coletas em plantas de algodão saudáveis e atacadas por S. frugiperda. As técnicas de pré-processamento a serem testadas são remoção de linha de base, suavização, derivadas de primeira e segunda ordem. Um grupo de algoritmos de aprendizagem de máquina, como Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Extra Tree, foi utilizado para modelar as medidas hiperespectrais pré-processadas ou não. De acordo com a métrica proposta o F-Score, o algoritmo Extra Trees (ExT) obteve melhor desempenho (0.77). De maneira que se sobrepôs aos outros resultados com o conjunto de dados pré-processados. Além de obtermos os comprimentos de maior importância para o algoritmo ter seu melhor desempenho. Concluindo que o aprendizado de máquina com a espectroscopia pode auxiliar de modo promissor o campo. Recomenda-se estudos em outras culturas, e com outros fatores aplicados à planta.

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Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are fundamental for cattle breeding and sustainable food production. Together with genomic selection, these technologies contribute to reducing the generation interval and accelerating genetic progress. In this paper, we discuss advancements in technologies used in the fertility evaluation of breeding animals, and the collection, processing, and preservation of the gametes. It is of utmost importance for the breeding industry to select dams and sires of the next generation as young as possible, as is the efficient and timely collection of gametes. There is a need for reliable and easily applicable methods to evaluate sexual maturity and fertility. Although gametes processing and preservation have been improved in recent decades, challenges are still encountered. The targeted use of sexed semen and beef semen has obliterated the production of surplus replacement heifers and bull calves from dairy breeds, markedly improving animal welfare and ethical considerations in production practices. Parallel with new technologies, many well-established technologies remain relevant, although with evolving applications. In vitro production (IVP) has become the predominant method of embryo production. Although fundamental improvements in IVP procedures have been established, the quality of IVP embryos remains inferior to their in vivo counterparts. Improvements to facilitate oocyte maturation and development of new culture systems, e.g. microfluidics, are presented in this paper. New non-invasive and objective tools are needed to select embryos for transfer. Cryopreservation of semen and embryos plays a pivotal role in the distribution of genetics, and we discuss the challenges and opportunities in this field. Finally, machine learning (ML) is gaining ground in agriculture and ART. This paper delves into the utilization of emerging technologies in ART, along with the current status, key challenges, and future prospects of ML in both research and practical applications within ART.

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This research aimed to compare statistical methods (random forest, RIDGE, LASSO, and elastic net regression) for the prediction of body weight in purebred and crossbred pigs reared in Brazil. This prediction was based on dorsal-view images obtained from video image processing. The study involved 69 animals belonging to breeds such as Large White, Piau, Duroc × Large White, and Piau × Large White. The data collection spanned 144 days, with measurements taken at approximately 20-day intervals, totaling eight measurements for each animal throughout their growth stages. Image acquisition was carried out in individual pens using an Intel RealSense Depth D435 digital camera. The features back area, back perimeter, back width, and body depth were extracted from the images. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between live weight and these features. The dataset was randomly divided into a training dataset (65%) and a test dataset (35%), and model training was performed by five-fold cross-validation balanced according to the growth stage, which was divided into three groups. This procedure was repeated 100 times, and the resulting metrics were taken as the average of the 100 repetitions. Although with a slight difference, the random forest method outperformed the others with the highest average R2 value (0.87), as well as the lowest average RMSE (14.32) and average MAE (10.13) values. Consequently, the random forest algorithm proved to be the most effective in predicting body weight. The back area, back width, and back perimeter were the most important variables in the model.(AU)