Carcinoma prostático em gato - relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Prostatic carcinoma in a cat - case report and literature review / Carcinoma prostático en un gato - reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura

A neoplasia prostática em gatos é rara e pouco descrita na literatura. Não é um tumor andrógeno dependente, e a castração não ajuda na prevenção ou no tratamento. Técnicas ultrassonográficas e radiográficas evidenciarão compressão uretral ou retal na posição da neoplasia, e para diagnóstico definitivo deve-se realizar exame histopatológico. Não há protocolo terapêutico eficaz estabelecido, e o tratamento cirúrgico não costuma ser efetivo no controle da evolução do quadro, já que é de caráter maligno, agressivo e com altas taxas de metástases. Relata-se o caso de um gato macho, castrado, sem raça definida, de pelo curto, 10 anos, com histórico de disquesia, fezes em fita, hematuria e normorexia. O diagnóstico presuntivo foi realizado por meio de ultrassonografia; no entanto, devido à caracteristica obstrutiva apresentada pela neoplasia, assim como ao prognóstico de reservado a ruim em relação às alternativas terapêuticas, optou-se pela eutanásia, e não foi evidenciada nenhuma metástase.(AU)

Prostatic neoplasia in cats is rare and poorly described in the literature. It is not an androgen dependent tumor, and castration does not help in prevention or treatment. Ultrasonographic and radiographic techniques will show urethral or rectal compression in the position of the neoplasm, and for a definitive diagnosis. histopathological examination must be performed. There is no effective therapeutic protocol established, and surgical treatment is not usually effective in controlling the evolution of the condition, since it is malignant, aggressive and has high rates of metastases. The patient in this report is a 10-year-old male, neutered, mixed- breed, short-haired cat, with a history of dyschesia, ribbon-like stools, hematuria and normorexia. The presumptive diagnosis was performed by ultrasound; however, due to the obstructive characteristic presented by the neoplasm, as well as the poor prognosis in relation to the therapeutic alternatives, euthanasia was chosen, and no metastasis was evidenced.(AU)

La neoplasia prostática en gatos es rara y está pobremente descrita en la literatura. No es un tumor dependiente de andrógenos, y la castración no ayuda en la prevención ni en el tratamiento. Las técnicas ultrasonográficas y radiográficas mostrarán compresión uretral o rectal en la posición de la neoplasia, y para un diagnóstico definitivo se debe realizar un examen histopatológico. No existe un protocolo terapéutico eficaz establecido, y el tratamiento quirúrgico no suele ser eficaz para controlar la evolución del cuadro, ya que es maligno, agresivo y presenta altas tasas de metástasis. El paciente de este reporte es un gato macho de 10 años. castrado, mestizo, de pelo corto, con antecedentes de disquesia, heces en cinta. hematuria y normorexia. El diagnóstico presuntivo se realizó por ecografia; sin embargo, debido al carácter obstructivo que presentaba la neoplasia, así como al mal pronóstico en relación a las alternativas terapéuticas, se optó por la eutanasia y no se evidenció metástasis.(AU)

Disfunções endócrinas mais comuns e que podem afetar a atividade reprodutiva de cães / Endocrine dysfunctions that can affect reproductive activity in dogs

As disfunções hormonais podem interagir com eixo hipotalamo-hipófise-gônadas (H/H/G) resultando em alteração da espermatogênese e impactando negativamente a fertilidade dos machos. As endocrinopatias na espécie canina são mais frequentes nas fêmeas e muitas vezes os sinais clínicos iniciais envolvem alopecias e alterações de peso, comportamento e de metabolismo. As disfunções hormonais comuns em cães machos incluem o hipotireoidismo, hiperplasia prostática benigna e os tumores testiculares. Cães idosos geralmente apresentam alterações hormonais dependentes da idade, mas a literatura é escassa e conflitante em relação a esta condição, assim o objetivo dessa revisão é informar e atualizar conceitos relacionados às disfunções hormonais que podem causar infertilidade em cães machos com vistas a ferramentas mais modernas de diagnósticos e avaliação seminal.(AU)

Hormonal dysfunctions may interact with hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads (H/H/G) axis resulting in altered spermatogenesis and negatively impacting male fertility. Endocrinopathies in the canine species are more frequent in females and often the initial clinical signs involve alopecia and changes in weight, behavior, and metabolism. Common hormonal dysfunctions in male dogs include hypothyroidism, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and testicular tumors. Older dogs usually present age- dependent hormonal changes, but the literature is scarce and conflicting regarding this condition, thus the aim of this review is to inform and update concepts related to hormonal dysfunctions that can cause infertility in male dogs with a view to more modern diagnostic tools and seminal evaluation.(AU)

Sarcoma estromal esplênico em canino da raça labrador / Splenic stromal sarcoma in a labrador dog

Background: Splenic stromal neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of tumors that shares the morphology of spindle cells, and are considered a primary mesenchymal neoplasm of the spleen. Among these neoplasms, some are as yet unclassified. Although stromal neoplasms represent 25 a 50% of dog splenic neoplasms in dogs, subtypes rarely occur alone. As these neoplasms are difficult to diagnose in the routine veterinary medical examination, the objective of this article was to report a case of splenic stromal sarcoma in a dog treated at a private veterinary hospital in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Case: An 8-year-old male labrador dog was treated at a veterinary hospital for an initial clinical suspicion of gastroenteritis. Clinical examinations showed anemic ocular mucosa and a distended abdomen. Considering the animal's condition, blood count, serum biochemistry, and abdominal ultrasonography (US) were requested. The laboratory tests revealed anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, and changes in the indices of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), among other findings. Abdominal ultrasound showed hepatomegaly, diffuse splenomegaly, a neoformation in the spleen suggestive of splenic neoplasia, and mild cystic prostatic hyperplasia. The dog underwent exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy. During the procedure, a nodule was found attached to the spleen. It was removed, fixed in a 10% neutral buffered formalin solution, and sent for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations (vimentin, S100, desmin, MyoD1, HHF35, CD31, and alpha smooth muscle actin). The histopathological diagnosis was poorly differentiated spindle cell splenic sarcoma, compatible with splenic stromal sarcoma. Immunohistochemistry showed neoplastic cells immunoreactive for vimentin and S100, and it was not reactive for other markers. Based on the immunohistochemical and morphological profile, the diagnosis of splenic stromal sarcoma was confirmed. Discussion: Dogs affected by splenic neoplasms are generally aged between three and 17 years, and clinically present with anorexia, emesis, lethargy, weight loss, and abdomen distension, which were observed in the present case. However, a purelyclinical diagnosis is disputable, since other diseases can present the same signs. Thus, complementary exams are essential for a correct diagnosis. Laboratory changes in blood count and serum biochemistry are considered nonspecific for splenic neoplasms, with neutrophilic leukocytosis and anemia being consistent with paraneoplastic syndromes frequently diagnosed in small animals. Microscopically, splenic stromal sarcomas are characterized by focal splenic nodules composed of cohesive polygonal to spindle-shaped cell layers. The cells usually exhibit anisokaryosis and often have large oval to round vesicular nuclei and, occasionally, multinucleated cells. They have large areas of necrosis, diffuse or nodular lymphoid aggregates, and foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis, consistent with the histopathological examination reported in the present case. The immunohistochemical analysis included evaluation of seven markers to elucidate the histogenesis of the neoplasm, with the anti-vimentin and anti-S100 markers demonstrating positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, revealing the mesenchymal origin of the neoplasm. Thus, the definitive diagnosis was splenic stromal sarcoma, a rare and aggressive neoplasm.

Hypertrophic osteopathy and bone metastases in a dog with prostatic carcinoma / Osteopatia hipertrófica e metástases ósseas em um canino com carcinoma prostático

Prostatic carcinomas in are aggressive neoplasms and bone metastases may occur; however, hypertrophic osteopathy associated with that condition is poorly documented. A ten-year-old, neutered male, mixed breed dog had a history of lameness and volume increase in the left pelvic limb. On radiographic examination, a lytic bone mass was observed in the left metatarsus, as well as a diffuse proliferative periosteal reaction in several bones of the appendicular skeleton, in addition to radiopaque nodular structures in all lung lobes. A presumptive diagnosis of primary bone neoplasia with pulmonary metastases and hypertrophic osteopathy was established and chemotherapy treatment was started. However, there was no satisfactory clinical response, and euthanasia was ellected. At necropsy, there was moderate enlargement of the prostate gland. The gland was firm and whitish, with a multilobulated aspect. Several similar masses were observed in the right kidney, lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes, and multiple bones of the appendicular skeleton. These bones also presented evident diffuse periosteal reaction. Histological examination revealed a metastatic prostatic carcinoma with bone involvement and hypertrophic osteopathy. This report is an unusual case of metastatic prostatic carcinoma in association with hypertrophic osteopathy and concomitant bone metastases.(AU)

Os carcinomas prostáticos em cães são neoplasmas agressivos e as metástases ósseas podem ocorrer, entretanto a associação com osteopatia hipertrófica é pouco relatada. Um canino, macho, sem raça definida de 10 anos de idade, com histórico de claudicação e aumento de volume em membro pélvico esquerdo, apresentou no exame radiográfico uma massa óssea, lítica em metatarso esquerdo, bem como reação periosteal proliferativa difusa em diversos ossos do esqueleto apendicular além de estruturas nodulares, radiopacas em todos os lobos pulmonares. Realizou-se o diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasia óssea primaria com metástases pulmonares e osteopatia hipertrófica e iniciou-se o tratamento quimioterápico. Todavia, não houve resposta clínica satisfatória, optando-se pela eutanásia. Na necropsia foi constatado aumento de volume moderado da próstata, com aspecto multilobulado, ao corte firme e brancacento. Diversas massas similares foram observadas no rim direito, pulmões, linfonodos mediastínicos e em vários ossos do esqueleto apendicular, além de evidente reação periosteal difusa. A avaliação histológica revelou um carcinoma prostático metastático com envolvimento ósseo, bem como osteopatia hipertrófica pulmonar. Esse relato é um caso incomum de carcinoma prostático metastático devido a associação com osteopatia hipertrófica pulmonar e as metástases ósseas concomitantes.(AU)

Achados clínicos, histopatológicos, laboratoriais e imagens de adenocarcinoma prostático em cães / Clinical, laboratory, histopathological and image findings of prostatic adenocarcinoma in dog

Prostate neoplasms are the main reproductive disorders affecting neutered dogs, being the adenocarcinoma the most common and developing signs of urinary and/or gastrointestinal tract. This tumor develops spontaneously in dogs, being malignant, very invasive and unresponsive to castration. Due the recent increase in reports and a high interference in the animals' quality of life, the objective of this study was to report a case of prostatic adenocarcinoma in an eight-year-old SRD dog with metastasis in bladder, peritoneum and mesentery. The animal presented dehydration, fever, difficulty for walking, severe pain, abdominal enlargement, apathy, hyporexia, hypodipsia and tenesmus. Rectal examination, identified a firm mass and incongruous in prostatic membrane. Two months before an orchiectomy was performed due a prostatomegaly. At the time, an ultrasound identified irregular prostate with cavity formations, spleen with hypoechogenic formation and bladder with hyperechogenic formation attached to the wall. Radiography was requested and fecaloma was observed. Thus, enterotomy and prostatectomy were required. In surgery, nodulations were identified in mesentery, peritoneum and spleen, in addition to a hemorrhagic focus and a palpable mass in the bladder. The prostate was attached to bone tissue, making the removal impossible. The animal was euthanized and prostatic histopathology identified acinar adenocarcinoma. Histological samples of peritoneum, mesentery and bladder presented metastasis. The treatment of this conditionis not feasible with a delayed diagnosis due to its high aggressiveness and metastatic capacity. Such report demonstrates the importance of digital rectal examination and ultrasound exams, even in castrated animals for a nearly diagnosis of these neoplasms.

Achados clínicos, histopatológicos, laboratoriais e imagens de adenocarcinoma prostático em cães / Clinical, laboratory, histopathological and image findings of prostatic adenocarcinoma in dog

Prostate neoplasms are the main reproductive disorders affecting neutered dogs, being the adenocarcinoma the most common and developing signs of urinary and/or gastrointestinal tract. This tumor develops spontaneously in dogs, being malignant, very invasive and unresponsive to castration. Due the recent increase in reports and a high interference in the animals' quality of life, the objective of this study was to report a case of prostatic adenocarcinoma in an eight-year-old SRD dog with metastasis in bladder, peritoneum and mesentery. The animal presented dehydration, fever, difficulty for walking, severe pain, abdominal enlargement, apathy, hyporexia, hypodipsia and tenesmus. Rectal examination, identified a firm mass and incongruous in prostatic membrane. Two months before an orchiectomy was performed due a prostatomegaly. At the time, an ultrasound identified irregular prostate with cavity formations, spleen with hypoechogenic formation and bladder with hyperechogenic formation attached to the wall. Radiography was requested and fecaloma was observed. Thus, enterotomy and prostatectomy were required. In surgery, nodulations were identified in mesentery, peritoneum and spleen, in addition to a hemorrhagic focus and a palpable mass in the bladder. The prostate was attached to bone tissue, making the removal impossible. The animal was euthanized and prostatic histopathology identified acinar adenocarcinoma. Histological samples of peritoneum, mesentery and bladder presented metastasis. The treatment of this conditionis not feasible with a delayed diagnosis due to its high aggressiveness and metastatic capacity. Such report demonstrates the importance of digital rectal examination and ultrasound exams, even in castrated animals for a nearly diagnosis of these neoplasms.(AU)

Leydigocitoma canino: aspectos ultrassonográficos, citológicos e histopatológicos / Canine Leydigocitoma: ultrasonographic, cytological and histopathological aspects

In non-neutered dogs, the testis is the second most common site for development of neoplasms, frequently occurring in elderly animals and with orchiectomy as main treatment. Regarding the great relevance of testicular disorders and the importance of accurate diagnoses, this study aims to report a case of canine leydigocytoma at the Veterinary Hospital in the State University of Ceará. The 10-years-old non-neutered Pitbull-breed animal was attended presenting hematuria and, physical examination showed a bilateral nodular formation in testicles in addition to an enlarged prostate. In ultrasonographic examination, the prostate was enlarged, presenting irregular shape and heterogeneous echotexture. These changes indicate the presence of prostatic hyperplasia. Both testicles presented well-defined hypoechogenic regions with evident marginal and internal vascularization, which indicate neoplastic neoformation. In cytology, a hypercellular epithelial sample was observed with cellular modifications suggestive of interstitial cell neoplasia. In the lab, macroscopically, the testis showed multiple soft, well-defined, white-colored to brownish nodules. Histopathology revealed neoplastic proliferation of Leydig cells, sustained by moderate fibrovascular stroma, with degenerated adjacent parenchyma and without signs of malignancy. Four months after orchiectomy, the prostate turned to normal dimensions, with no further ultrasonographic changes. This case reinforces the importance of bilateral orchiectomy and ultrasound for prostatic abnormalities and testicular neoplasms. The association of these conditions is not commonly described in the literature, being an important contribution in this regard.

Leydigocitoma canino: aspectos ultrassonográficos, citológicos e histopatológicos / Canine Leydigocitoma: ultrasonographic, cytological and histopathological aspects

In non-neutered dogs, the testis is the second most common site for development of neoplasms, frequently occurring in elderly animals and with orchiectomy as main treatment. Regarding the great relevance of testicular disorders and the importance of accurate diagnoses, this study aims to report a case of canine leydigocytoma at the Veterinary Hospital in the State University of Ceará. The 10-years-old non-neutered Pitbull-breed animal was attended presenting hematuria and, physical examination showed a bilateral nodular formation in testicles in addition to an enlarged prostate. In ultrasonographic examination, the prostate was enlarged, presenting irregular shape and heterogeneous echotexture. These changes indicate the presence of prostatic hyperplasia. Both testicles presented well-defined hypoechogenic regions with evident marginal and internal vascularization, which indicate neoplastic neoformation. In cytology, a hypercellular epithelial sample was observed with cellular modifications suggestive of interstitial cell neoplasia. In the lab, macroscopically, the testis showed multiple soft, well-defined, white-colored to brownish nodules. Histopathology revealed neoplastic proliferation of Leydig cells, sustained by moderate fibrovascular stroma, with degenerated adjacent parenchyma and without signs of malignancy. Four months after orchiectomy, the prostate turned to normal dimensions, with no further ultrasonographic changes. This case reinforces the importance of bilateral orchiectomy and ultrasound for prostatic abnormalities and testicular neoplasms. The association of these conditions is not commonly described in the literature, being an important contribution in this regard.(AU)

Neouretra com enxerto autógeno de segmento intestinal vascularizado em felino / Autogenous vascularized intestinal grafting for urethral reconstruction in feline

Background: Serious urethral damage or recurrent obstructions in felines require a urethrostomy to provide a return to and maintenance of urinary flow. In some cases, urethral reconstruction with complementary tissue is required. Grafting of autogenous vascularized intestinal segments is widely used in human medicine to promote the functional restoration of the urethra, but in veterinary medicine, its use is still incipient. Thus, the aim of this report was to analyze and describe the use of thein functional urethral repair in a feline diagnosed with a severe urethral rupture. Case: A castrated male cat presented with urethral obstruction. Emergency decompression cystocentesis was performed, and fluids and analgesics were administered. Catheterization and urohydropropulsion were attempted to relieve the obstruction, without success. An emergency perineal urethrostomy was indicated. After the procedure, the diagnosis (obstructive lower tract urinary disease) and the infeasibility of restoring urinary flow by conventional urethrostomy techniques were confirmed. We opted for a laparoscopic-assisted prepubic urethrostomy; the pre-prostatic urethra was transected, and its caudais end was brought through an abdominal incision cranially. However, urethral tension was noted after this maneuver was performed. Thus, we decided to use autogenous vascularized intestinal segment grafting for urethral reconstruction. A segment of the ileum was prepared for grafting, with preservation of irrigation and mesenteric innervation. A terminoterminal anastomosis was performed on the stumps of the remaining intestine, and the mesentery was sutured. The ileal graft was isolated and washed to remove...

Neouretra com enxerto autógeno de segmento intestinal vascularizado em felino / Autogenous vascularized intestinal grafting for urethral reconstruction in feline

Background: Serious urethral damage or recurrent obstructions in felines require a urethrostomy to provide a return to and maintenance of urinary flow. In some cases, urethral reconstruction with complementary tissue is required. Grafting of autogenous vascularized intestinal segments is widely used in human medicine to promote the functional restoration of the urethra, but in veterinary medicine, its use is still incipient. Thus, the aim of this report was to analyze and describe the use of thein functional urethral repair in a feline diagnosed with a severe urethral rupture. Case: A castrated male cat presented with urethral obstruction. Emergency decompression cystocentesis was performed, and fluids and analgesics were administered. Catheterization and urohydropropulsion were attempted to relieve the obstruction, without success. An emergency perineal urethrostomy was indicated. After the procedure, the diagnosis (obstructive lower tract urinary disease) and the infeasibility of restoring urinary flow by conventional urethrostomy techniques were confirmed. We opted for a laparoscopic-assisted prepubic urethrostomy; the pre-prostatic urethra was transected, and its caudais end was brought through an abdominal incision cranially. However, urethral tension was noted after this maneuver was performed. Thus, we decided to use autogenous vascularized intestinal segment grafting for urethral reconstruction. A segment of the ileum was prepared for grafting, with preservation of irrigation and mesenteric innervation. A terminoterminal anastomosis was performed on the stumps of the remaining intestine, and the mesentery was sutured. The ileal graft was isolated and washed to remove...(AU)

Association between decreased expression of estrogen receptor alpha, androgen receptor and phosphatase and tensin homolog immunoexpression in the canine prostate / Associação entre diminuição da expressão dos receptores de estrógeno alfa e andrógeno, e imunoexpressão de fosfatase e tensina homóloga na próstata canina

Canine prostate gland is a hormonal dependent organ and its imbalance of estrogen and androgen receptor expressions are directly associated with the development of different diseases. Due to the lack of information regarding the behavior of the aforementioned receptors in canine prostate cancer (PC), this study aimed to identify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), Ki67 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expressions in canine PC by immunohistochemistry. We found nuclear expression of ERα and AR in the epithelial cells of normal canine samples and a loss of protein expression in PC samples. Normal samples showed Ki67 expression in a few basal cells and the PC samples showed the highest mean of positive cells (253.1). Canine prostate cancer showed a high proliferative index, which was associated with independence of hormonal actuation. PTEN showed positive nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in normal canine samples and a loss in PC. Loss of ERα, AR and PTEN indicated that canine PC exhibits the same immunohistochemical phenotype as in human patients with PC resistant to hormonal therapy. Therefore, canine PC should be considered as a model to study human PC resistant to hormonal therapy.(AU)

A glândula prostática canina é um órgão dependente de hormônio, e o desequilíbrio na expressão dos receptores de estrógeno e andrógeno estão diretamente associados com o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças. Devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento desses receptores no câncer prostático canino (PC), este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a expressão proteica através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica do receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), receptor de andrógeno (RA), Ki67 e fosfatase e tensina homóloga (PTEN). Foi encontrado nas células epiteliais prostáticas normais caninas a expressão nuclear de REα e RA, e perda de expressão proteica nas amostras de PC. As amostras normais apresentaram expressão de Ki67 em poucas células basais e as amostras de PC apresentaram a maior média de células positivas (253,1). O câncer de próstata canino apresentou uma taxa alta de proliferação, o qual foi associado com a atuação independente de hormônio. As amostras de próstatas caninas normais revelaram marcação nuclear e citoplasmática da proteína PTEN e perda nas amostras de PC. A perda de REα, RA e PTEN indicam que as amostras de PC exibem o mesmo fenótipo imuno-histoquímico de pacientes humanos com câncer prostático resistente a terapia hormonal. Sendo assim, o PC canino deve ser considerado um modelo para estudos de câncer prostático humano resistente a terapia hormonal.(AU)

Association between decreased expression of estrogen receptor alpha, androgen receptor and phosphatase and tensin homolog immunoexpression in the canine prostate / Associação entre diminuição da expressão dos receptores de estrógeno alfa e andrógeno, e imunoexpressão de fosfatase e tensina homóloga na próstata canina

Canine prostate gland is a hormonal dependent organ and its imbalance of estrogen and androgen receptor expressions are directly associated with the development of different diseases. Due to the lack of information regarding the behavior of the aforementioned receptors in canine prostate cancer (PC), this study aimed to identify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), Ki67 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expressions in canine PC by immunohistochemistry. We found nuclear expression of ERα and AR in the epithelial cells of normal canine samples and a loss of protein expression in PC samples. Normal samples showed Ki67 expression in a few basal cells and the PC samples showed the highest mean of positive cells (253.1). Canine prostate cancer showed a high proliferative index, which was associated with independence of hormonal actuation. PTEN showed positive nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in normal canine samples and a loss in PC. Loss of ERα, AR and PTEN indicated that canine PC exhibits the same immunohistochemical phenotype as in human patients with PC resistant to hormonal therapy. Therefore, canine PC should be considered as a model to study human PC resistant to hormonal therapy.(AU)

A glândula prostática canina é um órgão dependente de hormônio, e o desequilíbrio na expressão dos receptores de estrógeno e andrógeno estão diretamente associados com o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças. Devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento desses receptores no câncer prostático canino (PC), este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a expressão proteica através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica do receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), receptor de andrógeno (RA), Ki67 e fosfatase e tensina homóloga (PTEN). Foi encontrado nas células epiteliais prostáticas normais caninas a expressão nuclear de REα e RA, e perda de expressão proteica nas amostras de PC. As amostras normais apresentaram expressão de Ki67 em poucas células basais e as amostras de PC apresentaram a maior média de células positivas (253,1). O câncer de próstata canino apresentou uma taxa alta de proliferação, o qual foi associado com a atuação independente de hormônio. As amostras de próstatas caninas normais revelaram marcação nuclear e citoplasmática da proteína PTEN e perda nas amostras de PC. A perda de REα, RA e PTEN indicam que as amostras de PC exibem o mesmo fenótipo imuno-histoquímico de pacientes humanos com câncer prostático resistente a terapia hormonal. Sendo assim, o PC canino deve ser considerado um modelo para estudos de câncer prostático humano resistente a terapia hormonal.(AU)

Imunomarcação de TGF-β em próstatas caninas normais e com lesões proliferativas / Immunoexpression of TGF-β in normal canine prostates and with proliferative lesions

O fator de crescimento transformador-β (TGF-β), um mediador do crescimento prostático, induz a angiogênese e inibe a proliferação celular. Neste estudo, esse marcador foi utilizado com o objetivo de avaliar sua imunomarcação no tecido normal e com lesões proliferativas benignas, pré-neoplásicas e neoplásicas da próstata canina. Para isso, foram selecionadas 54 glândulas com histomorfologia normal, hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) epitelial, HPB estromal, atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA), neoplasia intraepitelial prostática (PIN) e carcinoma, utilizadas para a confecção de um bloco de microarranjo tecidual (Tissue Microarray - TMA). As lâminas de TMA foram submetidas à técnica de imunoistoquímica com o anticorpo anti-TGF-β, sendo avaliada a intensidade de imunomarcação nas células epiteliais e estromais. Houve imunomarcação de TGF-β no tecido normal e naqueles com lesões proliferativas. Maior imunomarcação de TGF-β foi constatada nas células do tecido prostático normal e com HPB, enquanto as células prostáticas com PIA, PIN e carcinoma exibiram menor imunomarcação dessa citocina, o que sugere a ação do TGF-β na manutenção da homeostase do tecido normal e com lesão proliferativa benigna e na progressão das lesões proliferativas pré-malignas e malignas da próstata canina.(AU)

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a mediator of prostatic growth induces angiogenesis and inhibits cell proliferation. It was used in this study in order to evaluate its expression in normal prostatic tissue and those with benign proliferative lesions, pre-malignant and malignant prostatic diseases. A total of 54 glands with normal histomorphology, epithelial benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), stromal BPH, prostatic inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma were selected and used in the tissue microarray block (TMA). The TMA slides were subjected to the immunohistochemistry with anti-TGF-β and its staining intensity in epithelial and stromal cells was evaluated. There was TGF-β immunostaining by both normal tissues and those with proliferative lesions. Higher TGF-β immunostaining was observed in cells from normal prostatic tissues and with HPB, whereas prostatic cells with PIA, PIN and carcinoma exhibited lower immunostaining of this cytokine, suggesting the action of TGF-β in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis and with benign proliferative lesion and in the progression of pre-malignant and malignant proliferative lesions of the canine prostate.(AU)

Imunomarcação de TGF-β em próstatas caninas normais e com lesões proliferativas / Immunoexpression of TGF-β in normal canine prostates and with proliferative lesions

O fator de crescimento transformador-β (TGF-β), um mediador do crescimento prostático, induz a angiogênese e inibe a proliferação celular. Neste estudo, esse marcador foi utilizado com o objetivo de avaliar sua imunomarcação no tecido normal e com lesões proliferativas benignas, pré-neoplásicas e neoplásicas da próstata canina. Para isso, foram selecionadas 54 glândulas com histomorfologia normal, hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) epitelial, HPB estromal, atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA), neoplasia intraepitelial prostática (PIN) e carcinoma, utilizadas para a confecção de um bloco de microarranjo tecidual (Tissue Microarray - TMA). As lâminas de TMA foram submetidas à técnica de imunoistoquímica com o anticorpo anti-TGF-β, sendo avaliada a intensidade de imunomarcação nas células epiteliais e estromais. Houve imunomarcação de TGF-β no tecido normal e naqueles com lesões proliferativas. Maior imunomarcação de TGF-β foi constatada nas células do tecido prostático normal e com HPB, enquanto as células prostáticas com PIA, PIN e carcinoma exibiram menor imunomarcação dessa citocina, o que sugere a ação do TGF-β na manutenção da homeostase do tecido normal e com lesão proliferativa benigna e na progressão das lesões proliferativas pré-malignas e malignas da próstata canina.

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a mediator of prostatic growth induces angiogenesis and inhibits cell proliferation. It was used in this study in order to evaluate its expression in normal prostatic tissue and those with benign proliferative lesions, pre-malignant and malignant prostatic diseases. A total of 54 glands with normal histomorphology, epithelial benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), stromal BPH, prostatic inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma were selected and used in the tissue microarray block (TMA). The TMA slides were subjected to the immunohistochemistry with anti-TGF-β and its staining intensity in epithelial and stromal cells was evaluated. There was TGF-β immunostaining by both normal tissues and those with proliferative lesions. Higher TGF-β immunostaining was observed in cells from normal prostatic tissues and with HPB, whereas prostatic cells with PIA, PIN and carcinoma exhibited lower immunostaining of this cytokine, suggesting the action of TGF-β in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis and with benign proliferative lesion and in the progression of pre-malignant and malignant proliferative lesions of the canine prostate.

Carcinoma prostático felino / Feline prostatic carcinoma

Background: Prostatic cancer is a rare condition in cats but should be included as a differential diagnosis whenever middleaged cats present lower urinary tract signs, such as dysuria and hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound can indicate the disease,but fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology are necessary to establish the neoplastic origin and the therapeuticplan. Because of the limited data, no standard-of-care treatment or prognostic information exists in cats with prostate carcinoma. This report describes the clinical signs, diagnosis and surgical approach in a case of prostatic carcinoma in a cat.Case: A 6-year-old, intact male, domestic short-haired cat was presented with a 3-day history of dysuria, hematuria, inappetence, constipation, lethargy and prostration. On physical examination, the cat was in a very poor general conditionand abdominal palpation revealed firm mass located caudally to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder presented highrepletion degree, while the large bowel was distended and presented soft faecal content. Blood count, serum biochemistryand urinalysis showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and high creatinine level, and severe hematuria, respectively. Abdominal ultrasound showed a mass located in the prostatic area with hypoechogenic and slightly heterogeneousparenchyma, measuring 3.3 x 3.0 cm. Echo-guided trans-abdominal fine-needle aspiration of the prostate was performed.Microscopically, the cells were round with basophilic cytoplasm, and had round to ovoid nuclei, dense chromatin andprominent nucleoli. Some cells were binucleated and mild anisocytosis and marked anisokaryosis were documented. Thesefindings were compatible with malignant prostatic neoplasia. After initial clinical stabilization, the patient underwent anexploratory laparotomy for tumor resection...

Carcinoma prostático felino / Feline prostatic carcinoma

Background: Prostatic cancer is a rare condition in cats but should be included as a differential diagnosis whenever middleaged cats present lower urinary tract signs, such as dysuria and hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound can indicate the disease,but fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology are necessary to establish the neoplastic origin and the therapeuticplan. Because of the limited data, no standard-of-care treatment or prognostic information exists in cats with prostate carcinoma. This report describes the clinical signs, diagnosis and surgical approach in a case of prostatic carcinoma in a cat.Case: A 6-year-old, intact male, domestic short-haired cat was presented with a 3-day history of dysuria, hematuria, inappetence, constipation, lethargy and prostration. On physical examination, the cat was in a very poor general conditionand abdominal palpation revealed firm mass located caudally to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder presented highrepletion degree, while the large bowel was distended and presented soft faecal content. Blood count, serum biochemistryand urinalysis showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and high creatinine level, and severe hematuria, respectively. Abdominal ultrasound showed a mass located in the prostatic area with hypoechogenic and slightly heterogeneousparenchyma, measuring 3.3 x 3.0 cm. Echo-guided trans-abdominal fine-needle aspiration of the prostate was performed.Microscopically, the cells were round with basophilic cytoplasm, and had round to ovoid nuclei, dense chromatin andprominent nucleoli. Some cells were binucleated and mild anisocytosis and marked anisokaryosis were documented. Thesefindings were compatible with malignant prostatic neoplasia. After initial clinical stabilization, the patient underwent anexploratory laparotomy for tumor resection...(AU)

Immunoexpression of cell cycle regulators in canine prostate with proliferative lesions / Imunoexpressão de reguladores do ciclo celular em próstatas caninas com alterações proliferativas

Immunostaining of p21, p27, p53, cyclin D1, c-myc was evaluated in normal canine prostate and prostate with proliferative disorders to verify the interaction between these regulators of cell cycle progression. From 106 samples of canine prostate obtained from a TMA block, 15 were considered normal, 16 diagnosed as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 30 as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), 20 as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and 25 as prostatic carcinoma (PC). There was positive correlation between p21 and p27 for number of stained cells and staining intensity in all conditions and between c-myc and p53 in prostates with PIN. Considering the number of labeled cells, there was positive correlation between p21 and p53 in the normal prostate. Relative to the intensity of staining, there was positive correlation between p21 and p53 in prostate tissue with PIN and between p27 and c-myc in prostates with PIA. A negative correlation between c-myc and cyclin D1 was also identified in the glands with PIN, considering the number of labeled cells, and between p27 and c-myc in the prostates with PC for staining intensity. In conclusion, the expression of p21, p27, p53, cyclin D1 and c-myc varies according to type of proliferative lesion in canine prostate. Taken together, the results indicate low growth potential of the canine PC in the presence of p21 and p27 overexpression, cyclin D1 low expression and regular expression of c-myc, even with the expression of p53 mutant type. Further, it was possible reaffirm the premalignant potential of PIA and PIN in canine prostate.(AU)

A imunomarcação de p21, p27, p53, ciclina D1 e c-myc foi avaliada na próstata canina normal e com desordens proliferativas para verificar quanto a interação desses reguladores na progressão do ciclo celular. Um total de 106 amostras de próstata canina foi obtido a partir de um bloco de TMA, sendo 15 normais, 16 hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB), 30 atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA), 20 neoplasia intraepitelial prostática (PIN), e 25 carcinoma prostático (PC). Foi encontrada diferença na imunomarcação de p21, p27, ciclina D1 e p53 no epitélio acinar em relação aos diagnósticos. Houve correlação positiva entre p21 e p27 para as variáveis número de células marcadas e intensidade de imunomarcação em todos os diagnósticos (normal, HPB, PIA, PIN e PC), e entre c-myc e p53 nas próstatas com PIN. De acordo com o número de células marcadas, houve correlação positiva entre p21 e p53 na próstata normal. De acordo com a intensidade de imunomarcação houve correlação positiva entre p21 e p53 no tecido prostático com PIN e entre p27 e c-myc em próstatas com PIA. Foi observada correlação negativa entre c-myc e ciclina D1 nas glândulas com PIN, considerando o número de células marcadas, e entre p27 e c-myc na próstata com PC, para a variável intensidade de imunomarcação. Conclui-se que a expressão de p21, p27, p53, ciclina D1 e c-myc varia na próstata canina de acordo com o tipo de lesão proliferativa. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam baixo potencial de crescimento dos carcinomas da próstata canina quando há superexpressão de p21 e de p27, baixa expressão de ciclina D1 e expressão normal de c-myc, mesmo com expressão de p53 tipo mutante. Ainda, considerando o imunofenótipo semelhante nas glândulas com PIA, PIN e PC no que se refere aos reguladores da progressão do ciclo celular, reitera-se o potencial pré-maligno da PIA e PIN na próstata canina.(AU)

Hiperplasia prostática benigna em cães / Benign prostatic hyperplasia in dogs

A Hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) é uma patologia originada da próstata, única glândula sexual acessória em cães, que se desenvolve em animais de meia idade à idosos, não castrados, de etiologia ainda não muito bem compreendida. Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo discutir os sinais clínicos, formas de diagnóstico e de tratamento dessa enfermidade. A di-hidrotestosterona sérica é o principal hormônio que estimula o crescimento da próstata canina. Os principais sinais clínicos desta patologia são a perda de peso, disquezia, tenesmo, incontinência urinária, secreção uretral e hematúria. Para o diagnóstico desta prostatopatia é necessário um conhecimento rigoroso da anatomia, dos sinais clínicos, dos achados dos exames de palpação retal, ultrassonografia eradiografia abdominais, hemograma completo, perfil bioquímico, citologia do líquido prostático, exames histopatológicos da glândula e o uso de biomarcadores. Apesar do tratamento mais efetivo ser a orquiectomia, pode-se utilizar também para o tamento terapêutico a finasterida, o acetato de delmadiona, o osasterona ou a aplicação da Toxina Botulínica A (TB-A).

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a pathology originated from theprostate, the only accessory sexual gland in dogs, and its development occurs in older, uncastrated animals of unknown etiology. This literature review aims to discuss the clinical signs, forms of diagnosis and treatment this disease. Serum dihydrotestosterone is the main hormone that stimulates the growth of the canine prostate. The main clinical signs of this pathology involve weight loss, dyschezia, tenesmus, urinary incontinence, urethral secretion and hematuria. The diagnosis of canine prostate pathologies requires a thorough knowledge of anatomy and clinical signs, rectal palpation, ultrasonography and radiography, hematological analysis, biochemical profile, cytology of prostatic fluid, histopathological examination of prostate and the use of biomarkers, all help in the diagnosis of BPH. The most effective treatment is orchiectomy, but finasteride, delmadione acetate, osasterone or the application of Botulinum Toxin-A (TB-A) may also be used as treatment.

Hiperplasia prostática benigna em cães / Benign prostatic hyperplasia in dogs

A Hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) é uma patologia originada da próstata, única glândula sexual acessória em cães, que se desenvolve em animais de meia idade à idosos, não castrados, de etiologia ainda não muito bem compreendida. Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo discutir os sinais clínicos, formas de diagnóstico e de tratamento dessa enfermidade. A di-hidrotestosterona sérica é o principal hormônio que estimula o crescimento da próstata canina. Os principais sinais clínicos desta patologia são a perda de peso, disquezia, tenesmo, incontinência urinária, secreção uretral e hematúria. Para o diagnóstico desta prostatopatia é necessário um conhecimento rigoroso da anatomia, dos sinais clínicos, dos achados dos exames de palpação retal, ultrassonografia eradiografia abdominais, hemograma completo, perfil bioquímico, citologia do líquido prostático, exames histopatológicos da glândula e o uso de biomarcadores. Apesar do tratamento mais efetivo ser a orquiectomia, pode-se utilizar também para o tamento terapêutico a finasterida, o acetato de delmadiona, o osasterona ou a aplicação da Toxina Botulínica A (TB-A).(AU)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a pathology originated from theprostate, the only accessory sexual gland in dogs, and its development occurs in older, uncastrated animals of unknown etiology. This literature review aims to discuss the clinical signs, forms of diagnosis and treatment this disease. Serum dihydrotestosterone is the main hormone that stimulates the growth of the canine prostate. The main clinical signs of this pathology involve weight loss, dyschezia, tenesmus, urinary incontinence, urethral secretion and hematuria. The diagnosis of canine prostate pathologies requires a thorough knowledge of anatomy and clinical signs, rectal palpation, ultrasonography and radiography, hematological analysis, biochemical profile, cytology of prostatic fluid, histopathological examination of prostate and the use of biomarkers, all help in the diagnosis of BPH. The most effective treatment is orchiectomy, but finasteride, delmadione acetate, osasterone or the application of Botulinum Toxin-A (TB-A) may also be used as treatment.(AU)

Analysis of lower urinary tract disease of dogs / Análise de doenças do trato urinário inferior em cães

Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.(AU)

Doenças do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) incluem várias condições clínicas que afetam a bexiga, próstata e uretra. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes doenças relacionadas, caracterizar a população afetada, e determinar os fatores de risco em cães. Os casos clínicos com DTUI foram diagnosticados através de exame físico, estudos laboratoriais e de imagem. Os cães machos apresentam uma maior predisposição para DTUI. Foram afectados cães com idades compreendidas entre os 3 meses a 18 anos, com uma mediana de oito anos, sendo as raças mais predispostas os Poodle, Labrador, Pastor Alemão, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel e Chihuahua. A etiologia DTUI apresentou as seguintes frequências: 34,02% foram originadas em infecção do trato urinário inferior; 22,68% em distúrbios miccionais; 20,61% em urolitíase; 14,43% em doença prostática; 8,24% em problemas traumáticos. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos de DTUI estavam associados a doenças específicas, tais como infecções bacterianas do trato urinário não complicadas e complicadas, retenção urinária neurogénica e urolitíase por sílica.(AU)