Recruitment of crustose coralline algae on tiles material for monitoring coral larvae settlements consolidators at Nature Reserve Pulau Sempu, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract Crustose coralline algae (Corallinophycideae) are red algae that produced calcium carbonate and are well recognized as foundation species in the epipelagic zone of the marine ecosystem. These algae induced settlement juvenile of coral by released chemical cues from bacterial communities on the surface of their colonies. Their extracellular calcium carbonate also can stabilize reef structure that influencing many invertebrate attaches and growth in the seabed. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) have obtained attention because of their distribution and health compromise to increasing seawater temperature, ocean acidification, and pollutant. As a cryptic species in the ecosystem, the presence of CCA recruit sometimes doesnt have attention, especially on their capability to occupy the empty space. This study aimed to document coverage and number of CCA recruit in two different recruitment tiles material. The highest CCA percentage of the cover was showed inside surface than others surface in all stations. Light intensity and low sedimentation were suggested as a key factor of success of high coverage. Overall, station higher CCA recruits have shown from Tiga Warna. Low sedimentation and protection from aerial exposure became the main reason for it. No significant difference number of CCA recruits between marble and sandstone in this study. Successful CCA recruitment in this study can give a wide picture that natural recruitment of coral and other reef biodiversity in Southern Malang might be will succeed because of the abundance of coralline algae that support their life history stage.

Resumo As algas coralinas crustosas (Corallinophycideae) são algas vermelhas que produzem carbonato de cálcio e são bem reconhecidas como espécies de base na zona epipelágica do ecossistema marinho. Essas algas induziram o assentamento juvenil de coral por meio de estímulos químicos liberados por comunidades bacterianas na superfície de suas colônias. Seu carbonato de cálcio extracelular também pode estabilizar a estrutura do recife que influencia muitos invertebrados anexados e crescimento no fundo do mar. As algas coralinas crustosas (CCA) têm obtido atenção devido à sua distribuição e comprometimento da saúde com o aumento da temperatura da água do mar, acidificação dos oceanos e poluentes. Como uma espécie enigmática no ecossistema, a presença de recrutamento CCA às vezes não recebe atenção, especialmente em sua capacidade de ocupar o espaço vazio. Este estudo teve como objetivo documentar a cobertura e o número de recrutamento de CCA em dois materiais de recrutamento diferentes. A maior porcentagem de CCA da cobertura foi mostrada na superfície interna do que nas outras superfícies em todas as estações. A intensidade da luz e a baixa sedimentação foram sugeridas como um fator-chave para o sucesso da alta cobertura. De modo geral, recrutas de CCA mais graduados mostraram-se em Tiga Warna. A baixa sedimentação e a proteção contra a exposição aérea se tornaram a principal razão para isso. Não houve diferença significativa no número de recrutas CCA entre mármore e arenito neste estudo. O recrutamento bem-sucedido de CCA neste estudo pode dar uma imagem ampla de que o recrutamento natural de corais e outros recifes da biodiversidade no sul de Malang será bem-sucedido por causa da abundância de algas coralinas que sustentam seu estágio de história de vida.

Recruitment of crustose coralline algae on tiles material for monitoring coral larvae settlement's consolidators at Nature Reserve Pulau Sempu, East Java, Indonesia / Recrutamento de algas coralinas crustosas em azulejos para monitorar consolidadores de assentamentos de larvas de coral na Reserva Natural Pulau Sempu, Java Oriental, Indonésia

Crustose coralline algae (Corallinophycideae) are red algae that produced calcium carbonate and are well recognized as foundation species in the epipelagic zone of the marine ecosystem. These algae induced settlement juvenile of coral by released chemical cues from bacterial communities on the surface of their colonies. Their extracellular calcium carbonate also can stabilize reef structure that influencing many invertebrate attaches and growth in the seabed. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) have obtained attention because of their distribution and health compromise to increasing seawater temperature, ocean acidification, and pollutant. As a cryptic species in the ecosystem, the presence of CCA recruit sometimes doesn’t have attention, especially on their capability to occupy the empty space. This study aimed to document coverage and number of CCA recruit in two different recruitment tile’s material. The highest CCA percentage of the cover was showed inside surface than others surface in all stations. Light intensity and low sedimentation were suggested as a key factor of success of high coverage. Overall, station higher CCA recruits have shown from Tiga Warna. Low sedimentation and protection from aerial exposure became the main reason for it. No significant difference number of CCA recruits between marble and sandstone in this study. Successful CCA recruitment in this study can give a wide picture that natural recruitment of coral and other reef biodiversity in Southern Malang might be will succeed because of the abundance of coralline algae that support their life history stage.

As algas coralinas crustosas (Corallinophycideae) são algas vermelhas que produzem carbonato de cálcio e são bem reconhecidas como espécies de base na zona epipelágica do ecossistema marinho. Essas algas induziram o assentamento juvenil de coral por meio de estímulos químicos liberados por comunidades bacterianas na superfície de suas colônias. Seu carbonato de cálcio extracelular também pode estabilizar a estrutura do recife que influencia muitos invertebrados anexados e crescimento no fundo do mar. As algas coralinas crustosas (CCA) têm obtido atenção devido à sua distribuição e comprometimento da saúde com o aumento da temperatura da água do mar, acidificação dos oceanos e poluentes. Como uma espécie enigmática no ecossistema, a presença de recrutamento CCA às vezes não recebe atenção, especialmente em sua capacidade de ocupar o espaço vazio. Este estudo teve como objetivo documentar a cobertura e o número de recrutamento de CCA em dois materiais de recrutamento diferentes. A maior porcentagem de CCA da cobertura foi mostrada na superfície interna do que nas outras superfícies em todas as estações. A intensidade da luz e a baixa sedimentação foram sugeridas como um fator-chave para o sucesso da alta cobertura. De modo geral, recrutas de CCA mais graduados mostraram-se em Tiga Warna. A baixa sedimentação e a proteção contra a exposição aérea se tornaram a principal razão para isso. Não houve diferença significativa no número de recrutas CCA entre mármore e arenito neste estudo. O recrutamento bem-sucedido de CCA neste estudo pode dar uma imagem ampla de que o recrutamento natural de corais e outros recifes da biodiversidade no sul de Malang será bem-sucedido por causa da abundância de algas coralinas que sustentam seu estágio de história de vida.

Recruitment of crustose coralline algae on tiles material for monitoring coral larvae settlement's consolidators at Nature Reserve Pulau Sempu, East Java, Indonesia / Recrutamento de algas coralinas crustosas em azulejos para monitorar consolidadores de assentamentos de larvas de coral na Reserva Natural Pulau Sempu, Java Oriental, Indonésia

Crustose coralline algae (Corallinophycideae) are red algae that produced calcium carbonate and are well recognized as foundation species in the epipelagic zone of the marine ecosystem. These algae induced settlement juvenile of coral by released chemical cues from bacterial communities on the surface of their colonies. Their extracellular calcium carbonate also can stabilize reef structure that influencing many invertebrate attaches and growth in the seabed. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) have obtained attention because of their distribution and health compromise to increasing seawater temperature, ocean acidification, and pollutant. As a cryptic species in the ecosystem, the presence of CCA recruit sometimes doesnt have attention, especially on their capability to occupy the empty space. This study aimed to document coverage and number of CCA recruit in two different recruitment tiles material. The highest CCA percentage of the cover was showed inside surface than others surface in all stations. Light intensity and low sedimentation were suggested as a key factor of success of high coverage. Overall, station higher CCA recruits have shown from Tiga Warna. Low sedimentation and protection from aerial exposure became the main reason for it. No significant difference number of CCA recruits between marble and sandstone in this study. Successful CCA recruitment in this study can give a wide picture that natural recruitment of coral and other reef biodiversity in Southern Malang might be will succeed because of the abundance of coralline algae that support their life history stage.(AU)

As algas coralinas crustosas (Corallinophycideae) são algas vermelhas que produzem carbonato de cálcio e são bem reconhecidas como espécies de base na zona epipelágica do ecossistema marinho. Essas algas induziram o assentamento juvenil de coral por meio de estímulos químicos liberados por comunidades bacterianas na superfície de suas colônias. Seu carbonato de cálcio extracelular também pode estabilizar a estrutura do recife que influencia muitos invertebrados anexados e crescimento no fundo do mar. As algas coralinas crustosas (CCA) têm obtido atenção devido à sua distribuição e comprometimento da saúde com o aumento da temperatura da água do mar, acidificação dos oceanos e poluentes. Como uma espécie enigmática no ecossistema, a presença de recrutamento CCA às vezes não recebe atenção, especialmente em sua capacidade de ocupar o espaço vazio. Este estudo teve como objetivo documentar a cobertura e o número de recrutamento de CCA em dois materiais de recrutamento diferentes. A maior porcentagem de CCA da cobertura foi mostrada na superfície interna do que nas outras superfícies em todas as estações. A intensidade da luz e a baixa sedimentação foram sugeridas como um fator-chave para o sucesso da alta cobertura. De modo geral, recrutas de CCA mais graduados mostraram-se em Tiga Warna. A baixa sedimentação e a proteção contra a exposição aérea se tornaram a principal razão para isso. Não houve diferença significativa no número de recrutas CCA entre mármore e arenito neste estudo. O recrutamento bem-sucedido de CCA neste estudo pode dar uma imagem ampla de que o recrutamento natural de corais e outros recifes da biodiversidade no sul de Malang será bem-sucedido por causa da abundância de algas coralinas que sustentam seu estágio de história de vida.(AU)

Spectral analysis and Antibacterial activity of the bioactive principles of Sargassum tenerrimum J. Agardh collected from the Red sea, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia / Análise espectral e atividade antibacteriana dos princípios bioativos de Sargassum tenerrimum J. Agardh coletados no mar Vermelho, Jazan, Reino da Arábia Saudita

Seaweeds are a major marine resource that can be explored to develop novel pharmaceutical molecules. The present study showed the presence of unique bioactive components in the petroleum ether extract (PEE) and methanolic extract (ME) of Sargassum tenerrimum. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis suggested that the PEE of S. tenerrimum contained antibacterial biomolecules: hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 17-pentatriacontene, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, and acetate (ester). However, the ME of S. tenerrimum exhibited better antibacterial effect than the PEE due to the presence of the bioactive compounds 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, tetratetracontane, 1-docosene, 1,2-benzenediol, and benzoic acid. Thus, promising antibacterial molecules can be isolated from S. tenerrimum for better therapeutic use.

As algas marinhas são um importante recurso marinho que pode ser explorado para desenvolver novas moléculas farmacêuticas. O presente estudo mostrou a presença de componentes bioativos únicos no extrato etéreo de petróleo (PEE) e no extrato metanólico (ME) de Sargassum tenerrimum. A análise por cromatografia gasosa espectrometria de massa sugeriu que o PEE de S. tenerrimum continha biomoléculas antibacterianas: ácido hexadecanoico, éster metílico, 17-pentatriaconteno, dasycarpidan-1-metanol e acetato (éster). Entretanto, o ME de S. tenerrimum exibiu melhor efeito antibacteriano do que o PEE devido à presença dos compostos bioativos ácido 1,2-benzenodicarboxílico, éster diisooctil, tetratetracontano, 1-docosene, 1,2-benzoenodiol e ácido benzoico. Assim, moléculas antibacterianas promissoras podem ser isoladas de S. tenerrimum para melhor uso terapêutico.

Spectral analysis and Antibacterial activity of the bioactive principles of Sargassum tenerrimum J. Agardh collected from the Red sea, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia / Análise espectral e atividade antibacteriana dos princípios bioativos de Sargassum tenerrimum J. Agardh coletados no mar Vermelho, Jazan, Reino da Arábia Saudita

Seaweeds are a major marine resource that can be explored to develop novel pharmaceutical molecules. The present study showed the presence of unique bioactive components in the petroleum ether extract (PEE) and methanolic extract (ME) of Sargassum tenerrimum. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis suggested that the PEE of S. tenerrimum contained antibacterial biomolecules: hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 17-pentatriacontene, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, and acetate (ester). However, the ME of S. tenerrimum exhibited better antibacterial effect than the PEE due to the presence of the bioactive compounds 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, tetratetracontane, 1-docosene, 1,2-benzenediol, and benzoic acid. Thus, promising antibacterial molecules can be isolated from S. tenerrimum for better therapeutic use.(AU)

As algas marinhas são um importante recurso marinho que pode ser explorado para desenvolver novas moléculas farmacêuticas. O presente estudo mostrou a presença de componentes bioativos únicos no extrato etéreo de petróleo (PEE) e no extrato metanólico (ME) de Sargassum tenerrimum. A análise por cromatografia gasosa espectrometria de massa sugeriu que o PEE de S. tenerrimum continha biomoléculas antibacterianas: ácido hexadecanoico, éster metílico, 17-pentatriaconteno, dasycarpidan-1-metanol e acetato (éster). Entretanto, o ME de S. tenerrimum exibiu melhor efeito antibacteriano do que o PEE devido à presença dos compostos bioativos ácido 1,2-benzenodicarboxílico, éster diisooctil, tetratetracontano, 1-docosene, 1,2-benzoenodiol e ácido benzoico. Assim, moléculas antibacterianas promissoras podem ser isoladas de S. tenerrimum para melhor uso terapêutico.(AU)

Checklist of benthic algae from beaches and rocky outcrops on the northeast coast of Pará state, Brazilian Amazonia / Inventário de algas bentônicas de praias e matacões rochosos da costa nordeste do Pará, Amazônia brasileira

We present a checklist with 23 taxa of the benthic phycological flora on three beaches on the northeast coast of Pará state, in the Brazilian Amazon, a rarely surveyed area for algae. Collections were made on substrates like rocky outcrops at Salinópolis municipality, and on trunks, branches and pneumatophores of Laguncularia racemosa and artificial substrates at Marapanim municipality. Despite the limited geographic scale of the sampling, we provide ten new citations for the benthic, marine and estuarine algal taxa of the Pará state coast: six Chlorophyta (Bryopsis pennata, Cladophora coelothrix, C. conferta, Gayralia brasiliensis, Pseudorhizoclonium africanum and Ulva chaetomorphoides), two Rhodophyta (Caloglossa confusa, Centroceras gasparrinii), one Ochrophyta (Bachelotia antillarum) and one Cyanophyta (Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes).(AU)

Apresentamos um inventário com 23 táxons da flora ficológica bentônica em praias da costa nordeste do estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira, uma região raramente amostrada para algas. As coletas foram realizadas em substratos como matacões no município de Salinópolis, e em troncos, galhos e pneumatóforos de Laguncularia racemosa e substratos artificiais no município de Marapanim. Apesar das limitações da amostragem, nós registramos dez novas citações de algas marinhas e estuarinas bentônicas para a costa do estado do Pará: seis Chlorophyta (Bryopsis pennata, Cladophora coelothrix, C. conferta,Gayralia brasiliensis, Pseudorhizoclonium africanum e Ulva chaetomorphoides), duas Rhodophyta (Caloglossa confusa e Centroceras gasparrinii), uma Ochrophyta (Bachelotia antillarum) e uma Cyanophyta (Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes).(AU)

Control of algal growth on greenhouse surfaces using commercial algaecides

Greenhouses and nurseries provide ideal environments for facilitating the formation of nuisance algal mats. Algal growth poses safety concerns to horticulturists and stimulates the propagation of unwanted plant pests and pathogens. To date, few strategies and data are available to effectively manage algal problems. The effectiveness of five algaecides was tested on two varying surfaces of greenhouses in situ to elucidate the efficacy of chemical methods of removing algae. Moreover, Nostoc commune (Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault) was treated on ceramic tiles in vitro , as it is a common alga in greenhouses and nurseries. We found that each algaecide had different effects, depending on the chemical applied, the surface to which the chemical was applied, and finally the types of algae that were targeted. Algaecides across the surfaces tested demonstrated that algal cell characteristics and communal makeup played an important role in algaecide efficacy, where mucilaginous algae were replaced by sheath-forming filamentous cyanobacteria. We found sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate to be the most effective chemical in terms of controlling Nostoc on tarp, gravel, and ceramic surfaces.

Control of algal growth on greenhouse surfaces using commercial algaecides

Greenhouses and nurseries provide ideal environments for facilitating the formation of nuisance algal mats. Algal growth poses safety concerns to horticulturists and stimulates the propagation of unwanted plant pests and pathogens. To date, few strategies and data are available to effectively manage algal problems. The effectiveness of five algaecides was tested on two varying surfaces of greenhouses in situ to elucidate the efficacy of chemical methods of removing algae. Moreover, Nostoc commune (Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault) was treated on ceramic tiles in vitro , as it is a common alga in greenhouses and nurseries. We found that each algaecide had different effects, depending on the chemical applied, the surface to which the chemical was applied, and finally the types of algae that were targeted. Algaecides across the surfaces tested demonstrated that algal cell characteristics and communal makeup played an important role in algaecide efficacy, where mucilaginous algae were replaced by sheath-forming filamentous cyanobacteria. We found sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate to be the most effective chemical in terms of controlling Nostoc on tarp, gravel, and ceramic surfaces.(AU)

Vigor de sementes de cenoura recobertas com bioestimulante de Solieria filiformis / Vigor of carrot seeds covered with Solieria filiformis biostimulant

Para garantir sementes com alta qualidade fisiológica resultando em um estande de plantas uniforme, resiliente e tolerante a estresses abióticos, procedimentos que possam melhorar o potencial da semente, como a utilização de bioestimulantes, necessitam ser estudados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito do recobrimento de sementes de diferentes cultivares de cenoura com bioestimulante a base da alga Solieria filiformis na germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de plântulas em estresse térmico. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (cultivares e doses), com cinco repetições. Foram utilizadas sementes de cenoura das cultivares Brasília, Danvers, Esplanada e Planalto, e o recobrimento das sementes foi realizado com as doses de 0, 2, 4 e 8 mL.L-1 de bioestimulante. Após o recobrimento as sementes foram submetidas as seguintes avaliações: porcentagem e velocidade de germinação, comprimento de plântulas, massa seca de plântulas e envelhecimento acelerado. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de regressão (doses) e teste de Tukey (cultivares). Não houve melhorias na germinação e crescimento de plântulas de cenoura em condições adequadas de temperatura, contudo observou-se maior velocidade de germinação na temperatura de 30°C para a cultivar...

To guarantee seeds with high physiological quality, resulting in a uniform plant stand, resilient and tolerant to abiotic stresses, procedures that can improve the seed potential, such as the use of biostimulant, need to be studied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seed coating of different carrot cultivars with biostimulant based on the algae Solieria filiformis on seed germination and seedling development under thermal stress. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with a 4 x 4 factorial scheme (cultivars and doses), with five replications. Carrot seeds from the cultivars Brasília, Danvers, Esplanada and Planalto were used, and the seeds were covered with doses of 0, 2, 4 and 8 mL.L-1 of biostimulant. After covering and sterilizing, the seeds were submitted to evaluations of: percentage and germination speed, seedling length, seedling dry mass and accelerated aging. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis (doses) and Tukey test (cultivars). There were no improvements in the germination and growth of carrot seedlings under adequate temperature conditions, however there was a higher germination speed at a temperature of 30°C for the Brasilia cultivar, an increase in the shoot and root growth at seed temperature 30 °C for Esplanada and Planalto cultivars and dry root mass for...

Vigor de sementes de cenoura recobertas com bioestimulante de Solieria filiformis / Vigor of carrot seeds covered with Solieria filiformis biostimulant

Para garantir sementes com alta qualidade fisiológica resultando em um estande de plantas uniforme, resiliente e tolerante a estresses abióticos, procedimentos que possam melhorar o potencial da semente, como a utilização de bioestimulantes, necessitam ser estudados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito do recobrimento de sementes de diferentes cultivares de cenoura com bioestimulante a base da alga Solieria filiformis na germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de plântulas em estresse térmico. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (cultivares e doses), com cinco repetições. Foram utilizadas sementes de cenoura das cultivares Brasília, Danvers, Esplanada e Planalto, e o recobrimento das sementes foi realizado com as doses de 0, 2, 4 e 8 mL.L-1 de bioestimulante. Após o recobrimento as sementes foram submetidas as seguintes avaliações: porcentagem e velocidade de germinação, comprimento de plântulas, massa seca de plântulas e envelhecimento acelerado. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de regressão (doses) e teste de Tukey (cultivares). Não houve melhorias na germinação e crescimento de plântulas de cenoura em condições adequadas de temperatura, contudo observou-se maior velocidade de germinação na temperatura de 30°C para a cultivar...(AU)

To guarantee seeds with high physiological quality, resulting in a uniform plant stand, resilient and tolerant to abiotic stresses, procedures that can improve the seed potential, such as the use of biostimulant, need to be studied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seed coating of different carrot cultivars with biostimulant based on the algae Solieria filiformis on seed germination and seedling development under thermal stress. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with a 4 x 4 factorial scheme (cultivars and doses), with five replications. Carrot seeds from the cultivars Brasília, Danvers, Esplanada and Planalto were used, and the seeds were covered with doses of 0, 2, 4 and 8 mL.L-1 of biostimulant. After covering and sterilizing, the seeds were submitted to evaluations of: percentage and germination speed, seedling length, seedling dry mass and accelerated aging. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis (doses) and Tukey test (cultivars). There were no improvements in the germination and growth of carrot seedlings under adequate temperature conditions, however there was a higher germination speed at a temperature of 30°C for the Brasilia cultivar, an increase in the shoot and root growth at seed temperature 30 °C for Esplanada and Planalto cultivars and dry root mass for...(AU)

First study of food webs in a large glacial river: the trophic role of invasive trout

The aim of this study was to determine the food webs structure of a large Patagonian river in two river sections (Upstream and Midstream) and to evaluate isotopic overlap between native and introduced species. We used stable isotope analyses of δ15N and δ13C and stomach content. The Upstream section had a more complex food webs structure with a greater richness of macroinvertebrates and fish species than Midstream. Upstream basal resources were dominated by filamentous algae. Lake Trout were found to have a higher trophic position than all other fish species in that area although, the most abundant fish species, were Rainbow Trout. Depending on the life stage, Rainbow Trout shifted from prey to competitor/predator. In the Midstream section, the base of the food webs was dominated by coarse particulate organic matter, and adult Rainbow Trout had the highest trophic level. Isotopic values changed among macroinvertebrates and fish for both areas. The two most abundant native and invasive species — Puyen and Rainbow Trout — showed an isotopic separation in Midstream but did not in Upstream areas. The presence of invasive fish that occupy top trophic levels can have a significant impact on native fish populations that have great ecological importance in the region.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la estructura trófica de un gran río de la Patagonia en dos secciones (río arriba y medio) y evaluar la superposición isotópica entre especies nativas e introducidas. Utilizamos análisis de isótopos estables δ15N y δ13C y contenido estomacal. La sección río arriba tuvo una estructura de trama trófica más compleja, con mayor riqueza de macroinvertebrados y peces respecto de la sección media. Los recursos basales dominantes río arriba fueron las algas filamentosas. En esta área, la trucha de lago tuvo la posición trófica más alta entre los peces, aunque, las especies de peces más abundantes fueron las truchas arcoiris. Dependiendo del estadio, la trucha arcoiris cambió su rol de presa a competidor/depredador. En la sección media del río, la base de la trama trófica estuvo dominada por materia orgánica particulada gruesa y la trucha arcoíris adulta fue el depredador tope. Los valores isotópicos variaron entre zonas para invetebrados y peces. Las dos especies nativas e invasoras más abundantes, Puyen y trucha arcoiris, mostraron una separación isotópica en la sección media, pero no en secciones de río arriba. La presencia de peces invasores que ocupan una posición tope en los niveles tróficos puede tener un impacto significativo sobre las poblaciones de peces nativos de gran importancia ecológica en la región.(AU)

First study of food webs in a large glacial river: the trophic role of invasive trout

The aim of this study was to determine the food webs structure of a large Patagonian river in two river sections (Upstream and Midstream) and to evaluate isotopic overlap between native and introduced species. We used stable isotope analyses of δ15N and δ13C and stomach content. The Upstream section had a more complex food webs structure with a greater richness of macroinvertebrates and fish species than Midstream. Upstream basal resources were dominated by filamentous algae. Lake Trout were found to have a higher trophic position than all other fish species in that area although, the most abundant fish species, were Rainbow Trout. Depending on the life stage, Rainbow Trout shifted from prey to competitor/predator. In the Midstream section, the base of the food webs was dominated by coarse particulate organic matter, and adult Rainbow Trout had the highest trophic level. Isotopic values changed among macroinvertebrates and fish for both areas. The two most abundant native and invasive species — Puyen and Rainbow Trout — showed an isotopic separation in Midstream but did not in Upstream areas. The presence of invasive fish that occupy top trophic levels can have a significant impact on native fish populations that have great ecological importance in the region.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la estructura trófica de un gran río de la Patagonia en dos secciones (río arriba y medio) y evaluar la superposición isotópica entre especies nativas e introducidas. Utilizamos análisis de isótopos estables δ15N y δ13C y contenido estomacal. La sección río arriba tuvo una estructura de trama trófica más compleja, con mayor riqueza de macroinvertebrados y peces respecto de la sección media. Los recursos basales dominantes río arriba fueron las algas filamentosas. En esta área, la trucha de lago tuvo la posición trófica más alta entre los peces, aunque, las especies de peces más abundantes fueron las truchas arcoiris. Dependiendo del estadio, la trucha arcoiris cambió su rol de presa a competidor/depredador. En la sección media del río, la base de la trama trófica estuvo dominada por materia orgánica particulada gruesa y la trucha arcoíris adulta fue el depredador tope. Los valores isotópicos variaron entre zonas para invetebrados y peces. Las dos especies nativas e invasoras más abundantes, Puyen y trucha arcoiris, mostraron una separación isotópica en la sección media, pero no en secciones de río arriba. La presencia de peces invasores que ocupan una posición tope en los niveles tróficos puede tener un impacto significativo sobre las poblaciones de peces nativos de gran importancia ecológica en la región.(AU)

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Red Algae Powder (Chondrus crispus) on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Lymphoid Organ Weights and Intestinal pH in Broilers

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with red algae powder (Chondrus crispus) on the growth performance, carcass traits, lymphoid organ weights and intestinal pH y in broiler chickens. A total of 300 1-day-old B34 line male broiler chickens were randomly allotted to three treatments, four replicates per treatment and 25 birds per replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of a basal diet (T0) and dietary supplementation of 0.30 (T2) and 0.40% (T2) red algae powder. Body weight at 1, 21 and 32 days did not show significant differences (p>0.05) among treatments. At 21 days, T1decreased (p 0.05) the feed intake and feed conversion ratio. However, from 22 to up to 32 days, these productive indicators increased (p 0.05) with the use of the natural product (red algae powder) tested. Meanwhile, T1 improved (p 0.05) the carcass and breast yields and decreased the abdominal fat yield, and T2increased (p 0.05) the relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus. The relative weight of the spleen, the other edible parts and the intestinal pH did not change (p>0.05) with the red algae supplementation. The dietary supplementation of 0.30% red algae improved the growth performance (at 21-day-old) and some edible parts; also, the dietary supplementation of 0.40% increased the relative weight of the lymphoid organs, without changing the intestinal pH of broilers.(AU)

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Red Algae Powder (Chondrus crispus) on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Lymphoid Organ Weights and Intestinal pH in Broilers

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with red algae powder (Chondrus crispus) on the growth performance, carcass traits, lymphoid organ weights and intestinal pH y in broiler chickens. A total of 300 1-day-old B34 line male broiler chickens were randomly allotted to three treatments, four replicates per treatment and 25 birds per replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of a basal diet (T0) and dietary supplementation of 0.30 (T2) and 0.40% (T2) red algae powder. Body weight at 1, 21 and 32 days did not show significant differences (p>0.05) among treatments. At 21 days, T1decreased (p 0.05) the feed intake and feed conversion ratio. However, from 22 to up to 32 days, these productive indicators increased (p 0.05) with the use of the natural product (red algae powder) tested. Meanwhile, T1 improved (p 0.05) the carcass and breast yields and decreased the abdominal fat yield, and T2increased (p 0.05) the relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus. The relative weight of the spleen, the other edible parts and the intestinal pH did not change (p>0.05) with the red algae supplementation. The dietary supplementation of 0.30% red algae improved the growth performance (at 21-day-old) and some edible parts; also, the dietary supplementation of 0.40% increased the relative weight of the lymphoid organs, without changing the intestinal pH of broilers.

Feeding activity of the cayenne pompano Trachinotus cayennensis (Cuvier 1832) (Perciformes, Carangidae) in estuaries on the western coast of the state of Maranhão, Brazil / Atividade alimentar do pampo Trachinotus cayennensis (Cuvier 1832) (Perciformes, Carangidae) em estuários do litoral ocidental do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

The present paper addresses the feeding activity of Trachinotus cayennensis, collected in Lençóis Bay (1°18S 1°19S; 44°51W 44°53W) on the western coast of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Sampling was conducted between June 2012 and June 2013 using driftnets with stretch mesh sizes from 95 to 100 mm. A total of 205 individuals (114 females and 91 males) were analyzed. Statistically significant differences in the sex ratio were found in June, September and December 2012. Food items were analyzed based on frequency of occurrence and volumetric method, with the subsequent calculation of the alimentary importance index. Three size groups were defined to determine possible ontogenetic changes in eating habits based on the size range of the individuals collected: I ( 29 cm), II (29.1 to 37.0) and III ( 37.1). Eleven food item categories were identified: mollusks, polychaetes, crustaceans, nematodes, insects, algae, bryozoans, ophiuroids, fishes, vegetal matter and sediments. The variety of items in the diet of T. cayennensis indicates considerable feeding plasticity and opportunistic behavior. Seasonal variations influenced the feeding pattern of the species, with greater feeding activity in the dry season. The considerable availability of resources in estuarine habitats of the western coast of Maranhão constitutes another factor that influences the feeding behavior of this species.(AU)

Atividade alimentar do pampo Trachinotus cayennensis (Cuvier 1832) (Perciformes, Carangidae) em estuários na costa ocidental do Maranhão, Brasil. O presente trabalho descreve a atividade alimentar do Trachinotus cayennensis , coletado na Baía de Lençóis (1°18S 1°19S; 44°51W 44°53W) na costa oeste do Maranhão. Amostragens foram realizadas entre junho de 2012 e junho de 2013, utilizando redes de emalhar à deriva com tamanho de malha de 95 a 100 mm. Foram analisados 205 indivíduos (114 fêmeas e 91 machos). Encontraram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas na proporção sexual nos meses de junho, setembro e dezembro de 2012. Os itens alimentares foram analisados com base na frequência de ocorrência e utilizando o método volumétrico, com o subsequente cálculo do índice de importância alimentar. Três grupos de tamanho foram definidos para determinar possíveis mudanças ontogenéticas nos hábitos alimentares com base na faixa de tamanho dos indivíduos coletados: I ( 29 cm), II (29,1 a 37,0) e III ( 37,1). Foram identificadas 11 categorias de alimentos: moluscos, poliquetas, crustáceos, nematoides, insetos, algas, briozoários, ophiuro, peixes, matéria vegetal e sedimentos. A variedade de itens na dieta de T. cayennensis indica uma plasticidade alimentar considerável e um comportamento oportunista. As variações sazonais influenciaram o padrão alimentar da espécie, com maior atividade de alimentação na estação seca. A considerável disponibilidade de recursos nos habitats estuarinos da costa oeste do Maranhão constitui outro fator que exerce influência sobre o comportamento alimentar desta espécie.(AU)

Diet of Hemigrammus marginatus (Characiformes: Characidae) in the Upper Contas River, Diamantina Plateau (Bahia, Brazil) / Dieta de Hemigrammus marginatus (Characiformes: Characidae) no Alto Rio de Contas, Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brasil)

ABSTRACT Studies on the composition of fish diet and on how species exploit food resources are especially relevant in tropical freshwater systems, where dietary plasticity is a commonly used strategy. In this study, we analysed the food spectrum and the environmental, seasonal and ontogenetic variations in the diet of a characid species [Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, 1911 (Characidae)] in the region of the Upper Contas River, in the Diamantina Plateau, Brazil. We verified an omnivorous/invertivorous and opportunistic food habit, with predominance of insects and microcrustaceans, followed by filamentous algae. Seasonality did not alter the food resources used by the species. However, differences were detected in the dominant categories when comparing the two sampled rivers, as well as in the food consumption throughout the development of the species. These data increase the knowledge about the biology of H. marginatus and allow understanding the influence of the characteristics of the rivers and their surroundings in the trophic ecology of the species, as our findings have shown that, although insects have been expressive in both studied localities, microcrustaceans exhibit a greater relative importance in the more lentic environment, which is probably related to the variation in the availability of these resources in the environment.(AU)

RESUMO Estudos sobre a composição da dieta de peixes e de como as espécies exploram os recursos alimentares são especialmente relevantes em sistemas de água doce tropicais, onde a plasticidade alimentar é uma estratégia comumente utilizada. Neste trabalho, analisamos o espectro alimentar e as variações ambientais, sazonais e ontogenéticas na dieta de uma espécie de caracídeo [Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, 1911 (Characidae)] na região do Alto Rio de Contas, na Chapada Diamantina, Brasil. Verificamos um hábito alimentar onívoro/invertívoro e oportunista, com predominância de insetos e microcrustáceos, seguido de algas filamentosas. A sazonalidade não alterou os recursos alimentares utilizados pela espécie. No entanto, foram detectadas diferenças nas categorias dominantes ao comparar os dois rios amostrados, bem como no consumo do alimento ao longo do desenvolvimento da espécie. Esses dados ampliam o conhecimento acerca da biologia de H. marginatus e permitem entender a influência das características dos rios e de seus entornos na ecologia trófica da espécie, visto que, embora o item insetos tenha sido expressivo em ambos os locais estudados, microcrustáceos exibiram maior importância relativa no ambiente mais lêntico, o que possivelmente está relacionado à variação na disponibilidade destes recursos no ambiente.(AU)

Diet of Hemigrammus marginatus (Characiformes: Characidae) in the Upper Contas River, Diamantina Plateau (Bahia, Brazil) / Dieta de Hemigrammus marginatus (Characiformes: Characidae) no Alto Rio de Contas, Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brasil)

Studies on the composition of fish diet and on how species exploit food resources are especially relevant in tropical freshwater systems, where dietary plasticity is a commonly used strategy. In this study, we analysed the food spectrum and the environmental, seasonal and ontogenetic variations in the diet of a characid species [Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, 1911 (Characidae)] in the region of the Upper Contas River, in the Diamantina Plateau, Brazil. We verified an omnivorous/invertivorous and opportunistic food habit, with predominance of insects and microcrustaceans, followed by filamentous algae. Seasonality did not alter the food resources used by the species. However, differences were detected in the dominant categories when comparing the two sampled rivers, as well as in the food consumption throughout the development of the species. These data increase the knowledge about the biology of H. marginatus and allow understanding the influence of the characteristics of the rivers and their surroundings in the trophic ecology of the species, as our findings have shown that, although insects have been expressive in both studied localities, microcrustaceans exhibit a greater relative importance in the more lentic environment, which is probably related to the variation in the availability of these resources in the environment.

Estudos sobre a composição da dieta de peixes e de como as espécies exploram os recursos alimentares são especialmente relevantes em sistemas de água doce tropicais, onde a plasticidade alimentar é uma estratégia comumente utilizada. Neste trabalho, analisamos o espectro alimentar e as variações ambientais, sazonais e ontogenéticas na dieta de uma espécie de caracídeo [Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, 1911 (Characidae)] na região do Alto Rio de Contas, na Chapada Diamantina, Brasil. Verificamos um hábito alimentar onívoro/invertívoro e oportunista, com predominância de insetos e microcrustáceos, seguido de algas filamentosas. A sazonalidade não alterou os recursos alimentares utilizados pela espécie. No entanto, foram detectadas diferenças nas categorias dominantes ao comparar os dois rios amostrados, bem como no consumo do alimento ao longo do desenvolvimento da espécie. Esses dados ampliam o conhecimento acerca da biologia de H. marginatus e permitem entender a influência das características dos rios e de seus entornos na ecologia trófica da espécie, visto que, embora o item insetos tenha sido expressivo em ambos os locais estudados, microcrustáceos exibiram maior importância relativa no ambiente mais lêntico, o que possivelmente está relacionado à variação na disponibilidade destes recursos no ambiente.

Activity of Serbian Aronia prunifolia against Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii

Background: Beneficial effects of berries have been known from 16th century, but their antimicrobial effects have been explained scientifically only recently. The two most common aronia species are black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Elliot and red chokeberry, Aronia arbutifolia [L.] Elliot. Purple chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia) is a hybrid of these two species. Protothecosis is a disease caused by achlorophyllous algae Prototheca species. Infections with Prototheca species are more common in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of Aronia prunifolia berries against Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii) and Prototheca wickerhamii (P. wickerhamii).Materials, Methods & Results: Purple chokeberry juice was made by squeezing the fruits and evaporated to dryness. Extracts of purple aronia were obtained by maceration with ethanol 80 % (v/v) for 24 h. Prototheca zopfii was obtained from udder of cow with mastitis and Prototheca wickerhamii was isolated from human oral cavity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analized using spectrophotometric methods. The chemical composition of the tested substances was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The examination was conducted by a micro-dilution method according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Microsoft Excel pro

Feeding ecology of Serrapinnus notomelas (Characiformes: Cheirodontinae) in small forest streams in the Machado River basin, Rondônia, Brazil / Ecologia alimentar de Serrapinnus notomelas (Characiformes: Cheirodontinae) em igarapés da bacia do Rio Machado, Rondônia, Brasil

Studies on the trophic structure of fish give information on species autoecology and their role in the ecosystem. The aims of this study were to characterize the diet of Serrapinnus notomelas in small streams of the River Machado basin and to assess the effect of rainfall seasonality. Fish were collected bimonthly from July 2013 to May 2014 with seine nets and hand nets. The length of each specimen was measured to identify category classes. There were also measured the fullness index and volume of each ingested item, and these data were combined to obtain an alimentary index. We used ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis to test for differences between length classes and fullness index, Chi-squared tests to detect seasonal differences in origin of food items and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis to examine temporal variation in diet. We found that most of the specimens were longer than 20 mm, showing a polymodal distribution. In both seasons stomachs of most fish were full. Serrapinnus notomelas feeds on items of plant and animal origin. A higher consumption of aquatic macrophytes and algae was observed, suggesting omnivorous feeding behavior with a tendency to herbivory. Items of plant and autochthonous origin were consumed more than other items in both seasons, and consumption of animal and autochthonous items varied between seasons. These results reinforce the idea that S. notomelas show trophic plasticity between seasons.(AU)

Estudos sobre a estrutura trófica de peixes dão informações sobre autoecologia espécies e seu papel no ecossistema. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar a dieta Serrapinnus notomelas em igarapés da bacia do rio Machado e avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade das chuvas. Os peixes foram coletados bimestralmente de julho 2013 a maio de 2014, com redes de arrasto e redes de mão. O comprimento de cada espécime foi medido para identificar a categoria das classes. Também foram medidos o grau de repleção e o volume de cada item ingerido, e estes dados foram combinadas para se obter um índice alimentar. Foram utilizados uma ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis para diferenças entre classes de comprimento e graus de repleção, teste de qui-quadrado para detectar diferenças sazonais na origem dos alimentos e análise de escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico para examinar variação temporal na dieta. Nós encontramos que a maioria dos indivíduos eram maiores que 20 mm, apresentando distribuição polimodal. Para ambas as estações a maioria dos estômagos apresentaram-se cheios. Serrapinnus notomelas ingeriu itens vegetais e animais. Observamos maior consumo de macrófitas aquáticas e algas, sugerindo comportamento alimentar onívoro com tendência a herbivoria. Itens de origem vegetal e autóctone foram mais consumidos que os demais itens em ambas as estações, e o consumo de itens animais e itens autóctones variou entre as estações. Estes resultados reforçam a ideia de que S. notomelas apresenta plasticidade trófica entre as estações.(AU)

Activity of Serbian Aronia prunifolia against Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii

Background: Beneficial effects of berries have been known from 16th century, but their antimicrobial effects have been explained scientifically only recently. The two most common aronia species are black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa[Michx.] Elliot and red chokeberry, Aronia arbutifolia [L.] Elliot. Purple chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia) is a hybrid of these two species. Protothecosis is a disease caused by achlorophyllous algae Prototheca species. Infections with Prototheca species are more common in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of Aronia prunifolia berries against Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii) and Prototheca wickerhamii (P. wickerhamii).Materials, Methods & Results:Purple chokeberry juice was made by squeezing the fruits and evaporated to dryness. Extracts of purple aronia were obtained by maceration with ethanol 80 % (v/v) for 24 h. Prototheca zopfiiwas obtained from udder of cow with mastitis and Prototheca wickerhamiiwas isolated from human oral cavity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analized using spectrophotometric methods. The chemical composition of the tested substances was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The examination was conducted by a micro-dilution method according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Microsoft Excel program 2007 was used for statistical analysis. The antialgal activity was expressed as minimal inhibitory concentrations MIC99, MIC90and MIC80, the lowest concentration which kills 99%, 90% and 80% of organisms, respectively. Furthermore, minimal algaecide concentration (MAC), the lowest concentration which kills 99.9% of organisms is determined, as well as break point, the lowest concentration at which there is no algal growth.[...]