Evaluation of the efficiency of anaerobic reactors in the removal of pollutants from fish processing effluents / Avaliação da eficiência de reatores anaeróbios na remoção de poluentes em efluentes do processamento de pescado

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the performance of a compartmentalized anaerobic reactor (CAR) followed by anaerobic filter in real scale, effluent treatment from fish fridge processing. The work was developed in a fish fridge located in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, which has an effluent treatment plant composed of static screen, grease removal device, CAR reactor and anaerobic filter. The monitoring happened trough physical-chemical parameters of fluids and effluents from all sampling points of the plant biweekly. The parameters evaluated were temperature, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alkalinity. Operational problems found in the primary treatment were not limiting for the system performance, which managed to meet the parameters of environmental legislation in Minas Gerais according to the efficiency of removal of COD, BOD and VSS from wastewater from fish processing.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de reator anaeróbio compartimentado (RAC) seguido por filtro anaeróbio em escala real tratando efluentes do processamento de frigorífico de pescado. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em um frigorífico de pescado localizado no sul do estado de Minas Gerais, que possui uma estação de tratamento de efluentes composta por peneira estática, caixa de gordura, reator ABR e filtro anaeróbio. O monitoramento do sistema consistiu em um conjunto de análises físico-químicas dos afluentes e efluentes de todos os pontos de coleta de amostras da estação de tratamento coletados quinzenalmente. Os parâmetros avaliados foram temperatura, pH, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), ácidos voláteis totais (AVT) e alcalinidade. Problemas operacionais encontrados no tratamento primário não foram limitantes para o sistema, que conseguiu atender parâmetros da legislação ambiental de Minas Gerais quanto à eficiência de remoção de DQO, DBO e SSV das águas residuárias do processamento de pescado. O sistema de tratamento é uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de efluentes do processamento de pescado.

Employment of chitosan in the removal of pollutants in fish processing effluents / [Emprego de quitosana na remoção de poluentes em efluentes de processamento de pescado]

The significant growth of the industrial sector in recent decades has led to an increase in the volume of waste, which if not properly destined, could cause serious environmental problems. In the context of aquaculture, liquid effluents with a high organic content are generated in large quantities in the fish processing industries, and if their disposal is carried out improperly, serious damage to the environment is caused. The general objective of this study is to evaluate: the efficiency of removal of COD and BOD, in addition to the influence on pH; alkalinity; chlorides; ammonia; nitrite; nitrate; phosphate; turbidity; total, fixed and volatile solids, from the effluent of fish processing treated by coagulation and sedimentation using the natural chitosan coagulant. pH 5.5 followed by pH 6 showed better results for the use of chitosan coagulant in the process of treatment by effluent coagulation of fish processing industry. Chitosan does not act on the parameters TVS, alkalinity, chlorides, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate, regardless of the dosage used. However, it acts on BOD, COD, TS, TFS and turbidity. Thus, the best dosage of chitosan is 0.25 g L-1 in optimized activity at pH of 5.5.

O crescimento expressivo do setor industrial nas últimas décadas acarretou o aumento do volume de resíduos, que, se não forem destinados adequadamente, poderão causar sérios problemas ambientais. No contexto da aquacultura, efluentes líquidos com um alto teor orgânico são gerados em grandes quantidades nas indústrias de processamento de pescado, e, se seu descarte for realizado de maneira inadequada, há sérios prejuízos ao ambiente. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar: a eficiência de remoção de DQO e DBO, além da influência sobre o pH, a alcalinidade, os cloretos, a amônia, o nitrito, o nitrato, o fosfato, a turbidez, os sólidos totais, fixos e voláteis, bem como do efluente do processamento de pescado tratado por coagulação e da sedimentação, utilizando-se o coagulante natural quitosana. O pH 5,5, seguido pelo pH 6, apresentou melhores resultados para uso do coagulante quitosana no processo de tratamento por coagulação de efluente de indústria de processamento de pescado. A quitosana não atua sobre os parâmetros STV, alcalinidade, cloretos, amônia, nitrito, nitrato e fosfato, independentemente da dosagem utilizada. Mas atua sobre DBO, DQO, ST, STF e turbidez. Assim, a melhor dosagem de quitosana é 0,25 g L-1 em atividade otimizada no pH de 5,5.

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...(AU)

Qualidade e suscetibilidade de pêssegos e nectarinas aos danos causados pelo frio / Quality and susceptibility of peaches and nectarines to cold damage

Pêssegos e nectarinas são susceptíveis ao armazenamento refrigerado perdendo qualidade, assim a utilização de caracteres agronômicos correlacionados é importante em programas de melhoramento genético que visam frutos de qualidade e maior oferta da fruta no mercado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar correlações entre os parâmetros de qualidade e de suscetibilidade aos danos por frio de pêssegos e nectarinas.O estudo foi conduzido na EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza-Espanha, durante o ciclo produtivo 2013/2014. Um total de 40 acessos de pessegueiro e nectarineira foram avaliados quanto às características de qualidade [firmeza de polpa (FP), teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez titulável (AT), pH, índice de maturação (IM), coloração do mesocarpo (CM)] e susceptibilidade aos danos por frio após armazenamento em duas temperaturas (0 e 5°C) e em dois períodos (14 e 28 dias). Dois dias após retirados das baixas temperaturas, foram observados diferentes sintomas de frio, como presença de polpa farinhenta (PF), granulosa (PG), coriácea (PC), alterações de coloração do mesocarpo, escurecimento (EI), avermelhamento interno (AI) e ausência de sabor (AS). Os dados foram submetidos ao estudo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre os parâmetros de qualidade inicial e os frutos armazenados após duas e quatro semanas em 0 e 5°C. As variáveis IM, SST, FP e AT apresentaram correlações significativas entre si e, com PG e EI, indicando que frutos com maior amadurecimento tendem a desenvolver tais sintomas de danos. Os distúrbios EI, PF, PG e AS foram correlacionados significativamente, corroborando que esses sintomas são os principais distúrbios causados pelo armazenamento refrigerado. As variáveis de CM correlacionaram-se significativamente com EI e AIe,outros sintomas correlatos a estes, confirmando as alterações de cor. Palavras chave: Prunus pérsica L.; melhoramento genético; armazenamento refrigerado.

Peaches and nectarines are susceptible cold storage already it lost quality. Then, the use of related agronomic traits is important in breeding programs aimed to obtain fruit quality and higher fruit supply in the market. The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlations between quality and susceptibility to chilling injury of peaches and nectarines. The study was carried out in EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza-Spain, during 2013/2014 cycle. A total of 40 peaches and nectarines genotypes from germplasm collection were evaluated. The quality characteristics as flesh firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, rippining index and flesh color parameters and the susceptibility chilling injury after storage in two temperatures (0 e 5 °C) and two times period (14 e 28 days) were evaluated. After two days that the fruits were removal these low temperatures, the presence of symptoms, such as wooliness through mealiness, flesh grainy, leatheriness and flesh color changes, through browning, bleeding and off flavor were evaluated. The data were submitted to study the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the initial fruit quality variables and the fruits stored after two and four weeks at 0 and 5 °C. The quality parameters as rippining index, soluble solids, firmness and titratable acidity presented correlation among them. These, also it had correlation with woolines and bowning, what it indicated that fruits with more ripening can have the symptoms more easily. The browning, mealiness, flesh grainy and off flavor variables were correlationed with the time period and temperatures, what it confirms that these symptoms are the main disorders caused by cold storage. The flesh color variables presented significant correlations with browning and bleeding, and other symptoms related to, confirming color changes.

Qualidade e suscetibilidade de pêssegos e nectarinas aos danos causados pelo frio / Quality and susceptibility of peaches and nectarines to cold damage

Pêssegos e nectarinas são susceptíveis ao armazenamento refrigerado perdendo qualidade, assim a utilização de caracteres agronômicos correlacionados é importante em programas de melhoramento genético que visam frutos de qualidade e maior oferta da fruta no mercado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar correlações entre os parâmetros de qualidade e de suscetibilidade aos danos por frio de pêssegos e nectarinas.O estudo foi conduzido na EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza-Espanha, durante o ciclo produtivo 2013/2014. Um total de 40 acessos de pessegueiro e nectarineira foram avaliados quanto às características de qualidade [firmeza de polpa (FP), teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez titulável (AT), pH, índice de maturação (IM), coloração do mesocarpo (CM)] e susceptibilidade aos danos por frio após armazenamento em duas temperaturas (0 e 5°C) e em dois períodos (14 e 28 dias). Dois dias após retirados das baixas temperaturas, foram observados diferentes sintomas de frio, como presença de polpa farinhenta (PF), granulosa (PG), coriácea (PC), alterações de coloração do mesocarpo, escurecimento (EI), avermelhamento interno (AI) e ausência de sabor (AS). Os dados foram submetidos ao estudo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre os parâmetros de qualidade inicial e os frutos armazenados após duas e quatro semanas em 0 e 5°C. As variáveis IM, SST, FP e AT apresentaram correlações significativas entre si e, com PG e EI, indicando que frutos com maior amadurecimento tendem a desenvolver tais sintomas de danos. Os distúrbios EI, PF, PG e AS foram correlacionados significativamente, corroborando que esses sintomas são os principais distúrbios causados pelo armazenamento refrigerado. As variáveis de CM correlacionaram-se significativamente com EI e AIe,outros sintomas correlatos a estes, confirmando as alterações de cor. Palavras chave: Prunus pérsica L.; melhoramento genético; armazenamento refrigerado.(AU)

Peaches and nectarines are susceptible cold storage already it lost quality. Then, the use of related agronomic traits is important in breeding programs aimed to obtain fruit quality and higher fruit supply in the market. The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlations between quality and susceptibility to chilling injury of peaches and nectarines. The study was carried out in EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza-Spain, during 2013/2014 cycle. A total of 40 peaches and nectarines genotypes from germplasm collection were evaluated. The quality characteristics as flesh firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, rippining index and flesh color parameters and the susceptibility chilling injury after storage in two temperatures (0 e 5 °C) and two times period (14 e 28 days) were evaluated. After two days that the fruits were removal these low temperatures, the presence of symptoms, such as wooliness through mealiness, flesh grainy, leatheriness and flesh color changes, through browning, bleeding and off flavor were evaluated. The data were submitted to study the Pearsons correlation coefficient between the initial fruit quality variables and the fruits stored after two and four weeks at 0 and 5 °C. The quality parameters as rippining index, soluble solids, firmness and titratable acidity presented correlation among them. These, also it had correlation with woolines and bowning, what it indicated that fruits with more ripening can have the symptoms more easily. The browning, mealiness, flesh grainy and off flavor variables were correlationed with the time period and temperatures, what it confirms that these symptoms are the main disorders caused by cold storage. The flesh color variables presented significant correlations with browning and bleeding, and other symptoms related to, confirming color changes.(AU)

Straw removal of sugarcane from soil and its impacts on yield and industrial quality ratoons

ABSTRACT: Mechanical harvesting leaves in its wake a considerable amount of straw in the field, which can be effectively utilized to improve the soil condition and sugarcane yield. However, there is no specific information as to the quantity of straw mulch required to achieve such effects and as to whether it can be used in other sectors for bioelectricity and ethanol production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of removing different amounts of straw from the field and its impact on the yield and industrial quality of sugarcane ratoons. The experiment was carried out on Rhodic soil where six treatments were evaluated including 0 %, 25 % (5 Mg ha1), 50 % (10 Mg ha1), 75 % (15 Mg ha1), 100 % (20 Mg ha1) straw on the soil surface and burned sugarcane (where 100 % of the straw was burned). The influence on yield and industrial quality was calculated using total soluble solids, Pol (Apparent sucrose content), apparent purity, total sugars, reducing sugars and fiber. Shifting the harvesting system from burned cane to growing under straw mulch improved crop yield as well as favoring sugar contents during water deficit conditions. The straw left on the soil did not affect industrial quality in any way during the trials; however, under drought conditions, treatments with 50 and 75 % of straw resulted in a 76 % higher yield compared to burned sugarcane, and 29 % more than the 0 %, 25 % to 100 % treatments of straw mulch thus favoring higher sugar production. The removal of 50 % of the straw caused no damage to the sugarcane crop.

Straw removal of sugarcane from soil and its impacts on yield and industrial quality ratoons

ABSTRACT: Mechanical harvesting leaves in its wake a considerable amount of straw in the field, which can be effectively utilized to improve the soil condition and sugarcane yield. However, there is no specific information as to the quantity of straw mulch required to achieve such effects and as to whether it can be used in other sectors for bioelectricity and ethanol production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of removing different amounts of straw from the field and its impact on the yield and industrial quality of sugarcane ratoons. The experiment was carried out on Rhodic soil where six treatments were evaluated including 0 %, 25 % (5 Mg ha1), 50 % (10 Mg ha1), 75 % (15 Mg ha1), 100 % (20 Mg ha1) straw on the soil surface and burned sugarcane (where 100 % of the straw was burned). The influence on yield and industrial quality was calculated using total soluble solids, Pol (Apparent sucrose content), apparent purity, total sugars, reducing sugars and fiber. Shifting the harvesting system from burned cane to growing under straw mulch improved crop yield as well as favoring sugar contents during water deficit conditions. The straw left on the soil did not affect industrial quality in any way during the trials; however, under drought conditions, treatments with 50 and 75 % of straw resulted in a 76 % higher yield compared to burned sugarcane, and 29 % more than the 0 %, 25 % to 100 % treatments of straw mulch thus favoring higher sugar production. The removal of 50 % of the straw caused no damage to the sugarcane crop.

Straw removal of sugarcane from soil and its impacts on yield and industrial quality ratoons

Mechanical harvesting leaves in its wake a considerable amount of straw in the field, which can be effectively utilized to improve the soil condition and sugarcane yield. However, there is no specific information as to the quantity of straw mulch required to achieve such effects and as to whether it can be used in other sectors for bioelectricity and ethanol production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of removing different amounts of straw from the field and its impact on the yield and industrial quality of sugarcane ratoons. The experiment was carried out on Rhodic soil where six treatments were evaluated including 0 %, 25 % (5 Mg ha1), 50 % (10 Mg ha1), 75 % (15 Mg ha1), 100 % (20 Mg ha1) straw on the soil surface and burned sugarcane (where 100 % of the straw was burned). The influence on yield and industrial quality was calculated using total soluble solids, Pol (Apparent sucrose content), apparent purity, total sugars, reducing sugars and fiber. Shifting the harvesting system from burned cane to growing under straw mulch improved crop yield as well as favoring sugar contents during water deficit conditions. The straw left on the soil did not affect industrial quality in any way during the trials; however, under drought conditions, treatments with 50 and 75 % of straw resulted in a 76 % higher yield compared to burned sugarcane, and 29 % more than the 0 %, 25 % to 100 % treatments of straw mulch thus favoring higher sugar production. The removal of 50 % of the straw caused no damage to the sugarcane crop.(AU)

Efeito do raleio manual em frutos de ameixeira japonesa (Prunus salicina Lind) sobre algumas qualidades / Effect of manual thinning on japanese plum fruits (Prunus salicina Lind) on some qualities

A fruticultura de clima temperado possui grande potencial para desenvolvimento no Brasil, o uso de produtos químicos cada vez mais aumenta nos dias atuais podendo se tonar um problema se utilizados de forma errada, por isto a utilização de outras formas de realização de tratos culturais como é o caso do raleio manual em frutos apresenta-se como uma alternativa para pequenas áreas produtoras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as datas de início e final dos ciclos de florescimento e frutificação e algumas e qualidades físicas e químicas em frutos de ameixeira japonesa (Prunus salicina Lind) assim como a influência do raleio manual nestas qualidades nos frutos obtidos de diferentes acessos de ameixa produzidos pelo IAPAR. O experimento foi realizado na cidade de Ponta Grossa-PR no Polo Regional de Pesquisas do IAPAR. O experimento foi realizado em esquema fatorial 7x2, composto de sete acessos de ameixeira japonesa (Prunus salicina Lind) e dois tratamentos com realização do raleio manual nos frutos e sem realização do raleio manual e seis repetições. As análises realizadas foram data de início e final do florescimento e início e final frutificação, após a maturação os frutos foram colhidos e analisados as características de diâmetro dos frutos, massa dos frutos, massa do caroço massa da polpa dos frutos, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e ratio. O raleio manual realizados nos frutos de ameixeira apresentou um acréscimo significativo nos valores do diâmetro dos frutos e na massa do frutos, massa do caroço e massa da polpa, este aumento ocorreu devido principalmente a retirada de frutos diminuindo a competição por seiva e fotoassimilados entre os frutos, entretanto os frutos não apresentaram variações nos resultados nas análises de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e ratio mostrando que mesmo com a realização deste trato cultura não afetou estas características, com isso é possível concluir que os...

Temperate fruit growing has great potential for development in Brazil, the use of chemical products is increasing more and more in the present day, being a problem if used in a wrong way, therefore the use of other forms of cultural the case of manual thinning in fruits presents itself as an alternative to small producing areas. The objective of this work was to analyze the start and end dates of flowering and fruiting cycles and some physical and chemical qualities of Japanese plum fruits (Prunus salicina Lind) as well as the influence of manual thinning on these qualities in fruits obtained from different accessions of plum produced by IAPAR. The experiment was carried out in the city of Ponta Grossa-PR at the Regional Research Center of IAPAR. The experiment was carried out in a 7x2 factorial scheme, composed of seven Japanese plum accesses (Prunus salicina Lind) and two treatments with manual thinning in the fruits and without manual thinning and six replications. The fruits were harvested and the characteristics of fruit diameter, fruit mass, seed mass, fruit pulp mass, total soluble solids, titrizable total acidity and ratio. The manual thinning performed on the plum fruits showed a significant increase in fruit diameter and fruit mass, stone mass and pulp mass. This increase was mainly due to the removal of fruits, reducing the competition for sap and photoassimilates between the fruits. However, the fruits did not show any variation in the results in the analyzes of total soluble solids, total acidity and titrable ratio, showing that even with the accomplishment of this tract culture did not affect these characteristics, with this it is possible to conclude that the accesses studied present a capacity of launching as new cultivars adapted to the climate of the city of Ponta Grossa-PR, and that the manual thinning in the fruits is an alternative to the realization of small areas bringing positive results in the physical qualities of the fruits.

Efeito do raleio manual em frutos de ameixeira japonesa (Prunus salicina Lind) sobre algumas qualidades / Effect of manual thinning on japanese plum fruits (Prunus salicina Lind) on some qualities

A fruticultura de clima temperado possui grande potencial para desenvolvimento no Brasil, o uso de produtos químicos cada vez mais aumenta nos dias atuais podendo se tonar um problema se utilizados de forma errada, por isto a utilização de outras formas de realização de tratos culturais como é o caso do raleio manual em frutos apresenta-se como uma alternativa para pequenas áreas produtoras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as datas de início e final dos ciclos de florescimento e frutificação e algumas e qualidades físicas e químicas em frutos de ameixeira japonesa (Prunus salicina Lind) assim como a influência do raleio manual nestas qualidades nos frutos obtidos de diferentes acessos de ameixa produzidos pelo IAPAR. O experimento foi realizado na cidade de Ponta Grossa-PR no Polo Regional de Pesquisas do IAPAR. O experimento foi realizado em esquema fatorial 7x2, composto de sete acessos de ameixeira japonesa (Prunus salicina Lind) e dois tratamentos com realização do raleio manual nos frutos e sem realização do raleio manual e seis repetições. As análises realizadas foram data de início e final do florescimento e início e final frutificação, após a maturação os frutos foram colhidos e analisados as características de diâmetro dos frutos, massa dos frutos, massa do caroço massa da polpa dos frutos, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e ratio. O raleio manual realizados nos frutos de ameixeira apresentou um acréscimo significativo nos valores do diâmetro dos frutos e na massa do frutos, massa do caroço e massa da polpa, este aumento ocorreu devido principalmente a retirada de frutos diminuindo a competição por seiva e fotoassimilados entre os frutos, entretanto os frutos não apresentaram variações nos resultados nas análises de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e ratio mostrando que mesmo com a realização deste trato cultura não afetou estas características, com isso é possível concluir que os...(AU)

Temperate fruit growing has great potential for development in Brazil, the use of chemical products is increasing more and more in the present day, being a problem if used in a wrong way, therefore the use of other forms of cultural the case of manual thinning in fruits presents itself as an alternative to small producing areas. The objective of this work was to analyze the start and end dates of flowering and fruiting cycles and some physical and chemical qualities of Japanese plum fruits (Prunus salicina Lind) as well as the influence of manual thinning on these qualities in fruits obtained from different accessions of plum produced by IAPAR. The experiment was carried out in the city of Ponta Grossa-PR at the Regional Research Center of IAPAR. The experiment was carried out in a 7x2 factorial scheme, composed of seven Japanese plum accesses (Prunus salicina Lind) and two treatments with manual thinning in the fruits and without manual thinning and six replications. The fruits were harvested and the characteristics of fruit diameter, fruit mass, seed mass, fruit pulp mass, total soluble solids, titrizable total acidity and ratio. The manual thinning performed on the plum fruits showed a significant increase in fruit diameter and fruit mass, stone mass and pulp mass. This increase was mainly due to the removal of fruits, reducing the competition for sap and photoassimilates between the fruits. However, the fruits did not show any variation in the results in the analyzes of total soluble solids, total acidity and titrable ratio, showing that even with the accomplishment of this tract culture did not affect these characteristics, with this it is possible to conclude that the accesses studied present a capacity of launching as new cultivars adapted to the climate of the city of Ponta Grossa-PR, and that the manual thinning in the fruits is an alternative to the realization of small areas bringing positive results in the physical qualities of the fruits.(AU)

Swine wastewater treatment using an anaerobic baffled (ARB) and a UASB reactor system / Sistema reator anaeróbio de chicanas - reator UASB no tratamento de efluentes de suinocultura

The purpose of this study was to assess the swine wastewater treatment system, consisting of the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), followed by the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at full scale. The system was monitored by analyzing samples collected in the influent and effluent of ABR and UASB. The following parameters were analyzed: temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Averages of total removal of COD and BOD were 96.7 and 98.4%, respectively. The mean concentrations of COD, BOD, TSS, and VSS at the final effluent were 611, 124, 138, and 134 mg L-1, respectively. The mean volumetric organic loadings (VOL) at the ABR and UASB were 10.29 and 0.99 kg COD m-1d-1. Therefore, the ABR-UASB system was found to be a promising alternative for the swine wastewater treatment.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o sistema de tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura, constituído de reator anaeróbio de chicanas (RAC), seguido por reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB), em escala real. O sistema foi monitorado por meio da análise de amostras coletadas nos afluentes e efluentes do RAC e UASB. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura, pH, sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO) e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). As médias de remoção total de DQO e de DBO foram 96,7 e 98,4%, respectivamente. As concentrações médias de DQO, DBO, SST e SSV no efluente final foram 611, 124, 138 e 134 mg.L-1, respectivamente. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) médias no RAC e UASB foram 10,29 e 0,99 kgDQO m kgDQO m-3d-1. Desta maneira, o sistema RAC-UASB apresenta-se como alternativa promissora para o tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura.

Swine wastewater treatment using an anaerobic baffled (ARB) and a UASB reactor system / Sistema reator anaeróbio de chicanas - reator UASB no tratamento de efluentes de suinocultura

The purpose of this study was to assess the swine wastewater treatment system, consisting of the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), followed by the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at full scale. The system was monitored by analyzing samples collected in the influent and effluent of ABR and UASB. The following parameters were analyzed: temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Averages of total removal of COD and BOD were 96.7 and 98.4%, respectively. The mean concentrations of COD, BOD, TSS, and VSS at the final effluent were 611, 124, 138, and 134 mg L-1, respectively. The mean volumetric organic loadings (VOL) at the ABR and UASB were 10.29 and 0.99 kg COD m-1d-1. Therefore, the ABR-UASB system was found to be a promising alternative for the swine wastewater treatment.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o sistema de tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura, constituído de reator anaeróbio de chicanas (RAC), seguido por reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB), em escala real. O sistema foi monitorado por meio da análise de amostras coletadas nos afluentes e efluentes do RAC e UASB. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura, pH, sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO) e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). As médias de remoção total de DQO e de DBO foram 96,7 e 98,4%, respectivamente. As concentrações médias de DQO, DBO, SST e SSV no efluente final foram 611, 124, 138 e 134 mg.L-1, respectivamente. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) médias no RAC e UASB foram 10,29 e 0,99 kgDQO m kgDQO m-3d-1. Desta maneira, o sistema RAC-UASB apresenta-se como alternativa promissora para o tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura.(AU)

Comparison between biodegradable polymers from cassava starch and glycerol as additives to biogas production / Comparação entre glicerol e polímero biodegradável a base de mandioca como aditivos na biodigestão anaeróbia

In this study, we compared cassava starch-based biodegradable polymers (PBMs) and glycerol (G) as additives used to increase biogas production from the co-digestion of swine wastewater (ARS). We chose to work with an inoculum comprising 40% (v/v) of the total volume of the reactor; this inoculum was obtained from a Canadian model digester for treating swine waste. In the anaerobic digestion process, batch reactors were used on a laboratory scale with a total volume of approximately 4 L and a working volume of 3.2 L. Three treatments were conducted to compare the efficiency of solid removal, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the production of biogas. The first treatment contained only swine waste; the second included the addition of glycerol at 1, 3, and 5% (w/v); and the third treatment included the addition of 1, 3, and 5% (w/v) of PBM residue in relation to the swine wastewater. From the results, it can be concluded that higher yields were obtained for the treatment with 3% PBM and 1% glycerol. Most treatments showed high removal rates of total solids and total volatile solids. Reductions lower than 70% were obtained only for treatments with PBM and glycerol at a ratio of 5%.

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade comparar o potencial aditivo no aumento da produção de biogás de polímeros biodegradáveis a base de fécula de mandioca (PBM) e do glicerol, já comumente empregado com essa finalidade, ambos em co-digestão com água residuária de suinocultura. Utilizou-se como matéria-prima para produção de biogás, água residual de suinocultura, material plástico biodegradável produzido a partir de fécula de mandioca e glicerina bruta proveniente do processo de produção de biodiesel. Optou-se por trabalhar com 40% (v/v) de inóculo do volume total do reator. Para a condução do processo de digestão anaeróbia empregaram-se reatores com alimentação batelada de escala laboratorial de volume total de aproximadamente 4 litros e volume útil de 3,2 litros. Foram realizados 3 tratamentos visando comparar a eficiência da remoção de sólidos, demanda química de oxigênio e produção de biogás. O primeiro tratamento conteve apenas resíduo de suíno, o segundo a adição de glicerol em percentuais de 1, 3 e 5% (m/v) no mesmo resíduo e o terceiro a adição de 1, 3 e 5% (m/v) do polímero biodegradável a base de fécula de mandioca ao resíduo suíno. A partir dos resultados pode-se concluir que as maiores produções foram obtidas no tratamento de 3% de PBM e 1% de glicerol. A maioria dos tratamentos apresentou elevadas taxas de remoção de sólidos totais e sólidos totais voláteis. Apen

Decline of phosphorus, copper, and zinc in anaerobic swine lagoon columns receiving pretreated influent

Land application of both anaerobic lagoon liquid and sludge can increase nutrient accumulation beyond the soils assimilative capacity and become a threat to water quality in regions with intensive, confined swine production. In a 15-month meso-scale column study, we evaluated the effect of manure pretreatment on the reduction of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive P (SRP), and total copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in swine lagoons using (i) enhanced solid-liquid separation (SS) and (ii) solid-liquid separation plus biological nitrogen treatment with nitrification-denitrification (SS + NDN). A conventional anaerobic lagoon treatment was included as a control. A mass flow balance revealed that with both pretreatments the net mass input of TP, Cu, and Zn in the lagoon columns declined 80 to 100 % when compared to the control. Even though both pretreatments significantly reduced P in the inflow, TP and SRP were negatively correlated (r = -0.51 to -0.87) with TSS in the liquid fraction because of the dissolution of P from sludge into the overlying lagoon liquid. On the other hand, the removal of solids by both pretreatments effectively reduced Cu and Zn concentrations in the lagoon liquid, and their concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.79 to 0.90) with TSS. The decline in mass accumulation of TP, Cu, and Zn in sludge as a result of the reduction of input solids can help minimize both the frequency of sludge removal for lagoon maintenance and the land area for its disposal.

Decline of phosphorus, copper, and zinc in anaerobic swine lagoon columns receiving pretreated influent

Land application of both anaerobic lagoon liquid and sludge can increase nutrient accumulation beyond the soils assimilative capacity and become a threat to water quality in regions with intensive, confined swine production. In a 15-month meso-scale column study, we evaluated the effect of manure pretreatment on the reduction of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive P (SRP), and total copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in swine lagoons using (i) enhanced solid-liquid separation (SS) and (ii) solid-liquid separation plus biological nitrogen treatment with nitrification-denitrification (SS + NDN). A conventional anaerobic lagoon treatment was included as a control. A mass flow balance revealed that with both pretreatments the net mass input of TP, Cu, and Zn in the lagoon columns declined 80 to 100 % when compared to the control. Even though both pretreatments significantly reduced P in the inflow, TP and SRP were negatively correlated (r = -0.51 to -0.87) with TSS in the liquid fraction because of the dissolution of P from sludge into the overlying lagoon liquid. On the other hand, the removal of solids by both pretreatments effectively reduced Cu and Zn concentrations in the lagoon liquid, and their concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.79 to 0.90) with TSS. The decline in mass accumulation of TP, Cu, and Zn in sludge as a result of the reduction of input solids can help minimize both the frequency of sludge removal for lagoon maintenance and the land area for its disposal.(AU)

Tratamento de efluentes de abatedouro de frangos por meio de reator UASB seguido de filtro anaeróbio / Treatment of waste water poultry slaughter house through UASB reactor followed by anaerobic filter

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de aves do mundo e se destaca na exportação de carne de frango, que tem papel relevante na economia do país. Como resultado do crescimento da indústria de processamento do frango, há também um significativo aumento na geração de efluentes. Uma alternativa interessante para o tratamento desses resíduos são os reatores anaeróbios. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do sistema reator UASB-Filtro anaeróbio no tratamento de efluentes de abate de frangos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um abatedouro avícola, situado na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. O sistema de tratamento foi composto por peneira estática, caixa de gordura, reator UASB e filtro anaeróbio. A vazão média diária de efluentes do abatedouro foi de 30m³/dia. A carga orgânica aplicada no reator UASB foi de 0,71kg DQO/m³.d. O monitoramento do sistema foi realizado por meio de análises físico-químicas do afluente e dos efluentes da caixa de gordura, reator UASB e filtro anaeróbio. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: temperatura, pH, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), e sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV). Os valores efluentes médios encontrados para DBO, DQO e SST foram 106, 290 e 56mg/L, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção do sistema para DBO variou de 83 a 99%, e para DQO de 50 a 98%. A eficiência de remoção média de SST e SSV foi de 92%. Conclui-se que o sistema reator UASB seguido de filtro anaeróbio apresentou alto desempenho na remoção de sólidos e carga orgânica. Dessa forma, esses reatores tornam-se uma alternativa viável para o tratamento de águas residuárias de frigoríficos, já que oferecem bons resultados de remoção de poluentes.(AU)

Brazil is one of the largest poultry producers in the world and stands out in exportation of chicken meat, which plays an important role in the economy. As a result of the growth of the poultry processing industry, there is also a significant increase in the generation of wastewater. An interesting alternative for the treatment of such wastes is anaerobic. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the system UASB reactor-anaerobic filter on wastewater treatment of slaughtering chickens. The study was conducted in a poultry slaughterhouse located in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The treatment system was composed of static sieve, grease trap, UASB reactor and anaerobic filter. The daily average flow of effluent from the abattoir was 30m³/day. The organic load applied to the UASB reactor was 0.71kg COD/m³.d. The monitoring system was performed by means of physico-chemical analysis of the influent and effluent of fat, UASB reactor and anaerobic filter. The parameters evaluated were: temperature, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS). The mean values for effluent BOD, COD and SS were 106, 290 and 56mg/L, respectively. The removal efficiency of BOD to the system ranged 83-99% for COD and 50-98%. The average removal efficiency of SS and SSV were 92%. We conclude that the system UASB reactor followed by anaerobic filter showed high performance in removing solids and organic load. Thus, these reactors become a viable alternative for treating wastewater slaughterhouses, offering good results in removing pollutants.(AU)

Estratégias de produção de camarão marinho e salicórnia em aquaponia com bioflocos

A integração do camarão-branco-do-Pacífico e da planta halófita salicórnia em aquaponia com bioflocos pode aumentar a produtividade e rentabilidade do cultivo e promover maior sustentabilidade devido ao aproveitamento dos nutrientes. Entretanto, por ser uma tecnologia recente, existem ainda muitos questionamentos sobre as condições ideais para a produção integrada desses organismos. Assim, essa tese apresenta duas estratégias de cultivo visando a otimização da produção de camarão (Litopenaeus vannamei) e salicórnia (Sarcocornia ambigua) em sistema de aquaponia com bioflocos. Para isso foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou a relação da salinidade com o desempenho de L. vannamei e S. ambigua em cultivo integrado em sistema de bioflocos e o segundo experimento avaliou o efeito do uso contínuo do sedimentador de sólidos no cultivo de L. vannamei e S. ambigua em aquaponia com bioflocos. De acordo com os resultados desses experimentos, foi observado que o cultivo integrado de L. vannamei com S. ambigua pode ser realizado em salinidades entre 16 e 24 psu, uma vez que a performance do camarão não é prejudicada e o crescimento das plantas e a remoção de compostos nitrogenados e fosfatados é favorecida nessa faixa de salinidade. Também foi demonstrada a viabilidade do cultivo aquapônico de L. vannamei e S. ambigua com bioflocos sem a necessidade de usar o sedimentador de sólidos de forma contínua, pois dessa forma os parâmetros de qualidade da água se mantêm mais estáveis e a estrutura de aquaponia pode ser simplificada

The integration of Pacific white shrimp and the halophyte plant salicornia in aquaponics with biofloc can increase the productivity and profitability of the crop and promote greater sustainability due to the use of nutrients. However, as it is a recent technology, there are still many questions about the ideal conditions for the integrated production of these organisms. Thus, this Ph.D. thesis presents two cultivation strategies aimed at optimizing the production of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and salicornia (Sarcocornia ambigua) in an aquaponic system with biofloc. For this, two experiments were developed. The first one evaluated the relationship of salinity with the performance of L. vannamei and S. ambigua in integrated cultivation with biofloc and the second evaluated the effect of the continuous use of the settling chamber for solids removal in the cultivation of L. vannamei and S. ambigua in aquaponics with biofloc. According to the results of these experiments, it was observed that the integrated cultivation of L. vannamei with S. ambigua can be carried out in salinities between 16 and 24 psu, since the performance of the shrimp is not impaired, and the growth of the plants and the removal of nitrogen.ous and phosphate compounds is favored in this range of salinity. The viability of the aquaponic cultivation of L. vannamei and S. ambigua with biofloc has also been demonstrated without the need to use the settling chamber continuously, as this way the water quality parameters will be more stable, and the aquaponics structure can be simplified

Treatment of swine manure: case studies in Europeans N-surplus areas

In this study, eight different manure treatment plants were monitored. The plants were four on-farm and four centralized treatment plants, all of them at full-scale level. Assessment includes a total of seven pre-treatment and process units as follows: mechanical separation, with and without coagulant and flocculant addition, pasteurization, nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic digestion, and composting. The plants are located in nutrient surplus areas of three European Member States (Spain, Italy and Denmark), the majority of these areas being Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ). Results presented herein are data collected over a six-month period and comprise performance data of the treatment plants, pathogen indicators (E.coli and Salmonella) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data under two scenarios: 1) the baseline scenario and 2) the treatment plant scenario. The assessment includes GHG emissions of the storage facilities, transportation, and subsequent intermediate storage, electric consumption, electric production, composting, and land application. All treatment plants studied generated a significant reduction in GHG emissions (between 53 and 90 %) in comparison to the baseline scenario. Organic matter and total solids (TS) content in manure were also greatly reduced, with values ranging between 35-53 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and, 24-61 % of TS for anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment plants, 77-93 % COD and 70 % TS in the case of AD combined with nitrogen (N)-removal unit plants. Nitrogen concentrations were also greatly reduced (between 65-85 %) total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and 68-83 % ammonium (NH4+-N)) in plants with N-removal units.

Treatment of swine manure: case studies in Europeans N-surplus areas

In this study, eight different manure treatment plants were monitored. The plants were four on-farm and four centralized treatment plants, all of them at full-scale level. Assessment includes a total of seven pre-treatment and process units as follows: mechanical separation, with and without coagulant and flocculant addition, pasteurization, nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic digestion, and composting. The plants are located in nutrient surplus areas of three European Member States (Spain, Italy and Denmark), the majority of these areas being Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ). Results presented herein are data collected over a six-month period and comprise performance data of the treatment plants, pathogen indicators (E.coli and Salmonella) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data under two scenarios: 1) the baseline scenario and 2) the treatment plant scenario. The assessment includes GHG emissions of the storage facilities, transportation, and subsequent intermediate storage, electric consumption, electric production, composting, and land application. All treatment plants studied generated a significant reduction in GHG emissions (between 53 and 90 %) in comparison to the baseline scenario. Organic matter and total solids (TS) content in manure were also greatly reduced, with values ranging between 35-53 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and, 24-61 % of TS for anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment plants, 77-93 % COD and 70 % TS in the case of AD combined with nitrogen (N)-removal unit plants. Nitrogen concentrations were also greatly reduced (between 65-85 %) total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and 68-83 % ammonium (NH4+-N)) in plants with N-removal units.(AU)