Síndrome cólica em equinos induzida por ingestão de cana de açúcar / Equine colic syndrome induced by the ingestion of sugarcane

Background: Equine colic syndrome comprises numerous conditions associated with abdominal pain in horses. Impaction, a common cause of this manifestation, is strongly related to these animals' diet. Highly fibrous diets such as sugarcane can predispose horses to colic. The clinical condition can be worsened by fermentative processes, which lead to dysbiosis, circulatory disorders and even endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to report 4 cases of colic syndrome among 8 horses that underwent an experiment to adapt them to a sugarcane-based diet, and to correlate the animals' clinical conditions to the forage they ingested. Cases: Eight male castrated Mangalarga Marchador horses, between 5.5 and 7 years old, were subjected to an experiment to test the feasibility of sugarcane as forage. Four of these horses were taken to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital (HVGA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro for treatment of abdominal signs of discomfort a few days after the exclusive consumption of sugarcane, in a proportion of 1.75% of live weight in dry matter. The animals' symptoms ranged from behavioral signs indicative of pain to changes in vital parameters and structure of the feces, as well as changes revealed by transrectal palpation. Three of the 4 cases presented impaction in the small colon, and 1 of the horses also presented impaction in the right dorsal colon and rostral displacement of the pelvic flexure, with accumulation of contents in the right ventral colon and sternal flexure. Two of the cases were treated medically, while the other 2 required surgical intervention. The clinical condition of all the patients evolved favorably and they were discharged between 2 and 18 days. Discussion: Colic originating in the digestive system is a syndrome strongly associated with management, especially with respect to confinement, nutrition, and parasite control. During the experiment, 4 of the 8 horses fed with sugarcane presented with colic syndrome. The low quality of sugarcane fiber is due to the high degree of lignification of the plant cell wall, which favors accumulation of ingesta. The poor digestibility and sweet taste of this roughage favor increased consumption. Furthermore, its high sucrose content, associated with an increased rate of passage in the small intestine, alters the intestinal microbiome, and hence, the fermentation byproducts and pH of the ingesta. High intestinal content, allied to longer retention times in the colon and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, promote greater dryness of the ingesta, predisposing the occurrence of impactions in the most distal portion of the large intestine. Intestinal distension and mesenteric traction caused by the accumulation of contents and gases trigger pain, which can worsen due to displacement of the large colon. Small colon impaction, which is easily identified by transrectal palpation, evolves gradually and its treatment, both clinical and surgical, tends to have a favorable prognosis. The need for alternative food sources for horses is a growing demand; however, sugarcane as an exclusive roughage has been shown to be unsafe for horses. The low quality of the fiber and the high sucrose content of this forage can alter the digestive physiology of horses through changes in the passage rate, microbiome and motility of digesta, predisposing them to intestinal dysfunction, ingesta compaction and displacement of the large colon.

Interactions amongst inflammation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kallikrein-kinin systems: suggestive approaches for COVID-19 therapy

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapid-spread infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can culminate in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) and kallikrein-kinin (KKS) systems imbalance, and in serious consequences for infected patients. This scoping review of published research exploring the RAAS and KKS was undertaken in order to trace the history of the discovery of both systems and their multiple interactions, discuss some aspects of the viral-cell interaction, including inflammation and the system imbalance triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and their consequent disorders. Furthermore, we correlate the effects of continued use of the RAAS blockers in chronic diseases therapies with the virulence and physiopathology of COVID-19. We also approach the RAAS and KKS-related proposed potential therapies for treatment of COVID-19. In this way, we reinforce the importance of exploring both systems and the application of their components or their blockers in the treatment of coronavirus disease.

Immunolocalization of angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin II and angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 in goat ovary / Imunolocalização de angiotensina-(1-7), angiotensina II e enzima-conversora de angiotensina 2 em ovário de cabras

There is increasing evidence as to the participation of the ovarian renin-angiotensin system in important reproductive processes. The inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) caused an increase in the rate of ovulation and pregnancy in the artificial insemination protocol has fixed time (TFIA). This study aimed to investigate the presence and location of Ang II, Ang- (1-7) and ACE2 in goat ovaries and the possibility of the involvement of these peptides in previous results. Ten ovaries from goats were collected in a slaughterhouse, washed in buffered PBS, perfused with protease inhibitor solution and processed for immunohistochemistry protocol. The search for peptides was performed using the avidin–biotin–peroxidase method. A strong immunoreactivity for Ang II in theca cells of antral follicles and corpus luteum was observed. Antral follicles (theca cells), corpus luteum and oocyte cytoplasm in early antral follicles exhibited strong immunoreactivity for Ang-(1-7). There was strong immunoreactivity for ACE2 in the cytoplasm of luteal cells and theca cells of antral follicles. In this study, for the first time, the presence and location of Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and ACE2 are reported in goat ovary, suggesting that there is participation in follicular development, oocyte maturation and corpus luteum development.

Há evidências crescentes quanto à participação do sistema renina-angiotensina ovariano em processos reprodutivos importantes. A inibição da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) ocasionou aumento na taxa de ovulação e gravidez no protocolo de inseminação artificial por tempo fixo (TFIA). Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença e localização de Ang II, Ang-(1-7) e ECA2 em ovários de cabras e a possibilidade do envolvimento desses peptídeos em resultados anterio-res. Dez ovários de cabras foram coletados em abatedouro, lavados em PBS tamponado, perfundidos com solução inibidora de protease e processados para protocolo de imunohistoquímica. A busca por peptídeos foi realizada usando o método avidina-bio-tina-peroxidase. Foi observada uma forte imunorreatividade para Ang II em células da teca de folículos antrais e corpo lúteo. Os folículos antrais (células da teca), corpo lúteo e citoplasma do oócito nos folículos antrais iniciais exibiram forte imunor-reatividade para Ang-(1-7). Houve forte imunorreatividade para ECA2 no citoplasma das células luteais e células da teca dos folículos antrais. Neste estudo, pela primeira vez, a presença e localização de Ang II, Ang- (1-7) e ECA2 são relatadas em ovário caprino, sugerindo que há participação no desenvolvimento folicular, maturação oocitária e desenvolvimento do corpo lúteo.

Immunolocalization of angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin II and angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 in goat ovary / Imunolocalização de angiotensina-(1-7), angiotensina II e enzima-conversora de angiotensina 2 em ovário de cabras

There is increasing evidence as to the participation of the ovarian renin-angiotensin system in important reproductive processes. The inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) caused an increase in the rate of ovulation and pregnancy in the artificial insemination protocol has fixed time (TFIA). This study aimed to investigate the presence and location of Ang II, Ang- (1-7) and ACE2 in goat ovaries and the possibility of the involvement of these peptides in previous results. Ten ovaries from goats were collected in a slaughterhouse, washed in buffered PBS, perfused with protease inhibitor solution and processed for immunohistochemistry protocol. The search for peptides was performed using the avidin–biotin–peroxidase method. A strong immunoreactivity for Ang II in theca cells of antral follicles and corpus luteum was observed. Antral follicles (theca cells), corpus luteum and oocyte cytoplasm in early antral follicles exhibited strong immunoreactivity for Ang-(1-7). There was strong immunoreactivity for ACE2 in the cytoplasm of luteal cells and theca cells of antral follicles. In this study, for the first time, the presence and location of Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and ACE2 are reported in goat ovary, suggesting that there is participation in follicular development, oocyte maturation and corpus luteum development.(AU)

Há evidências crescentes quanto à participação do sistema renina-angiotensina ovariano em processos reprodutivos importantes. A inibição da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) ocasionou aumento na taxa de ovulação e gravidez no protocolo de inseminação artificial por tempo fixo (TFIA). Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença e localização de Ang II, Ang-(1-7) e ECA2 em ovários de cabras e a possibilidade do envolvimento desses peptídeos em resultados anterio-res. Dez ovários de cabras foram coletados em abatedouro, lavados em PBS tamponado, perfundidos com solução inibidora de protease e processados para protocolo de imunohistoquímica. A busca por peptídeos foi realizada usando o método avidina-bio-tina-peroxidase. Foi observada uma forte imunorreatividade para Ang II em células da teca de folículos antrais e corpo lúteo. Os folículos antrais (células da teca), corpo lúteo e citoplasma do oócito nos folículos antrais iniciais exibiram forte imunor-reatividade para Ang-(1-7). Houve forte imunorreatividade para ECA2 no citoplasma das células luteais e células da teca dos folículos antrais. Neste estudo, pela primeira vez, a presença e localização de Ang II, Ang- (1-7) e ECA2 são relatadas em ovário caprino, sugerindo que há participação no desenvolvimento folicular, maturação oocitária e desenvolvimento do corpo lúteo.(AU)

Interactions amongst inflammation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kallikrein-kinin systems: suggestive approaches for COVID-19 therapy

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapid-spread infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can culminate in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) and kallikrein-kinin (KKS) systems imbalance, and in serious consequences for infected patients. This scoping review of published research exploring the RAAS and KKS was undertaken in order to trace the history of the discovery of both systems and their multiple interactions, discuss some aspects of the viral-cell interaction, including inflammation and the system imbalance triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and their consequent disorders. Furthermore, we correlate the effects of continued use of the RAAS blockers in chronic diseases therapies with the virulence and physiopathology of COVID-19. We also approach the RAAS and KKS-related proposed potential therapies for treatment of COVID-19. In this way, we reinforce the importance of exploring both systems and the application of their components or their blockers in the treatment of coronavirus disease.(AU)

Impact of hypotensive action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on ovarian-intraovarian blood flow and follicles development in goats hormonally stimulated with repeated FSH-ECG treatment

Background: Recent evidence shows that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in important reproductiveprocesses, such as steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation. Several studies have proposed touse an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as a RAS modulator, aiming to improve reproductive efficiency, however,the presence of the main components of this system in reproductive tissues still need to be further investigated, since thephysiological functions seem to be species-specific. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of enalapril-maleate,an ACE inhibitor, during repeated gonadotropins treatment on ovarian blood flow and follicular development in goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty Anglo-Nubian cross-bred goats were equally grouped according to parity (n= 10/group): nulliparous and multiparous parity. In each group, five animals were randomly selected to receive 0.4 mg.kg-1 ofenalapril-maleate during 11 days of estrus synchronization and gonadotropins treatments. The other animals received thesame volume of saline solution. Estrus synchronization of all goats was made by intramuscular ad-ministration of PGF2αanalog, followed 48 h later by intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release device. Forty-eight h after devicewithdrawal, a single dose of 60 mg of FSH plus 300 UI of eCG was administered and repeated every 4 days to complete 3treatments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed using pulsed and color Doppler to evaluate Doppler velocimetricsparameters of the ovarian artery and intraovarian blood flow, respec-tively, and B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner toevaluate the follicular development. In the females treated with enalapril-maleate was observed a significant reduction ofsystolic and diastolic peak, without difference according to parity. In addition, in the third session of hor-monal stimulation,only the groups (nulliparous and multiparous) not treated with...(AU)

Impact of hypotensive action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on ovarian-intraovarian blood flow and follicles development in goats hormonally stimulated with repeated FSH-ECG treatment

Background: Recent evidence shows that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in important reproductiveprocesses, such as steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation. Several studies have proposed touse an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as a RAS modulator, aiming to improve reproductive efficiency, however,the presence of the main components of this system in reproductive tissues still need to be further investigated, since thephysiological functions seem to be species-specific. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of enalapril-maleate,an ACE inhibitor, during repeated gonadotropins treatment on ovarian blood flow and follicular development in goats.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty Anglo-Nubian cross-bred goats were equally grouped according to parity (n= 10/group): nulliparous and multiparous parity. In each group, five animals were randomly selected to receive 0.4 mg.kg-1 ofenalapril-maleate during 11 days of estrus synchronization and gonadotropins treatments. The other animals received thesame volume of saline solution. Estrus synchronization of all goats was made by intramuscular ad-ministration of PGF2αanalog, followed 48 h later by intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release device. Forty-eight h after devicewithdrawal, a single dose of 60 mg of FSH plus 300 UI of eCG was administered and repeated every 4 days to complete 3treatments. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed using pulsed and color Doppler to evaluate Doppler velocimetricsparameters of the ovarian artery and intraovarian blood flow, respec-tively, and B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner toevaluate the follicular development. In the females treated with enalapril-maleate was observed a significant reduction ofsystolic and diastolic peak, without difference according to parity. In addition, in the third session of hor-monal stimulation,only the groups (nulliparous and multiparous) not treated with...

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.(AU)

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.(AU)

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.

Imunolocalização de angiotensina-(1-7), angiotensina II e Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina tipo II em ovário de cabra / Immunolocalization of angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin II and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme II in goat ovary

There is increasing evidence the participation of ovarian renin-angiotensin system in importantreproductive processes. This study aimed to investigate the presence and location of Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and ACE2in goat ovaries. Ten ovaries from goats killed in slaughterhouse were collected, washed in buffered PBS,perfused with protease inhibitor solution and processed for histology standard protocol. The search of peptideswas performed using the avidin–biotin–peroxidase method. A strong immunoreactivity for Ang II in theca cellsof antral follicles and corpora lutea was observed. Antral follicles (theca cells), corpora lutea and oocytecytoplasm in early antral follicles exhibited strong immunoreactivity for Ang-(1-7). There was strongimmunoreactivity for ACE2 in the cytoplasm of luteal cells and theca cells of antral follicles. For the first time,the presence and location of Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and ACE2 are reported in goat ovary, can regulate folliculardevelopment, oocyte maturation and corpus luteum development.(AU)

Imunolocalização de angiotensina-(1-7), angiotensina II e Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina tipo II em ovário de cabra / Immunolocalization of angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin II and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme II in goat ovary

There is increasing evidence the participation of ovarian renin-angiotensin system in importantreproductive processes. This study aimed to investigate the presence and location of Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and ACE2in goat ovaries. Ten ovaries from goats killed in slaughterhouse were collected, washed in buffered PBS,perfused with protease inhibitor solution and processed for histology standard protocol. The search of peptideswas performed using the avidin–biotin–peroxidase method. A strong immunoreactivity for Ang II in theca cellsof antral follicles and corpora lutea was observed. Antral follicles (theca cells), corpora lutea and oocytecytoplasm in early antral follicles exhibited strong immunoreactivity for Ang-(1-7). There was strongimmunoreactivity for ACE2 in the cytoplasm of luteal cells and theca cells of antral follicles. For the first time,the presence and location of Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and ACE2 are reported in goat ovary, can regulate folliculardevelopment, oocyte maturation and corpus luteum development.

Efeito de um inibidor da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina sobre a esteroidogênese, e Angiotensina II e Angiotensina-(1-7) em cabras superovuladas / Effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on steroidogenesis, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) in superovulated goats

Local renin angiotensin (RAS) system has been described in the ovary, which has been implicated invarious reproductive functions. To evaluate the ovarian RAS in, 13 goats were randomly divided into two groups:Enalapril (n = 7) and control (n = 6). Then, they received superovulation protocol. Enalapril further groupreceived subcutaneously (2mg/kg) enalapril maleate (0.4 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected on days 3, 6, 9and 11, and follicular fluid samples from pre-ovulatory ovarian follicles after exposure by celiotomy on D11. AngII in serum and follicular fluid were evaluated on days 9 and 12, Ang-(1-7) on day 12 by HPLC and RIA. E2 andP4 concentrations in serum were determined by ELISA. Ang-(1-7) concentrations in plasma was greater on day9 (P < 0.05), important period for the recruitment and follicular selection. This may indicate that these peptidescan an important function in follicular development and oocyte maturation in superovulated goats.(AU)

Efeito de um inibidor da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina sobre a esteroidogênese, e Angiotensina II e Angiotensina-(1-7) em cabras superovuladas / Effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on steroidogenesis, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) in superovulated goats

Local renin angiotensin (RAS) system has been described in the ovary, which has been implicated invarious reproductive functions. To evaluate the ovarian RAS in, 13 goats were randomly divided into two groups:Enalapril (n = 7) and control (n = 6). Then, they received superovulation protocol. Enalapril further groupreceived subcutaneously (2mg/kg) enalapril maleate (0.4 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected on days 3, 6, 9and 11, and follicular fluid samples from pre-ovulatory ovarian follicles after exposure by celiotomy on D11. AngII in serum and follicular fluid were evaluated on days 9 and 12, Ang-(1-7) on day 12 by HPLC and RIA. E2 andP4 concentrations in serum were determined by ELISA. Ang-(1-7) concentrations in plasma was greater on day9 (P < 0.05), important period for the recruitment and follicular selection. This may indicate that these peptidescan an important function in follicular development and oocyte maturation in superovulated goats.

Feline primary hyperaldosteronism: an emerging endocrine disease / Hiperaldosteronismo primário felino: uma enfermidade endócrina emergente

The primary hyperaldosteronism, an endocrine disease increasingly identified in cats, is characterized by adrenal gland dysfunction that interferes with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, triggering the hypersecretion of aldosterone. Pathophysiological consequences of excessive aldosterone secretion are related to increased sodium and water retention, and increased excretion of potassium, which induce hypertension and severe hypokalemia, respectively. The most common clinical findings in cats include: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, generalized weakness, neck ventroflexion, syncope, anorexia, weight loss, pendulous abdomen and blindness. Diagnosis is based on the evidence of hormonal hypersecretion with suppression of renin release, imaging and histopathological evaluation of adrenal glands. Treatment may be curative with adrenalectomy, in cases of unilateral disease, or conservative, through administration of aldosterone antagonists, potassium supplementation and antihypertensives. Prognosis varies from fair to good with the appropriate therapy. This article reviews the main aspects of primary aldosteronism in cats, providing the clinician with important information for the diagnosis of this disease.(AU)

O hiperaldosteronismo primário, doença endrócrina cada vez mais identificada em felinos, caracteriza-se pela disfunção da glândula adrenal com interferência no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, desencadeando a hipersecreção de aldosterona. As consequências da secreção excessiva de aldosterona estão relacionadas com o aumento da retenção de sódio e água e aumento da excreção de potássio, que ocasionarão, respectivamente, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e hipocalemia grave. O diagnóstico é realizado com base na comprovação da hipersecreção hormonal com supressão da liberação de renina, além de exames de imagem e avaliação histopatológica da adrenal. O tratamento pode ser curativo, com a adrenalectomia, em enfermidades unilaterais, ou conservativo, por meio de antagonistas da aldosterona, suplementação de potássio e anti-hipertensivos. O prognóstico é bom e reservado com a terapia apropriada.(AU)

EFEITO DA ANGIOTENSINA (1-7) NA MATURAÇÃO E EMBRIÕES IN VITRO DE OÓCITOS BOVINOS

A produção in vitro (PIV) está inclusa na terceira geração das tecnologias de reprodução assistida e consiste na interação entre o espermatozoide e o oócito fora do trato reprodutivo da fêmea, com a formação de um novo indivíduo. Entretanto vários fatores intraovarianos que regulam as etapas de desenvolvimento, maturação folicular e ovulação são ainda desconhecidos e podem ser responsáveis por alguns insucessos de tais biotécnicas. Os peptídeos do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina, tais como a angiotensina (1-7), que já tiveram sua presença, produção e alguns efeitos descritos nos ovários) mas que apresentam ainda funções pouco esclarecidas. Novas perspectivas sobre os fatores que influenciam a qualidade dos embriões produzidos e os mecanismos envolvidos na maturação a partir da adição de diferentes concentrações de Angiotensina (1-7) na PIV da espécie bovina. Folículos ovarianos foram aspirados e os CCOs foram distribuídos entre quatro tratamentos: Controle (C), 10-1 (T1), 10-3 (T2), 10-5 M (T3) de angiotensina (1-7) no meio de maturação in vitro para verificar os estágios de meiose e desenvolvimento embrionário. A adição do peptídeo angiotensina (1-7) no meio de maturação in vitro não proporcionou taxas superiores de metáfase II em relação ao grupo Controle. No desenvolvimento embrionário, a angiotensina (1-7) não melhorou a clivagem nem a quantidade de embriões totais, o grupo 10-1µM proporcionou quantitativo superior de blastocistos iniciais. No entanto, mais análises são necessárias para elucidar as ações realizadas pela angiotensina (1-7) na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos.

In vitro production (IVP) is included in the third generation of assisted reproduction technologies and consists of the interaction between sperm and oocyte outside the female reproductive tract, with the formation of a new individual. However, several intraovarian factors that regulate the stages of development, follicular maturation and ovulation are still unknown and may be responsible for some failures of such biotechniques. Renin-Angiotensin System peptides, such as angiotensin (1-7), which have had their presence, production and some effects described in the ovaries) but still have poorly understood functions. New perspectives on the factors that influence the quality of the embryos produced and the mechanisms involved in the maturation from the addition of different angiotensin (1-7) concentrations in the bovine IVP. Ovarian follicles were aspirated and the COCs were distributed among four treatments: Control (C), 10-1 (T1), 10-3 (T2), 10-5 M (T3) angiotensin (1-7) in the maturation medium. in vitro to verify the stages of meiosis and embryonic development. The addition of angiotensin peptide (1-7) in the in vitro maturation medium did not provide higher metaphase II rates than the Control group. In embryonic development, angiotensin (1-7) did not improve cleavage or the amount of total embryos, the 10-1µM group provided superior amount of initial blastocysts. However, further analysis is needed to elucidate the actions performed by angiotensin (1-7) in the in vitro production of bovine embryos.

Análise de componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona em cães com doença renal crônica

COELHO, M. Análise de componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona em cães com doença renal crônica. 2019. 65 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2019. O sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) influencia diretamente o desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e proteinúria em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). Sendo assim, o objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar a atividade do SRAA, por meio da concentração plasmática de aldosterona ([aldo]p) e atividade plasmática da renina (APR), em cães hígidos e com DRC de ocorrência natural, procurando associar tais parâmetros com a condição clínica e a evolução da doença nos cães com DRC. Os cães foram avaliados por exame físico e exames laboratoriais. A [aldo]p e a APR foram determinadas por radioimunoensaio. Os cães do grupo DRC apresentaram manifestações clínicas condizentes com uremia, além de anemia, azotemia, baixa densidade urinária, proteinúria e hipocalcemia, em comparação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). No grupo DRC, observou-se ainda a hiperfosfatemia. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao valor médio da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS); contudo, a hipertensão foi observada em 23% dos cães com DRC. Os grupos também não diferiram quanto aos valores médios da [aldo]p, APR e relação [aldo]p:APR, mas, individualmente, verificou-se valores mais elevados para [aldo]p e a supressão da APR em cães do grupo DRC. A proteinúria foi o achado mais comum no grupo DRC, além disso, a análise de correlação indicou que a elevação da PAS e da [aldo]p podem contribuir com a proteinúria em cães. Os cães do grupo DRC apresentaram manifestações condizentes com a estimulação do SRAA, mas que não foram evidenciadas por alterações na [aldo]p, APR e relação [aldo]p:APR. As piores condições clínicas e os óbitos foram decorrentes do estádio avançado da DRC e não necessariamente da maior estimulação do SRAA.

COELHO, M. Analysis of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system components in dogs with chronic kidney disease. 2019. 65 pg. M.Sc. Dissertation Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2019. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) directly influences the development of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and proteinuria in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Therefore, the objective of this project was to evaluate the RAAS activity, through the aldosterone plasma concentration ([aldo]p) and activity of plasma renin (APR) in healthy dogs and in dogs with naturally occurring CKD, aiming to associate such parameters with clinical condition and disease evolution in dogs with CKD. Dogs were submitted to physical examination and laboratory tests. The [aldo]p and the APR were determined by radioimmunoassay. The CKD group presented clinical manifestations consistent with uremia, besides anemia, azotemia, low urinary density, proteinuria and hypocalcemia, in comparison to control group (p<0,05). In CKD group, hyperphosphatemia was also observed. There was no difference between the groups in relation to the mean value of systolic blood pressure (SBP); however, hypertension was observed in 23% of CKD group. The groups also didnt differ in the mean values of [aldo]p, APR and [aldo]p:APR ratio, but individually there were higher values for [aldo]p and APR suppression in CKD group. Proteinuria was the most common finding in the CKD group, and correlation analysis indicated that SBP and [aldo]p increase may contribute to proteinuria in dogs. The dogs of the CKD group presented manifestations consistent with RAAS stimulation, which were not evidenced by alterations in [aldo]p, APR and [aldo]p:APR ratio. The worst clinical conditions and deaths were due to the advanced stage of CKD and not necessarily to the higher RAA stimulation.

ALTERAÇÕES DO FLUXO SANGUINEO OVARIANO-INTRAOVARIANO E DINÂMICA FOLICULAR EM CABRAS TRATADAS COM INIBIDOR DA ENZIMA CONVERSORA DE ANGIOTENSINA DURANTE ESTIMULAÇÃO REPETIDAS DE FSH-eCG

Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar o impacto do maleato de enalapril durante a administração repetida de gonadotrofinas nas alterações do fluxo sanguíneo ovariano e na relação com o desenvolvimento folicular. Vinte cabras mestiças de anglo-nubian foram divididas em nulíparas e multíparas. Em cada grupo, cinco animais foram selecionados aleatoriamente para receber 0,4 mg/kg de peso corporal de maleato de enalapril durante 11 dias de sincronização de estro e tratamentos com gonadotrofinas. No outro grupo (n = 10) os animais receberam o mesmo volume de solução salina. A sincronização do estro foi realizada por administração intramuscular de 0,075 mg de Cloprostenol, seguido 48 h depois por inserção intravaginal de um dispositivo interno de liberação de medicamento controlado. Quarenta e oito horas após a retirada do dispositivo, uma dose única de 60 mg de FSH e 300 UI eCG (Novormon 5000) foi administrada três vezes, a cada quatro dias. A ultrassonografia ovariana transretal foi realizada com equipamento em tempo real Doppler colorido e modo B a fim de avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo ovariano e intraovariano e a dinâmica dos folículos. Nas fêmeas tratadas com maleato de enalapril foi observada uma redução significativa do pico sistólico e diastólico e das áreas do Doppler colorido intraovariano. No mesmo grupo também foi encontrado um maior número de folículos pequenos, uma menor proporção de folículos a 5 mm e um menor tamanho folicular. Em conclusão a administração de maleato de enalapril mostram um efeito hipotensor no sistema circulatório do ovário, mas não promoveu um benefício real do desenvolvimento folicular em cabras.

This study aimed to examine the impact of enalapril-maleate during repeated gonadotropins administration on changes of ovarian blood flow and relationship with follicular development. Twenty Anglo-Nubian cross-bred goats were grouped into nulliparous and multiparous parity. In each group, five animals were randomly selected to receive 0.4 mg kg-1 Body Weight of enalapril-maleate during 11 days of estrus synchronization and gonadotropins treatments. In the other groups (N = 10) animals received the same volume of saline solution. Estrus synchronization of all goats was by intramuscular administration of 0,075 mg of Cloprostenol, followed 48 h later by intravaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug release device. Forty-eight hours after disposal of the device, a single dose of 60 mg of FSH e 300 IU eCG (Novormon 5000) was administered three times, on every 4 days. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography was performed using the color Doppler and B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner to evaluate the ovarian and intraovarian blood flow and dynamics of follicles. In the females treated with enalapril-maleate was observed a significantly reduction of systolic and diastolic peak and intraovarian color Doppler areas. In treated group was also found a greater number of small follicles, a lower proportion of follicle with a 5 mm and a smaller follicular size. We conclude that the administration of enalapril-maleate in our experimental condition exhibit a hypotensive effect on ovary circulatory system but did not show to promote a real benefit of follicular development in goats.

Control of ovulation in mammals

The ovulatory L H surge induces dramatic molecular and structural changes in follicular environment, culminating with follicle rupture and release of a mature oocyte. This review addresses the pre - LH surge events associated with the ovulatory process, such as dominant fol licle differentiation and acquisition of ovulatory capacity, as well as autocrine and paracrine factors induced after the LH surge. Over the last few years, our research group has focused on studying the contribution of renin - angiotensin system in ovulatio n and the participation of Ang II and Ang - (1 - 7) and their interactions with factors essential for ovulation, which are also discussed.

Control of ovulation in mammals

The ovulatory L H surge induces dramatic molecular and structural changes in follicular environment, culminating with follicle rupture and release of a mature oocyte. This review addresses the pre - LH surge events associated with the ovulatory process, such as dominant fol licle differentiation and acquisition of ovulatory capacity, as well as autocrine and paracrine factors induced after the LH surge. Over the last few years, our research group has focused on studying the contribution of renin - angiotensin system in ovulatio n and the participation of Ang II and Ang - (1 - 7) and their interactions with factors essential for ovulation, which are also discussed.(AU)