Assessment of thermal response, cardiorespiratory parameters and post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy with different combinations of epidural analgesia and isoflurane

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal response of the eyelids and lacrimal gland of the left eye (LETG) through infrared thermography (IRT), cardiorespiratory parameters, and their association with nociception and pain in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) anesthetized with isoflurane and epidural analgesia. Twenty-one healthy bitches of different breeds were randomized into three groups receiving epidural blocks: GL (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ); GLF (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ) and fentanyl (3 µg Kg-1 ); and GLM (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ) with morphine (0.1 mg Kg-1 ). IRT and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated at baseline (Ebasal), thirty minutes before anesthetic premedication, and at different surgical events: first incision (EInc), ligature and section of the left (ELoV), and right (ERoV) ovarian pedicle, ligature, and re-section of the cervix (EUt), and skin suture (ESut). The assessment of acute pain in the immediate post-operative period was registered at E1h, E2h, and E3h using IRT, the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analogic Scale (DIVAS), and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) scales. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in the lower eyelid surface temperature (LELT) during EInc for GL (32.9°C ± 0.62), in comparison to GLF (34.2°C ± 0.62) and GLM (35.3°C ± 0.62) (P = 0.006). Regarding LETG, a significant increase (P = 0.03) in the IRT of Ebasal (36.8°C ± 0.63) and EInc (36.1°C ± 0.63) for GLM was observed in comparison to the thermographic values for both perioperative events and groups. The GLM showed a significant decrease in IRT values of ERoV at E3h in the upper and lower eyelids (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). A progressive and significant reduction of the IRT values of LETG was also recorded in GLM, with differences in ERoV (35.2 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.02) and E3h (35.3 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.01). The cardiovascular parameters (SAP, DAP, and MAP) did not differ between treatments, but in GL, there was a significant difference (P = 0.01) during EInc and ESut, compared to Ebasal. In the body temperature, EInc and ESut gradually decreased in all treatment groups (P = 0.01). In conclusion, hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory stability was associated with IRT readings and the absence of nociception. Changes in superficial temperature in the immediate post-operative period were lessened using isoflurane and epidural analgesia of lidocaine alone or in combination with pure opioids. These findings were clinically validated to the DIVAS and UMPS acute pain assessment scales.

Recurrent thyroid carcinoma in a dog - diagnosis by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography

Background: Thyroid tumor is a common endocrine tumor that accounts for up to 3.8% of all tumors in dogs. Most of them are malignant and usually nonfunctional in dogs. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is an imaging modality that detects intracellular accumulation of radioactive deoxyglucose administered in the body and is used in combination with computed tomography to provide functional information with exact anatomical localization. It is used in human medicine to detect residual or recurrent head and neck neoplasm after treatments, such as surgical resection. This report describes the first case of diagnosing recurrent thyroid carcinoma (TC) through FDG-PET in a dog. Case: A 9-year-old castrated male Maltese dog presented with a palpable mobile mass in the right ventral cervical region. Radiography and ultrasonography (US) showed a radiopaque mass adjacent to the trachea, and the right thyroid gland was enlarged on computed tomography. The surgically excised mass was encapsulated and measured to be 2.3 × 1.0 × 3.4 cm (width x length x height) in size. Histopathologically, the mass was diagnosed as differentiated follicular TC, and gross and vascular invasions were observed. To prevent recurrence, postoperative carboplatin chemotherapy was performed for 5 months. Two months after completion of chemotherapy, a nodule of approximately 7 mm in diameter was detected in the thyroidectomy bed by US. FDG-PET scanning was performed as an effective means of evaluating the malignancy, local recurrence, and metastasis of differentiated follicular TC. The nodule had the dimensions of 2.8 × 5.9 × 8.6 mm, a maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) of 8.49, and a mean SUV of 5.6. The results of FDG-PET suggested the recurrence of TC; therefore, the second chemotherapy protocol using toceranib was applied for 16 months. After initiation of the 2nd chemotherapy, follow-up examinations were conducted approximately every 4 months. On the 134th day, although the nodule was not palpated, its size was observed to have increased to 5.0 × 3.8 × 13.6 mm on cervical US on the 232nd day, showing heterogeneous and hypoechoic parenchyma. On the 405th day, the tumor was enlarged to a size of 13.4 × 12.9 × 22 mm and identified as a lobular, amorphous shape, and its heterogeneity was increased. Moreover, 2 pulmonary nodules with well-defined margins were found on radiography in the left caudal lung lobe (9 × 10 mm and 12 × 12 mm [width × length]); thus, lung metastasis was suspected. On the 536th day, anorexia and lethargy occurred, and the dog was lost to follow-up. Discussion: In the present case, local recurrence of TC was suspected based on cervical US. Although US was useful as a screening tool, additional examinations were necessary for evaluating local invasiveness, malignancy, and nodal/distant metastasis. FDG-PET can detect recurrence at an early stage because it can sense increased tumor metabolism through physiologic absorption of FDG, even before the beginning of anatomic change in the lesion. Therefore, FDG-PET can assist in treatment planning and provide better prognosis. In humans, focal FDG uptake and a high maximum SUV in the thyroid gland on FDG-PET were associated with a higher risk of cancer. Because there was no evidence of neoplasia except the thyroid lesion during the FDG-PET examination, the tumor showed an increasingly malignant pattern of the thyroid gland on US during the follow-up period, and the metastatic pulmonary nodules were identified on the 650th day after the thyroidectomy, the present case was diagnosed as recurrent TC. This report describes the use of FDG-PET for diagnosing local recurrence of TC, pointing to FDG-PET as a potential strategy to evaluate loco-regional recurrence and distant metastasis of TC.

Distiquíases em gatos / Distichiasis in cats

Background: Distichiasis is a disease that is rare in cats, but very common in dogs. The term distichiasis may be controversial when used in the feline species, given that they do not possess true cilia, but rudimentary hair along the superior palpebra. The patients may be asymptomatic, though some show signs of ocular discomfort and ulcerative keratitis. The diagnosis is reached through an ophthalmological exam, and the treatment consists of the removal of the cilium with or without its hair follicle. With this work, we aim to report a series of cases of distichiasis in cats, as it is an uncommon anomaly, and has the potential to cause ocular discomfort in cats. Cases: Two mobile services of veterinary ophthalmology, one in the federal district of Brasília (DF) and the other in the municipality of Valinhos (SP), attended to 9 cats over a period of 5 years (2018 to 2022). The cats (n = 9) attended are of an undefined breed with ages varying from 10 months to 9 years, with an average of 3.9-year-old. The number of distichiasis presented by the animals was classified according to their quantity, being categorized as a mild grade when there was a single cilium, moderate grade when there were 2 to 4 cilia, and severe grade when there were more than 5 cilia. The highest incidence of distichiasis in this study was in males (78%) while females accounted for (22%) of the cases. The clinical changes reported by the owners consisted of signs of ocular discomfort (photophobia, blepharospasm, and periocular itching), ocular discharge and ocular redness. In the ophthalmological evaluations, blepharospasm (22%), serous to mucosal secretion (56%), chemosis (22%), mild (44%) to moderate (11%) conjunctival hyperemia, and ulcerative keratitis (22%) were observed. Distichiasis was more frequent affecting both eyes (56%), while in only (44%) of cases it affected the left eye only. The highest occurrence of cilia was identified in the upper palpebra (78%). Distichiasis was found more often in the temporal palpebral portion (78%), and in 2 patients the identification was more challenging since these cilia lack pigmentation. Single cilium affected (44%) of patients, while 5 cats had multiple distichiasis (56%). A total of 29% of the cats had a mild grade, whereas 14% had a moderated grade, and 57% had a severe grade. The treatments performed consisted of manual epilation (ME) and electroepilation (EE). ME was carried out in 56% of the cats, with relapses occurring in 80% of the patients, while 44% of the cats submitted to EE had a relapse in 20% of the cases. Discussion: Distichiasis is an inherited disorder very frequent in dogs, but considered uncommon in cats. Its causative factor is still unknown, as is its mode of inheritance. In distichiasis therapy, epilation, electroepilation, electrolysis, diode laser, cryotherapy and surgical palpebral resection techniques are referred to as procedures. Among the treatments used in this study, we observed a lower incidence of relapse with the electroepilation technique, which proved to be a viable and successful therapeutic modality. This series of cases shows that perhaps this disorder is much more frequent than what has been reported in the literature, being sometimes underdiagnosed and consequently underreported. Therefore, distichiasis in cats should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with clinical signs of ocular discomfort and ulcerative keratitis.

Distocia em tigre d'água-de-orelha-vermelha, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): relato de caso / Dystocia in red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): case report / Distocia en tortuga de orejas rojas, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): reporte de caso

Atualmente muitos répteis se tornaram animais de companhia e são mantidos como pet's exóticos. A espécie Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) é um animal exótico da América do Norte, sua identificação é realizada pelas marcas avermelhadas encontradas lateralmente a sua cabeça. Na rotina clínica as principais enfermidades que acometem os quelônios são as de origem reprodutiva, como a estase folicular e distocia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso recorrente de distocia em um tigre d'água fêmea, para isso, a anamnese, o histórico da paciente, e seus sinais clínicos, em conjunto com os exames complementares de imagem foram essenciais para se obter diagnóstico definitivo. O tratamento foi realizado com a indução medicamentosa utilizando borogluconato de cálcio, seguida da aplicação de ocitocina, esta trouxe resultados positivos para a eliminação dos ovos. Porém devido ao histórico do paciente, optou-se pela intervenção cirúrgica de ovariossalpingectomia, sendo está a maneira permanente de resolução da patologia. O protocolo terapêutico escolhido proporcionou um resultado satisfatório e bem estar ao animal.(AU)

Currently, many reptiles have become companion animals and are kept as exotic pets. The species Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) is an exotic animal from North America, and its identification is based on the reddish markings found laterally on its head. In routine clinical practice, the main diseases that affect chelonians are those of reproductive origin, such as follicular stasis and dystocia. The aim of this study was to report a recurrent case of dystocia in a female red-eared slider turtle. For this purpose, the patient's anamnesis, history, and clinical signs, along with complementary imaging exams, were essential to obtain a definitive diagnosis. The treatment involved medical induction using calcium borogluconate, followed by the administration of oxytocin, which yielded positive results in egg elimination. However, due to the patient's history, surgical intervention in the form of ovariosalpingectomy was chosen as the permanent solution to the pathology. The chosen therapeutic protocol provided a satisfactory outcome and improved the animal's well-being.(AU)

Actualmente muchos reptiles se han convertido en animales de compañía y se mantienen como mascotas exóticas. La especie Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) es un animal exótico de América del Norte, su identificación se realiza por las marcas rojizas que se encuentran lateralmente a su cabeza. En la rutina clínica, las principales enfermedades que afectan a los quelonios son las de origen reproductivo, como la estasis folicular y la distocia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue reportar un caso recurrente de distocia en una hembra de tigre de agua, para ello la anamnesis, la historia de la paciente y sus signos clínicos, junto con los exámenes imagenológicos complementarios fueron fundamentales para obtener un diagnóstico definitivo. El tratamiento se realizó con inducción farmacológica con borogluconato de calcio, seguido de la aplicación de oxitocina, que arrojó resultados positivos con la eliminación de huevos. Sin embargo, debido a los antecedentes de la paciente, se optó por la intervención quirúrgica de ovarialpingectomía, que es la forma definitiva de resolución de la patología. El protocolo terapéutico elegido proporcionó un resultado satisfactorio y bienestar al animal.(AU)

Ressecção de pólipo nasofaríngeo inflamatório em conduto auditivo de felino doméstico: relato de caso / Resection of inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyp in ear canal of domestic feline: case report

Uma fêmea de felino doméstico foi encaminhada a um hospital veterinário particular da cidade de Guarujá (SP), Brasil, com a queixa de um aumento de volume em região de pavilhão auricular. Durante a inspeção, foi constatado que a formação peduncular tinha origem no interior da orelha, que somado ao histórico da paciente, suspeitou-se de um pólipo nasofaríngeo inflamatório. Foi feita a excisão e envio do material para exames patológicos que confirmaram a suspeita.(AU)

A female domestic cat was referred to a private veterinary hospital in the city of Guarujá-SP, Brazil, with the complaint of an increase in volume in the region of the ear. During inspection, it was found that the peduncular formation originated inside the ear, which added to the patient's history, suspected an inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyp. Excision was performed and the material was sent for pathological examinations that confirmed the suspicion.(AU)

Primary intestinal fibrosarcoma in cats

Background: Fibrosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin and can have different symptoms depending on the species, age, location and etiopathogenesis. Intestinal tumors in domestic cats are common and the small intestine is the most common site; however, fibrosarcomas are rare in the intestine of all animal species. This work reports intestinal fibrosarcoma in 2 domestic cats and aims to clarify and present information concerning this neoplastic type in the gastrointestinal tract of this species. Cases: We report 2 cases of intestinal fibrosarcoma in domestic felines (Felis catus). Cat 1. A 14-year-old female Persian breed, domestic cat, was taken to the Feline Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Small Animals (HVPA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The main complaint was chronic constipation and rectal prolapse. The clinical examination revealed an ulcerated mass, measuring 4.0 cm x 1.7 cm. Cat 2. A 10-year-old female undefined breed, domestic cat, was taken to the private clinic. The main complaint was diarrhea with bloody and rectal prolapse. The clinical examination revealed nodule measuring 2.5 cm in diameter. The surgical option decided upon was to use the rectal pull-through technique in both animals. The patients had no trans-surgical or postoperative complications. The material collected during the surgical interventions was analyzed macroscopically and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h and then sent to the Histopathology Laboratory of the Pathological Anatomy Sector (SAP) at UFRRJ for the cat 1 and in private laboratory for the cat 2. After fixation, it was cleaved for routine microscope exam using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) stains and for the histochemical method of Masson's Trichrome staining technique. Complementary immunohistochemistry tests and electron microscopy were also performed. The patients were followed up clinically, showing complete remission of the clinical signs and survival for approximately 1 year after the neoplastic resection. Discussion: There are few reports of intestinal fibrosarcomas in veterinary medicine, therefore, little is known about racial predilection, age, sex or biological behavior. As far as these authors know, this is the 6th and 7th report of this neoplasm with a primary site in the large intestine in this species. The morphological diagnosis of fibrosarcoma is relatively simple, whereas, in some cases the differential diagnosis for tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath, leiomyosarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) can be extremely difficult. The immunohistochemistry technique in these cases may not be particularly useful. The fibrosarcoma diagnosis was also confirmed by electron microscopy since no evidence was found that could lead to a neuronal origin, thus excluding tumors such as neurofibrosarcoma and schawnoma, corroborating the immunohistochemical examination. The surgical management of tumor resection with wide safety margins (minimum 2 cm) remains the "gold standard" therapy for dealing with fibrosarcomas since they have a low response rate to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the use of these therapies as an adjuvant is controversial. The advantages of this technique are related to the surgical time, simplicity, easy access and reduction in the risk of abdominal contamination. Histopathological, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations were sufficient to enable the diagnosis of an intestinal fibrosarcoma in both cats. The occurrence of this neoplasm with intestinal involvement in the feline species is rare; therefore, this description is important as it provides information about epidemiology, associated signs, differential diagnoses, biological behavior, treatment and prognosis.

Utilização da manufatura aditiva (impressão em 3d) no tratamento de osteossarcoma vertebral em cão submetido a vertebrectomia lombar: relato de caso

El osteosarcoma es una de las neoplasias óseas más comúnmente reportadas en medicina veterinaria, principalmente en perros de raza grande y gigante, siendo que la forma vertebral tiene importante escenario clínico presentando el 5% del total de reportes. Tiene un pronóstico desfavorable y un tiempo de supervivencia corto. La presentación clínica es variable y pueden observarse desde signos de dolor intenso hasta déficits neurológicos como resultado de la afectación medular progresiva. El diagnóstico puede realizarse mediante imágenes con radiografía o tomografía computarizada, y mediante análisis de laboratorio de citopatología o histopatología, siendo este último preferible para la clasificación del tumor. La resección parcial del tumor es una forma de tratamiento paliativo, indicada en algunos casos para aliviar temporalmente los signos clínicos relacionados con el dolor y los déficits neurológicos. Sin embargo, cuando hay posibilidad terapéutica, la escisión completa proporciona un mejor pronóstico y tiempo de supervivencia, principalmente cuando se asocia con quimioterapia o radioterapia. Mediante el procedimiento de la vertebrectomía, es necesaria la estabilización quirúrgica, que puede realizarse respetando los principios para la estabilización vertebral por traumatismo, siendo necesaria la colocación de un espaciador vertebral para evitar el colapso medular. Se han propu

Osteosarcoma is one of the most commonly reported bone neoplasms in veterinary medicine, especially in large and giant breed dogs, and the vertebral form has an important clinical scenario presenting 5% of the total reports. This has an unfavorable prognosis and a short survival time.  The clinical presentation is variable and signs of severe pain to neurological deficits can be observed as a result of progressive spinal cord involvement. The diagnosis can be made by imaging with radiography or computed tomography, and by laboratory analysis of cytopathology or histopathology, the latter being preferable for tumor classification. Partial tumor resection is a palliative form of treatment, indicated in some cases to temporarily relieve clinical signs related to pain and neurological deficits. However, when there is therapeutic possibility, complete excision provides better prognosis and survival time, especially when associated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Through the vertebrectomy procedure, surgical stabilization is necessary and can be performed following the principles for vertebral stabilization due to trauma, with the placement of a vertebral spacer being necessary to prevent spinal collapse. Several materials have been proposed for the manufacture of the spinal spacer. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has transformed the concept of rapid pr

O osteossarcoma é uma das neoplasias ósseas mais comumente relatadas na medicina veterinária, principalmente em cães de raça grande e gigante, sendo que a forma vertebral possui importante cenário clínico apresentando 5% do total de relatos. Este possui um prognóstico desfavorável e tempo de sobrevida pequeno. A apresentação clínica é variável e podem ser observados sinais de dor intensa a déficits neurológicos em decorrência do envolvimento medular progressivo. O diagnóstico pode ser realizado por imagens através de radiografia ou tomografia computadorizada, e por análises laboratoriais de citopatologia ou histopatologia, sendo o último preferível para classificação de tumores. A ressecção tumoral parcial é uma forma paliativa de tratamento, indicada em alguns casos para aliviar temporariamente os sinais clínicos relacionados a dor e déficits neurológicos. Contudo, quando há possibilidade terapêutica, a excisão completa fornece melhor prognóstico e tempo de sobrevida, principalmente quando associada a quimioterapia ou radioterapia. Mediante procedimento de vertebrectomia, a estabilização cirúrgica é necessária, podendo ser realizada respeitando os princípios para estabilização vertebral por trauma, sendo necessário a colocação de um espaçador vertebral para evitar o colabamento medular. Diversos materiais foram propostos para a confecção do espaçador vertebral. A manufatura ad

Carcinoma uretral primário em uma cadela - tratamento multimodal / Primary urethral carcinoma in a bitch - multimodal treatment

Background: Urethral tumors are uncommon in canines, represented predominantly by transitional cell carcinoma, marked by aggressive behavior associated with short life expectancy. Definitive diagnosis is achieved by histopathological analysis. Surgery associated with chemotherapy is the main therapeutic alternative. The aim of this paper is to report a case of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in a bitch, submitted to surgical treatment associated with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy and metronomic chemotherapy, achieving survival of 21 months, to date. Case: A 12-year-old bitch mixed breed was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), manifesting hematuria and urinary incontinence for one month. Physical examination indicated that vital parameters were within normal limits. Laboratory tests of blood count and serum biochemistry, urinalysis, culture, urinary antibiogram, and abdominal ultrasound were performed. The ultrasound image suggested a neoplastic urethral process. Because of the suspicion of neoplasm, a thoracic X-ray was performed, showing no evidence of metastasis. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdominal region was performed, revealing an expansive lesion in the urethra with loss of definition of the walls and urethral lumen extending to the level of the pelvic floor, measuring about 2.9 x 1.4 x 1.2 cm. After preanesthetic exams, the animal underwent resection and surgical anastomosis of the affected urethral region. The sectioned tissue was sent for histopathological analysis, with diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed using carboplatin at a dose of 250 mg/m², intravenously, every 21 days for 6 sessions. After completing the protocol, abdominal ultrasonography was performed again, which showed a cicatricial process in the urethral region of the surgical excision, with no sign of tumor recurrence. A metronomic chemotherapy protocol was then started with cyclophosphamide at a dose of 15 mg/m², daily for 6 months, with periodic oncological follow-up. At the end of the period, the animal remained under periodic follow-up with ultrasound exams performed at 2-month intervals, and has been free from recurrence for 21 months until now. Discussion: Urethral neoplasms account for 0.5 - 2% of all canine tumors, and are represented mostly by transitional cell carcinomas. Clinical signs of urinary obstruction and hematuria are the most common, as reported in the patient in question. The definitive diagnosis is by histopathological examination. However, imaging tests such as computed tomography are important in the initial investigation and surgical planning. The indicated treatment is surgical resection of the mass with subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The chemotherapy protocol associating cisplatin and piroxicam can achieve remission rates of 70%, but this association has a high nephrotoxic effect. In the present case, cisplatin was replaced by carboplatin in order to reduce the nephrotoxic effects of chemotherapy. The metronomic protocol using cyclophosphamide was used as maintenance therapy, at the end of the conventional chemotherapy protocol. Survival achieved was longer than that described in the literature in cases of transitional cell carcinomas in the urethral region. Therefore, multimodal therapy using surgery associated with conventional and metronomic chemotherapy, is an option in canines with urethral carcinoma.

Hydronephrosis in a bitch with ovarian remnant syndrome - postsurgical complications

Background: Elective ovariohysterectomy (OH) is minimally invasive, but when performed incorrectly, it can lead to postsurgical complications, such as stump pyometra, ovarian remnant syndrome and foci of adhesion generated by tissue reactions to threads and materials used in vessel hemostasis. The formation of adhesions and successive surgeries predisposes patients to other diseases, such as ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. Thus, we reported a case of hydronephrosis in a bitch submitted to conventional OH, followed by ovariectomy (OV) due to ovarian remnant syndrome and consequent intraperitoneal adhesions caused by successive surgical interventions. Case: A 11-year-old mixed breed medium size bitch with a history of stump pyometra and ovarian remnant syndrome (SOR) was treated at the Veterinary Hospital-HV of UFPA after 2 previous surgeries. It had been spayed using conventional OH and underwent ovariectomy OV approximately 4 years ago, as it showed signs of estrus after the first surgery, characterizing SOR. On physical examination, its abdomen was distended especially in the left hemiabdomen, with no palpable pain. Ultrasonography showed a cavity in the topographic area of the left kidney, with anechoic content, thin walls, and defined contour. There were nonvascularized tubular structures, suggesting hydroureter and severe hydronephrosis. Exploratory celiotomy was performed, showing the intense presence of abdominal adhesions, followed by an incision in the abdominal midline from the xiphoid process in a caudal direction to the pubis, thereby showing the left kidney. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule only was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, renal parenchymal atrophy and preservation of the renal capsule only was adopted. Discussion: The choice of the conventional OH technique, followed by the failure to perform, favored the formation of adhesions only diagnosed late. Less invasive alternatives achieved less long-term damage. Excessive intracavitary manipulation and reaction to the nylon suture thread favored the development of these adhesions, and consequently, unilateral obstruction of the left ureter, hydroureter, hypertrophy, and destruction of the renal parenchyma, led the patient to undergo a third surgery, namely, unilateral nephrectomy. In this case, no changes were observed in serum levels, leaving only a subtle abdominal enlargement with hydronephrosis installed silently. There was no possibility of carrying out initial surgical planning, as the affected kidney, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes.

Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cão / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) with bone metastasis in a dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and itis usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also beextragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examinationis the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective ofthis report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dogtreated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a privateveterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergoneTVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volumeincrease in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough,and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography(CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapywas prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CTindicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slightuptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngealmeatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side...

Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cão / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) with bone metastasis in a dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and itis usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also beextragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examinationis the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective ofthis report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dogtreated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a privateveterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergoneTVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volumeincrease in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough,and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography(CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapywas prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CTindicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slightuptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngealmeatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side...(AU)

Mastocitoma cutâneo em uma cadela / Cutaneous mast cell tumor in a bitch

Background: The diagnostic of neoplasia in dogs has risen significantly in the last years and this fact is mostly attributed to the longer life expectancy of these animals, which contributes to a greater chance of exposure to carcinogenic agents. In between the diverse tumors that could compromise skin, the mastocytoma is the third most commonly diagnosed neoplasia. It is characterized by being a form of neoplasia with round cells, these being the mast cells. The objective of the present study consisted in relating a case of cutaneous mastocytoma in a 7-year-old bitch mixed-breed treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) - Uberaba, MG, Brazil. Case: The bitch initially presented a localized nodule external to the right ear pinna with cytology test suggesting a mastocytoma. The nodule was surgically removed and, posteriorly, an histopatholgy was not requested. After 5 months since the emergence of the nodule and a month after its surgical resection, the tutor noticed the presence of a new growth in the ipsilateral cervical region to the previous nodule. At this moment, the responsible veterinarian decided to refer the animal to an oncologist. During the appointment with the oncologist, alterations such as hyporexia and anemia were related, and the presence of a nodule in the right cervical region measuring 4.5 to 4 cm of diameter was verified. Material for cytologic evaluation of the neoplasia was collected and again the result suggested a mastocytoma. The new tumor was also surgically removed but was then referred to histopathological evaluation for diagnostic confirmation, grading and evaluation of surgical margins. The tumor was classified as an infiltrative subcutaneous mastocytoma presenting, additionally, compromised surgical margins. After its excision, the association with a chemotherapy treatment using a protocol of Vimblastina 2 mg/m², i.v. in unique dosage per section, associated with Predinisona 1 mg/kg, v.o, SID was indicated. Each section was realized with an interval of 7 days in between. Only 2 chemotherapy sessions took place. Because of the worsening of the clinical condition associated with a very weakened animal the veterinarian opted for the euthanasia of the animal. Discussion: The diagnostic of mastocytoma must be realized through the association of cytology and histopathology, in case histopathological evaluation is needed to confirm the obtained cytology result, to grade the tumor and to evaluate the compromising of surgical margins. In this sense, it was observed that the bitch was submitted only to cytology diagnostic when it presented the nodule in the ear pavilion. Yet, at the second approach realized by the oncologist, it was possible to realize adequate diagnose methods. However, the animal was not submitted to clinical staging of the mastocytoma due to the non-authorization of the exam by the tutor. Such measure is very important, as it reflects directly in the treatment and prognostic of the animal. Thus, image exams such as abdominal ultrasonography and chest X-ray should have been realized, as well as cytological and histopathological evaluation of the regional lymph nodes, in order to search for metastasis points in these places. As the data suggests, the importance of clinical staging of animals affected by this neoplasia and the importance of cytological evaluation associated with histopathology for a correct diagnosis, prognosis and mastocytoma treatment is noted. It is emphasized that many times veterinarians face impediment related to requesting all necessary exams coming from tutors, which compromises treatment success.

Sarcoide em equinos - tratamento com associação de Aciclovir e excisão cirúrgica / Equine sarcoids - treatment with a combination of Acyclovir and surgical excision

Background: Sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors among horses, causing serious lesions due to their different shapes, sizes, degree of invasiveness and distribution on the body. The pathogenesis of sarcoids is multifactorial, with genetic, viral and environmental involvement, making their treatment complex. The aggressiveness and high rate of recurrence of sarcoids makes it difficult to use an effective treatment, which is why there are several therapeutic routes described in the literature. Aiming to describe and expand sarcoid treatments, this paper reports on the use of acyclovir in the treatment of this type of tumor. Cases: Four horses sent to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras - UFLA were diagnosed and treated for sarcoids. Case 1. Lesions on the right ear, region of the masseter muscle of the right side of the face, neck, vulva and medial aspect of the left pelvic limb. Case 2. Lesion in the left groin region. Case 3. Lesions on the face, masseter muscle region on the left side, mandibular region and right ear pinna. Case 4. Lesion in the lateral region of the left pelvic limb, close to the tarsometatarsal joint. All horses had a diagnosis of sarcoid, which was confirmed by histopathological examination of material collected after surgical excision. Macroscopically, the neoplastic lesions were classified as fibroblastic, verrucous and nodular. The tumors exhibited irregular surfaces, keratinization, and a firm consistency. Their surfaces were alopecic, slightly rough, some of them were ulcerated, and their color ranged from greyish to rosy and reddish. All the tumor masses were surgically excised from the 4 horses, and one sarcoid was treated by thermal cauterization with liquid nitrogen due to the lesion's depth and size. In most cases, the sarcoid removal sites were closed with sutures. Only 2 lesions were not sutured due to the impossibility of bringing the edges of tissue close together, or due to proximity to the tarsometatarsal joint. The surgical wounds were cleaned twice a day with sterile saline solution followed by the topical application of Acyclovir. One of the animals received complementary therapy with Cimetidine. Discussion: The equines recovered completely from their sarcoid treatment, and no recurrences were reported a year later. Thus, the combination of treatments employed for the extirpation of sarcoids proved to have greater chances of success. First, all the tumors were surgically removed with the largest possible margins of safety in order to ensure the elimination of neoplastic cells. In the postoperative period, all the animals received topical treatment of the lesions with acyclovir after surgical resection of the tumors. The drug aided the complete healing of post-surgical wounds, and healing time varied according to the size and depth of the lesion. One tumor was treated with liquid nitrogen after surgical excision of the sarcoid. Another horse was treated with cimetidine over a 3-month period after surgical excision of the neoplasm in order to reduce the sarcoid and prevent its evolution. Surgical excision of the sarcoid associated with topical application of acyclovir ointment showed satisfactory results. Moreover, the combination of surgical excision and administration of liquid nitrogen on the lesion and topical application of acyclovir ointment in the postoperative period also provided good results. Given the complexity of sarcoid treatment and the high recurrence rate of these tumors, the use of combined treatments should be taken into account.

Neoplasia de ducto nasolacrimal em uma cadela / Nasolacrimal duct neoplasm in a bitch

Background: Nasolacrimal duct tumors are divided into primary and secondary, with primary tumors being rare in all species. Secondary involvement of the lacrimal sac and duct can occur from any skin lesion involving the eyelid and/or conjunctiva and from any neoplastic process involving the paranasal sinuses. Lacrimal sac metastatic lesions may originate from any distant site and include carcinomas or melanomas, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common type. The objectives of the present report were to describe a case of squamous cell carcinoma in the nasolacrimal duct and to emphasize the importance of a good ophthalmic evaluation. Case: A 16-year-old spayed bitch white poodle was presented to the veterinary clinic. The owner complained that the animal had epiphora and mucoid secretion in the right eye, eyelid hyperemia in both eyes, and sporadic sneezing with blood. On ophthalmic examination, the animal was initially diagnosed with nasolacrimal duct obstruction and right eye (OD) blepharitis and OU uveitis. Fourteen days after the first evaluation, the nasolacrimal duct region increased, with the presence of bloody secretion. Biomicroscopy showed nodules inside the lacrimal duct, in the punctum region. The animal was sedated to obtain a fragment of the nodule for histopathological analysis, and a subsequent oral cavity evaluation identified a nodule in the transition region between the 4th premolar and 1st molar, which was sent for cytology. Cytology of the medial corner region of the RE showed epithelial and mesenchymal cells with malignancy characteristics, and the biopsy was suggestive of malignant epithelial neoplasia (carcinoma). A surgical procedure for nodule resection was ruled out because bone involvement was extensive, and chemotherapy was selected. The patient died 2 months after the 1st consultation. The diagnosis was confirmed through necropsy via immunohistochemical tests, demonstrating squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) both in the mouth and the nasal and ocular sinuses. Discussion: The most common conditions affecting the nasolacrimal drainage system in dogs are those causing obstructions. These may be congenital, arising from a developmental defect of micropunctum or agenesis of the punctum, they may be acquired, arising from infection and inflammation. SCC is a malignant neoplasm originating in the stratified squamous epithelium. The predisposing factors in cats and dogs include lack of adnexal pigmentation and, possibly, chronic irritation of the ocular surface. A light coat is considered a relevant factor, especially in regions with little hair coverage. In addition to a mass lesion, other clinical signs of eyelid or ocular surface tumors may include epiphora, conjunctival vascular injection, mucopurulent ocular discharge, 3rd eyelid protrusion, conjunctival/corneal roughness or ulceration, and corneal neovascularization or pigmentation. Clinical presentations are nonspecific. Neoplasms, whether nasal and/or in the maxillary sinus, can invade the nasolacrimal duct and spread to the nasal cavity, and neoplasms in the nasal cavity can invade the nasolacrimal duct. Ophthalmic evaluation along with good inspection of the oral cavity is a useful tool in the diagnosis of eye neoplasms that may have effects on the oral cavity or vice versa due to the strong association between them. Early diagnosis is crucial for the clinical or surgical management of each case of ophthalmic neoplasia and for therapeutic success.

Hip dislocation in a calf - treatment with iliofemoral suture

Background: Coxofemoral dislocation is uncommon in large animals, due to anatomical particularities that provide greater stability to this joint. The most common causes of hip dislocation in large animals are related to hypocalcemia, mount trauma, sudden falls on hard surfaces or dystocia. Treatment can be performed by closed reduction, but the reported results are not satisfactory with complications. Several surgical techniques have already been described and successfully used in small animals in the treatment of hip dislocation. The present work aims to describe the technique and the result of the iliofemoral suture in the treatment of hip dislocation in a Girolando heifer. Case: A heifer was attended with a history of difficulty in getting up. According to the owner, the clinical manifestation was sudden, after remaining in a paddock with other animals of different age groups. The calf had reduced skin sensitivity on the croup, and it was impossible to remain in the quadrupedal position, often remaining in sternal recumbency with the left pelvic limb in extension. From the clinical examination, spinal cord injury was suspected and clinical treatment was instituted with dexamethasone, vitamins B1, B12 and dimethylsulfoxide. At the end of the clinical treatment, the animal did not show a favorable evolution, so radiographic examination of the coxofemoral region was performed, revealing dislocation of the left femoral head, indicating surgical correction. Xylazine was administered as pre-anesthetic medication, followed by anesthetic induction with midazolam associated with ketamine, followed by orotracheal intubation. Anesthetic maintenance was instituted with isoflurane and monitoring was performed with a multiparameter monitor. An epidural block was performed with bupivacaine and morphine. A craniolateral approach to the left hip joint was performed. After the dislocation was reduced, sutures were used to better stabilize the joint in question. Following the evolution of the surgical procedure, it was possible to confirm that the femoral head remained in place. After 15 days, the skin stitches were removed and the animal was discharged from the hospital and returned to its original property. The calf was asked to remain in the stall for at least 60 days, gradually releasing it into larger spaces and only after 120 days could it remain in the paddock with other animals. During three months, the tutor was consulted about the evolution of the condition, reporting that the animal was clinically well, being able to get up and walk without difficulty and with a mild degree of lameness, thus suggesting the success of the surgical procedure. Discussion: There are few studies of successful surgical treatments of hip dislocation in large animals, and that number is even smaller when considering cattle alone. It is believed that this is due to difficulties related to the surgical technique and to postoperative handling, given the animal's weight. The iliofemoral suture technique performed on the animal in the present study is commonly employed in small animals, and excellent results have been observed. However, reports on the use of this technique in large animals have not been found. The iliofemoral suture technique has advantages over other reported surgical techniques in cattle. When compared to the femoral head and neck resection, the iliofemoral suture has several advantages, as it allows preservation of the joint and achievement of superior biomechanical results. When compared to the technique of reinforcement of the joint capsule with synthetic material, also reported in cattle, the iliofemoral suture appears to be faster, simpler and more economic, and provides similar stability. We conclude that the iliofemoral suture proved to be a satisfactory alternative for the treatment of hip dislocations in young cattle.

Amputation of the front medial digit of a Holstein cow - successful parturition and milk production

Background: Diseases of the bovine digit and hoof remain major problems in dairy farming and the beef cow industry. Severe claudication accompanying swelling and pain at the lesion is often observed in deep digital sepsis, septic arthritis, severe sole ulcers, and chronic interdigital phlegmon. In addition, digital amputation is often performed in cases of white line disease or severe trauma, such as bone fractures. There are few reports of amputation of the medial digit of the bovine front hoof. In this case, amputation of the medial digit of the front leg of a pregnant cow was performed; its hospitalization and return to productivity is reported. Case: The bovine was a 9-year-old Holstein cow in the 6th month of pregnancy, weighing 671 kg. Upon admission, the cow could not bear weight on its right front leg, and swelling and a purulent discharge were observed in the coronary area of the medial digit. X-ray examination results indicated a periosteal reaction centered on the 3rd phalanx of the medial digit of its right front leg hoof and slight periosteal reactions at the adaxial sides of the middle and proximal phalanges, strongly suggestive of septic arthritis caused by infection. According to the X-ray examination results, no abnormalities of the lateral digit of the front right hoof were observed; thus, it was estimated that the post-amputation hoof would be able to bear weight. Therefore, a decision was made to perform immediate amputation of the medial digit of the right front leg hoof to reduce pain for improved delivery of the offspring and improved milk production during the lactation period, rather than allowing the lesion progress until the dry period or the expected date of delivery. According to the X-ray examination results, amputation of the 1st phalanx alone was expected to suffice for removal of the cause of the pain; thus, a decision was made to perform amputation at the edge adjacent to the 2nd phalanx. The right front medial digit was prepared for aseptic surgery, and infiltration anesthesia was performed. An incision was made with a surgical knife at the interdigit of the right front limb. A wire saw was inserted into the site to cut the 2nd phalanx in the anti-axial direction down to the skin to resect the lesion. White viscous pus was discharged at the resection site; therefore, the wound was lavaged with tap water and packed with povidone iodine-impregnated gauze. The wound was also covered with a diaper and dressed with non-elastic and elastic bandages. The dressing was changed daily to aid wound healing. No problems were observed in the standing-up motion or other relevant movements immediately after the surgery. Granulation tissue formed rapidly, approximately 2 weeks after the surgery, and the lesion dried gradually. Approximately one month after the surgery, the subject exhibited little difficulty in both standing up and walking. The subject successfully delivered its 7th offspring at the farm on postoperative day 93. Discussion: The animal of this study was a 9-year-old, pregnant cow, and although amputation of the front medial digit is a relatively rare procedure, the cow was able to deliver and return to production, owing to sufficient postoperative treatment and care. The case also demonstrated the advantage of X-ray examination in bovine hoof diseases for accurate diagnosis, precise operation, and prognostic assessment.

Thyroidectomy associated with chemotherapy in a dog presenting carcinoma in the thyroid gland / Tireoidectomia associada à quimioterapia em cão com carcinoma na glândula tireóide

This study aimed to describe a case of compact thyroid carcinoma in a dog, emphasizing the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical evolution. An 11-year-old mixed-breed male canine was attended at a private clinic, complaining of swelling in the ventral cervical region and difficulty breathing. A mass close to the thyroid gland was observed in the cervical ultrasound and a mixed tumor was identified by cytology. Based on follow-up exams, the therapeutic approach to be adopted was determined: total surgical resection of the right portion of the thyroid gland, together with the parathyroid glands, followed by chemotherapy with doxorubicin. The histopathology of the tissue removed confirmed the compact thyroid carcinoma. After thyroid removal, signs of hypothyroidism were confirmed by the hormonal dosage and the canine received hormone replacement with Levothyroxine as treatment, ceasing the symptoms. During routine follow-up, the presence of miliary pulmonary metastases was identified. The patient continued with the chemotherapy sessions, presenting a stable condition for almost 6 months after starting the treatment. However, clinical signs of dyspnea were manifested, resulting in a gradual worsening. Thus, the tutors chose to euthanize the animal after 9 months of treatment. According to the case described, thyroidectomy is an option of treatment for cases of thyroid carcinoma with wide dimensions. However, the technique's success depends on the effective and complete removal of the affected tissue due to the high frequency of metastases and the possible occurrence of secondary hypothyroidism.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, descrever um caso de carcinoma compacto de tireoide em cão, enfatizando o diagnóstico, o tratamento e a evolução clínica. O paciente foi atendido em uma clínica particular, sendo um canino macho, sem raça definida, de 11 anos, com queixa de edema cervical ventral e dificuldade respiratória. Pela ultrassonografia cervical, foi observada uma massa próxima à glândula tireoide e pela citologia, um tumor misto. A partir dos exames de acompanhamento, foi determinada a conduta terapêutica a ser adotada: ressecção cirúrgica total da porção direita da glândula tireoide, junto às paratireoides, seguida de quimioterapia com doxorrubicina. A histopatologia do tecido removido confirmou o carcinoma compacto da tireoide. Após a remoção da tireoide, sinais de hipotireoidismo foram confirmados pela dosagem hormonal, sendo feita reposição hormonal com Levotiroxina, cessando os sintomas. Durante o acompanhamento de rotina, foi identificada a presença de metástase pulmonar miliar. O paciente continuou suas sessões de quimioterapia, mantendo um quadro estável por quase seis meses após o início do tratamento. No entanto, sinais clínicos de dispneia foram manifestados, com piora gradativa do quadro, tendo os tutores optado pela eutanásia do animal após nove meses do início do tratamento. De acordo com o exposto, conclui-se que a tireoidectomia é um tratamento de escolha para os casos de carcinoma de tireoide com amplas dimensões. Entretanto, o sucesso da técnica depende da remoção efetiva e completa do tecido afetado, devido à alta frequência de metástases, além de poder ser acompanhada por um quadro de hipotireoidismo secundário.

Prolapso uretral em um cão da raça American Bully / Urethral prolapse in a dog of the American Bully breed

O prolapso uretral, o qual é incomum em cães, se caracteriza pela protusão da mucosa uretral além da extremidade do pênis e do orifício externo da uretra. Pode ocorrer por causas congênitas ou adquiridas, tendo maior incidência em animais jovens não castrados. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de prolapso uretral em um cão não castrado da raça American Bully Terrier, de dois anos, o qual foi atendido na Universidade Estácio de Sá localizada no Rio de Janeiro com histórico de lambedura excessiva do pênis, disúria, sangramento prepucial e protrusão da mucosa uretral após tentativa de cópula. Durante a avaliação física o animal apresentou todos os parâmetros clínicos dentro da normalidade, entretanto demonstrava agitação excessiva e dor na região afetada. Então, o diagnóstico foi definido por meio da inspeção direta da visualização da mucosa uretral protusa. Frente ao quadro clínico e físico do animal, foi adotado o procedimento cirúrgico de ressecção e anastomose da porção uretral prolapsada. Desta forma, conclui-se que esta técnica cirúrgica se mostrou eficaz, visto que o referido paciente apresentou ótima recuperação e cicatrização uretral, sem quaisquer sinais de complicações pós-cirúrgicas.

Urethral prolapse, which is uncommon in dogs, is characterized by protrusion of the urethral mucosa beyond the tip of the penis and the external orifice of the urethra. It can occur due to congenital or acquired causes, with a higher incidence in young animals not castrated. The present study aims to report a case of urethral prolapse in a non-castrated dog of 2 years old (American Bully Terrier), which was treated at the Estácio de Sá University located in Rio de Janeiro city, with a history of excessive penis licking, dysuria, prepucial bleeding, and protrusion of the urethral mucosa after an attempt of copulation. During the physical evaluation, the animal presented all clinical parameters within the normal range; however, it showed excessive agitation and pain in the affected region. Then, the diagnosis was defined through direct inspection of the visualization of the protruding urethral mucosa. Given the animal's clinical and physical condition, the surgical procedure of resection and anastomosis of the prolapsed urethral portion was adopted. Therefore, it is concluded that this surgical technique proved to be effective since the patient presented excellent recovery and urethral healing, without any signs of post-surgical complications.

Bilateral dysgerminoma in a senile bitch associated with nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in spleen and pyometra: a case report / Disgerminoma bilateral em cadela senil associado a hiperplasia nodular linfoide em baço e piometra: relato de caso

Ovarian neoplasms affect a low percentage of female dogs, and these tumors are classified according to their cellular origin and are considered rare. Dysgerminoma is a tumor derived from undifferentiated primordial ovarian germinal epithelium cells. In the male, this neoplasm is diagnosed as seminoma. Thus, dysgerminoma is not linked to the production of ovarian hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play a fundamental role in the establishment of pyometra. At Araujo Veterinary Hospital (HVA), a 15-year-old female Pinscher was admitted with mucopurulent vaginal discharge, abdominal enlargement, anorexia, polydipsia, and prostration clinical signs indicative of pyometra, radiographic and ultrasound examinations were requested, as well as a blood collection for hemogram and serum biochemistry. Ultrasound examination revealed uterine enlargement and hypoechoic content, in addition to bilateral ovarian cysts, measuring 7 cm in the right ovary and 3 cm in the left. The blood count revealed normal values in the erythrogram and the leukogram showed monocytosis and lymphopenia, in addition to macroplatelets. Biochemical examination revealed increased GGT values of 10 U/L. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and, in the trans-surgical period, nodules in the spleen were observed. So, the ovaries and a fragment of the lymphoid organ, were fixed and sent to the histopathology laboratory after surgical resection. Histopathology revealed ovarian dysgerminoma and lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. Ten days after the surgical procedure, the dog returned to the HVA for clinical evaluation and suture removal. However, three days after the return, the patient presented a convulsive condition evolving to death.

Neoplasias ovarianas acometem baixa porcentagem de cadelas, e estes tumores são classificados de acordo com a origem celular, sendo considerados raros. O disgerminoma é um tumor derivado de células do epitélio germinativo primordial ovariano, indiferenciado. No macho, essa neoplasia é diagnosticada como seminoma. Assim, o disgerminoma não está ligado a produção de hormônios ovarianos, como o estrógeno e a progesterona, que desempenham papel fundamental para o estabelecimento da piometra. No Hospital Veterinário Araújo (HVA), uma cachorra da raça Pinscher, com 15 anos, foi antendida apresentando, secreção vaginal mucopurulenta, aumento abdominal, anorexia, polidipsia e prostração sinais clínicos indicativos de piometra, solicitou-se exame de radiográfico e ultrassonografia, bem como a coleta de sangue para hemograma e bioquímico sérico. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou aumento uterino e conteúdo hipoecóico, além de cistos ovarianos bilaterais, com mensurações de 7 cm no ovário direito e 3 cm no esquerdo. O hemograma revelou valores normais no eritrograma e o leucograma apresentou monocitose e linfopenia, além de macroplaquetas. O exame bioquímico revelou valores de GGT aumentados, em 10 U/L. A ovariohisterectomia foi realizada e no trans cirúrgico observou-se nódulos no baço. Assim, os ovários e um fragmento do órgão linfoide, após a ressecção cirúrgica, foram fixados e encaminhadas para laboratório de histopatologia. A histopatologia revelou disgerminoma ovariano e hiperplasia nodular linfoide. Dez dias após o procedimento cirúrgico, a paciente retornou ao HVA para avaliação clínica e retirada da sutura. No entanto, três dias após o retorno, o animal apresentou um quadro convulsivo evoluindo ao óbito.

Hiperplasia endometrial cística em uma coelha-doméstica (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) / Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)

Background: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is a hormone-dependent disease induced by systemic increase in progesteronethat can occur in several domestic species, such as the rabbit. This disease may be associated with sex steroid hormones,especially progesterone, and may be asymptomatic, and it is diagnosed using complementary imaging tests such as totalabdominal ultrasound. However, surgical excisional biopsy with histopathological tissue analysis is the gold standard. Thisstudy reports a case of asymptomatic cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a female Miniature Lion Lop rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus domesticus) treated with therapeutic ovariohysterectomy.Case: A domestic, adult, female Miniature Lion Lop rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), aged approximately 5 yearsand weighing 3.2 kg, was referred to specialized care to undergo ovariohysterectomy, an elective procedure. The tutor onlyreported the occurrence of a single episode of vulvar secretion more than 2 years ago, treated with antibiotics, with remissionof clinical signs. In the intraoperative period after celiotomy, the uterine horn and uterine body showed a significant increasein volume, with abnormal color changes and tissue consistency; however, both changes were clinically asymptomatic. Subsequently, biopsy was performed during the ovariohysterectomy procedure. The excised uterus and ovaries were placed in 10%formalin and histopathologically analyzed. The macroscopic histopathological examination of the sectioned tissue revealed aslight amount of brownish fluid inside the uterine horns, in addition to multiple cystic areas in the uterine mucosa. Microscopicexamination revealed marked hyperplasia of well-differentiated endometrial epithelial cells, occasionally forming cystic structuresof different sizes. Moderate congestion, mild multifocal hemorrhage, and mild multifocal inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina...