Agricultural tractor with different mass distributions between axles / Desempenho do trator agrícola com diferentes distribuições de massa entre eixos

ABSTRACT: An adjustment of the agricultural tractor is necessary to achieve energy efficiency, which can be done through the correct distribution of mass between the axles for each operating surface. This research evaluated different distributions of mass between axles in a 93 kW tractor equipped with auxiliary front-wheel drive, on two soil surfaces. The experiment was carried out in strip design, with a double factorial scheme (2 x 3), with two soil surfaces (mobilized and firm) and three mass distributions between axes (35/65%, 40/60% and 45/55%), with five repetitions, totaling 30 parcels. The slippage parameters of the front and rear wheelset, engine rotation, hourly and specific fuel consumption, force, power and yield on the drawbar, displacement speed, engine thermal efficiency, traction coefficient, rolling resistance, and yield in traction. On firm soil, the energy performance of the tractor was superior in relation to the mobilized one, which allowed greater tractor and drawbar performance with lower specific fuel consumption. The use of a 35/65% between-axle mass distribution provided maximum traction for the mechanized set, resulting from the reduction in energy expenditure generated by skating and; consequently, the maximum use of the energy made available by the mechanized set. However, the maximum conversion of energy contained in the working fuel is obtained with the 45/55% setting.

RESUMO: A assertiva adequação do trator agrícola é necessária para atingir máxima eficiência energética, podendo ser feita através da correta distribuição de massa entre eixos para cada superfície de operação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes distribuições de massa entre eixos em um trator de 93 kW equipado com tração dianteira auxiliar, em duas superfícies de solo. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de faixas, com esquema fatorial duplo (2 x 3), sendo duas superfícies de solo (mobilizado e firme) e três distribuições de massa entre eixos (35/65%, 40/60% e 45/55%), com cinco repetições, totalizando 30 parcelas. Foram determinados os parâmetros de patinamento dos rodados dianteiros e traseiros, rotação do motor, consumo horário e específico de combustível, força, potência e rendimento na barra de tração, velocidade de deslocamento, eficiência térmica do motor, coeficiente de tração, resistência ao rolamento e rendimento em tração. Em solo firme, o desempenho energético do trator foi superior em relação ao mobilizado, o qual possibilitou maior rendimento tratoreo e na barra de tração com menor consumo específico de combustível. O uso da distribuição de massa entre eixo de 35/65% proporcionou a maximização na tração do conjunto motomecanizado, decorrente da redução do dispêndio energético gerado pelo patinamento e consequentemente o máximo aproveitamento da energia disponibilizada pelo conjunto mecanizado. Entretanto, a máxima conversão da energia contida no combustível em trabalho é obtida com a configuração 45/55%.

Agricultural tractor with different mass distributions between axles / Desempenho do trator agrícola com diferentes distribuições de massa entre eixos

An adjustment of the agricultural tractor is necessary to achieve energy efficiency, which can be done through the correct distribution of mass between the axles for each operating surface. This research evaluated different distributions of mass between axles in a 93 kW tractor equipped with auxiliary front-wheel drive, on two soil surfaces. The experiment was carried out in strip design, with a double factorial scheme (2 x 3), with two soil surfaces (mobilized and firm) and three mass distributions between axes (35/65%, 40/60% and 45/55%), with five repetitions, totaling 30 parcels. The slippage parameters of the front and rear wheelset, engine rotation, hourly and specific fuel consumption, force, power and yield on the drawbar, displacement speed, engine thermal efficiency, traction coefficient, rolling resistance, and yield in traction. On firm soil, the energy performance of the tractor was superior in relation to the mobilized one, which allowed greater tractor and drawbar performance with lower specific fuel consumption. The use of a 35/65% between-axle mass distribution provided maximum traction for the mechanized set, resulting from the reduction in energy expenditure generated by skating and; consequently, the maximum use of the energy made available by the mechanized set. However, the maximum conversion of energy contained in the working fuel is obtained with the 45/55% setting.

A assertiva adequação do trator agrícola é necessária para atingir máxima eficiência energética, podendo ser feita através da correta distribuição de massa entre eixos para cada superfície de operação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes distribuições de massa entre eixos em um trator de 93 kW equipado com tração dianteira auxiliar, em duas superfícies de solo. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de faixas, com esquema fatorial duplo (2 x 3), sendo duas superfícies de solo (mobilizado e firme) e três distribuições de massa entre eixos (35/65%, 40/60% e 45/55%), com cinco repetições, totalizando 30 parcelas. Foram determinados os parâmetros de patinamento dos rodados dianteiros e traseiros, rotação do motor, consumo horário e específico de combustível, força, potência e rendimento na barra de tração, velocidade de deslocamento, eficiência térmica do motor, coeficiente de tração, resistência ao rolamento e rendimento em tração. Em solo firme, o desempenho energético do trator foi superior em relação ao mobilizado, o qual possibilitou maior rendimento tratoreo e na barra de tração com menor consumo específico de combustível. O uso da distribuição de massa entre eixo de 35/65% proporcionou a maximização na tração do conjunto motomecanizado, decorrente da redução do dispêndio energético gerado pelo patinamento e consequentemente o máximo aproveitamento da energia disponibilizada pelo conjunto mecanizado. Entretanto, a máxima conversão da energia contida no combustível em trabalho é obtida com a configuração 45/55%.

Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AYVV); a betasatellite independent begomovirus infecting Sonchus palustris in Pakistan / Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AYVV); um begomovírus independente de betassatélites infectando Sonchus palustris L. no Paquistão

Satellites associated begomoviruses are the most diverse group of plant viruses in tropical and subtropical regions. In Pakistan, during field surveys in 2019-2020, Sonchus palustris (a weed plant) was observed showing begomovirus symptoms i.e., vein yellowing and mosaic patterns on leaves. Rolling circle amplification from total isolated DNA of symptomatic leaves was performed to amplify circular viral genomes. Subsequent cloning and sequencing showed that a new strain of Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AlYVV) is associated with vein yellowing disease of S. palustris. The identity percentage analysis through BLAST search and SDT analysis showed that the new strain is 94-98% identical to AlYVV isolates reported from Pakistan, India and China. In phylogenetic tree, it clustered with AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:15-KX710155], AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:13]-KX906697] and AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:11]-KX906694] previously reported from Pakistan. There was no detectable level of betasatellite or any other satellite molecule in the samples studied here. Phylogenetic analysis of Rep and CP genes of AlYVV with corresponding genes of closely related viruses circulating in Southeast Asia showed intra-specific recombination involving both complementary and virion sense region of virus. Relaxed clock and Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis based on CP gene sequences indicated slight higher substitution rates (4.75 x 10-3 substitutions/nucleotide/year). In the Indian subcontinent satellite-associated monopartite begomoviruses predominately infect crops and non-crop plants. But AlYVV is found infecting mostly non-crop plants independent of satellite molecules. We hypothesize here that AlYVV evolved as a true monopartite begomovirus in the Indian sub-continent and could be a great threat to introduced crops under suitable conditions. Such studies are crucial to understand probable future epidemics of begomoviruses in the region.

Os begomovírus associados aos satélites são o grupo mais diversificado de vírus de plantas encontrado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. No Paquistão, durante pesquisas de campo entre 2019 e 2020, a espécie Sonchus palustris L. (uma planta daninha) foi observada apresentando sintomas de begomovírus, ou seja, amarelecimento das veias e padrões de mosaico nas folhas. A Amplificação em Círculo Rolante (ACR) a partir de DNA isolado total de folhas sintomáticas foi realizada para amplificar genomas virais circulares. A clonagem e sequenciamento subsequentes mostraram que uma nova cepa de Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AlYVV) está associada à doença do amarelecimento das veias de S. palustris. A análise da porcentagem de identidade por meio de pesquisa BLAST e análise SDT mostrou que a nova cepa é 94-98% idêntica aos isolados de AlYVV relatados no Paquistão, Índia e China. Na árvore filogenética, essa cepa se agrupou com AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:15-KX710155], AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:13]-KX906697] e AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:11]-KX906694] relatada anteriormente de Paquistão. Não houve nível detectável de betassatélite ou qualquer outra molécula satélite nas amostras estudadas aqui. A análise filogenética de genes Rep e CP de AlYVV com genes correspondentes de vírus intimamente relacionados que estão circulando no Sudeste Asiático mostrou recombinação intraespecífica envolvendo a região complementar e de sentido viral do vírus. Relógio molecular relaxado e análise de Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) com base nas sequências do gene CP indicaram taxas de substituição ligeiramente mais altas (4,75 x 10-3 substituições/nucleotídeo/ano). No subcontinente indiano, os begomovírus monopartidos associados aos satélites infectam predominantemente culturas e plantas não cultivadas. Mas o AlYVV é encontrado infectando principalmente plantas não cultivadas, independentemente de moléculas satélites. Desenvolveu-se a hipótese de que o AlYVV evoluiu como um verdadeiro begomovírus monopartido no subcontinente indiano e pode ser uma grande ameaça às culturas introduzidas em condições adequadas. Tais estudos são cruciais para entender prováveis e ​​futuras epidemias de begomovírus na região.

Tremorgenic syndrome caused by Ipomoea pes caprae in cattle / Síndrome tremorgênica causada pela ingestão de Ipomoea pes caprae em bovinos

Poisonous plants are a significant cause of death among adult cattle in Brazil. Plants that affect the central nervous system are widely spread throughout the Brazilian territory and comprise over 30 toxic species, including the genus Ipomoea, commonly associated with a lysosomal storage disease and a tremorgenic syndrome in livestock. We describe natural and experimental Ipomoea pes caprae poisoning in cattle from a herd in the Northside of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Affected cattle presented episodes of severe ataxia, abnormal posture followed by falling, muscular tremor, contraction, and spasticity, more prominent in the limbs, intensified by movement and forthcoming, and recumbence. Grossly, a substantial amount of leaves and petioles were found in the rumen. Histopathological examination showed degenerative neuronal changes, mostly in cerebellar Purkinje cells, which were confirmed with Bielschowsky silver. The characteristic clinical changes and mild histological lesion strongly suggested a tremorgenic syndrome. Lectin- immunohistochemistry evaluation reinforced this hypothesis; all lectins tested failed to react with affect neurons and Purkinje cells, which ruled out an underlying lysosomal storage disease. One calf given I. pes caprae leaves experimentally developed clinical signs similar to natural cases. On the 28th day of the experiment, the plant administration was suspended, and the calf recovered within four days. I. pes caprae's spontaneous tremorgenic syndrome in cattle is conditioned to exclusive feeding for several months. We were able to experimentally reproduce toxic clinical signs 12 days following the ingestion.(AU)

A intoxicação por plantas tóxicas está entre as três causas de morte mais importantes em bovinos adultos no Brasil. O grupo das plantas que causam alterações neurológicas, muito bem representada no país, encerra mais de trinta espécies tóxicas, entre as quais do gênero Ipomoea, amplamente distribuídas no território brasileiro. As plantas tóxicas desse gênero podem causar doenças do armazenamento ou síndrome tremorgênica. Descrevem-se a intoxicação natural e reprodução experimental por Ipomoea pes caprae em bovinos, verificada no norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram observados episódios de intensa ataxia locomotora, postura anormal seguida de queda, incapacidade de levantar-se, tremores, contrações, espasticidades musculares nos membros, intensificados após estimulação ou a simples aproximação e decúbito. Nos bovinos afetados há mais de 6 meses, os sinais clínicos tornavam-se permanentes. À necropsia havia apenas significativa quantidade de folhas e pecíolos da planta no rúmen. O estudo histopatológico evidenciou lesões neuronais degenerativas principalmente nos neurônios de Purkinje. A impregnação argêntica pela técnica de Bielschowsky ratificou esses achados microscópicos. As lesões histológicas sutis associadas ao quadro clínico indicam que trata-se de intoxicação tremorgênica. O fato de não haver nenhum armazenamento intracitoplasmático, confirmado pelo resultado do estudo lectino-histoquímico (não houve afinidade das lectinas Con-A, WGA e sWGA e de outras lectinas empregadas aos neurônios de Purkinje e outros neurônios afetados), é suficiente para descartar a possibilidade de tratar-se de doença do armazenamento. No bezerro intoxicado experimentalmente verificaram-se sinais clínicos semelhantes, entretanto, com a interrupção do fornecimento da planta no 28º dia, os sinais clínicos desapareceram após quatro dias. I. pes caprae causa síndrome tremorgênica espontânea em bovinos, quando ingerida como alimentação exclusiva durante períodos prolongados (muitos meses). Experimentalmente, os primeiros sinais clínicos da intoxicação foram reproduzidos após 12 dias de ingestão da planta.(AU)

Tremorgenic syndrome caused by Ipomoea pes caprae in cattle / Síndrome tremorgênica causada pela ingestão de Ipomoea pes caprae em bovinos

Poisonous plants are a significant cause of death among adult cattle in Brazil. Plants that affect the central nervous system are widely spread throughout the Brazilian territory and comprise over 30 toxic species, including the genus Ipomoea, commonly associated with a lysosomal storage disease and a tremorgenic syndrome in livestock. We describe natural and experimental Ipomoea pes caprae poisoning in cattle from a herd in the Northside of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Affected cattle presented episodes of severe ataxia, abnormal posture followed by falling, muscular tremor, contraction, and spasticity, more prominent in the limbs, intensified by movement and forthcoming, and recumbence. Grossly, a substantial amount of leaves and petioles were found in the rumen. Histopathological examination showed degenerative neuronal changes, mostly in cerebellar Purkinje cells, which were confirmed with Bielschowsky silver. The characteristic clinical changes and mild histological lesion strongly suggested a tremorgenic syndrome. Lectin- immunohistochemistry evaluation reinforced this hypothesis; all lectins tested failed to react with affect neurons and Purkinje cells, which ruled out an underlying lysosomal storage disease. One calf given I. pes caprae leaves experimentally developed clinical signs similar to natural cases. On the 28th day of the experiment, the plant administration was suspended, and the calf recovered within four days. I. pes caprae's spontaneous tremorgenic syndrome in cattle is conditioned to exclusive feeding for several months. We were able to experimentally reproduce toxic clinical signs 12 days following the ingestion.(AU)

A intoxicação por plantas tóxicas está entre as três causas de morte mais importantes em bovinos adultos no Brasil. O grupo das plantas que causam alterações neurológicas, muito bem representada no país, encerra mais de trinta espécies tóxicas, entre as quais do gênero Ipomoea, amplamente distribuídas no território brasileiro. As plantas tóxicas desse gênero podem causar doenças do armazenamento ou síndrome tremorgênica. Descrevem-se a intoxicação natural e reprodução experimental por Ipomoea pes caprae em bovinos, verificada no norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram observados episódios de intensa ataxia locomotora, postura anormal seguida de queda, incapacidade de levantar-se, tremores, contrações, espasticidades musculares nos membros, intensificados após estimulação ou a simples aproximação e decúbito. Nos bovinos afetados há mais de 6 meses, os sinais clínicos tornavam-se permanentes. À necropsia havia apenas significativa quantidade de folhas e pecíolos da planta no rúmen. O estudo histopatológico evidenciou lesões neuronais degenerativas principalmente nos neurônios de Purkinje. A impregnação argêntica pela técnica de Bielschowsky ratificou esses achados microscópicos. As lesões histológicas sutis associadas ao quadro clínico indicam que trata-se de intoxicação tremorgênica. O fato de não haver nenhum armazenamento intracitoplasmático, confirmado pelo resultado do estudo lectino-histoquímico (não houve afinidade das lectinas Con-A, WGA e sWGA e de outras lectinas empregadas aos neurônios de Purkinje e outros neurônios afetados), é suficiente para descartar a possibilidade de tratar-se de doença do armazenamento. No bezerro intoxicado experimentalmente verificaram-se sinais clínicos semelhantes, entretanto, com a interrupção do fornecimento da planta no 28º dia, os sinais clínicos desapareceram após quatro dias. I. pes caprae causa síndrome tremorgênica espontânea em bovinos, quando ingerida como alimentação exclusiva durante períodos prolongados (muitos meses). Experimentalmente, os primeiros sinais clínicos da intoxicação foram reproduzidos após 12 dias de ingestão da planta.(AU)

Neutrophils activated by BJcuL, a C-type lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, decrease the invasion potential of neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells in vitro

ABSTRACT Background: Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor with a mortality rate of 40% in the most aggressive cases. Tumor microenvironment components as immune cells contribute to the tumor progression; thereby, the modulation of immune cells to a pro-inflammatory and antitumoral profile could potentialize the immunotherapy, a suggested approach for high-risk patients. Preview studies showed the antitumoral potential of BJcuL, a C- type lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom. It was able to induce immunomodulatory responses, promoting the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes and the activation of neutrophils. Methods: SK-N-SH cells were incubated with conditioned media (CM) obtained during the treatment of neutrophils with BJcuL and fMLP, a bacteria-derived peptide highly effective for activating neutrophil functions. Then we evaluated the effect of the same stimulation on the co-cultivation of neutrophils and SK-N-SH cells. Tumor cells were tested for viability, migration, and invasion potential. Results: In the viability assay, only neutrophils treated with BJcuL (24 h) and cultivated with SK-N-SH were cytotoxic. Migration of tumor cells decreased when incubated directly (p 0.001) or indirectly (p 0.005) with untreated neutrophils. When invasion potential was evaluated, neutrophils incubated with BJcuL reduced the total number of colonies of SK-N-SH cells following co-cultivation for 24 h (p 0.005). Treatment with CM resulted in decreased anchorage-free survival following 24 h of treatment (p 0.001). Conclusion: Data demonstrated that SK-N-SH cells maintain their migratory potential in the face of neutrophil modulation by BJcuL, but their invasive capacity was significantly reduced.

Deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino: relato de caso / Displacement of abomaso to the left in bovine: case of report

O trabalho objetivou relatar um caso um caso de deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino. O deslocamento de abomaso é uma patologia multifatorial, que afeta principalmente bovinos de alta produção leiteira, podendo ocorrer por uma dieta associada a um manejo errático ou até mesmo pelo desencadeamento do parto, ou seja, fatores que estão ligados ao acúmulo de gás e/ou hipomotilidade abomasal. Essa enfermidade pode gerar diversos prejuízos econômicos aos produtores, devido à queda na produção leite e gastos com o tratamento, diante disso, é importante revisar a importância do deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda e relatar o caso clínico de um bovino com essa patologia. Para se chegar a um diagnóstico conclusivo, deve-se conhecer a fundo os sinais clínicos, além dos métodos de diagnóstico para confirmação, tendo como técnica preconizada a auscultação com percussão do 9º ao 12º espaço intercostal, onde pode ser auscultado um tilintar metálico, quando ainda houver dúvidas, realiza-se a laparotomia exploratória, confirmando ou não a suspeita. Tendo o diagnóstico conclusivo desta patologia, é realizado o tratamento, que pode ser terapêutico, intervenção física por rolamento ou intervenção cirúrgica.

This study aimed to report a case of a case of left abomasum displacement in cattle. The displacement of abomasum is a multifactorial pathology which affects cattle of high milk production and may occur due to a diet associated with erratic management or even by the birthing mechanism, that is, factors that are linked directly to the accumulation of gas or abomasal hypomotility. This illness can generate different kinds of economic losses to the producers due to a fall in milk production and expenses with treatments. In that case, the objective with this job is to review the importance of the displacement of abomasum to the left and report the clinic case of a bovine with this pathology. To reach a conclusive diagnosis, the clinical signs should be thoroughly known, beyond the methods of diagnosis to confirmation, having as characteristic technique, the auscultation, with percussion from the ninth to the twelfth intercostal space where it can be auscultated a metallic tinkling. When there are still doubts, is performed an exploratory laparotomy, then having the confirmation. When having the conclusive diagnosis of this pathology is performed the treatment, being therapeutic, physical intervention by rolling or chirurgical intervention.

Neutrophils activated by BJcuL, a C-type lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, decrease the invasion potential of neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells in vitro

Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor with a mortality rate of 40% in the most aggressive cases. Tumor microenvironment components as immune cells contribute to the tumor progression; thereby, the modulation of immune cells to a pro-inflammatory and antitumoral profile could potentialize the immunotherapy, a suggested approach for high-risk patients. Preview studies showed the antitumoral potential of BJcuL, a C- type lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom. It was able to induce immunomodulatory responses, promoting the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes and the activation of neutrophils. Methods: SK-N-SH cells were incubated with conditioned media (CM) obtained during the treatment of neutrophils with BJcuL and fMLP, a bacteria-derived peptide highly effective for activating neutrophil functions. Then we evaluated the effect of the same stimulation on the co-cultivation of neutrophils and SK-N-SH cells. Tumor cells were tested for viability, migration, and invasion potential. Results: In the viability assay, only neutrophils treated with BJcuL (24 h) and cultivated with SK-N-SH were cytotoxic. Migration of tumor cells decreased when incubated directly (p < 0.001) or indirectly (p < 0.005) with untreated neutrophils. When invasion potential was evaluated, neutrophils incubated with BJcuL reduced the total number of colonies of SK-N-SH cells following co-cultivation for 24 h (p < 0.005). Treatment with CM resulted in decreased anchorage-free survival following 24 h of treatment (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Data demonstrated that SK-N-SH cells maintain their migratory potential in the face of neutrophil modulation by BJcuL, but their invasive capacity was significantly reduced.(AU)

Segmental enteritis associated with Pythium insidiosum infection in a horse

Background: Pythiosis is an infectious disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum, with higher occurrence in wetlands and hot climate regions. This microorganism develops its cycle in aquatic plants, and most cases happen because of the contact of animals or people with water containing the motile zoospores (infectious form). Horses are the principal species affected and develop principally cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, but the gastrointestinal tract is seldom affected. Humans develop various forms of pythiosis, such as a vascular form. The objectives of the current study are to describe an unusual case of intestinal pythiosis, its clinical signs, aspects of pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Case: A 13-year-old Crioula mare, from Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, presented with reduced food and water intake, apathy, restlessness, rolling, nasal reflux, firm abdomen upon palpation, and tachypnea during 2 days. The horses of this farm were fed native pasture and horse feed, and they had access to a nearby pond. Two days following the start of the clinical signs, the horse died and was necropsied on the farm. During necropsy, there was around 400 mL of reddish effusion in the abdominal cavity (modified transudate). A 15 cm segment of jejunum was firm upon palpation and had a severe transmural thickening. The wall of the affected area was up to 3 cm in thickness and firm, with small yellowish and irregular masses that stood out and looked friable, interpreted as kunkers. Microscopically, the yellowish masses (kunkers) were characterized by dense accumulations of intact and degenerate eosinophils (eosinophilic necrosis). Within these kunkers, and also on their periphery, there were multiple negatively stained hyphal profiles. Hyphae were also seen on the wall of small arteries inside the kunkers. These hyphae had nearly parallel walls and were occasionally...

Deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino: relato de caso / Displacement of abomaso to the left in bovine: case of report

O trabalho objetivou relatar um caso um caso de deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda em bovino. O deslocamento de abomaso é uma patologia multifatorial, que afeta principalmente bovinos de alta produção leiteira, podendo ocorrer por uma dieta associada a um manejo errático ou até mesmo pelo desencadeamento do parto, ou seja, fatores que estão ligados ao acúmulo de gás e/ou hipomotilidade abomasal. Essa enfermidade pode gerar diversos prejuízos econômicos aos produtores, devido à queda na produção leite e gastos com o tratamento, diante disso, é importante revisar a importância do deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda e relatar o caso clínico de um bovino com essa patologia. Para se chegar a um diagnóstico conclusivo, deve-se conhecer a fundo os sinais clínicos, além dos métodos de diagnóstico para confirmação, tendo como técnica preconizada a auscultação com percussão do 9º ao 12º espaço intercostal, onde pode ser auscultado um tilintar metálico, quando ainda houver dúvidas, realiza-se a laparotomia exploratória, confirmando ou não a suspeita. Tendo o diagnóstico conclusivo desta patologia, é realizado o tratamento, que pode ser terapêutico, intervenção física por rolamento ou intervenção cirúrgica.(AU)

This study aimed to report a case of a case of left abomasum displacement in cattle. The displacement of abomasum is a multifactorial pathology which affects cattle of high milk production and may occur due to a diet associated with erratic management or even by the birthing mechanism, that is, factors that are linked directly to the accumulation of gas or abomasal hypomotility. This illness can generate different kinds of economic losses to the producers due to a fall in milk production and expenses with treatments. In that case, the objective with this job is to review the importance of the displacement of abomasum to the left and report the clinic case of a bovine with this pathology. To reach a conclusive diagnosis, the clinical signs should be thoroughly known, beyond the methods of diagnosis to confirmation, having as characteristic technique, the auscultation, with percussion from the ninth to the twelfth intercostal space where it can be auscultated a metallic tinkling. When there are still doubts, is performed an exploratory laparotomy, then having the confirmation. When having the conclusive diagnosis of this pathology is performed the treatment, being therapeutic, physical intervention by rolling or chirurgical intervention.(AU)

Segmental enteritis associated with Pythium insidiosum infection in a horse

Background: Pythiosis is an infectious disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum, with higher occurrence in wetlands and hot climate regions. This microorganism develops its cycle in aquatic plants, and most cases happen because of the contact of animals or people with water containing the motile zoospores (infectious form). Horses are the principal species affected and develop principally cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, but the gastrointestinal tract is seldom affected. Humans develop various forms of pythiosis, such as a vascular form. The objectives of the current study are to describe an unusual case of intestinal pythiosis, its clinical signs, aspects of pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Case: A 13-year-old Crioula mare, from Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, presented with reduced food and water intake, apathy, restlessness, rolling, nasal reflux, firm abdomen upon palpation, and tachypnea during 2 days. The horses of this farm were fed native pasture and horse feed, and they had access to a nearby pond. Two days following the start of the clinical signs, the horse died and was necropsied on the farm. During necropsy, there was around 400 mL of reddish effusion in the abdominal cavity (modified transudate). A 15 cm segment of jejunum was firm upon palpation and had a severe transmural thickening. The wall of the affected area was up to 3 cm in thickness and firm, with small yellowish and irregular masses that stood out and looked friable, interpreted as kunkers. Microscopically, the yellowish masses (kunkers) were characterized by dense accumulations of intact and degenerate eosinophils (eosinophilic necrosis). Within these kunkers, and also on their periphery, there were multiple negatively stained hyphal profiles. Hyphae were also seen on the wall of small arteries inside the kunkers. These hyphae had nearly parallel walls and were occasionally...(AU)

Neutrophils activated by BJcuL, a C-type lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, decrease the invasion potential of neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells in vitro

Background: Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor with a mortality rate of 40% in the most aggressive cases. Tumor microenvironment components as immune cells contribute to the tumor progression; thereby, the modulation of immune cells to a pro-inflammatory and antitumoral profile could potentialize the immunotherapy, a suggested approach for high-risk patients. Preview studies showed the antitumoral potential of BJcuL, a C- type lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom. It was able to induce immunomodulatory responses, promoting the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes and the activation of neutrophils. Methods: SK-N-SH cells were incubated with conditioned media (CM) obtained during the treatment of neutrophils with BJcuL and fMLP, a bacteria-derived peptide highly effective for activating neutrophil functions. Then we evaluated the effect of the same stimulation on the co-cultivation of neutrophils and SK-N-SH cells. Tumor cells were tested for viability, migration, and invasion potential. Results: In the viability assay, only neutrophils treated with BJcuL (24 h) and cultivated with SK-N-SH were cytotoxic. Migration of tumor cells decreased when incubated directly (p < 0.001) or indirectly (p < 0.005) with untreated neutrophils. When invasion potential was evaluated, neutrophils incubated with BJcuL reduced the total number of colonies of SK-N-SH cells following co-cultivation for 24 h (p < 0.005). Treatment with CM resulted in decreased anchorage-free survival following 24 h of treatment (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Data demonstrated that SK-N-SH cells maintain their migratory potential in the face of neutrophil modulation by BJcuL, but their invasive capacity was significantly reduced.(AU)

Tremorgenic syndrome in suckling lambs due to poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of an outbreak of tremorgenic syndrome in suckling lambs associated to Ipomoea asarifolia poisoning occurred in the metropolitan region of Recife, northeastern Brazil. Eight suckling Dorper lambs presented clinical signs after their mothers being kept in pasture invaded by I. asarifolia. Sixty percent of adult sheep, including lactating ewe, only exhibited engorged episcleral vessels. The suckling lambs exhibited neurological signs, such as head and neck tremors, dysmetria, wide-based stance, uncoordinated gait, unusual standing and imbalance followed by falls. These signs became more evident when the animals were forced to move. No gross lesions were found in a necropsied lamb that had died spontaneously. The histological findings were axonal spheroids in the cerebellum granular layer and numerous necrotic neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum molecular layer. This study demonstrates that Ipomoea asarifolia causes tremorgenic syndrome. The toxin is eliminated through milk and suckling lambs exhibit a greater susceptibility compared to adult animals.

Síndrome do tremor responsivo a corticosteroide associada ao estro em uma cadela / Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome associated with estrus in a female dog

Background: Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome is an immune-mediated disorder that primarily affects smalldogs aged 1 to 5 years. It is manifested by generalized tremors of high frequency and low amplitude, with involvement ofhead, trunk and limbs. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs and laboratory tests to rule out other conditions, aswell as on the response to corticosteroid treatment. The aim of the present study was to report a case of a female dog withcorticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome that began after estrus.Case: A 1-year-old, undetermined dog, weighing 4.9 kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba, with generalized tremors that impaired her walking and feeding. The picture had an acute onset, there was no history of intoxication, trauma, but the animal had an organophosphate-based collar. The bitch was not castrated and had been in heat fora month. In the clinical evaluation, it was observed that besides the tremors, the dog had hypermetria and hyperthermia.Suspected adverse reaction to organophosphorus or encephalitis. The collar was removed from the animal. Hemogram,serum biochemistry, analysis and culture of cerebrospinal fluid and test for distemper were performed. The hemogramwas leukopenia due to lymphopenia. No alterations were observed in serum biochemistry CSF culture and the distempertest were negative. The CSF analyte revealed pleocytosis with predominantly lymphocytes, density and glucose increasedslightly. The diagnosis of encephalitis of inflammatory etiology was established. Treatment with prednisone and diazepamwas performed. Clinical signs improved after seven days of therapy. Approximately one and a half years after the initialclinical picture, the animal presented recurrence of the tremors associated with estrus again. The same treatment was instituted and the dog underwent ovariohysterectomy. There was no relapse of the clinical...

Síndrome do tremor responsivo a corticosteroide associada ao estro em uma cadela / Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome associated with estrus in a female dog

Background: Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome is an immune-mediated disorder that primarily affects smalldogs aged 1 to 5 years. It is manifested by generalized tremors of high frequency and low amplitude, with involvement ofhead, trunk and limbs. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs and laboratory tests to rule out other conditions, aswell as on the response to corticosteroid treatment. The aim of the present study was to report a case of a female dog withcorticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome that began after estrus.Case: A 1-year-old, undetermined dog, weighing 4.9 kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba, with generalized tremors that impaired her walking and feeding. The picture had an acute onset, there was no history of intoxication, trauma, but the animal had an organophosphate-based collar. The bitch was not castrated and had been in heat fora month. In the clinical evaluation, it was observed that besides the tremors, the dog had hypermetria and hyperthermia.Suspected adverse reaction to organophosphorus or encephalitis. The collar was removed from the animal. Hemogram,serum biochemistry, analysis and culture of cerebrospinal fluid and test for distemper were performed. The hemogramwas leukopenia due to lymphopenia. No alterations were observed in serum biochemistry CSF culture and the distempertest were negative. The CSF analyte revealed pleocytosis with predominantly lymphocytes, density and glucose increasedslightly. The diagnosis of encephalitis of inflammatory etiology was established. Treatment with prednisone and diazepamwas performed. Clinical signs improved after seven days of therapy. Approximately one and a half years after the initialclinical picture, the animal presented recurrence of the tremors associated with estrus again. The same treatment was instituted and the dog underwent ovariohysterectomy. There was no relapse of the clinical...(AU)

Tremorgenic syndrome in suckling lambs due to poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of an outbreak of tremorgenic syndrome in suckling lambs associated to Ipomoea asarifolia poisoning occurred in the metropolitan region of Recife, northeastern Brazil. Eight suckling Dorper lambs presented clinical signs after their mothers being kept in pasture invaded by I. asarifolia. Sixty percent of adult sheep, including lactating ewe, only exhibited engorged episcleral vessels. The suckling lambs exhibited neurological signs, such as head and neck tremors, dysmetria, wide-based stance, uncoordinated gait, unusual standing and imbalance followed by falls. These signs became more evident when the animals were forced to move. No gross lesions were found in a necropsied lamb that had died spontaneously. The histological findings were axonal spheroids in the cerebellum granular layer and numerous necrotic neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum molecular layer. This study demonstrates that Ipomoea asarifolia causes tremorgenic syndrome. The toxin is eliminated through milk and suckling lambs exhibit a greater susceptibility compared to adult animals.(AU)

Tremor de cabeça idiopático (head bobbing) em cão: relato de caso / Idiopathic head tremor in a dog (head bobbing): case report

O tremor de cabeça idiopático, também conhecido como tremor de cabeça episódico, ou head bobbing se trata de distúrbio paroxístico de base hereditária, sendo considerado uma condição benigna que se manifesta com tremores descontrolados da cabeça, de início e término espontâneos. Este relato apresenta um caso de head bobbing em um bulldog francês fêmea de 1 ano e 7 meses. A paciente apresentava histórico de tremor restrito à região de cabeça, principalmente quando estava em repouso, e durante os episódios se mantinha consciente e responsiva a estímulos externos. Os exames clínico geral e neurológico foram realizados e não evidenciaram nenhuma alteração aparente. Hemograma e exames bioquímicos não apresentaram alterações significativas. Foi realizada também a coleta de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), que estava dentro dos parâmetros normais. O diagnóstico clínico foi obtido por meio do histórico, raça, idade, ausência de outros sinais clínicos associados e descartando outras possíveis causas de tremores.

The idiopathic head tremor, also known as episodic head tremor, or head bobbing is an inherited paroxysmal disorder and is considered a benign condition manifested by spontaneous uncontrolled tremors. This report presents a head bobbing in a 1 year and 7 months old female French Bulldog. The patient had a history of tremor restrict to the head region, especially when at rest, during episodes remained conscious and responsive to external stimulation. General clinical and neurological examination were performed and showed no apparent alteration. Blood count and biochemistry evidenced no significant changes. CSF collection was also performed, which was within normal parameters. The clinical diagnosis was obtained by history, race, age, absence of others clinical signs and ruling out other possible causes of tremors.

Tremor de cabeça idiopático (head bobbing) em cão: relato de caso / Idiopathic head tremor in a dog (head bobbing): case report

O tremor de cabeça idiopático, também conhecido como tremor de cabeça episódico, ou head bobbing se trata de distúrbio paroxístico de base hereditária, sendo considerado uma condição benigna que se manifesta com tremores descontrolados da cabeça, de início e término espontâneos. Este relato apresenta um caso de head bobbing em um bulldog francês fêmea de 1 ano e 7 meses. A paciente apresentava histórico de tremor restrito à região de cabeça, principalmente quando estava em repouso, e durante os episódios se mantinha consciente e responsiva a estímulos externos. Os exames clínico geral e neurológico foram realizados e não evidenciaram nenhuma alteração aparente. Hemograma e exames bioquímicos não apresentaram alterações significativas. Foi realizada também a coleta de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), que estava dentro dos parâmetros normais. O diagnóstico clínico foi obtido por meio do histórico, raça, idade, ausência de outros sinais clínicos associados e descartando outras possíveis causas de tremores.(AU)

The idiopathic head tremor, also known as episodic head tremor, or head bobbing is an inherited paroxysmal disorder and is considered a benign condition manifested by spontaneous uncontrolled tremors. This report presents a head bobbing in a 1 year and 7 months old female French Bulldog. The patient had a history of tremor restrict to the head region, especially when at rest, during episodes remained conscious and responsive to external stimulation. General clinical and neurological examination were performed and showed no apparent alteration. Blood count and biochemistry evidenced no significant changes. CSF collection was also performed, which was within normal parameters. The clinical diagnosis was obtained by history, race, age, absence of others clinical signs and ruling out other possible causes of tremors.(AU)

Feline herpesvirus 1 viral load related to environmental factors in sheltered cats / Relação entre carga viral de herpesvirus felino 1 e fatores causadores de estresse em felinos de abrigo

Shelter environment stress factors are related to FHV-1 viral reactivation. However, comparisons between conjunctival viral load and environmental factors have not been commonly evaluated. The aim of this study was to correlate FHV-1 viral load in domestic cats with and without clinical signs of conjunctivitis to shelter design in order to use FHV-1 viral load as a parameter of “health management”. Cats from four different shelters underwent an ophthalmological examination. Samples were collected by rolling a DNA/RNAse-free cytobrush over the ventral conjunctival fornix and were stored in 1.5 mL sterile microtubes in 500 μL of Eagles minimum essential medium and kept at 4 ºC. Molecular procedures were performed up to 48 hours after collection. Different routines regarding new arrivals were directly related to FHV-1 viral load. Shelters where new arrivals occurred on daily basis had the highest viral load (2.69x108 copies/µL), while those shelters where new arrivals had not occurred in the few months prior to the beginning of the study had the lowest rate (1.63x103 copies/µL). Environmental factors directly influenced FHV-1 DNA viral load. This study highlighted the need to improve the management approach in the animal shelter environment to reduce stressful situations responsible for FHV-1 reactivation and higher viral load quantification.(AU)

No ambiente do abrigo encontram-se fatores que geram estresse nos animais que ali residem. Esses fatores acabam por provocar a reativação do FHV-1. No entanto, comparações entre carga viral conjuntival e fatores ambientais não foram ainda avaliadas. Objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a carga viral de FHV-1 em felinos domésticos com e sem sinais clínicos de conjuntivite com as características dos abrigos. Assim, pode-se usar carga viral de FHV-1 como parâmetro de sanidade. Todos os gatos foram submetidos a exame clínico oftalmológico. Amostras foram coletadas com uso de escova citológica, acondicionadas em microtubos estéreis de 1,5mL contendo 500 μL de meio Eagle essencial mínimo e mantidas em 4 ºC. Análises moleculares foram realizadas no prazo de 48 horas após coleta. A rotina de entrada de novos animais estava diretamente relacionada a carga viral de FHV-1. Abrigos com entrada diária apresentaram carga viral maior (2.69x108 cópias/µL), do que abrigo onde novos animais não chegaram nos meses que antecederam a coleta (1.63x103 cópias/µL). Fatores ambientais influenciam diretamente carga viral de FHV-1. Esse estudo evidencia a necessidade de aprimorar o sistema de manejo dos abrigos de forma a reduzir situações de estresse responsáveis pela reativação de FHV-1 e consequente aumento na carga viral.(AU)

Tremor de cabeça idiopático em cães - relato de dois casos / Idiopathic head tremor in dogs - two case reports

Tremor de cabeça idiopático é uma forma de discinesia paroxística reconhecida como hereditária e associada a determinadas raças, sendo relatado, sobretudo, em Buldogue Inglês, Dobermann Pinscher e Boxer. Conhecido também como head bobbing ou tremor de cabeça episódico, os cães acometidos apresentam crises caracterizadas por tremores limitados à região de cabeça, de direção horizontal, vertical ou ambos, sendo geralmente relacionados a um evento desencadeante. Foram atendidos, no Hospital Veterinário da UFMS, dois caninos da raça Buldogue Inglês (um macho de um ano e uma fêmea de sete meses) com histórico de tremores episódicos restritos à região de cabeça. Exames físicos e neurológicos completos foram realizados, não sendo constatada qualquer alteração. Com base na raça, no histórico, na ausência de outros sinais clínicos e na exclusão de outras causas de tremores, foi dado o diagnóstico de head bobbing. Tal enfermidade caracteriza-se por tremores restritos à região de cabeça, associados a uma condição genética benigna. Não é considerada uma forma de convulsão, uma vez que o animal permanece alerta e responsivo aos estímulos ambientais, os tremores podem ser interrompidos por distrações ou qualquer interação com o ambiente, não sendo responsivos à terapia com anticonvulsivantes. De acordo com a revisão de literatura realizada, estes são os primeiros casos diagnosticados e relatados no Brasil.(AU)

Idiopathic head tremor is a form of paroxysmal dyskinesia recognized as hereditary or associated with certain races, being reported in English bulldogs, doberman pinschers, and boxers. Also known as head bobbing or episodic head tremor, the affected dogs present with seizures characterized by tremors limited to head region, horizontal direction, vertical or both and are usually related to a triggering event. Two dogs of the English bulldog breed (a male of 1 year and a female of 7 months) with a history of episodic tremors restricted to the head region were seen at the UFMS Veterinary Hospital. Complete physical and neurological examinations were performed, and no alterations were found. Based on race, history, absence of other clinical signs and exclusion of other causes of tremors, the diagnosis of head bobbing was performed. Such a disease is characterized by tremors restricted to the head region, associated with a benign genetic condition. It is not considered a form of seizure, since the animal remains alert and responsive to environmental stimuli, the tremors can be interrupted by distractions or any interaction with the environment, being not responsive to anticonvulsant therapy. According to the literature review, these are the first cases diagnosed and reported in Brazil.(AU)