Resumo

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an electrolyte solution with a high lactate concentration (84mEq/L; L84) in correcting imbalances in diarrheal calves. Another solution with similar electrolyte composition, containing 84mEq/L of bicarbonate (B84) was used for comparison. Diarrhea was induced in neonatal calves by rotavirus infection, sucrose ingestion and furosemide administration. When a moderate degree of metabolic acidosis was reached, the calves were treated with intravenous infusion of L84 (n=10) or B84 (n=10) solutions. Venous blood and urine samples were collected before starting the infusion (0 h), in the middle (2.5 h), at the end (5.0 h) and 2.5 hours later. Total plasma protein concentration, blood and urine pH, blood pCO2, HCO3 -, and BE, plasma and urine concentration of L-lactate, and serum and urine concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- were measured. Strong ion difference, total concentration of non-volatile weak acids, anion gap, strong ion gap, percentage change in plasma volume, and urinary fractional clearances of Na+, K+, Cl-, and L-lactate were calculated. The calves demonstrated moderate dehydration, hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, and unmeasured anion accumulation. These changes were completely corrected with the L84 solution, and the effects did not differ from those observed with B84 solution. The calves recovered without further therapeutic procedures, demonstrating that the L84 solution was effective for treating diarrheal calves.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma solução eletrolítica com concentração elevada de lactato (84 mEq/L; L84) para corrigir os desequilíbrios em bezerros diarreicos. Outra solução com composição eletrolítica similar, contendo 84 mEq/L de bicarbonato (B84), foi utilizada para comparação. Diarreia foi induzida em bezerros neonatos por infecção com rotavírus, ingestão de sacarose e administração de furosemida. Quando o grau moderado de acidose metabólica foi alcançado, os bezerros foram tratados com as soluções intravenosas L84 (n=10) ou B84 (n=10). Amostras de sangue venoso e de urina foram colhidas antes de iniciar a infusão (0 h), na metade (2,5 h), ao término (5,0 h) e 2,5 horas após. Determinaram-se proteína plasmática total, pH sanguíneo e urinário, pCO2, HCO3 - e BE sanguíneos, concentração plasmática e urinária de lactato L e concentrações séricas e urinárias de Na+, K+ e Cl-. Calcularam-se a diferença de íons fortes, a concentração de ácidos fracos não voláteis, o hiato aniônico, o hiato de íons fortes, a variação percentual do volume plasmático e as excreções fracionadas urinárias de Na+, K+, Cl- e lactato L. Os bezerros apresentaram desidratação moderada, hipernatremia, hipercloremia, acidose metabólica e acúmulo de ânions não mensurados. Essas alterações foram completamente corrigidas com a solução L84, e os efeitos não diferiram dos observados com a solução B84. Os bezerros se recuperaram sem outros procedimentos terapêuticos, comprovando que a solução L84 é eficaz para o tratamento de bezerros diarreicos.

Resumo

Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.

O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.

Resumo

Abstract Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.

Resumo O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.

Resumo

Foodborne viruses including hepatitis A virus (HAV), norovirus (NoV), rotavirus (RoV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are easily transmitted through contaminated seafoods. The current research was done to assess the incidence of RoV, NoV GI and GII,hAV and hEV in fish and shrimp samples caught from the Persian Gulf, Iran. Three-hundred and twenty fish and shrimp samples were collected. The presence of foodborne viruses were assessed by the real-time PCR. Forty-nine out of 320 (15.31%) fish and shrimp samples were positive for foodborne viruses. Distribution of hAV, NoV GI and NoV GII amongst all studied samples were 0.93%, 5.93% and 8.43%, respectively. hEV and RoV viruses were not found in studied samples. Parastromateus niger and Scomberomorus commerson fish and Penaeus monodon shrimp were the most frequently contaminated samples. Simultaneous incidence of hAV and NoV GI and hAV and NoV GII were 0.31% and 0.93%, respectively. Distribution of foodborne viruses in samples collected through spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons were 14.28%, 9.33%, 11.76% and 24.44%, respectively. Findings revealed that the incidence of foodborne viruses was significantly associated with seafood species and also season of sampling.(AU)

Vírus transmitidos por alimentos, incluindo hepatite A (HAV), norovírus (NoV), rotavírus (RoV) e hepatite E (HEV) são facilmente transmitidos através de frutos do mar contaminados. Esta pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar a incidência de RoV, NoV GI e GII, hAV e hEV em amostras de peixes e camarões capturadas no Golfo Pérsico, Irã. Foram coletadas 300 amostras de peixes e camarões. A presença de vírus transmitidos por alimentos foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real. Quarenta e nove das 320 amostras de peixes e camarões (15,31%) foram positivas para vírus transmitidos por alimentos. A distribuição de hAV, NoV GI e NoV GII entre as amostras estudadas foi 0,93%, 5,93% e 8,43%, respectivamente. Os vírus hEV e RoV não foram encontrados nas amostras estudadas. Os peixes Parastromateus niger e Scomberomorus commerson e o camarão Penaeus monodon foram as amostras mais frequentemente contaminadas. A incidência simultânea de hAV e NoV GI, e hAV e NoV GII foi de 0,31% e 0,93%, respectivamente. A distribuição dos vírus transmitidos por alimentos nas amostras coletadas na primavera, verão, outono e inverno foi de 14,28%, 9,33%, 11,76% e 24,44%, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram que a incidência de vírus transmitidos por alimentos foi significativamente associada às espécies de frutos do mar e também à época da amostragem.(AU)

Resumo

Calf diarrhea causes substantial economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Bovine rotavirus A (RVA) is the main viral agent that leads to enteric infection and diarrhea outbreaks in calves throughout the world. The aim of this retrospective (2006-2015) study was to determine the frequency of RVA detection in diarrheic fecal samples from beef and dairy calves from the three main cattle-producing regions of Brazil. Diarrheic fecal samples (n=1,498) of 124 beef and 56 dairy cattle herds from the Midwest, South, and Southeast geographical regions of Brazil were evaluated using the silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) technique. RVA double stranded-RNA was identified by the ss-PAGE technique in 410 (27.4%) fecal samples. The frequency of positive samples found in beef calves (31.9%; 328/1,027) was higher than the frequency found in diarrheic fecal samples from dairy calves (17.4%; 82/471). RVA infection was identified in calves from the three Brazilian geographical regions analyzed. However, the frequency of positive diarrheic calves in the Midwest region (39.4%), predominantly beef calves, was higher than in the South (19.4%) and Southeast (17.6%) regions. The temporal distribution of RVA-infected calves evaluated by two five-year periods (2006-2010, 24.5%; 2011-2015, 28.8%) demonstrated a very similar frequency of RVA in both periods. Considering the wide regional and temporal scope of this study, it can be concluded that RVA remains an important etiology of neonatal diarrhea in calves of Brazilian cattle herds.(AU)

A diarreia neonatal ocasiona perdas econômicas importantes na pecuária bovina em todo o mundo. Rotavírus A (RVA) é o principal agente etiológico viral de infecções entéricas e surtos de diarreia em bezerros de rebanhos de corte e leite. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo (2006-2015) foi determinar a frequência de detecção de RVA em amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros de corte e leite das três principais regiões produtoras de bovinos do Brasil. Amostras de fezes diarreicas (n=1.498) de 124 rebanhos bovinos de corte e 56 rebanhos bovinos de leite das regiões Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste do Brasil foram avaliadas utilizando a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (EGPA). O genoma segmentado de RVA foi identificado pela técnica de EGPA em 410 (27,4%) amostras de fezes. A frequência de amostras positivas encontrada em bezerros de rebanhos de corte (31,9%; 328/1.027) foi maior que a frequência identificada em amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros de rebanhos leiteiros (17,4%; 82/471). A infecção por RVA foi identificada em bezerros das três regiões geográficas brasileiras analisadas. No entanto, a frequência de bezerros com diarreia positivos para RVA na região Centro-Oeste (39,4%), predominantemente de bezerros de rebanhos de corte, foi maior que nas regiões Sul (19,4%) e Sudeste (17,6%). A distribuição temporal dos bezerros infectados com RVA avaliados por dois períodos de cinco anos (2006-2010, 24,5%; 2011-2015, 28,8%) demonstrou uma frequência muito semelhante em ambos os períodos. Considerando a amplitude regional e temporal deste estudo, pode-se concluir que RVA continua sendo uma importante etiologia de diarreia neonatal em bezerros de rebanhos bovinos brasileiros.(AU)

Resumo

The early use of antimicrobial therapy has been introduced in many farms to prevent diarrhea and respiratory disease in young calves; however, there is controversy about whether this practice has a beneficial effect on the health of these animals. This study evaluated the influence of the early use of antimicrobials on the health and performance of neonatal Holstein calves. Twenty-six Holstein calves were screened and divided into two groups, according to the administration (ATB+), or not (ATB-) of tulathromycin (2.5mg/kg, subcutaneously) within the first 12 hours of life. Calves were evaluated by general clinical examination, fecal score, respiratory score, and external palpation of the umbilical region, besides fecal output of dry matter. Anemia was determined by using an automatic system and, also, using a commercial kit for iron dosage. Diarrhea was diagnosed by a centrifuge-flotation technique using a sugar solution (Cryptosporidium) and multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavirus/coronavirus). The performance of the calves was estimated by Daily Weight Gain (DWG). The young dairy calves were evaluated within 12 hours of birth (≤12h) and at 3-5th (D3-5), 7-9th (D7-9), 13-15th (D13-15), 20-23rd (D20-23), and 27-30th (D27-30) days of life. No difference was noted between the ATB+ and ATB- groups concerning heart rate, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature. Erythrogram showed a higher frequency of anemia in ATB- group (P=0.016) at the D3-5 check-up; lower values of serum iron were also observed simultaneously (P=0.051). Thirteen cases of respiratory disease were detected during this study; however, no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard. The frequency of diarrhea (fecal score 2-3) was high in both groups, peaking at D13-D15. No differences were noted between the groups regarding the frequency of diarrhea when considering the dry fecal matter. The predominant etiological agent for diarrhea was Cryptosporidium spp.. The DWG was similar between groups, with maximum weight reduction on D13-15. The administration of tulathromycin in prophylactic dose (2.5mg/kg) at birth decreased the frequency of anemia but did not influence weight gain or the prevalence of diarrhea.(AU)

O uso precoce de antimicrobianos tem sido adotado em muitas fazendas para profilaxia das diarreias e doença respiratória em bezerras, no entanto existem controvérsias sobre os beneficios desta prática na saúde desses animais. Esta pesquisa avaliou a influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade e desempenho de bezerras holandesas recém-nascidas. Para tanto foram selecionadas 26 bezerras Holandesas distribuídas de acordo com a aplicação (ATB+) ou não (ATB-) de tulatromicina (2,5mg/Kg) por via subcutânea até 12h de vida. As bezerras foram examinadas por meio de exame clínico geral, escore fecal, escore respiratório e palpação externa da região umbilical, além da matéria seca fecal. A presença de anemias foi determinada pelo eritrograma utilizando sistema automático e além da dosagem de ferro utilizando kit comercial. O diagnóstico etiológico das diarreias foi investigado por meio da técnica de flutuação em solução saturada de sacarose (Cryptosporidium) e multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavírus/coronavírus). O desempenho das bezerras foi estimado pelo ganho de peso. As bezerras foram avaliadas até doze horas após o nascimento (≤12h); 3-5º (D3-5); 7-9º (D7-9); 13-15º (D13-15); 20-23º (D20-23); e 27-30º dias de vida (D27-30). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos ATB+ e ATB- em relação à frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. O eritrograma revelou maior frequência de anemias no grupo ATB- (P=0,016) no D3-5. Neste momento também foram observados menores valores de ferro sérico (P=0,051). Foram detectados treze casos de doença respiratória durante o estudo, no entanto não foi possível detectar diferença entre os grupos. A frequência de diarreias (escore fecal 2 e 3) foi alta em ambos os grupos, observando-se pico no D13-15 (ATB+=92,3%; ATB-=92,3%). Não observamos diferenças entre os grupos em relação a frequência de diarreia considerando-se a matéria seca fecal. O agente etiológico predominante nas diarreias foi o Cryptosporidium. O ganho de peso diário foi igual entre grupos, com intensa redução no GPD no D13-15. A administração de tulatromicina na dose profilática (2,5mg/Kg) ao nascimento diminuiu a frequência de anemias e não influenciou no ganho de peso e prevalência de diarreias.(AU)

Resumo

ABSTRACT: Foodborne diseases are often related to consumption of contaminated food or water. Viral agents are important sources of contamination and frequently reported in food of animal origin. The goal of this study was to detect emerging enteric viruses in samples of industrialized foods of animal origin collected in establishments from southern of Brazil. In the analyzed samples, no Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome was detected. However, 21.8% (21/96) of the samples were positive for Rotavirus (RVA) and 61.4% (59/96) for Adenovirus (AdV), including Human adenovirus-C (HAdV-C), Porcine adenovirus-3 (PAdV-3) and new type of porcine adenovirus PAdV-SVN1. In the present research, PAdV-SVN1 was detected in foods for the first time. The presence of these viruses may be related to poor hygiene in sites of food preparation, production or during handling.

RESUMO: As doenças transmitidas por alimentos são frequentemente descritas e relacionadas ao consumo de alimentos ou água contaminados, sendo alguns agentes virais importantes fontes de contaminação e frequentemente encontrados em alimentos de origem animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar patógenos entéricos emergentes em amostras de alimentos industrializados de origem animal coletados em estabelecimentos da região sul do Brasil. Nas amostras analisadas, não foi detectado o genoma do vírus da Hepatite E (HEV). No entanto, 21,8% (21/96) das amostras foram positivas para Rotavírus (RV) e 61,4% (59/96) para adenovírus (AdV), incluindo Adenovírus humano-C (HAdV-C), Adenovírus porcino-3 (PAdV-3) e novo tipo de suíno adenovírus PAdV-SVN1. No presente trabalho, é descrito pela primeira vez em alimentos a presença de PAdV-SVN1. A presença desses vírus pode estar relacionada à falta de higiene em locais de preparo de alimentos, manipulação de produção.

Resumo

Background: Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus) and Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) are the two species of manatees that occur in Brazil, and both are endangered. Studies on manatee disease in Brazil were previously based mainly on Florida manatees. In recent years, these studies have increased in Brazil. Thus, the objective was to carry out a survey of the publications of infectious and non-infectious diseases in the two species of manatees that occur in the country, to assist in the identification of threats to the species and in the health assessment of manatees in the country. Review: Regarding infectious and contagious diseases, parasites have affected both species of manatees in Brazil, such as Pulmonicola cochleotrema in wild T. manatus, Toxoplasma gondii in both species, and Cryptosporidium spp. also in both species, this being an important agent of zoonotic character. Giardia sp., another zoonotic parasite, has also been reported in both species of manatees in Brazil. Mycotic lesions caused by B. hawaiiensis have been described in calves of T. manatus in captivity. Meanwhile, Candida sp., Trichosporon sp., Rhodotorula sp., and Cryptococcus sp. have been identified in T. inunguis. Studies on viruses in manatees are still not widespread compared to other species; however, it has been verified that rotavirus is present in T. manatus in captivity. In studies carried out to identify bacteria in T. manatus, the following bacteria were isolated: Arizona sp., Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium equi, Corynebacterium pseudodiphteriticum, Corinebacterium sp., Edwasiella tarda, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter sakasakii, Escherichia coli, Leptospira spp., Proteus sp., Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri...

Resumo

Os enteropatógenos podem ser considerados um dos principais grupos de micro-organismos patogênicos para humanos e animais. Podem estabelecer infecção nos suscetíveis devido a contaminação de água, alimentos ou pelo contato estreito com animais, incluindo as aves silvestres ou com o ambiente de criação. O acesso das aves da fauna silvestre ao ambiente próximo aos domicílios favorece a contaminação peridomiciliar pelas fezes dos passeriformes e psitaciformes. Locais como parques e praças podem se tornar propícios para veiculação destes patógenos devido a deficiente higienização e livre acesso destas aves silvestres. Neste artigo foram revisados alguns enteropatógenos de origem bacteriana e viral que podem ser considerados de alto risco para infecção humana levando-se em consideração a relevância das aves silvestres neste contexto.

Entheric pathogens can be considered one of the main pathogenic groups of microorganisms in humans and animals. It can stablish infection in susceptible due to contamination of water, food, or by close contact with animals, including wild birds or the breeding environment. The access of wild birds to the environment close to residences predispose peridomestic contamination by feces of passeriforms and psittaciformes. Places like parks and squares can become propitious for propagation of these pathogens due to poor hygiene and free access of wild birds. In this article some enteric pathogens of bacterial and viral origin was revised, which can be considered of high risk for human infection considering the relevance of wild birds in this context.

Los patógenos entéricos pueden ser considerados como uno de los grupos principales de microorganismos patogénicos para el ser humano y los animales. Pueden establecer la infección en susceptibles debido a la contaminación del agua, los alimentos o por el contacto cercano con los animales, incluyendo los pájaros salvajes o con el ambiente de la creación. El acceso a las aves de vida silvestre para el medio ambiente cerca de los hogares peridomésticos favorece la contaminación por heces de aves paseriformes y psitaciformes. Los lugares como parques y plazas pueden llegar a ser propicio para la propagación de estos patógenos debido a la falta de higiene y el libre acceso de las aves silvestres. En este artículo algunos patógenos entéricos del origen bacteriano y viral fueron revisados que pueden ser considerados de alto riesgo de contaminación humana, teniendo en cuenta la relevancia de las aves silvestres en este contexto.

Resumo

Calf diarrhea causes substantial economic losses to beef cattle production worldwide. It is a complex multifactorial pathological condition influenced by infectious, nutritional and environmental factors. The present study focused on analyzing the pathological and molecular characterization of bovine rotavirus A (BoRVA) during a diarrhea outbreak in a beef cattle herd located in the state of Mato Grosso, central-western region, Brazil. The outbreak caused high morbidity (80%) and mortality (12%) among 1,100 calves up to 30 days of age. The BoRVA was identified in 53.3% (16/30) of the diarrheic fecal samples analyzed using the silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) technique. The nucleotide sequence analysis of VP7 (G genotype) and VP4 (P genotype) via RT-PCR from eight BoRVA-positive fecal samples showed the genotypes G6P[5] (n = 6), G6P[11] (n = 1) and G6P[X] (n = 1). Three calves were necropsied and the gross findings included edema and thickened, wrinkled bowel mucosa in the small intestine. Microscopic lesions were confined to the villi of the small intestine, characterized mainly by villus fusion and moderate multifocal lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. Immunohistochemical examination of three cases was positive for BoRVA. The 53.3% of the diarrheic fecal samples that were positive for BoRVA in this study suggested that RV was the etiological agent involved in this neonatal calf diarrhea outbreak.(AU)

A diarreia neonatal provoca perdas econômicas substanciais na produção de bovinos em todo o mundo. É uma condição patológica multifatorial complexa influenciada por fatores infecciosos, nutricionais e ambientais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar o rotavírus tipo A (BoRVA) através da análise patológica e molecular durante um surto de diarreia em um rebanho bovino localizado no estado de Mato Grosso, região centro-oeste, no Brasil. O surto causou alta morbidade (80%) e letalidade (12%) em um rebanho composto 1.100 bezerros até 30 dias de idade. O BoRVA foi identificado em 53,3% (16/30) das amostras fecais diarreicas analisadas usando a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida corada com prata (ss-PAGE). A análise da sequência nucleotídica de VP7 (genótipo G) e VP4 (genótipo P) via RT-PCR a partir de oito amostras fecais BoRVA-positivas mostrou os genótipos G6P [5] (n = 6), G6P [11] (n = 1) e G6P [X] (n = 1). Três bezerros foram submetidos à necropsia e os achados macroscópicos incluíram edema e espessamento da mucosa do intestino delgado. As lesões microscópicas foram observadas nas vilosidades do intestino delgado, sendo caracterizadas principalmente por fusiosamento de vilosidades e enterite linfoplasmocitária multifocal moderada. O exame imunohistoquímico dos três casos foram positivos para o BoRVA. As 53,3% das amostras fecais diarreicas positivas para o BoRVA sugeriram que o rotavírus é o agente etiológico envolvido neste surto de diarreia neonatal em bezerros.(AU)

Resumo

Background: Neonatal enteritis is an important disease that causes deaths of animals before 3 weeks of age, and results in significant economic losses. Viral agents can predispose the young animals to secondary infections in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in lambs and goat kids younger than 21 days. Although the neonatal diarrhea is common in calves, there is still little knowledge about pathology, pathogenesis and immunohistochemical localization of viral agents that cause neonatal enteritis in lambs and goat kids. In this study, we carried out investigations with the aim of detecting adenovirus, rotavirus, coronavirus and herpes virus in the guts of goat kids and lambs with viral enteritis.Materials, Methods & Results: Adenovirus, rotavirus, coronavirus and herpes virus antisera were applied to paraffinembedded intestinal tissue from neonatal lambs and kids that had died from enteritis. In addition, viral agents in the gut cells were detected and evaluated by electron microscopy. The study material consisted of 15 lambs and 15 goat kids that were presented for diagnosis. Viral agents were detected by immunohistochemically in 20 out of 30 animals. Rotavirus was diagnosed in 10 animals, adenovirus in five, herpes virus in three and coronavirus in two animals; and these results were supported by the electron microscopy. This study showed that viral agents play an important role in neonatal enteritis in lambs and kids.Discussion: Bacteria, viruses and protozoa may have a role in the etiology of neonatal enteritis and identifying the etiological agents is not always possible without laboratory studies. In addition, the immune system of the animal and environmental factors are important factors for to occurrence of the disease.[...]

Resumo

Migratory birds can become long-distance vectors for a wide range of microorganisms and can cause human disease, being the Brazilian coast a gateway for northern migratory birds. These animals are considered natural reservoirs of different viruses that cause important diseases, being relevant research of viral pathogens in migratory birds to epidemiology surveillance. The objective of the study was to investigate the presence of avian rotavirus (AvRV), avian reovirus (ARV) and picobirnavirus (PBV) in Neotropical migratory birds captured on the coast of Brazil. A total of 23 individual fecal samples of the migratory birds species Calidris pusilla (20 birds), Numenius phaeopus (1 bird) and Charadrius semipalmatus (2 birds) were collected. Fecal suspensions were prepared from the collected samples for subsequent extraction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The electrophoretic profiles were not detected by PAGE, and the amplification for the studied viruses PBV, ARV and AvRV (specie D, gene VP6 and NSP4) were negative. Positivity for AvRVD, VP7 gene was of 4.35% (1/23) for the migratory bird Calidris pusilla. After sequencing and building the tree of phylogenetic relationships avian Rotavirus Group D identified in this study was phylogenetically related and grouped into one branch, together to previously reported AvRVD from Brazil in chicken flocks with 99.8% nucleotide and 100% amino acid similarities.

Resumo

Abstract Mamastrovirus 5 (MAstV5), belonging to the Astroviridae (AstV) family, previously known as canine astrovirus or astrovirus-like particles, has been reported in several countries to be associated with viral enteric disease in dogs since the 1980s. Astroviruses have been detected in fecal samples from a wide variety of mammals and birds that are associated with gastroenteritis and extra enteric manifestations. In the present study, RT-PCR was used to investigate the presence of MAstV5 in 269 dog fecal samples. MAstV5 was detected in 26% (71/269) of the samples. Interestingly, all MAstV5-positive samples derived from dogs displaying clinical signs suggestive of gastroenteritis, other enteric viruses were simultaneously detected (canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, canine adenovirus and canine rotavirus). Based on genomic sequence analysis of MAstV5 a novel classification of the species into four genotypes, MAstV5a-MAstV5d, is proposed. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ORF2 amino acid sequences, samples described herein grouped into the putative genotype 'a' closed related with Chinese samples. Other studies are required to attempt the clinical and antigenic implications of these astrovirus genotypes in dogs.

Resumo

ABSTRACT Although the use of vaccines has controlled enteric diseases in dogs in many developed countries, vaccine coverage is still under optimal situation in Brazil. There is a large population of nonimmunized dogs and few studies about the identification of the viruses associated with diarrhea. To address this situation, stool samples from 325 dogs were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for the detection of common enteric viruses such as Canine adenovirus (CAdV), Canine coronavirus (CCoV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine rotavirus (CRV) and Carnivorous protoparvovirus 1 (canine parvovirus 2; CPV-2). At least one of these species was detected in 56.6% (184/325) of the samples. The viruses detected most frequently in either diarrheic or nondiarrheic dog feces were CPV-2 (54.3% of the positive samples), CDV (45.1%) and CCoV (30.4%), followed by CRV (8.2%) and CAdV (4.9%). Only one agent was detected in the majority of the positive samples (63%), but co-infections were present in 37% of the positive samples and mainly included CDV and CPV-2. The data presented herein can improve the clinical knowledge in regions with low vaccine coverage and highlight the need to improve the methods used to control these infectious diseases in domestic dogs.

Resumo

ABSTRACT This is the first report on circulating canine rotavirus in Mexico. Fifty samples from dogs with gastroenteritis were analyzed used polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in order to identify parvovirus and rotavirus, respectively; 7% of dogs were infected with rotavirus exclusively, while 14% were co-infected with both rotavirus and parvovirus; clinical signs in co-infected dogs were more severe.

Resumo

O objetivo desta dissertação foi apresentar uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre a abrangência de detecção de rotavírus em aves, tanto de produção quanto selvagens, de forma a prover evidências para embasar a discussão da epidemiologia do agente e de medidas de prevenção e controle da doença que sejam mais efetivas. Um total de 1234 artigos foram recuperados das principais bases de dados onde são anexadas pesquisas da área de Medicina Veterinária (Embase, Pubmed, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science). Após processo de triagem foram selecionados 48 estudos dos quais se extraíram informações gerais como autores da pesquisa, local onde ela foi realizada e as espécies estudadas. Depois do processo de avaliação dos estudos e das evidências geradas foi possível concluir que a abrangência de detecção dos rotavírus é mundial e que tanto aves de produção quanto selvagens e ornamentais podem ser infectadas pelo agente e desenvolver quadros clínicos, e tudo isso faz com que a discussão sobre estratégias de controle e prevenção do agente e sua dinâmica de disseminação ganhe relevância no cenário da pesquisa no Brasil e no mundo.

The goal of this dissertation was to present a systematic review of literature on the scope of rotavirus detection in poultry, both production and wild birds, in order to provide evidence to support the discussion of the epidemiology of the agent and the most effective measures for prevention and control of the disease. A total of 1234 articles were retrieved from the main databases where research in Veterinary Medicine is appended (Embase, Pubmed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science). After the screening process, 48 studies were selected from which general information such as authors of the research, location where it was conducted, and the species studied were extracted. After the evaluation process of the studies and the evidence generated it was possible to conclude that the scope of detection of rotaviruses is worldwide and that both production and wild and ornamental birds can be infected by the agent and develop clinical signs, and all this makes the discussion about control and prevention strategies of the agent and its dissemination dynamics gain relevance in the research scenario in Brazil and worldwide.

Resumo

A diarreia neonatal pode ser consequência de infecções bacterianas, endoparasitarárias e virais. Enquanto esses agentes virais são extensamente estudados nos rebanhos bovinos, faltam informações sobre a importância destes para os rebanhos bubalinos brasileiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de rotavírus e coronavírus em amostras de fezes diarreicas de búfalos (Bubalus buballis) criados em oito propriedades localizadas em Pariquera-açu, Registro, Pirassununga, Dourado, São João da Boa Vista e Congonhas, Estado de São Paulo. Foram coletadas 40 amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros búfalos (Bubalus bubalis). A detecção de coronavírus foi realizada pela nested-PCR, enquanto que a detecção de rotavírus foi realizada pela Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida (PAGE) com coloração com nitrato de prata. Enquanto rotavírus não foi identificado, duas amostras (2/40, 5,0%) foram positivas para coronavírus. Embora no presente trabalho tenha havido baixa detecção de coronavírus e a ausência de rotavírus nos rebanhos estudados, a possível interferência desses vírus no desenvolvimento dos quadros diarreicos não deve ser descartada. Considerando o escasso material encontrado na literatura a respeito da diarreia em bezerros búfalos, principalmente aquele relativo ao coronavírus, nossos resultados são um incentivo para que novos estudos sejam realizados para impulsionar o desenvolvimento da bubalinocultura em nosso país.(AU)

Neonatal diarrhea can be a consequence of bacterial, endoparasite and viral infections. Although virus involved in diarrhea is frequently studied in cattle herds, there is lack of studies in Brazilian buffalo herds. The aim of this study was evaluate the presence of rotavirus and coronavirus in diarrhea samples of buffaloes (Bubalus buballis) raised on eight farms in Pariquera-açu, Registro, Pirassununga, Dourado, São João da Boa Vista e Congonhas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. We collected 40 diarrhea samples from water buffalo calves. While coronavirus was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction, rotavirus was detected using Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) with silver stain. Rotavirus was not detected, while two samples (2/40, 5.0%) were positive for coronavirus. Although we did not detect rotavirus, a low percentage of coronavirus was observed; possible interference of these viruses in the development of diarrhea should not be discarded. Considering the lack of literature about diarrhea in water buffalo calves, particularly the one related with coronavirus, our results encourage new studies to enhance buffalo health in our country.(AU)

Resumo

Roedores e morcegos são considerados animais sinantrópicos pois coabitam e aproveitam áreas habitadas pelo homem, de forma permanente, transitória, de passagem ou para descanso, podendo também atuar como sentinelas, reservatórios e participantes na transmissão de importantes patógenos de importância a Saúde Pública. Portanto, considerou-se necessário o entendimento da epidemiologia de alguns importantes agentes virais, além dos mecanismos de evolução e das possíveis transmissões nessas espécies. Para isso, utilizaram-se 108 amostras fecais de roedores urbanos (Rattus rattus e Rattus norvergicus) provenientes de Procedimentos Regulares de Desratização no município de São Paulo - SP, e 220 amostras de pool de órgãos (pulmão, fígado, baço, intestino com fezes) de morcegos provenientes do Serviço de Vigilância e Controle da Raiva no Estado de São Paulo - SP, submetendoas a reação de transcrição reversa (RT) e reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para a detecção de rotavírus (A e B), coronavírus e hantavírus (grupos do velho mundo e novo mundo) e hepatite E. Todas as amostras do gênero Rattus foram negativas para todos os vírus analisados, já para os morcegos foi possível putativamente a detecção de 5,45% (12/220) de positividade dos morcegos para rotavírus A (RVA) e 14,55% (32/220) para coronavírus. Nenhuma das amostras positivas foi passível de sequenciamento do tipo Sanger, apesar de várias estratégias e repetições realizadas. A análise destes dados permite inferir a circulação, mesmo que baixa destes agentes virais no Estado de São Paulo, e deixa em evidência a necessidade de aprimoramento e/ou atualização de métodos diagnósticos para que se possa detectar, confirmar e caracterizar estes diferentes vírus, face a limitação do sequenciamento genético, bem como a necessidade de se realizar um sistema de vigilância de animais sinantrópicos de forma contínua e ininterrupta, devido a quantidade de agentes zoonóticos que estes animais são capazes de carrear e disseminar entre outras espécies (animais e ou humana). A possibilidade de unir sinergicamente instituições de pesquisa com serviços oficiais de monitoramento da fauna sinantrópica é de extrema importância, visando aproveitamento de amostras oficiais e o compartilhamento de conhecimentos e experiências, concretizando ainda mais o conceito de Saúde Única.

Rodents and bats are considered synanthropic animals because they cohabit and take advantage of areas inhabited by man, permanently, transiently, passing through or resting, and can also act as sentinels, reservoirs and participants in the transmission of important pathogens of importance to Public Health. Therefore, it was considered necessary to understand the epidemiology of some important viral agents, in addition to the mechanisms of evolution and possible transmissions in these species. For this, 108 fecal samples from urban rodents (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvergicus) from Regular Deratization Procedures in the city of São Paulo - SP, and 220 samples from organ pools (lung, liver, spleen, intestine with feces) were used. ) from bats from the Service of Surveillance and Control of Rabies in the State of São Paulo - SP, submitting them to reverse transcription reaction (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of rotavirus (A and B) , coronavirus and hantavirus (old world and new world groups) and hepatitis E. All samples of the genus Rattus were negative for all analyzed viruses, while for bats it was putatively possible to detect 5.45% (12/220) of positivity of bats for rotavirus A (RVA) and 14.55% (32/220) for coronavirus. None of the positive samples were amenable to Sanger-type sequencing, despite several strategies and repetitions performed. The analysis of these data allows us to infer the circulation, even if low, of these viral agents in the State of São Paulo, and highlights the need for improvement and/or updating of diagnostic methods in order to detect, confirm and characterize these different viruses, given the limitation of genetic sequencing, as well as the need to carry out a surveillance system for synanthropic animals in a continuous and uninterrupted way, due to the amount of zoonotic agents that these animals are capable of carrying and disseminating among other species (animals and or human) . The possibility of synergistically uniting research institutions with official services for monitoring synanthropic fauna is extremely important, aiming at taking advantage of official samples and sharing knowledge and experiences, further concretizing the concept of One Health.

Resumo

Esta tese de doutorado foi estruturada em quatro capítulos a partir de um projeto de pesquisa que tem como objetivos a identificação de vírus gastroentéricos circulantes nas fezes de cães, com ou sem sinais de gastroenterite, da região central do Brasil, além da caracterização das diferenças entre traçados das curvas de eletroforese de proteínas séricas em gel de agarose dessa mesma população. Foram utilizadas amostras de fezes e soro de 130 cães com menos 12 meses de idade, da região central do Brasil. Os animais foram divididos em um grupo de animais com sinais de gastroenterite, ou seja, vômito e/ou diarreia (n=115), e animais sem sinais de gastroenterite, possuindo fezes de coloração e consistência normais para a espécie (n=15). Foram utilizados métodos de diagnóstico molecular de PCR para detecção do parvovírus canino tipo 2 (CPV-2), adenovírus canino tipo 1 (CAdV1), vírus da cinomose canina (CDV), coronavírus canino (CCoV), norovírus canino (CNoV) e, a eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida para rotavírus canino tipo A (RVA). Os principais vírus circulantes nesses animais foram o CPV-2, em primeiro lugar, e o CDV em segundo lugar, além de fezes com a presença de dois vírus diferentes (CPV-2 com CDV e CPV-2 com CCoV). Esses dados contribuem para a vigilância epidemiológica dos vírus gastroentéricos na região central do Brasil, ampliando os locais de pesquisa no território brasileiro, uma vez que nessa região específica estudada há poucos artigos publicados. Diferenças estatísticas nas frações de albumina, 2-globulina e proteínas totais foram detectadas entre os grupos de cães sem sinais clínicos e os grupos formados por caninos que tinham, em suas fezes, CPV-2 e a associação CPV-2 com CDV. Assim, esse trabalho também aponta a eletroforese de proteínas séricas em gel de agarose como uma ferramenta laboratorial complementar na avaliação de cães com gastroenterites virais, uma vez que há redução de frações proteicas em animais sintomáticos, comparados ao grupo assintomático. Portanto, esse exame pode compor o painel laboratorial de cães com suspeita de gastroenterites virais, sendo facilmente aplicado na clínica de pequenos animais.

This thesis was structured in four chapters from a research project that aimed to identify gastroenteric viruses circulating in the feces of dogs, with or without signs of gastroenteritis, from central Brazil, in addition to characterizing the differences between tracings of serum protein electrophoresis curves on agarosis gel from the same population. Stool and serum samples from 130 dogs under 12 months of age from central Brazil were used. The animals were divided into a group of animals with signs of gastroenteritis, that is, vomiting and/or diarrhea (n=115), and animals without signs of gastroenteritis, with feces of normal color and consistency for the species (n=15). Molecular diagnostic methods were used to detect the viruses like PCR to canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV1), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine coronavirus (CCoV), canine norovirus (CNoV) and, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for canine rotavirus type A (RVA). It was concluded that the main viruses circulating in these animals were CPV-2, in first place, and CDV in second place. Feces with the presence of two different viruses were also identified (CPV-2 with CDV and CPV-2 with CCoV). These data contribute to the epidemiological surveillance of gastroenteric viruses in the central region of Brazil, expanding the research in the Brazilian territory, since in this specific region studied there are few published articles. Statistical differences in albumin, 2-globulin and total protein fractions were detected between groups of dogs without clinical signs and groups formed by canines that had CPV-2 and the association between CPV-2 and CDV in their feces. This study also points to the serum proteins electrophoresis in agarosis gel as a complementary laboratory tool in the evaluation of dogs with viral gastroenteritis, since there is a reduction of protein fractions in symptomatic animals, compared to the asymptomatic group. Therefore, this exam can compose the laboratory panel of dogs with suspected viral gastroenteritis, being easily applied in the small animal clinic.

Resumo

ABSTRACT Group A rotaviruses are the main causative agent of infantile gastroenteritis. The segmented nature of the viral genome allows reassortment of genome segments, which can generate genetic variants. In this study, we characterized the diversity of the VP7, VP4 (VP8*), VP6, NSP4, and NSP5 genes of the rotaviruses that circulated from 2005 to 2011 in the Triângulo Mineiro (TM) region of Brazil. Samples with genotypes G2 (sublineages IVa-1 and IVa-3), G1 (sublineage I-A), G9 (lineage III), G12 (lineages II and III), G8 (lineage II), G3 (lineage III), P[4] (sublineages IVa and IVb), P[8] (sublineages P[8]-3.6, P[8]-3.3, and P[8]-3.1), I2 (lineage VII), E2 (lineages VI, XII, and X), and H2 (lineage III) were identified. The associations found in the samples were G1, G9, or G12 with P[8]-I1-E1-H1; G2 or G8 with P[4]-I2-E2-H2; G12 with I3-E3-H6; and G3 with P[4]-I2-E3-H3 (previously unreported combination). Reassortment events in G2P[4] strains and an apparent pattern of temporal segregation within the lineages were observed. Five TM samples contained genes that exhibited high nucleotide and amino acid identities with strains of animal origin. The present study includes a period of pre- and post-introduction of rotavirus vaccination in all Brazilian territories, thereby serving as a basis for monitoring changes in the genetic constitution of rotaviruses. The results also contribute to the understanding of the diversity and evolution of rotaviruses in a global context.