Prognostic values of physical and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected with parvovirus PVC-2: retrospective study of 103 cases / [Valores prognósticos de parâmetros físicos e hematológicos de cães naturalmente infectados pelo parvovírus PVC-2: estudo retrospectivo de 103 casos]

Canine parvovirosis is a high mortality disease with acute clinical picture. However, there are few available resources to help stablish prognosis accurately. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold values for vital and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected by the Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). A retrospective study of 103 canine parvovirosis cases was carried out. Twenty seven percent of these (28/103) died, 96% (27/28) of which within the first four days of hospitalization. Deceased animals had significantly higher median values for heart (HR) and respiratory (f) rates, as well as significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) than survivors. Severely leukopenic animals (<1,000 cells/µL), had a significantly higher mortality rate (68%, n=13) compared to that of other patients (P<0.0007). Animals with at least two of the following findings: severe hypotension (SBP< 90mmHg), tachycardia (HR > 150 bpm) and leukopenia, represented 34% (34/101) of the cases and had a survival rate of 29% (10/34), while animals with at most one of these parameters represented 66% (67/101) and had a survival rate of 94% (63/67). The presence of two or three abnormal parameters was significantly related to the higher death risk among dogs with parvovirosis (P<0.0001).(AU)

A parvovirose canina é uma doença de alta mortalidade e de quadro clínico agudo. No entanto, existem poucos recursos para se estabelecer prognóstico de maneira precisa. Este estudo objetivou analisar os valores prognósticos de parâmetros físicos e hematológicos de cães naturalmente infectados pelo Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). Um estudo retrospectivo de 103 casos de parvovirose canina foi realizado. Desses, 27% dos animais (28/103) foram a óbito, sendo 96% (27/28) com ocorrência nos primeiros quatro dias de internamento. Os cães que foram a óbito apresentaram medianas das frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f) significativamente maiores e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) consideravelmente menor que a dos sobreviventes. Entre os animais mais intensamente leucopênicos (<1.000 células/(L), a taxa de mortalidade (68%, n=13) foi expressivamente maior que a dos demais pacientes (P<0,0007). Os animais com hipotensão grave (PAS<90mmHg), taquicardia (FC>150bpm) e leucopenia intensa (leucometria<1.000 células/µL), ou duas dessas alterações clínicas, representaram 34% (34/101) dos casos e tiveram taxa de sobrevida de 29% (10/34), enquanto os animais com, no máximo, um desses parâmetros alterados representaram 66% (67/101) dos animais, com taxa de sobrevida de 94% (63/67). A presença de dois ou três parâmetros alterados esteve significativamente relacionada ao maior risco de óbito de cães com parvovirose (P<0,0001).(AU)

Autonomic regulation of heart rate during specific dynamic action associated with digestion in the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus

Feeding causes a substantial rise in the aerobic metabolism of all vertebrates, which is met by a rise in heart rate to secure adequate oxygen delivery, as well as intestinal nutrient absorption and transport between organs. To study the autonomic regulation of this postprandial tachycardia in an amphibian, we placed arterial catheters in individuals of the bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), to measure their blood pressure and heart rate. Heart rate in experimental subjects increased from a fasting value of 42.5 ± 2.5 to 52.5 ± 1.6 and 57.5 ± 2.1 min-1 at 24 and 33 hours, respectively, after meals that corresponded to 5% of their body weight. Using an infusion of atropine and propranolol, we demonstrated that part of the postprandial tachycardia can be ascribed to a progressive decrease in parasympathetic tone (26 ± 5% in fasting frogs to 6 ± 5% by 33 hours into digestion), whereas the sympathetic tone remained unaltered at approximately 20%. In addition to the withdrawal of vagal tone, digestion was also associated with an increase in the heart rate upon double-blockade (i.e., the combination of atropine and propranolol) from a fasting value of 44.5 ± 0.9 to 50.8 ± 1.9 min-1 at 33 hours. This indicates that the postprandial tachycardia in frogs, as previously demonstrated for snakes, is partially governed by excitation of non adrenergic, non cholinergic (NANC) factors.

Autonomic regulation of heart rate during specific dynamic action associated with digestion in the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus

Feeding causes a substantial rise in the aerobic metabolism of all vertebrates, which is met by a rise in heart rate to secure adequate oxygen delivery, as well as intestinal nutrient absorption and transport between organs. To study the autonomic regulation of this postprandial tachycardia in an amphibian, we placed arterial catheters in individuals of the bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), to measure their blood pressure and heart rate. Heart rate in experimental subjects increased from a fasting value of 42.5 ± 2.5 to 52.5 ± 1.6 and 57.5 ± 2.1 min-1 at 24 and 33 hours, respectively, after meals that corresponded to 5% of their body weight. Using an infusion of atropine and propranolol, we demonstrated that part of the postprandial tachycardia can be ascribed to a progressive decrease in parasympathetic tone (26 ± 5% in fasting frogs to 6 ± 5% by 33 hours into digestion), whereas the sympathetic tone remained unaltered at approximately 20%. In addition to the withdrawal of vagal tone, digestion was also associated with an increase in the heart rate upon double-blockade (i.e., the combination of atropine and propranolol) from a fasting value of 44.5 ± 0.9 to 50.8 ± 1.9 min-1 at 33 hours. This indicates that the postprandial tachycardia in frogs, as previously demonstrated for snakes, is partially governed by excitation of non adrenergic, non cholinergic (NANC) factors.(AU)

Controle de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e arritmias ventriculares em um cão com cardiomiopatia dilatada – relato de caso / Control of congestive heart failure with and ventricular arrhythmiasarrhytmias in a dog with dilated cardiomyopathy - case report / Manejo de una insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva y arritmias ventriculares en un perro con cardiomiopatía dilatada - relato de caso

No presente trabalho relata-se o caso de um cão, macho, cocker spaniel americano de onze anos com histórico de dispneia aguda e intolerância ao exercício. O exame eletrocardiográfico evidenciou a presença de arritmias ventriculares, e, por meio do exame ecocardiográfico o paciente foi diagnosticado com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Realizou-se o tratamento, com melhora dos sinais congestivos e das arritmias. Arritmias ventriculares são difíceis de se controlar em pacientes tratados somente para a doença cardíaca de base, sema administração de antiarrítmicos. O paciente atingiu uma sobrevida de quinze meses evidenciando a necessidade de se realizar diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, a fim de se obter uma melhora na expectativa de vida de pacientes cardiopatas.

We report a case of a dog, male, eleven year old, american cocker spaniel with a history of acute dyspnea and exercise intolerance. The electrocardiography examination revealed the presence of ventricular arrhytmias, and, through echocardiographic examination, the patient was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Treatment was performed, with improvement in congestive signs and arrhytmias. Ventricular arrhytmias are difficult to control in patients treated only for underlying heart disease, without the administration of antiarrythmics. The patient survived for fifteen months, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and treatment, in order to obtain an improvement in life expectancy of patients with heart disease.

El presente trabajo relata el caso de un perro Cocker spaniel americano macho, de once años con histórico de disnea aguda e intolerancia al ejercicio físico. El electrocardiograma mostró arritmias ventriculares y la ecocardiografia evidenció la presencia de una cardiomiopatía dilatada yinsuficiencia cardíaca mayor. La enfermedad fue tratada y el paciente mostró mejoría del cuadro congestivo y de las arritmias. Las arritmias ventriculares son difíciles de controlar en pacientes tratados solo por enfermedad cardíaca subyacente, sin la necessidad de administrar medicamentos antiarrítmicos. El animal tuvo una supervivencia de quince meses. Los resultados muestran la importancia de realizar un diagnóstico y un tratamiento precoces, con objetivo de mejorar la expectativa de vida de pacientes con cardiopatías.

Controle de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e arritmias ventriculares em um cão com cardiomiopatia dilatada relato de caso / Control of congestive heart failure with and ventricular arrhythmiasarrhytmias in a dog with dilated cardiomyopathy - case report / Manejo de una insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva y arritmias ventriculares en un perro con cardiomiopatía dilatada - relato de caso

No presente trabalho relata-se o caso de um cão, macho, cocker spaniel americano de onze anos com histórico de dispneia aguda e intolerância ao exercício. O exame eletrocardiográfico evidenciou a presença de arritmias ventriculares, e, por meio do exame ecocardiográfico o paciente foi diagnosticado com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Realizou-se o tratamento, com melhora dos sinais congestivos e das arritmias. Arritmias ventriculares são difíceis de se controlar em pacientes tratados somente para a doença cardíaca de base, sema administração de antiarrítmicos. O paciente atingiu uma sobrevida de quinze meses evidenciando a necessidade de se realizar diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, a fim de se obter uma melhora na expectativa de vida de pacientes cardiopatas.(AU)

We report a case of a dog, male, eleven year old, american cocker spaniel with a history of acute dyspnea and exercise intolerance. The electrocardiography examination revealed the presence of ventricular arrhytmias, and, through echocardiographic examination, the patient was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Treatment was performed, with improvement in congestive signs and arrhytmias. Ventricular arrhytmias are difficult to control in patients treated only for underlying heart disease, without the administration of antiarrythmics. The patient survived for fifteen months, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and treatment, in order to obtain an improvement in life expectancy of patients with heart disease.(AU)

El presente trabajo relata el caso de un perro Cocker spaniel americano macho, de once años con histórico de disnea aguda e intolerancia al ejercicio físico. El electrocardiograma mostró arritmias ventriculares y la ecocardiografia evidenció la presencia de una cardiomiopatía dilatada yinsuficiencia cardíaca mayor. La enfermedad fue tratada y el paciente mostró mejoría del cuadro congestivo y de las arritmias. Las arritmias ventriculares son difíciles de controlar en pacientes tratados solo por enfermedad cardíaca subyacente, sin la necessidad de administrar medicamentos antiarrítmicos. El animal tuvo una supervivencia de quince meses. Los resultados muestran la importancia de realizar un diagnóstico y un tratamiento precoces, con objetivo de mejorar la expectativa de vida de pacientes con cardiopatías.(AU)

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy in Two Dogs

Arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare primary heart condition recognized in dogs. It is an inherited disease more commonly described in Boxer dogs. Clinically, ARVC is characterized by ventricular tachyarrhythmias and histopathologically by fibrofatty replacement, mostly on the right ventricle. This report describes the gross and histopathological findings from a female adult Boxer and from a male adult mixed breed dog, presenting signs of heart failure and marked infiltration of adipose tissue replacing cardiomyocytes, predominantly in the epicardium and myocardium of the right ventricle.

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy in Two Dogs

Arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare primary heart condition recognized in dogs. It is an inherited disease more commonly described in Boxer dogs. Clinically, ARVC is characterized by ventricular tachyarrhythmias and histopathologically by fibrofatty replacement, mostly on the right ventricle. This report describes the gross and histopathological findings from a female adult Boxer and from a male adult mixed breed dog, presenting signs of heart failure and marked infiltration of adipose tissue replacing cardiomyocytes, predominantly in the epicardium and myocardium of the right ventricle.(AU)

Hipertermia por intermação em cão: relato de caso / Hyperthermia due to heat stroke in dogs: case report

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de hipertermia por intermação em um cão da raça São Bernardo, destacando os procedimentos emergenciais realizados para o controle desta enfermidade.

Hipertermia por intermação em cão: relato de caso / Hyperthermia due to heat stroke in dogs: case report

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de hipertermia por intermação em um cão da raça São Bernardo, destacando os procedimentos emergenciais realizados para o controle desta enfermidade.(AU)

Flutter atrial e taquicardia ventricular em cão com síndrome dilatação e vólvulo / gástrico / Atrial flutter and ventricular tachycardia in dog with gastric-dilation volvulus Complex

Background: Gastric-dilation volvulus complex (GDV) is an acute condition characterized by dilation of the stomach associated with rotation around its mesenteric axis. Cardiac arrhythmias, especially of ventricular origin are frequently found in animals with GDV. Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by three or more ventricular premature complexes in sequence. Atrial flutter is a supraventricular arrhythmia uncommon in dogs, characterized by rapid atrial rate and altered atrial depolarization resulting in bidirectional saw-toothed atrial complexes. The aim of this work is describe the cardiac arrhythmias and electrocardiographic patterns observed in a postoperative period of seven days in a dog with GDV syndrome. Case: A 2-year-old female dog of Fila Brasileiro breed was presented to veterinary hospital due to an acute onset of abdominal distension. Clinical findings included hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refill time of less than two seconds, normal sounds in cardiac auscultation, heart rate of 160 beats per min, tachypnea, normal femoral pulses and an increased abdominal volume compatible with accumulation of gas. The surgical procedure was the treatment of choice for correction of GDV syndrome. The stomach was dilated, rotated 180 degrees clockwise and possibly with a necrotic area. The spleen was congested and infarcted. During surgery, the patient had a period of low oximetry and two isolated ventricular premature complexes, treated with lidocaine in bolus. In the postoperative period, the electrocardiographic monitoring revealed the presence of two types of arrhythmia. Ventricular tachycardia occurred one day after surgery, being treated with lidocaine in bolus and constant rate infusion. On the third day, the dog developed atrial fl utter, treated with digoxin. On the fourth day, cardiac rhythm returned to normal and showed no further changes up to 7 days after surgery, when the dog was discharged. Discussion: The presence of cardiac arrhythmias in the postoperative period is one of the factors that makes the prognosis worse in dogs with GDV. The etiological mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias in this syndrome has not been elucidated. Among the possibilities are myocardial ischemia, release of myocardial depressant factors, release of catecholamines, electrolyte imbalances and acidosis. Ventricular tachycardia is a relatively common arrhythmia in cases of GDV, which can progress to ventricular fibrillation, the leading cause of deaths from cardiac arrhythmia in dogs with the disease. Among supraventricular arrhythmias, atrial premature complexes were reported, however atrial flutter was not described before in this syndrome. Moreover, the dog developed cardiac arrhythmia until about 72 h after surgery, unlike another reports. An electrocardiographic pattern changed was the size of the P wave, suggesting left atrial enlargement, but thoracic radiography showed a normal-sized cardiac silhouette. Moreover, the animal showed T wave amplitude greater than 25% of the R wave amplitude, which may be related to low oximetry observed at the start of surgery, possible electrolyte imbalances or be physiological. The present case reinforces the importance of electrocardiographic monitoring in the postoperative GDV, including a period of up to 72 h after surgery. Moreover, it is concluded that atrial flutter may be another type of arrhythmia caused by secondary changes of GDV syndrome and confirms the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy with lidocaine in cases of ventricular tachycardia.(AU)

Flutter atrial e taquicardia ventricular em cão com síndrome dilatação e vólvulo / gástrico / Atrial flutter and ventricular tachycardia in dog with gastric-dilation volvulus Complex

Background: Gastric-dilation volvulus complex (GDV) is an acute condition characterized by dilation of the stomach associated with rotation around its mesenteric axis. Cardiac arrhythmias, especially of ventricular origin are frequently found in animals with GDV. Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by three or more ventricular premature complexes in sequence. Atrial flutter is a supraventricular arrhythmia uncommon in dogs, characterized by rapid atrial rate and altered atrial depolarization resulting in bidirectional saw-toothed atrial complexes. The aim of this work is describe the cardiac arrhythmias and electrocardiographic patterns observed in a postoperative period of seven days in a dog with GDV syndrome. Case: A 2-year-old female dog of Fila Brasileiro breed was presented to veterinary hospital due to an acute onset of abdominal distension. Clinical findings included hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refill time of less than two seconds, normal sounds in cardiac auscultation, heart rate of 160 beats per min, tachypnea, normal femoral pulses and an increased abdominal volume compatible with accumulation of gas. The surgical procedure was the treatment of choice for correction of GDV syndrome. The stomach was dilated, rotated 180 degrees clockwise and possibly with a necrotic area. The spleen was congested and infarcted. During surgery, the patient had a period of low oximetry and two isolated ventricular premature complexes, treated with lidocaine in bolus. In the postoperative period, the electrocardiographic monitoring revealed the presence of two types of arrhythmia. Ventricular tachycardia occurred one day after surgery, being treated with lidocaine in bolus and constant rate infusion. On the third day, the dog developed atrial fl utter, treated with digoxin. On the fourth day, cardiac rhythm returned to normal and showed no further changes up to 7 days after surgery, when the dog was discharged. Discussion: The presence of cardiac arrhythmias in the postoperative period is one of the factors that makes the prognosis worse in dogs with GDV. The etiological mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias in this syndrome has not been elucidated. Among the possibilities are myocardial ischemia, release of myocardial depressant factors, release of catecholamines, electrolyte imbalances and acidosis. Ventricular tachycardia is a relatively common arrhythmia in cases of GDV, which can progress to ventricular fibrillation, the leading cause of deaths from cardiac arrhythmia in dogs with the disease. Among supraventricular arrhythmias, atrial premature complexes were reported, however atrial flutter was not described before in this syndrome. Moreover, the dog developed cardiac arrhythmia until about 72 h after surgery, unlike another reports. An electrocardiographic pattern changed was the size of the P wave, suggesting left atrial enlargement, but thoracic radiography showed a normal-sized cardiac silhouette. Moreover, the animal showed T wave amplitude greater than 25% of the R wave amplitude, which may be related to low oximetry observed at the start of surgery, possible electrolyte imbalances or be physiological. The present case reinforces the importance of electrocardiographic monitoring in the postoperative GDV, including a period of up to 72 h after surgery. Moreover, it is concluded that atrial flutter may be another type of arrhythmia caused by secondary changes of GDV syndrome and confirms the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy with lidocaine in cases of ventricular tachycardia.

AVALIAÇÃO DO CONDICIONAMENTO ATLÉTICO DE EQUINOS DA RAÇA QUARTO DE MILHA USADOS EM PROVAS DE TRÊS TAMBORES

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a influência de uma sessão de prova de três tambores sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos, eritrograma e bioquímica sérica de equinos da raça Quarto de Milha. Vinte e oito equinos da referida raça, doze fêmeas e dezesseis machos, com idade de 4,5±2,6 anos e pesando 438,5±34,6 kg, foram avaliados em quatro diferentes momentos: antes (T0) e com 5 minutos (T1), 30 minutos (T2) e 120 minutos (T3) após uma prova de três tambores. Nesses momentos, as frequências cardíaca e respiratória e a temperatura corpórea (TC) foram mensuradas. Coletas de sangue também foram feitas para determinar volume globular (VG), contagem de eritrócitos e concentração de hemoglobina. Desses resultados, foram calculados o volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM). Também foram determinadas as concentrações séricas de AST e CK e a lactacidemia. Eletrocardiogramas foram realizados em dois diferentes momentos: no repouso e imediatamente após o exercício (prova de três tambores). As variáveis eletrocardiográficas analisadas foram ritmo cardíaco, frequência cardíaca (FC), duração da onda P, do complexo QRS e dos intervalos PR e QT, amplitudes das ondas P, R e T e análise do QT corrigido (QTc) de acordo com a fórmula de Bazett (QT/RR) e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). As variáveis foram analisadas quanto à normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e as comparações foram feitas usando teste de Tukey considerando p<0,05. Os resultados mostraram que o exercício imposto alterou significantemente (p<0,0001) as frequências cardíaca e respiratória, TC, VG, contagem de eritrócitos, concentração de hemoglobina e lactacidemia, com maiores valores registrados em T1. Nenhuma alteração significativa foi observada para VCM (p=0,9704), CHCM (p=0,9636), AST (p=0,3414) e CK (p=0,7115). A análise do ritmo revelou 89,3% de ritmo sinusal e 10,7% de arritmia sinusal no repouso, com FC média de 39,5±8,2 bpm, e 100% taquiarritmia, com FC média de 107,6±9,2 bpm após o exercício. No pós-exercício, foi possível observar reduções significativas na duração da onda P (p<0,0001), do intervalo PR (p<0,0001), do intervalo QT (p<0,0001), QTc (p=0,0016) e VFC (p<0,0001) e aumentos significativos na amplitude da onda P (p=0,0058) e FC (p<0,0001). Nenhuma diferença foi observada para as amplitudes das ondas R e T e para a duração do complexo QRS. Foi possível concluir que a atividade física imposta levou a importantes alterações das variáveis estudadas e essas podem ser usadas na avaliação do condicionamento atlético de equinos treinados em condições tropicais.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a barrel racing exercise on the electrocardiographic parameters, erythrogram and serum biochemistry of Quarter horses. Twenty-eight Quarter horses, twelve females and sixteen males, aged 4.5±2.6 years old and weighting 438.5±34.6 kg, were evaluated in four different moments: before (T0), 5 minutes (T1), 30 minutes (T2) and 120 minutes (T3) after a barrel racing activity. On these moments, heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF) and body temperature (BT) were measured. Blood samples were taken to determine packed cell volume (PCV), concentration of erythrocytes and hemoglobin. From these data, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were calculated. Also, serum concentrations of AST and CK and plasma lactate were recorded. Electrocardiograms were recorded in two different moments: rest and immediately after exercise (a barrel racing exercise). The electrocardiographic variables analyzed were cardiac rhythm, heart rate (HR), duration of P wave, QRS complex, PR and QT intervals, amplitudes of P, R and T waves, and analysis of QT corrected (QTc) according to Bazett's formula (QT/RR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Variables were analyzed for normality with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and comparisons were made using Tukey test, considering p<0.05. Results showed that the imposed exercise altered significantly (p<0.0001) HR, RF, BT, PCV, erythrocytes count, hemoglobin concentration and plasma lactate, with higher values recorded on T1. No significant differences were observed for MCV (p=0.9704), MCHC (p=0.9636), AST (p=0.3414) and CK (p=0.7115). Rhythm analysis revealed 89.3% of sinus rhythm and 10.7% of sinus arrhythmia in rest, with mean HR of 39.5±8.2 beats/ minute, and 100% of sinus tachycardia, with mean HR of 107.6±9.2 beats/ minute after exercise. In post-exercise, it was possible to observe significant reductions in the duration of P wave duration (P<0.0001), PR interval (P<0.0001), QT interval (P<0.0001), QTc (P=0.0016) and HRV (P<0.0001) and significant increases in P wave amplitude (P=0.0058) and heart rate (P<0.0001). No differences were recorded for R and T wave amplitudes and for the duration of the QRS complex. It was possible to conclude that the physical activity imposed led to important alterations on the studied variables and those can be used on the evaluation of athletic conditioning of horses trained on tropical conditions.

Estrangulação de intestino delgado devido a divertículo de Meckel e banda mesodiverticular em égua gestante relato de caso / Strangulation of the small intestine by Meckel´s diverticulum and mesodiverticular band in a pregnant mare Case Report

O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a ocorrência de cólica por estrangulação intestinal ocasionada por banda mesodiverticular (BMD) e divertículo de Meckel (DM) em uma égua no terço final de gestação com histórico de 20 horas de cólica moderada contínua sem resposta à administração de analgésicos. Pela celiotomia constatou-se a presença de BMD e DM medindo 15cm a partir da borda anti-mesentérica, ocasionando estrangulação intestinal distante 150cm do orifício ileocecal. Realizaramse enterectomia de 290cm de alça necrosada, drenagem do conteúdo enegrecido e fétido do intestino remanescente, seguida de by pass do ceco por jejuno-colonostomia. Durante o pós-operatório, o quadro se manteve refratário à terapia intensiva instituída. O animal voltou a ter refluxo pela sonda nasogástrica e ocorreu abortamento após seis dias, sendo praticada a eutanásia após 24 horas. A BMD e o DM são estruturas remanescentes dos componentes onfalomesentéricos vitelinos, e sua ressecção deve ser considerada sempre que essas estruturas forem diagnosticadas durante a cirurgia abdominal em equinos. A égua deste relato viveu cinco anos sem consequências aparentes, até que tais alterações provocaram a estrangulação intestinal.(AU)

The objective of this report is to describe the occurrence of intestinal strangulation caused by mesodiverticular band (MDB) and Meckel´s diverticulum (MD) in a mare at the latter third of gestation with a 20 hours history of moderate colic unresponsive to analgesic medication. The celiotomy revealed the presence of 5.9 inches long MD and MDB causing intestinal strangulation 59 inches from the ileocecal valve. It was performed an enterectomy of 115 inches of necrotic loop, drainage of the dark and fetid content of the remaining intestine, followed by cecum bypass through jejunocolostomy. Despite the intensive therapy established during postoperative, the gastric reflux through the nasogastric tube came back, the mare suffered abortion after six days, and the euthanasia was performed after 24 hours. MDB and MD are remaining structures of vitelline omphalomesenteric components and their resection should be considered whenever these structures are diagnosed during abdominal surgery in equines. The mare on this report lived five years without apparent consequences; until the moment these alterations caused intestinal strangulation.(AU)

Estrangulação de intestino delgado devido a divertículo de Meckel e banda mesodiverticular em égua gestante – relato de caso / Strangulation of the small intestine by Meckel´s diverticulum and mesodiverticular band in a pregnant mare – Case Report

O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a ocorrência de cólica por estrangulação intestinal ocasionada por banda mesodiverticular (BMD) e divertículo de Meckel (DM) em uma égua no terço final de gestação com histórico de 20 horas de cólica moderada contínua sem resposta à administração de analgésicos. Pela celiotomia constatou-se a presença de BMD e DM medindo 15cm a partir da borda anti-mesentérica, ocasionando estrangulação intestinal distante 150cm do orifício ileocecal. Realizaramse enterectomia de 290cm de alça necrosada, drenagem do conteúdo enegrecido e fétido do intestino remanescente, seguida de by pass do ceco por jejuno-colonostomia. Durante o pós-operatório, o quadro se manteve refratário à terapia intensiva instituída. O animal voltou a ter refluxo pela sonda nasogástrica e ocorreu abortamento após seis dias, sendo praticada a eutanásia após 24 horas. A BMD e o DM são estruturas remanescentes dos componentes onfalomesentéricos vitelinos, e sua ressecção deve ser considerada sempre que essas estruturas forem diagnosticadas durante a cirurgia abdominal em equinos. A égua deste relato viveu cinco anos sem consequências aparentes, até que tais alterações provocaram a estrangulação intestinal.

The objective of this report is to describe the occurrence of intestinal strangulation caused by mesodiverticular band (MDB) and Meckel´s diverticulum (MD) in a mare at the latter third of gestation with a 20 hours history of moderate colic unresponsive to analgesic medication. The celiotomy revealed the presence of 5.9 inches long MD and MDB causing intestinal strangulation 59 inches from the ileocecal valve. It was performed an enterectomy of 115 inches of necrotic loop, drainage of the dark and fetid content of the remaining intestine, followed by cecum bypass through jejunocolostomy. Despite the intensive therapy established during postoperative, the gastric reflux through the nasogastric tube came back, the mare suffered abortion after six days, and the euthanasia was performed after 24 hours. MDB and MD are remaining structures of vitelline omphalomesenteric components and their resection should be considered whenever these structures are diagnosed during abdominal surgery in equines. The mare on this report lived five years without apparent consequences; until the moment these alterations caused intestinal strangulation.

Uroperitônio em três potros Puro Sangue de corrida / Uroperitoneum in three Thoroughbred toets / Uroperitoneo en tres potros Pura Sangre de Carrera

São descritos três casos de uroperitônio em duas potrancas e um potro Puro Sangue de Corrida de 12, 20 e 8 dias de idade, respectivamente. Os animais apresentavam sinais de dor abdominal leve à moderada, taquipneia,taquicardia, distensão abdominal e disúria. O diagnóstico de uroperitônio foi realizado por meio de ultrassonografia transabdominal onde se observou a presença de imagens ecográficas sugestivas de alças intestinais flutuando em grande quantidade de líquido hipoecoico; e confirmado pela relação creatinina do líquido abdominal: creatininas é rica acima de dois. Primeiramente os potros foram submetidos à fluido terapia intravenosa associada à drenagem progressiva do líquido peritoneal para posterior celiotomia exploratória com o objetivo de localizar e reparar a lesão.Na potranca de 20 dias e no potro de 8 dias foi identificada uma ruptura de úraco. Na potranca de 12 dias, foi constatado um defeito congênito na parede dorsal da bexiga que foi reparado após leve debridamento dos bordos da lesão. Nos três casos foi efetuada a ressecção do úraco, veia e artérias umbilicais e posterior cistorrexia. Os animais de 20, 8 e 12 dias de idade apresentaram uma melhora rápida e sem complicações após a correção cirúrgica,recebendo alta aos nove, sete e 23 dias após a intervenção, respectivamente.

Three cases of uroperitoneum in Thorough bred foals, two females and one male, are described in the present study. The animais showed clinical sings of mild to moderate abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnea,abdominal distention and straining to urinate. The diagnosis of uroperitoneum was made by transabdominal ultrasound examination and confirmed by the ratio of [abdominal fluid creatinine] : [serum creatinine] greater than two. Initially the foals were treated with intravenous fluid therapy associated with progressive drainage of peritoneal fluid forsubsequent exploratory laparotomy in order to identify and repair the lesion. A ruptured urachus was identified in the20-day-old filly and in the 8-day-old colt. The 12-day-old filly had a congenital defect in the dorsal aspect of thebladder; this defect was repaired after debridement of the lesion edges. The resection of urachus, umbilical vein andarteries was pertormed in ali three cases followed by cistorrhaphy. The outcome was good without complications aftersurgical correction; the 20-day old filly , 8-day-old colt and the 12-day-old filly were discharged at 9,7 and 23 daysafter surgery, respectively.

Tres casos de uroperitoneo son descriptos, respectivamente, en dos potrancas y un potro Pura Sangrede Carrera de 12, 20 Y 8 días de edad. Los animales presentaban senales de dolor abdominal discreta a moderada,taquipnea, taquicardia, distensión abdominal y disuria. EI diagnóstico de uroperitoneo fue realizado por medio de ultrasonografía transabdominal, donde fueron observadas vueltas intestinales fluctuando en gran cantidad de líquido hipoecogénico; fue confirmado por Ia relación creatinina dei líquido abdominal: creatinina sé rica arriba de 2. Primeramente los productos fueron sometidos a Ia fluidoterápia intravenosa asociada a un drenaje progresivo deilíquido peritoneal para una posterior quirurgia abdominal exploratoria con el objetivo de localizar y reparar Ia lesión.En Ia potranca de 20 días y en el potro de 8 días fue identificada una ruptura de uraco. En Ia potranca de 12 días fue constatada una alteración congénita en Ia pared vesical dorsal que fue reparada después de un desbridamiento delos bordos de Ia lesión. En los 3 casos fue efectuada Ia resección dei uraco, de Ias venas y arterias umbilicales e unaposterior cistorrafia. Los 3 animales de 20, 8 Y 12 días de edad presentaron una rápida mejora sin complicaciones después de Ia corrección quirúrgica, y recibieron alta 9, 7 Y 23 días después.

Uroperitônio em três potros Puro Sangue de corrida / Uroperitoneum in three Thoroughbred toets / Uroperitoneo en tres potros Pura Sangre de Carrera

São descritos três casos de uroperitônio em duas potrancas e um potro Puro Sangue de Corrida de 12, 20 e 8 dias de idade, respectivamente. Os animais apresentavam sinais de dor abdominal leve à moderada, taquipneia,taquicardia, distensão abdominal e disúria. O diagnóstico de uroperitônio foi realizado por meio de ultrassonografia transabdominal onde se observou a presença de imagens ecográficas sugestivas de alças intestinais flutuando em grande quantidade de líquido hipoecoico; e confirmado pela relação creatinina do líquido abdominal: creatininas é rica acima de dois. Primeiramente os potros foram submetidos à fluido terapia intravenosa associada à drenagem progressiva do líquido peritoneal para posterior celiotomia exploratória com o objetivo de localizar e reparar a lesão.Na potranca de 20 dias e no potro de 8 dias foi identificada uma ruptura de úraco. Na potranca de 12 dias, foi constatado um defeito congênito na parede dorsal da bexiga que foi reparado após leve debridamento dos bordos da lesão. Nos três casos foi efetuada a ressecção do úraco, veia e artérias umbilicais e posterior cistorrexia. Os animais de 20, 8 e 12 dias de idade apresentaram uma melhora rápida e sem complicações após a correção cirúrgica,recebendo alta aos nove, sete e 23 dias após a intervenção, respectivamente.(AU)

Three cases of uroperitoneum in Thorough bred foals, two females and one male, are described in the present study. The animais showed clinical sings of mild to moderate abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnea,abdominal distention and straining to urinate. The diagnosis of uroperitoneum was made by transabdominal ultrasound examination and confirmed by the ratio of [abdominal fluid creatinine] : [serum creatinine] greater than two. Initially the foals were treated with intravenous fluid therapy associated with progressive drainage of peritoneal fluid forsubsequent exploratory laparotomy in order to identify and repair the lesion. A ruptured urachus was identified in the20-day-old filly and in the 8-day-old colt. The 12-day-old filly had a congenital defect in the dorsal aspect of thebladder; this defect was repaired after debridement of the lesion edges. The resection of urachus, umbilical vein andarteries was pertormed in ali three cases followed by cistorrhaphy. The outcome was good without complications aftersurgical correction; the 20-day old filly , 8-day-old colt and the 12-day-old filly were discharged at 9,7 and 23 daysafter surgery, respectively.(AU)

Tres casos de uroperitoneo son descriptos, respectivamente, en dos potrancas y un potro Pura Sangrede Carrera de 12, 20 Y 8 días de edad. Los animales presentaban senales de dolor abdominal discreta a moderada,taquipnea, taquicardia, distensión abdominal y disuria. EI diagnóstico de uroperitoneo fue realizado por medio de ultrasonografía transabdominal, donde fueron observadas vueltas intestinales fluctuando en gran cantidad de líquido hipoecogénico; fue confirmado por Ia relación creatinina dei líquido abdominal: creatinina sé rica arriba de 2. Primeramente los productos fueron sometidos a Ia fluidoterápia intravenosa asociada a un drenaje progresivo deilíquido peritoneal para una posterior quirurgia abdominal exploratoria con el objetivo de localizar y reparar Ia lesión.En Ia potranca de 20 días y en el potro de 8 días fue identificada una ruptura de uraco. En Ia potranca de 12 días fue constatada una alteración congénita en Ia pared vesical dorsal que fue reparada después de un desbridamiento delos bordos de Ia lesión. En los 3 casos fue efectuada Ia resección dei uraco, de Ias venas y arterias umbilicales e unaposterior cistorrafia. Los 3 animales de 20, 8 Y 12 días de edad presentaron una rápida mejora sin complicaciones después de Ia corrección quirúrgica, y recibieron alta 9, 7 Y 23 días después.(AU)

Dinâmica do nitroprussiato de sódio sobre a pressão arterial, pressão venosa e parâmetros eletrocardigráficos de cães saudáveis / Dynamics of sodium nitroprusside on the arterial pressure, venous pressure, and electrocardiographic parameters in healthy dogs

Embora inúmeras opções terapêuticas para o manejo da hipertensão encontra-se disponíveis, a rápida redução da pressão arterial é altamente desejável na crise hipertensiva. Por ser um potente vasodilatador e, assim, representar uma alternativa para o manejo agudo da crise hipertensiva, existe grande variação nas recomendações vigentes para uso do nitroprussiato de sódio. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as variações nas pressões arteriais e venosa, bem como as alterações no traçado eletrocardiográfico verificadas durante a infusão de doses variadas de tal fármaco. Constatou-se redução das pressões, ainda que de maneira pouco acentuada, assim como ausência de alterações das pressões importantes nas variáveis extraídas do traçado eletrocardiográfico. Aventou-se a possibilidade da elevação BA freqüência cardíaca ter mascarado o efeito hipotemsor do fármaco, especialmente ao se empregar as maiores taxas de infusão

Although several therapeutic options are available for the management of hypertension, a rapid reduction in arterial blood pressure is highly wanted during the hypertensive crisis. Because of its potent vasodilatative effect, thus representing an alternative for the acute control of the hypertensive crisis, there is a large variation in the current recommendations regarding the dose of sodium nitroprusside. Therefore, this study was aimed t evaluating the variations of arterial oressure and venous pressure, as well as the alterations in the electrocardiogram promoted by the infusion of varyng doses of that drug. Although not so sharp, a reduction in blood pressure was observed. Also, no important changes were seen in the electricardiographic tracings. The increase in heart rate was believed to have overcome the hypotensive effect of the drug especially ehen higher doses of nitroprusside were infused

Avaliação da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca não-espectral em cães e gatos neonatos / Assessment of non-spectral heart rate variability in newborn dogs and cats

Foram avaliadas as alterações simpatovagais que acompanham o crescimento de cães e gatos saudáveis a partir da análise não-espectral da variabilidade de freqüência cardíaca (VFC), investigando-se o real comportamento evolutivo do balanço do sistema nervoso autônomo no coração destes animais. Assim, foram estudados 30 cães e 31 gatos, todos neonatos, de diferentes ninhadas e raças, registrando-se o eletrocardiograma dos animais do 1º ao 70º dia de vida. De posse dos traçados eletrocardiográficos, mensurou-se o intervalo RR médio e calculou-se a VFC não-espectral. Houve aumento significativo do intervalo RR médio nos cães, enquanto nos gatos os valores não variavam significativamente. Com relação à VFC, embora tenha sido constada variação, a análise estatística não demonstrou serem estas significativas. Concluiu-se haver alteração no balanço entre o tônus simpático e parassimpático do nascimento ao septuagésimo dia de vida em cães e gatos, sendo a modificação mais expressiva nos caninos(AU)

The sympathovagal alterations that accompany the development of newborn healthy dogs and cats were assessed through the analysis of non-spectral heart rate variability (HRV), aiming at determining the true evolutive behavior of the autonomic nervous system on the heart of these animals. Therefore, electrocardiogram of each animal was recorded from the first to the 70th day of age, and was used to calculate the mean RR interval and the non-spectral HRV. A significant increase in mean RR interval was documented in dogs, but did not attain statistical variation in cats. Regarding HRV, although some variation was observed, the statistical analysis did not disclose any significant changes. Alterations of the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic tonus was concluded to exist in newborn dogs and cats from birth to the 70th day of age, even though it was more expressive in dogs(AU)