Benefícios do matcha: um estudo de revisão / Benefits of matcha: a review study

O Chá Verde matcha é uma erva muito utilizada na culinária japonesa, produzida a partir das folhas da planta Camellia sinensis. A sua forma tradicional de cultivo, em ambiente sombreado por bambu natural, potencializa o teor de polifenóis, cafeína e clorofila. Suas propriedades promotoras de saúde são atribuídas ao alto teor de antioxidantes e substâncias antiinflamatórias. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma revisão narrativa acerca dos efeitos benéficos do matcha para a saúde humana, por meio de buscas nas bases de dados Google Acadêmico, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-americana e do National Library of Medicine (Pubmed), utilizando as palavras-chave: chá verde, matcha, benefícios, matcha tea. Os estudos indicam que o matcha presenta propriedades antioxidantes e antiinflamatórias, melhora as funções imunológicas, atua na prevenção do declínio cognitivo e apresenta potencial de impactar a microbiota intestinal, alterando a composição das bactérias presentes. Diante das evidências encontradas, notase a necessidade de realizar mais estudos para elucidar as propriedades e os mecanismos de ação de cada um dos compostos desta bebida.(AU)

Matcha green tea is an herb widely used in Japanese cuisine, produced from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Its traditional way of cultivation, in an environment shaded by natural bamboo, enhances the content of polyphenols, caffeine and chlorophyll. Its healthpromoting properties are attributed to its high content of antioxidants and anti inflammatory substances. The aim of the study was to perform a narrative review about the beneficial effects of matcha on human health, through searches in the databases Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) and Latin American Literature and the National Library of Medicine (Pubmed), using the keywords: green tea, matcha, benefits, matcha tea. Studies indicate that matcha has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, improves immune functions, acts to prevent cognitive decline and has the potential to impact the intestinal microbiota, changing the composition of the bacteria present. In view of the evidence found, there is a need to carry out further studies to elucidate the properties and mechanisms of action of each of the compounds in this drink.(AU)

The Effect of Supplementing Tea Polyphenols on Yolk Cholesterol and Production Performance of Laying Hens During the Egg-laying Period

This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing 300 mg/kg tea polyphenols (TP) on yolk cholesterol content and production performance of laying hens during the egg-laying period. A total of 600 Roman laying hens aged 24 weeks were randomly divided into two dietary treatment groups. The feeding experiment lasted for 48 weeks. Layers fed basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group) and 300mg/kg TP (TP group) diet, respectively. The yolk cholesterol content, laying performance, and egg quality were determined at 28, 38, 48, 58, and 68 weeks of age. The yolk cholesterol content in the TP group was significantly decreased at 28-68 weeks of age (p<0.01), compared to the control group. There was a significant increase in laying rate in the TP group at 38 weeks of age (p<0.05), compared to the control group, while no significant differences during the other laying periods were obtained (p>0.05). The FCR significantly decreased in the TP group at 38 weeks of age whereas AEW significantly increased in the TP group at 58 weeks of age (p<0.05). Similarly, the eggshell thickness and eggshell strength in the TP group significantly increased (p<0.05), compared with the control group at 38 weeks of age. The albumen height and Haugh unit significantly increased at 28 weeks of age (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results showed that the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP had positive effects on production performance of layers during the egg-laying period, and could lessen yolk cholesterol content significantly at 28-68 weeks of age.(AU)

The Effect of Supplementing Tea Polyphenols in Diet of Laying Hens on Yolk Cholesterol Content and Production Performance

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of supplementing tea polyphenols (TP) in diet of laying hens on yolk cholesterol content and production performance. A total of 1800 Lohmann laying hens aged 48 weeks were randomly allocated to 6 groups. Each group consisted of 6 replicates with 50 layers. The feeding experiment was 4 weeks including one-week acclimatization. Layers fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg TP/kg diet, respectively. The results showed that average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average egg weight (AEW), laying rate and the indicators of egg quality were not significantly affected by the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP (p>0.05). However, yolk cholesterol content decreased by increasing TP concentration (p 0.01), with 18.06% reduction in layers fed diet supplemented with 300 mg TP/kg. Also, the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (p 0.05). The activity of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was enhanced by increasing TP concentration, while the content of serum methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) was decreased by increasing TP concentration. The highest activity of GSH-Px and the lowest serum MDA content were both determined in 300 mg/kg TP group (p 0.01). In conclusion, this study suggests that the addition of 300 mg TP/kg basal diet had no negative effect on the production performance laying hens, yet decreased the egg yolk cholesterol content and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of laying hens at the same time.(AU)

The Effect of Supplementing Tea Polyphenols in Diet of Laying Hens on Yolk Cholesterol Content and Production Performance

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of supplementing tea polyphenols (TP) in diet of laying hens on yolk cholesterol content and production performance. A total of 1800 Lohmann laying hens aged 48 weeks were randomly allocated to 6 groups. Each group consisted of 6 replicates with 50 layers. The feeding experiment was 4 weeks including one-week acclimatization. Layers fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg TP/kg diet, respectively. The results showed that average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average egg weight (AEW), laying rate and the indicators of egg quality were not significantly affected by the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP (p>0.05). However, yolk cholesterol content decreased by increasing TP concentration (p 0.01), with 18.06% reduction in layers fed diet supplemented with 300 mg TP/kg. Also, the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (p 0.05). The activity of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was enhanced by increasing TP concentration, while the content of serum methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) was decreased by increasing TP concentration. The highest activity of GSH-Px and the lowest serum MDA content were both determined in 300 mg/kg TP group (p 0.01). In conclusion, this study suggests that the addition of 300 mg TP/kg basal diet had no negative effect on the production performance laying hens, yet decreased the egg yolk cholesterol content and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of laying hens at the same time.

Comparative effects of extracted polyphenols from black and green tea wastes on in-vitro fermentability of feed ingredients / Efeitos comparativos dos polifenóis extraídos dos resíduos do chá preto e verde na fermentabilidade in vitro dos ingredientes da ração

The effect of using black and green tea waste extracts on the diet nutritional value was investigated with three methods of in vitro degradability, gas production, and McNiven's enzymatic digestion in the present experiment. Total phenolic compounds and total tannin for green tea extract were 20.3% and 14.8% of dry matter (DM), respectively, and for black tea were 18.7% and 12.7% of dry matter, respectively. The addition of green and black tea waste extracts reduced both gas production during incubation hours and dry matter degradability (DMD) in the diet (p < 0.05). A significantly reduced ruminal dry matter disappearance (p < 0.05) and a significantly increased post-ruminal dry matter disappearance (p < 0.05) were observed by adding black and green tea waste extracts. According to the results, the dry matter disappearance throughout the gastrointestinal tract was not significantly different between treatments. It can generally be concluded that the addition of phenolic compounds can be used depending on the nutritional strategy, such as reducing ruminal degradability and increasing rumen nutrient escape.

O efeito do uso de extratos de resíduos de chá preto e verde sobre o valor nutricional da dieta foi investigado com três métodos de degradabilidade in vitro, produção de gás e digestão enzimática de McNiven no presente experimento. Os compostos fenólicos totais e o tanino total para o extrato de chá verde foram 20,3% e 14,8% da matéria seca, respectivamente, e para o chá preto foram 18,7% e 12,7% da matéria seca, respectivamente. A adição de extratos de resíduos de chá verde e preto reduziu a produção de gases durante as horas de incubação e a degradabilidade da matéria seca da dieta (p < 0,05). Um desaparecimento de matéria seca ruminal significativamente reduzido (p < 0,05) e um desaparecimento de matéria seca pós ruminal significativamente aumentado (p < 0,05) foram observados pela adição de extratos de resíduos de chá preto e verde. De acordo com os resultados, o desaparecimento da matéria seca ao longo do trato gastrointestinal não foi significativamente diferente entre os tratamentos. Em geral, pode-se concluir que a adição de compostos fenólicos pode ser utilizada dependendo da estratégia nutricional, como redução da degradabilidade ruminal e aumento do escape ruminal de nutrientes.

Comparative effects of extracted polyphenols from black and green tea wastes on in-vitro fermentability of feed ingredients / Efeitos comparativos dos polifenóis extraídos dos resíduos do chá preto e verde na fermentabilidade in vitro dos ingredientes da ração

The effect of using black and green tea waste extracts on the diet nutritional value was investigated with three methods of in vitro degradability, gas production, and McNiven's enzymatic digestion in the present experiment. Total phenolic compounds and total tannin for green tea extract were 20.3% and 14.8% of dry matter (DM), respectively, and for black tea were 18.7% and 12.7% of dry matter, respectively. The addition of green and black tea waste extracts reduced both gas production during incubation hours and dry matter degradability (DMD) in the diet (p < 0.05). A significantly reduced ruminal dry matter disappearance (p < 0.05) and a significantly increased post-ruminal dry matter disappearance (p < 0.05) were observed by adding black and green tea waste extracts. According to the results, the dry matter disappearance throughout the gastrointestinal tract was not significantly different between treatments. It can generally be concluded that the addition of phenolic compounds can be used depending on the nutritional strategy, such as reducing ruminal degradability and increasing rumen nutrient escape.(AU)

O efeito do uso de extratos de resíduos de chá preto e verde sobre o valor nutricional da dieta foi investigado com três métodos de degradabilidade in vitro, produção de gás e digestão enzimática de McNiven no presente experimento. Os compostos fenólicos totais e o tanino total para o extrato de chá verde foram 20,3% e 14,8% da matéria seca, respectivamente, e para o chá preto foram 18,7% e 12,7% da matéria seca, respectivamente. A adição de extratos de resíduos de chá verde e preto reduziu a produção de gases durante as horas de incubação e a degradabilidade da matéria seca da dieta (p < 0,05). Um desaparecimento de matéria seca ruminal significativamente reduzido (p < 0,05) e um desaparecimento de matéria seca pós ruminal significativamente aumentado (p < 0,05) foram observados pela adição de extratos de resíduos de chá preto e verde. De acordo com os resultados, o desaparecimento da matéria seca ao longo do trato gastrointestinal não foi significativamente diferente entre os tratamentos. Em geral, pode-se concluir que a adição de compostos fenólicos pode ser utilizada dependendo da estratégia nutricional, como redução da degradabilidade ruminal e aumento do escape ruminal de nutrientes.(AU)

Sensory and chemical evaluation of tea brews prepared with the assistance of ultrasound / Avaliação sensorial e química de infusões de chás preparados com o emprego do ultrassom

The aim of the study was to evaluate sensory and phytochemical (polyphenols, flavonoids and caffeine) estimation of black and green tea brews obtained in an alternative way through brewing with the assistance of ultrasound. Brews produced with the application of sonication for 2 minutes and 1 minute were the most preferred by the sensory evaluation team. Evaluation of the brews in terms of component descriptors, i.e. fragrance, flavour and colour, was varied and depended on the kinds of tea and on the applied experimental factors. It was demonstrated that ultrasound have a significant effect on the extraction of active substances, i.e. polyphenols, flavonoids and caffeine, from black and green tea. The application of sonication caused a significant increase in the concentration of flavonoids (by ca. 29% and 73%), polyphenols (by ca. 34% and 41%) and caffeine (by ca. 51% and 60%) in the tea brews.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a atividade sensorial e fitoquímica (polifenóis, flavonóides e cafeína) de infusões de chá preto e verde empregando o ultrassom. As infusões produzidas com a aplicação de sonicação por 2 e 1 minutos foram as mais preferidas pela equipe de avaliação sensorial. A avaliação das infusões em termos de descritores de componentes, isto é, fragrância, sabor e cor, foi variada e dependeu dos tipos de chás e dos fatores experimentais aplicados. Foi demonstrado que o ultrassom tem um efeito significativo na extração de substâncias ativas, ou seja, polifenóis, flavonóides e cafeína, do chá preto e verde. A aplicação de sonicação causou um aumento significativo na concentração de flavonóides (em cerca de 29% e 73%), polifenóis (em cerca de 34% e 41%) e cafeína (em cerca de 51% e 60%) das infusões de chá.

Sensory and chemical evaluation of tea brews prepared with the assistance of ultrasound / Avaliação sensorial e química de infusões de chás preparados com o emprego do ultrassom

The aim of the study was to evaluate sensory and phytochemical (polyphenols, flavonoids and caffeine) estimation of black and green tea brews obtained in an alternative way through brewing with the assistance of ultrasound. Brews produced with the application of sonication for 2 minutes and 1 minute were the most preferred by the sensory evaluation team. Evaluation of the brews in terms of component descriptors, i.e. fragrance, flavour and colour, was varied and depended on the kinds of tea and on the applied experimental factors. It was demonstrated that ultrasound have a significant effect on the extraction of active substances, i.e. polyphenols, flavonoids and caffeine, from black and green tea. The application of sonication caused a significant increase in the concentration of flavonoids (by ca. 29% and 73%), polyphenols (by ca. 34% and 41%) and caffeine (by ca. 51% and 60%) in the tea brews.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a atividade sensorial e fitoquímica (polifenóis, flavonóides e cafeína) de infusões de chá preto e verde empregando o ultrassom. As infusões produzidas com a aplicação de sonicação por 2 e 1 minutos foram as mais preferidas pela equipe de avaliação sensorial. A avaliação das infusões em termos de descritores de componentes, isto é, fragrância, sabor e cor, foi variada e dependeu dos tipos de chás e dos fatores experimentais aplicados. Foi demonstrado que o ultrassom tem um efeito significativo na extração de substâncias ativas, ou seja, polifenóis, flavonóides e cafeína, do chá preto e verde. A aplicação de sonicação causou um aumento significativo na concentração de flavonóides (em cerca de 29% e 73%), polifenóis (em cerca de 34% e 41%) e cafeína (em cerca de 51% e 60%) das infusões de chá.(AU)

Characterization and determination of the total polyphenols contents and the antioxidant activity in four types of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.) for preparing chimarrão / Caracterização, teor de polifenóis totais e atividade antioxidante em diferentes tipos de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.) para chimarrão

Considering the wide use of the yerba mate leaves, and the benefits derived from them, the present study aimed at evaluating the quality of four kinds of native yerba-mate of chimarrão-type: traditional; specimens with addition of 5 % and 10 % of sugar; and thick ground sample. The homogeneity aspect was analyzed in three batches of products, corresponding to different weeks of processing. Also, the physicochemical properties, the total polyphenols contents and the antioxidant activity were evaluated. The aqueous extracts of yerba mate were prepared at 85 °C kept in decoction in a closed system, for 10 and 30 minutes. The yerba mate with sugar addition showed lower levels of mineral material and crude fiber, when compared with the traditional and the thick ground types. The thick ground kind of yerba mate wrapped in laminated package showed the lowest values of water activity in relation to other types of herbs wrapped in paper package. The laminated package also contributed to the low oxygen absorption delaying the oxidation of chlorophyll, maintaining the green coloration of the product. The extracts prepared from the thick ground kind of yerba mate, and those exposed to the longer decoction showed higher levels of total polyphenols.(AU)

Considerando-se a ampla utilização das folhas da erva-mate, bem como os benefícios advindos de seu emprego, neste estudo foi avaliada a qualidade de quatro tipos de ervas-mate nativas de espécime chimarrão: tradicional, com adição de 5 % e 10 % de açúcar, e a moída grossa, bem como a homogeneidade em três lotes dos produtos, correspondentes a diferentes semanas de processamento. Foram avaliadas as propriedades físico-químicas, o teor de polifenóis totais e a atividade antioxidante. Os extratos aquosos de erva-mate foram elaborados a 85 ºC, mantidos em decocção em sistema fechado durante 10 e 30 minutos. As ervas-mate com adição de açúcar apresentaram menores teores de material mineral e de fibra bruta quando comparadas aos tipos tradicional e moída grossa. A erva-mate moída grossa acondicionada em embalagem laminada apresentou os menores valores de atividade de água em relação aos outros tipos de ervas acondicionados em embalagem de papel. A embalagem laminada também contribuiu para a menor absorção de oxigênio, que retarda a oxidação da clorofila e mantém a coloração verde do produto. Os extratos elaborados a partir da erva-mate moída grossa e os que permaneceram por maior tempo em decocção apresentaram maiores teores de polifenóis totais.(AU)

MICROENCAPSULAÇÃO DE EXTRATO DE CHÁ VERDE (Camellia sinensis) PARA APLICAÇÃO DE POLIFENÓIS EM PRODUTOS LÁCTEOS

RESUMO Os derivados lácteos são produtos de ampla aceitação pelo mercado consumidor e em geral fazem parte do grupo de alimentos de consumo diário pelos brasileiros. Visando oferecer benefícios além da nutrição observa-se um aumento das pesquisas em relação ao enriquecimento e adição de compostos naturais em alimentos, o que é de grande interesse por parte das indústrias pois são obtidos produtos diferenciados e com alto valor agregado. Devido à tecnologia de fabricação, os produtos lácteos são excelentes fontes para adição de compostos potencialmente benéficos à saúde, porém, muitas vezes estes compostos são susceptíveis às condições de processamento e ao pH estomacal, a utilização da tecnologia de microencapsulação visa proteger os compostos ativos aumentando a sua estabilidade no produto. Foi realizada a microencapsulação do extrato de chá verde por gelificação iônica (IGMP) e spray chilling (LMP) com posterior aplicação em produtos lácteos. As micropartículas obtidas foram analisadas quanto à distribuição, estrutura, estabilidade e quantidade de polifenóis veiculada e observou-se que a utilização da estratégia de dupla emulsão garantiu a formação de partículas com com características físicas típicas consistentes com os resultados obtidos na literatura em ambos os métodos. Foi obtida elevada eficiência de encapsulação (83,5 ± 2,8% para partículas LMP e 72,6 ± 0,4% para IGMP) e atividade antioxidante (IC50 g / mL) de 33169,4 ± 123,8 (IGMP) e 2099,7 ± 35,3 (LMP). As partículas foram consideradas adequadas para aplicação em alimentos, como um componente rico em polifenóis. Os sorvetes adicionados de micropartículas foram analisados quanto às características físico-químicas, reológicas e sensoriais. Observou-se que a inclusão de micropartículas aumentou o teor de polifenóis em pelo menos 59,5%, e houve uma aceitação média de 75% dos consumidores. Os sorvetes enriquecidos apresentaram menores valores de L * e nenhuma diferença no conteúdo total de sólidos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a utilização de técnicas de microencapsulação para produção de componentes funcionais para adição em alimentos foi eficiente, gerando partículas com características desejáveis e compatíveis com a literatura e produtos com significativo aumento no teor de polifenóis e elevada aceitação sensorial.

Dairy products are widely accepted by consumers and are usually included in the daily consumption food group. In order to provide benefits beyond nutrition it has been observed an increase in research related to enrichment and addition of natural compounds in food, which is of great interest from industries as they obtain differentiated products with high added value. Due to manufacturing technology, ice creams, dairy desserts and milk powder are excellent sources for addition of potentially beneficial health compounds, but often such compounds are susceptible to processing conditions and pH of the stomach, the utilization of microencapsulation technology is designed to protect the active components increasing their stability in the product. Thus, the objective of this project was the production and application of polyphenols microencapsulated by ionic gelling and spray chilling in dairy products. For the development of the project were used plant sources that have undergone previous analysis to determine the total polyphenolic compounds. The microparticles with the active compounds were developed by the methods of spray chilling and ionic gelation. The obtained microparticles were analyzed for the distribution, structure, stability and quantity of polyphenols conveyed and it was observed that the use of the double emulsion strategy guaranteed the formation of particles with typical physical characteristics consistent with the results obtained in the literature in both methods. A high encapsulation efficiency (83.5 ± 2.8% for LMP particles and 72.6 ± 0.4% for IGMP) and antioxidant activity (IC50 g / mL) of 33169.4 ± 123.8 (IGMP) and 2099.7 ± 35.3 (LMP). The particles were considered suitable for application in food, as a component rich in polyphenols. The added ice creams of microparticles were analyzed for physico-chemical, rheological and sensorial characteristics. It was observed that the inclusion of microparticles increased the polyphenol content by at least 59.5%, and there was an average acceptance of 75% of the consumers. Enriched ice creams had lower L * values and no difference in total solids content. Thus, it was concluded that the use of microencapsulation techniques to produce functional components for food additions was efficient, generating particles with desirable characteristics compatible with the literature and products with a significant increase in polyphenols content and high sensorial acceptance.

Influence of phenolic compounds of Kangra tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze] on bacterial pathogens and indigenous bacterial probiotics of Western Himalayas

Phenolic compounds of nutraceutical importance viz., catechins (C), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) were estimated in fresh green tea shoots of Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze cultivar. The total polyphenols and total catechins were in the range of 219.90 to 317.81 and 140.83 to 271.39 g/kg, respectively in monthly samples of tea. The values of C, EC, EGC, EGCG and ECG in tea powders as analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were in the range of 1.560 to 3.661, 13.338 to 27.766, 26.515 to 39.597, 62.903 to 102.168 and 18.969 to 39.469 mg/g, respectively. Effect of tea extracts and standard flavanols against five pathogenic bacteria viz., Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC-839), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-741), Bacillus cereus (MTCC-1272), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96) and Escherichia coli (MTCC-443), and eleven indigenous potential bacterial probiotics belonging to genera Enterococcus, Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp. obtained from fermented foods of Western Himalayas, was investigated. EGCG, ECG and EGC exhibited antibacterial activity but, C and EC did not show this activity. Tea extracts having high concentrations of EGCG and ECG were more potent in antibacterial action against bacterial pathogens. Tea extracts and standard flavan-3-ols augmented viability of potential probiotics in an order of EGCG > EGC > ECG > EC > C. Tea extracts and standard flavanols had no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (MTCC-443) but, in combination with probiotic culture supernatants, this activity was seen. The Kangra tea thus, exerts antibacterial effect on bacterial pathogens through EGCG, ECG and EGC constituents while stimulatory effect on growth of indigenous potential probiotics.(AU)

INCLUSÃO DE EXTRATO DE CHÁ VERDE NO CONCENTRADO E DESEMPENHO DE NOVILHAS LEITEIRAS

O chá verde (Camellia sinensis L) apresenta potencial de uso em dietas dos animais domésticos devido à grande quantidade de polifenóis presentes em suas folhas. Pesquisas desenvolvidas com animais, realizadas primeiramente com cobaias, mostram resultados positivos na nutrição e comportamento animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de extrato de chá verde à dieta de novilhas leiteiras sobre o comportamento, consumo de concentrado e desenvolvimento corporal. Foram utilizadas no experimento 32 novilhas não gestantes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com medidas repetidas no tempo e quatro tratamentos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: consumo de concentrado e matéria seca, ganho de peso, medidas corporais, comportamento ingestivo junto ao cocho e medidas fisiológicas. O consumo de concentrado foi maior (P<0,05) nas doses zero e 3g que nas doses de 1 e 2g de extrato de chá verde. O ganho de peso dos animais que receberam 2 e 3g/d de extrato de chá verde tendeu a ser maior (P<0,10) que o dos animais que receberam 1g ou o controle (zero). A inclusão de extrato de chá verde na dieta de novilhas não influenciou o consumo de matéria seca total, eficiência alimentar, as medidas corporais, comportamentais e fisiológicas, mas influenciou o consumo de concentrado e tendeu a influenciar o ganho de peso diário.

Green tea (Camellia sinensis L) is potentially useful as a dietary additive for domestic animals due to the polyphenols found in the leaves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of green tea extract into the concentrate of dairy heifers on behavior, concentrate intake and body development. Thirty-two Holstein and Jersey dairy heifers not pregnant were selected. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with repeated measures and four treatments: zero, 1, 2 and 3 grams of green tea extract added into the concentrate. Variants used: concentrated intake and dry matter, weight gain, body measurements, ingestion behavior along with trough and physiological dimension. The concentrated intake is higher (P<0,05) in doses zero and 3g than in doses with 1 and 2 g of green tea extract. The weight gain of the subjects that received 2 and 3 g/d of green tea extract tended to be higher (P<- 0,10) than those that received 1 g or the control sample (zero). The inclusion of green tea extract in the diet of heifers didnt affect the ingestion of total dry matter, nurture efficiency nor the bodily, behavioural and the physiological measurements, but it did influence the concentrated intake and trended to sway the daily weight gain.

CONSUMO, DIGESTIBILIDADE, COMPORTAMENTO E DESEMPENHO PRODUTIVO DE NOVILHAS E VACAS LEITEIRAS RECEBENDO EXTRATOS DE ORÉGANO E DE CHÁ VERDE NA DIETA

Esta tese foi dividida em duas pesquisas com o intuito de avaliar o fornecimento de extratos de orégano e chá verde para novilhas e vacas leiteiras. A primeira delas teve como objetivo verificar a inclusão de doses de extrato de orégano (EO) (Origanum vulgare) fornecido a novilhas da raça Holandês sobre a aceitabilidade do alimento, consumo, medidas fisiológicas e desenvolvimento corporal. Trinta e quatro novilhas em pastejo da raça Holandês foram agrupadas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: C = controle - sem adição de EO; 2,5 gramas (g); 5,0 g e 7,5 g de EO. Os tratamentos foram ofertados diariamente e individualmente durante 56 dias. O extrato de orégano adicionado em 7,5 g/dia ao concentrado exerce efeitos adversos de pequena magnitude sobre a aceitabilidade do concentrado e seu consumo e a inclusão de até 7,5 g/dia não melhora o consumo total de dieta, o desenvolvimento corporal e medidas fisiológicas. A segunda pesquisa objetivou avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de EO, chá verde (CV) (Camellia sinensis L.) e sua associação no concentrado fornecido a vacas das raças Holandês e mestiços Holandês e Gir sobre o comportamento, consumo, produção e composição do leite, perfil hematológico e enzimas de estresse oxidativo. Trinta e duas vacas das raças Holandês e mestiços Holandês e Gir foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: C = controle, EO = com adição de 10 g de extrato de orégano, CV = com adição de 5,0 g de extrato de chá verde e Mix = associação de ambos os tratamentos. Vacas recebendo chá verde apresentaram maior consumo e produziram mais leite em relação aos grupos controle e Mix. Animais do grupo orégano produziram leite com menor concentração de lactose enquanto do grupo Mix produziram leite com menor contagem de células somáticas que as vacas que receberam orégano. Menores valores das enzimas de oxidação da diclorofluoresceína nos eritrócitos (DCFER) e plasma (DCFPLA) e níveis mais elevados de Glutationa peroxidase reduzida (GSH) foram verificados nos animais suplementados com CV. Vacas suplementadas com extrato de chá verde apresentaram maior número de observações de ruminação total e menor número de observações deitada. Conclui-se que o fornecimento de extrato de orégano não alterou expressivamente o desenvolvimento corporal de novilhas, mas a dose mais elevada (7,5 g EO) alterou negativamente a aceitabilidade do alimento. O extrato de chá verde melhora a produção leiteira, altera a composição do leite, modifica o perfil hematológico e enzimas antioxidantes, constituindo-se como opção de aditivo para vacas em lactação.

Oregano and green tea extracts were supplied for heifers and dairy cows in two trials. The first study aimed to verify effect of the inclusion of doses of oregano extract (Origanum vulgare) fed to Holstein heifers on the acceptability of concentrate, physiological measurements and body development. Thirty-four heifers grazing of Holstein were distributed randomly into four treatments: C = control - without adding OE; OE2.5 = 2.5 grams (g); OE5.0 = 5.0 g and OE7.5 = 7.5 g of OE per day. The treatments were offered daily and individually for 56 days, after an adaptation period of 14 days, when heifers received just the basal diet. Heifers fed with 7.5 g of EO into the concentrate spent more time to eat the concentrate, reduced the latency to enter the trough and the concentrate intake. The inclusion of oregano extract did not alter the total dietary intake, body weight gain, body condition score (BCS), respiratory rate, rectal temperature and urinary pH. The second study aimed to evaluate the effects of addin OE, green tea - GT (Camellia sinensis L.) and both vegetal extracts into the concentrate fed to Holstein and Holstein and Gir crossbred cows on behavior, intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile and enzymes of oxidative stress. Thirty-two Holstein and Holstein and Gir crossbred cows were randomly distributed into four treatments: C = control, OE = with addition of 10 g of oregano extract, GT = with addition of 5.0 g of green tea extract and with Mix = combination of both treatments. Cows fed GT had higher total intake and produced more milk compared to control groups and Mix; cows receiving GT and control produced more milk, but the body weight or BCS did not differ between treatments. Animals fed with OE produced milk with lower concentration of lactose while the cows fed with the Mix produced milk with lower somatic cell count than cows fed with OE. Smaller values of dichlorofluorescein oxidation enzymes in the erythrocytes and plasma and higher levels of reduced glutathione peroxidase levels were observed in animals supplemented with GT. Cows receiving the control showed higher number of intake activities compared to the other treatments, total number of lying and lying in idleness observations, and, in contrast, fewer observations in standing position, both in idleness as ruminating. Cows supplemented with GT showed a higher number of total rumination observations and Oregano and green tea extracts change the ingestive, postural and social behavior, improves intake, milk yield, altering its composition, the hematological profile and antioxidant status and, thus, the use of oregano and green tea extracts may be use as an option of additive for dairy cows.

Chá: aspectos relacionados à qualidade e perspectivas

Black tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and it is prepared by the infusion of water with processed leaves of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in more than 30 countries, assuming a great socioeconomic importance. Several studies suggest that tea has protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular disease, due to the presence of polyphenols called catechins, which are oxidized enzymatically during the processing of the black tea, generating a mixture consisting mainly of theaflavins, theasinensins and thearubigins. The world production of tea has increased more than the demand, causing a drop of the price which, together with the increase in cultivation costs has shown a need for high productivity and quality. Nevertheless, there is not yet an efficient and accurate criteria to predict the quality of tea and agronomic practices which contribute to the increase in quality. In Brazil, the culture of tea is concentrated in the Ribeira Valley - SP, and almost all the production is exported. Despite the Brazilian product is not of high quality, it has achieved good prices in the international market. The Brazilian production, the production area and the number of tea industries are decreasing in recent years, clearly indicating the need for investments.

O chá preto é uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo. Essa bebida é feita a partir da infusão de folhas processadas de Camellia sinensis, que é cultivada em mais de 30 países, tendo grande importância socioeconômica. Estudos sugerem que o chá tem efeito protetor contra diversos tipos de câncer e doenças cardiovasculares devido à presença de polifenóis denominados catequinas, que são oxidadas enzimaticamente durante o processamento das folhas, gerando uma mistura constituída principalmente de teaflavinas, teasinensinas e tearubiginas. A produção mundial de chá tem aumentado mais do que o consumo, provocando redução do preço que, juntamente com o aumento no custo de produção, implica a necessidade de alta produtividade e qualidade. Apesar disso, ainda não foram estabelecidos critérios precisos e eficientes para predizer a qualidade do chá a partir das folhas, bem como quais práticas agronômicas contribuem para o aumento da qualidade. No Brasil, a cultura do chá se concentra no Vale do Ribeira, em São Paulo (SP), sendo quase toda produção exportada. Apesar de o produto brasileiro não ser de alta qualidade, tem conseguido bons preços no mercado internacional. A produção brasileira, a área de produção e o número de indústrias de chá vêm diminuindo ao longo dos últimos anos, o que demonstra a necessidade de investimentos.

Chá: aspectos relacionados à qualidade e perspectivas

Black tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and it is prepared by the infusion of water with processed leaves of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in more than 30 countries, assuming a great socioeconomic importance. Several studies suggest that tea has protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular disease, due to the presence of polyphenols called catechins, which are oxidized enzymatically during the processing of the black tea, generating a mixture consisting mainly of theaflavins, theasinensins and thearubigins. The world production of tea has increased more than the demand, causing a drop of the price which, together with the increase in cultivation costs has shown a need for high productivity and quality. Nevertheless, there is not yet an efficient and accurate criteria to predict the quality of tea and agronomic practices which contribute to the increase in quality. In Brazil, the culture of tea is concentrated in the Ribeira Valley - SP, and almost all the production is exported. Despite the Brazilian product is not of high quality, it has achieved good prices in the international market. The Brazilian production, the production area and the number of tea industries are decreasing in recent years, clearly indicating the need for investments.

O chá preto é uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo. Essa bebida é feita a partir da infusão de folhas processadas de Camellia sinensis, que é cultivada em mais de 30 países, tendo grande importância socioeconômica. Estudos sugerem que o chá tem efeito protetor contra diversos tipos de câncer e doenças cardiovasculares devido à presença de polifenóis denominados catequinas, que são oxidadas enzimaticamente durante o processamento das folhas, gerando uma mistura constituída principalmente de teaflavinas, teasinensinas e tearubiginas. A produção mundial de chá tem aumentado mais do que o consumo, provocando redução do preço que, juntamente com o aumento no custo de produção, implica a necessidade de alta produtividade e qualidade. Apesar disso, ainda não foram estabelecidos critérios precisos e eficientes para predizer a qualidade do chá a partir das folhas, bem como quais práticas agronômicas contribuem para o aumento da qualidade. No Brasil, a cultura do chá se concentra no Vale do Ribeira, em São Paulo (SP), sendo quase toda produção exportada. Apesar de o produto brasileiro não ser de alta qualidade, tem conseguido bons preços no mercado internacional. A produção brasileira, a área de produção e o número de indústrias de chá vêm diminuindo ao longo dos últimos anos, o que demonstra a necessidade de investimentos.

Chá: aspectos relacionados à qualidade e perspectivas

Black tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and it is prepared by the infusion of water with processed leaves of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in more than 30 countries, assuming a great socioeconomic importance. Several studies suggest that tea has protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular disease, due to the presence of polyphenols called catechins, which are oxidized enzymatically during the processing of the black tea, generating a mixture consisting mainly of theaflavins, theasinensins and thearubigins. The world production of tea has increased more than the demand, causing a drop of the price which, together with the increase in cultivation costs has shown a need for high productivity and quality. Nevertheless, there is not yet an efficient and accurate criteria to predict the quality of tea and agronomic practices which contribute to the increase in quality. In Brazil, the culture of tea is concentrated in the Ribeira Valley - SP, and almost all the production is exported. Despite the Brazilian product is not of high quality, it has achieved good prices in the international market. The Brazilian production, the production area and the number of tea industries are decreasing in recent years, clearly indicating the need for investments.

O chá preto é uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo. Essa bebida é feita a partir da infusão de folhas processadas de Camellia sinensis, que é cultivada em mais de 30 países, tendo grande importância socioeconômica. Estudos sugerem que o chá tem efeito protetor contra diversos tipos de câncer e doenças cardiovasculares devido à presença de polifenóis denominados catequinas, que são oxidadas enzimaticamente durante o processamento das folhas, gerando uma mistura constituída principalmente de teaflavinas, teasinensinas e tearubiginas. A produção mundial de chá tem aumentado mais do que o consumo, provocando redução do preço que, juntamente com o aumento no custo de produção, implica a necessidade de alta produtividade e qualidade. Apesar disso, ainda não foram estabelecidos critérios precisos e eficientes para predizer a qualidade do chá a partir das folhas, bem como quais práticas agronômicas contribuem para o aumento da qualidade. No Brasil, a cultura do chá se concentra no Vale do Ribeira, em São Paulo (SP), sendo quase toda produção exportada. Apesar de o produto brasileiro não ser de alta qualidade, tem conseguido bons preços no mercado internacional. A produção brasileira, a área de produção e o número de indústrias de chá vêm diminuindo ao longo dos últimos anos, o que demonstra a necessidade de investimentos.