Non-Status Epilepticus female rats show seizure-like behaviors in the chronic phase of Pilocarpine experimental model

Abstract Only few studies have focus on animals that received Pilocarpine (Pilo) and did not develop behavioral status epilepticus (SE) and, whether they may become epileptic in the models chronic phase. Previews works observed mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of Non-SE (NSE) rats, while others observed spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRS) 6 - 8 months after animals received Pilo. It is known that neuronal excitability is influenced by female hormones, as well as, the occurrence of SE in castrated and non-castrated female rats. However, it is not known whether females that received Pilo and did not show SE, may have SRS. The aim of this work was to investigate whether castrated and non-castrated female rats that did not show behavioral SE after Pilo, will develop SRS in the following one-year. For that, animals received 360 mg/kg of Pilo and were video monitored for 12 months. SE females from castrated and non-castrated groups became epileptic since the first month after drug injection. Epileptic behaviors were identified watching video monitoring recordings in the fast speed. Castrated and Non-castrated NSE animals showed behaviors resembling seizures described by Racine Scale stages 1 - 3. Motor alterations showed by NSE groups could be observed only when recordings were analyzed in slow speed. In addition, behavioral manifestations as, rhythmic head movements, sudden head movements, whole body movements and immobility were also observed in both, SE and NSE groups. We concluded that NSE female rats may have become epileptic. Adding to it, slow speed analysis of motor alterations was essential for the observation of NSE findings, which suggests that possibly many motor alterations have been underestimated in epilepsy experimental research.

Resumo Poucos são os estudos com foco em animais que receberam Pilocarpina (Pilo) e não desenvolveram status epilepticus (SE) comportamental e, se os mesmos se tornarão epilépticos na fase crônica do modelo. Autores observaram o brotamento das fibras musgosas no hipocampo de ratos Não-SE (NSE), enquanto outros observaram crises espontâneas e recorrentes (CER) 6 - 8 meses após receberam a droga. A excitabilidade neuronal é influenciada pelos hormônios femininos e, da mesma forma, a ocorrência de SE em ratas castradas e não-castradas. Entretanto, não é sabido se as fêmeas que não apresentam SE terão CER. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se fêmeas castradas e não castradas que não tiveram SE comportamental após a injeção de Pilo desenvolverão CER dentro de um ano. Para isto, os animais receberam 360 mg/kg de Pilo e foram videomonitorados por 12 meses. As fêmeas SE castradas e não-castradas se tornaram epilépticas desde o primeiro mês pós Pilo. O comportamento epiléptico foi identificado assistindo as gravações na velocidade rápida. As fêmeas NSE castradas e não-castradas apresentaram comportamentos similares aos estágios 1 - 3 da Escala de Racine. As alterações motoras nestes grupos (NSE) foram observadas apenas quando as videomonitoração foi analisada na velocidade lenta. Além destas, manifestações comportamentais como movimentos rítmicos da cabeça, movimentos súbitos da cabeça, movimentos de todo o corpo e imobilidade também foram observadas em ambos grupos, SE e NSE. Concluímos que as fêmeas NE podem ter se tornado epilépticas. Adicionado a isto, a análise das alterações motoras na velocidade lenta foi essencial para a observação dos achados das fêmeas NSE, o que sugere que possivelmente muitas alterações motoras têm sido subestimados na pesquisa em epilepsia experimental.

Behavior and swimming performance of local fish in the ecosystem waters of rivers, oxbow and peat swamps

The four fish species, Trichogaster pectoralis, Barbodes schwanenfeldii, Osphronemus gouramy, and Wallago leeri have the same body size, representing different habitats. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the four species swimming abilities and speeds, including sustained, maximum sustained, prolonged swimming speed, and burst speed. The four species were brought using oxygenated plastic bags to the Aquatic Resources Utilization Laboratory at Riau University. Then it was acclimated in an aquarium measuring 100×50×50 cm with an aeration and filtering system to maintain water quality. The four groups of species were forced to swim in the swimming channel of the flume tank, with different current speeds for each individual tested. The swimming activity of the fish was recorded using a high-speed video camera (Casio HS Exlim, EX-ZR400, Casio Computer Co. LTD, Japan). The results showed that the swimming speed of B. schwanenfeldii was higher than O. gouramy, T. pectoralis, and W. leeri. The maximum sustained swimming speed of B. schwanenfeldii is about 5.1 BL/s, and 14.2 BL/s for the burst speed. Meanwhile, the sustained swimming speed of O. gouramy (1.6 BL/s) and the burst speed is 7.2 BL/s. The maximum sustained swimming speed of T. pectoralis was 1.6 BL/s, and the burst speed was 5.7 BL/s. In addition, the maximum sustained swimming speed of W. leeri is only 0.5 BL/s and 2.4 BL/s for the burst speed. The ability of these four fish to swim was influenced by the morphology of the tail fin, body shape, and the habitat where they live.

Non-Status Epilepticus female rats show seizure-like behaviors in the chronic phase of Pilocarpine experimental model / Ratas sem Status Epilepticus apresentam comportamento do tipo crise epiléptica na fase crônica do modelo experimental da Pilocarpina

Only few studies have focus on animals that received Pilocarpine (Pilo) and did not develop behavioral status epilepticus (SE) and, whether they may become epileptic in the model's chronic phase. Previews works observed mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of Non-SE (NSE) rats, while others observed spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRS) 6 - 8 months after animals received Pilo. It is known that neuronal excitability is influenced by female hormones, as well as, the occurrence of SE in castrated and non-castrated female rats. However, it is not known whether females that received Pilo and did not show SE, may have SRS. The aim of this work was to investigate whether castrated and non-castrated female rats that did not show behavioral SE after Pilo, will develop SRS in the following one-year. For that, animals received 360 mg/kg of Pilo and were video monitored for 12 months. SE females from castrated and non-castrated groups became epileptic since the first month after drug injection. Epileptic behaviors were identified watching video monitoring recordings in the fast speed. Castrated and Non castrated NSE animals showed behaviors resembling seizures described by Racine Scale stages 1 - 3. Motor alterations showed by NSE groups could be observed only when recordings were analyzed in slow speed. In addition, behavioral manifestations as, rhythmic head movements, sudden head movements, whole body movements and immobility were also observed in both, SE and NSE groups. We concluded that NSE female rats may have become epileptic. Adding to it, slow speed analysis of motor alterations was essential for the observation of NSE findings, which suggests that possibly many motor alterations have been underestimated in epilepsy experimental research.

Poucos são os estudos com foco em animais que receberam Pilocarpina (Pilo) e não desenvolveram status epilepticus (SE) comportamental e, se os mesmos se tornarão epilépticos na fase crônica do modelo. Autores observaram o brotamento das fibras musgosas no hipocampo de ratos Não-SE (NSE), enquanto outros observaram crises espontâneas e recorrentes (CER) 6 - 8 meses após receberam a droga. A excitabilidade neuronal é influenciada pelos hormônios femininos e, da mesma forma, a ocorrência de SE em ratas castradas e não-castradas. Entretanto, não é sabido se as fêmeas que não apresentam SE terão CER. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se fêmeas castradas e não castradas que não tiveram SE comportamental após a injeção de Pilo desenvolverão CER dentro de um ano. Para isto, os animais receberam 360 mg/kg de Pilo e foram videomonitorados por 12 meses. As fêmeas SE castradas e não-castradas se tornaram epilépticas desde o primeiro mês pós Pilo. O comportamento epiléptico foi identificado assistindo as gravações na velocidade rápida. As fêmeas NSE castradas e não-castradas apresentaram comportamentos similares aos estágios 1 - 3 da Escala de Racine. As alterações motoras nestes grupos (NSE) foram observadas apenas quando as videomonitoração foi analisada na velocidade lenta. Além destas, manifestações comportamentais como movimentos rítmicos da cabeça, movimentos súbitos da cabeça, movimentos de todo o corpo e imobilidade também foram observadas em ambos grupos, SE e NSE. Concluímos que as fêmeas NE podem ter se tornado epilépticas. Adicionado a isto, a análise das alterações motoras na velocidade lenta foi essencial para a observação dos achados das fêmeas NSE, o que sugere que possivelmente muitas alterações motoras têm sido subestimados na pesquisa em epilepsia experimental.

Non-Status Epilepticus female rats show seizure-like behaviors in the chronic phase of Pilocarpine experimental model / Ratas sem Status Epilepticus apresentam comportamento do tipo crise epiléptica na fase crônica do modelo experimental da Pilocarpina

Only few studies have focus on animals that received Pilocarpine (Pilo) and did not develop behavioral status epilepticus (SE) and, whether they may become epileptic in the model's chronic phase. Previews works observed mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of Non-SE (NSE) rats, while others observed spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRS) 6 - 8 months after animals received Pilo. It is known that neuronal excitability is influenced by female hormones, as well as, the occurrence of SE in castrated and non-castrated female rats. However, it is not known whether females that received Pilo and did not show SE, may have SRS. The aim of this work was to investigate whether castrated and non-castrated female rats that did not show behavioral SE after Pilo, will develop SRS in the following one-year. For that, animals received 360 mg/kg of Pilo and were video monitored for 12 months. SE females from castrated and non-castrated groups became epileptic since the first month after drug injection. Epileptic behaviors were identified watching video monitoring recordings in the fast speed. Castrated and Non castrated NSE animals showed behaviors resembling seizures described by Racine Scale stages 1 - 3. Motor alterations showed by NSE groups could be observed only when recordings were analyzed in slow speed. In addition, behavioral manifestations as, rhythmic head movements, sudden head movements, whole body movements and immobility were also observed in both, SE and NSE groups. We concluded that NSE female rats may have become epileptic. Adding to it, slow speed analysis of motor alterations was essential for the observation of NSE findings, which suggests that possibly many motor alterations have been underestimated in epilepsy experimental research.(AU)

Poucos são os estudos com foco em animais que receberam Pilocarpina (Pilo) e não desenvolveram status epilepticus (SE) comportamental e, se os mesmos se tornarão epilépticos na fase crônica do modelo. Autores observaram o brotamento das fibras musgosas no hipocampo de ratos Não-SE (NSE), enquanto outros observaram crises espontâneas e recorrentes (CER) 6 - 8 meses após receberam a droga. A excitabilidade neuronal é influenciada pelos hormônios femininos e, da mesma forma, a ocorrência de SE em ratas castradas e não-castradas. Entretanto, não é sabido se as fêmeas que não apresentam SE terão CER. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se fêmeas castradas e não castradas que não tiveram SE comportamental após a injeção de Pilo desenvolverão CER dentro de um ano. Para isto, os animais receberam 360 mg/kg de Pilo e foram videomonitorados por 12 meses. As fêmeas SE castradas e não-castradas se tornaram epilépticas desde o primeiro mês pós Pilo. O comportamento epiléptico foi identificado assistindo as gravações na velocidade rápida. As fêmeas NSE castradas e não-castradas apresentaram comportamentos similares aos estágios 1 - 3 da Escala de Racine. As alterações motoras nestes grupos (NSE) foram observadas apenas quando as videomonitoração foi analisada na velocidade lenta. Além destas, manifestações comportamentais como movimentos rítmicos da cabeça, movimentos súbitos da cabeça, movimentos de todo o corpo e imobilidade também foram observadas em ambos grupos, SE e NSE. Concluímos que as fêmeas NE podem ter se tornado epilépticas. Adicionado a isto, a análise das alterações motoras na velocidade lenta foi essencial para a observação dos achados das fêmeas NSE, o que sugere que possivelmente muitas alterações motoras têm sido subestimados na pesquisa em epilepsia experimental.(AU)

Non-Status Epilepticus female rats show seizure-like behaviors in the chronic phase of Pilocarpine experimental model / Ratas sem Status Epilepticus apresentam comportamento do tipo crise epiléptica na fase crônica do modelo experimental da Pilocarpina

Abstract Only few studies have focus on animals that received Pilocarpine (Pilo) and did not develop behavioral status epilepticus (SE) and, whether they may become epileptic in the model's chronic phase. Previews works observed mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of Non-SE (NSE) rats, while others observed spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRS) 6 - 8 months after animals received Pilo. It is known that neuronal excitability is influenced by female hormones, as well as, the occurrence of SE in castrated and non-castrated female rats. However, it is not known whether females that received Pilo and did not show SE, may have SRS. The aim of this work was to investigate whether castrated and non-castrated female rats that did not show behavioral SE after Pilo, will develop SRS in the following one-year. For that, animals received 360 mg/kg of Pilo and were video monitored for 12 months. SE females from castrated and non-castrated groups became epileptic since the first month after drug injection. Epileptic behaviors were identified watching video monitoring recordings in the fast speed. Castrated and Non-castrated NSE animals showed behaviors resembling seizures described by Racine Scale stages 1 - 3. Motor alterations showed by NSE groups could be observed only when recordings were analyzed in slow speed. In addition, behavioral manifestations as, rhythmic head movements, sudden head movements, whole body movements and immobility were also observed in both, SE and NSE groups. We concluded that NSE female rats may have become epileptic. Adding to it, slow speed analysis of motor alterations was essential for the observation of NSE findings, which suggests that possibly many motor alterations have been underestimated in epilepsy experimental research.

Resumo Poucos são os estudos com foco em animais que receberam Pilocarpina (Pilo) e não desenvolveram status epilepticus (SE) comportamental e, se os mesmos se tornarão epilépticos na fase crônica do modelo. Autores observaram o brotamento das fibras musgosas no hipocampo de ratos Não-SE (NSE), enquanto outros observaram crises espontâneas e recorrentes (CER) 6 - 8 meses após receberam a droga. A excitabilidade neuronal é influenciada pelos hormônios femininos e, da mesma forma, a ocorrência de SE em ratas castradas e não-castradas. Entretanto, não é sabido se as fêmeas que não apresentam SE terão CER. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se fêmeas castradas e não castradas que não tiveram SE comportamental após a injeção de Pilo desenvolverão CER dentro de um ano. Para isto, os animais receberam 360 mg/kg de Pilo e foram videomonitorados por 12 meses. As fêmeas SE castradas e não-castradas se tornaram epilépticas desde o primeiro mês pós Pilo. O comportamento epiléptico foi identificado assistindo as gravações na velocidade rápida. As fêmeas NSE castradas e não-castradas apresentaram comportamentos similares aos estágios 1 - 3 da Escala de Racine. As alterações motoras nestes grupos (NSE) foram observadas apenas quando as videomonitoração foi analisada na velocidade lenta. Além destas, manifestações comportamentais como movimentos rítmicos da cabeça, movimentos súbitos da cabeça, movimentos de todo o corpo e imobilidade também foram observadas em ambos grupos, SE e NSE. Concluímos que as fêmeas NE podem ter se tornado epilépticas. Adicionado a isto, a análise das alterações motoras na velocidade lenta foi essencial para a observação dos achados das fêmeas NSE, o que sugere que possivelmente muitas alterações motoras têm sido subestimados na pesquisa em epilepsia experimental.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: comparison between pneumoperitoneum and the use of a laparoscopic lift device in dog cadavers / Adrenalectomia laparoscópica: comparação entre o pneumoperitônio e o uso de dispositivo paraliftlaparoscopy em cadáveres de cães

This study evaluated the feasibility of abdominal liftfor laparoscopic adrenalectomy and compared it with the conventional laparoscopic technique using pneumoperitoneum with medicinal CO2 in dog cadavers. The total surgical time (TST), adrenalectomy time (AT), and gland integrity after removal were evaluated. Thirty-eight adrenalectomies were performed in 19 cadavers. Regardless of the antimere, the TST was significantly lower in the CO2 procedures than in the lift laparoscopy procedures (P=0.001). When comparing the techniques between antimeres, the TST was significantly higher on the left side with lift laparoscopy than with CO2 (P=0.015) and similar between the techniques on the right side of the animals (P=0.086). In the comparison of AT, regardless of the execution side, no differences were observed between the techniques (P=0.05). The same was observed when AT was evaluated separately using antimeres (P=0.902). Of the 38 adrenals evaluated, 92.1% were removed in a single block, and 32.29% had a superficial lesion in the capsule. There was no difference between the groups in the removal capacity in a single block (P=0.340) and capsule integrity (P=0.287). Abdominal lift for laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a feasible technique in dog cadavers; however, it requires a longer surgical time than the conventional technique. The traction force used to elevate the abdominal wall must be evaluated.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a exequibilidade da adrenalectomia laparoscópica utilizando dispositivo de elevação da parede abdominal via liftlaparoscopy e comparar com a técnica laparoscópica convencional utilizando pneumoperitônio com CO2 medicinal em cadáveres de cães. Para isso, avaliou-se tempo cirúrgico total (TCT), tempo de adrenalectomia (TA) e integridade das glândulas após remoção. Foram realizadas 38 adrenalectomias em 19 cadáveres. Independentemente do antímero, o TCT foi significativamente menor nos procedimentos com CO2 do que com liftlaparoscopy (P=0,001). Na comparação das técnicas entre antímeros, o TCT foi significativamente maior no lado esquerdo com liftlaparoscopy do que com CO2 (P = 0,015) e semelhante entre as técnicas no lado direito dos animais (P=0,086). Já na comparação do TA, independente do lado de execução, não foram observadas diferenças entre os métodos (P=0,05). O mesmo foi observado quando o TA foi avaliado separadamente por antímero (P=0,902). Das 38 adrenais avaliadas, 92,1% foram removidas em um único bloco e destas, 32,29% apresentaram lesão superficial na cápsula. Não houve diferença entre grupos para capacidade de remoção em um único bloco (P=0,340) e da integridade da cápsula (P=0,287). A adrenalectomia laparoscópica por elevação da parede abdominal é factível de ser realizada em cadáveres de cães, entretanto, demanda maior tempo cirúrgico quando comparada à técnica convencional. Além disso, a força de tração empregada para elevar a parede abdominal necessita ser avaliada.

Colheita de sêmen e inseminação artificial em onças-pintadas (Panthera onca) / Semen collection and artificial insemination in jaguars (Panthera onca)

A onça-pintada encontra-se classificada como "quase ameaçada" na lista vermelha de animais ameaçados da União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN), com tendência ao declínio na América Latina, o que pode afetar o fluxo gênico elevando o risco de endogamia. Técnicas de reprodução assistida (TRAs) como colheita de sêmen e inseminação artificial (IA), são ferramentas que podem se tornar essenciais a manutenção da diversidade genética desses animais. A colheita de sêmen pode ser realizada por eletroejaculação (EEJ) ou colheita farmacológica (CF), sendo que podem ser aplicadas individualmente ou associadas, embora EEJ tenha se mostrado mais eficiente em inseminação artificial (IA) com sêmen a fresco. Para realização de IA a utilização de progestina oral (altrenogest), seguida da aplicação de gonadotropinas exógenas (Gonadotropina Coriônica equina-eCG e Hormônio Luteinizante suíno-pLH), tem se mostrado eficiente, promovendo ovulações consistentes. IA intratubárica (IA-IT) mostrou-se eficiente, tendo a vantagem de utilizar sêmen com baixo número de espermatozoides. O sucesso alcançado com o nascimento do primeiro filhote de Panthera onca utilizando TRAs se deve a vários fatores, dentre eles, a utilização de um novo protocolo hormonal ajustado à espécie; e a utilização da IA-IT, que possibilitou a utilização de sêmen com reduzido número de espermatozoides viáveis por inseminação.(AU)

The jaguar is classified as "near threatened" according International Union for Conservation of Nature red list, with a decreasing trend in the population of Latin America, increasing the risk of inbreeding. Assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs), such as semen collection and artificial insemination (AI), are tools that can become essential to maintain the genetic diversity of jaguars. Semen collection can be performed by electroejaculation (EEJ) or pharmacological collection (PC); and can be applied individually or associated, however EEJ was more efficient for artificial insemination (AI) with fresh semen. To perform Artificial Insemination (AI), oral progestin (altrenogest) followed exogenous gonadotropins (Gonadotropin Chorionic equine-eCG e Hormone Luteinizing porcine-pLH) application was efficient, promoting consistent ovulations. Similarly, laparoscopic oviductal insemination (IA-IT) was efficient, with the advantage to use low viable spermatozoa number by insemination. The success of jaguar cub birth using ARTs is due to several factors, among than, a new hormonal protocol adjusted to the species; and the use of IA-IT, which allowed the reduction in the number of sperm by insemination.(AU)

Mesotelioma pleural em mediastino em uma cadela - remoção com esternotomia mediana / Mediastinal mesothelioma in a bitch - removal with median sternotomy

Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a neoplasm with low incidence in small animals, and the possible causes are poorly elucidated but may be related to contact with asbestos. In the thoracic cavity, MMP can be localized or generalized to all cavity structures, and its clinical signs depend on this localization. Although some alternative therapies are being discussed, few studies are conclusive, with surgical intervention as the leading therapeutic option. Given this context, this report aimed to describe a case of MMP located in the mediastinum of a bitch treated with radical excision through mediated sternotomy. Case: A 7-year-old bitch of the Shar-pei breed was referred for care due to progressive weight loss and intense dyspnea. During the physical examination, dyspnea and muffled lung sounds were noted. The patient underwent hemodialysis, which showed neutrophilic leukocytosis. An abdominal ultrasound was also performed and revealed mild abdominal effusion, and chest radiography revealed an extensive tumor covering the entire chest cavity. Thoracocentesis was performed, and the material analyzed was a malignant exudate; the patient was referred to median sternotomy for exploratory purposes, and afterward, total macroscopic extirpation of the tumor was performed. A sample was sent for histopathology, and malignant mesothelioma was confirmed. The patient was discharged after 8 days of hospitalization with home treatment and did not return to the hospital. Upon contacting the guardian, we were informed that the animal had died 154 days after the procedure due to unknown causes. Discussion: Malignant pleural mesothelioma affects humans and animals; it is associated with the risk factor of contact with asbestos and the use of flea antiparasitic drugs. In small animals, its incidence is rare, albeit mesotheliomas have been reported in wild and large animals. The clinical signs are related to the location of the neoplasm. When it is located in the thoracic region, dyspnea, muffled lung sounds, cyanosis, and pleural effusion are observed in most cases. Diagnosis is usually late and incidental, although some tests, such as ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, tomography, radiography, and needle biopsy, can help in the diagnosis. Histopathology is the exam of choice for definitive diagnosis, as it helps one observe the proliferation of neoplastic mesothelial cells, atypical mitosis figures, and marked cellular pleomorphism. Many therapeutic options have been discussed, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and anti-tumor immunization, although there is little scientific proof of their efficacy in animals. The current treatment of choice is tumor excision by surgical procedure with a palliative objective since the prognosis of the disease is unfavorable. Minimally invasive video surgery has been gaining more and more space in veterinary medicine and has proven successful in numerous cases of thoracic masses. In the present report, we chose to perform median sternotomy for total excision due to the extension of the mass that occupied the thoracic cavity practically in its entirety. Further research should be conducted to help in palliative treatments and increase the survival of patients with mesotheliomas, given that most studies are done in humans and not animals. We conclude that median sternotomy is still the therapeutic option of choice for the palliative treatment of patients with extensive thoracic pleural mesotheliomas.

Anatomorphometry of the brachial plexus under high-definition system: an experimental study in rats

Purpose: To study the anatomorphometry of the plexus brachialis (PB) of rats under a high-definition video system. Methods: Ten male Wistar rats discarded from other research that did not interfere in the morphology of the animal, respecting the principle of reduction, were used. All animals were submitted to the same protocol. Initially, the cervical region was shaved. The animals were placed in a dorsal position. A single elbow-to-elbow incision was performed and dissection started at the deltopectoral sulcus. The procedures were performed under a video system. To measure the structures, the Image J software was used. Results: All the PB evaluated originated from the C5-T1 spinal nerves. C5 and C6 converged to form the truncus superior, the root of C7 originated the truncus medius, and the confluence of C8 and T1 originated the truncus inferior. It was found the union of C7, C8, and T1 to form truncus inferomedialis instead of separate medial and inferior truncus. C8 (1.31 mm) was the thickest root, the truncus inferior (1.80 mm) and the nerve radialis (1.02 mm), were the thickest. Conclusions: The anatomy of the PB is comparable to humans, admitting variations. The videomagnification system is useful to perform microsurgical dissection.

Anatomical description of the extratemporal facial nerve under high-definition system: a microsurgical study in rats

Purpose: To describe the microsurgical anatomical aspects of the extratemporal facial nerve of Wistar rats under a high-definition video system. Methods: Ten male Wistar rats (12­15 weeks old), without veterinary diseases, weighing 220­280 g, were used in this study. All animals in this study were submitted to the same protocol and by the same surgeon. A 10-mm incision was made below the bony prominence of the right or left ear, and extended towards the angle of the mandible. The dissection was performed and the main branches of the facial nerve were dissected. Results: The main trunk of the facial nerve has a length of 0.88 ± 0.10 mm and a length of 3.81 ± 1.03 mm, measured from its emergence from the stylomastoid foramen to its bifurcation. Seven branches originating from the facial nerve were identified: posterior auricular, posterior cervical, cervical, mandibular, buccal, temporal, and zygomatic. Conclusions: The anatomy of the facial nerve is comparable to that of humans, with some variations. The most observed anatomical division was the distribution in posterior auricular, posterior cervical, cervical, mandibular, buccal, temporal, and zygomatic branches. There is no statistical difference between the thickness and distance of the structures compared to the contralateral side.

Evaluation of a YouTube channel for scientific disclosure on agribusiness / Avaliação de um canal no Youtube para divulgação científica de assuntos relacionados ao agronegócio

This research analyzed the efficiency of a channel on the YouTube platform as a strategy for scientific dissemination and rural extension. The channel was created at the end of 2018 and the last video published in March 2021, totaling 58 videos. Through the metrics made available by YouTube Analytics, the information related to the channel, the audience, the searches on the platform and the engagement of the public were analyzed. Regarding the channel's metrics, an average of 15 minutes of total viewing duration, 144 subscriptions obtained and 8 lost. The audience metrics show that the channel has WhatsApp ©, Gmail ©, university website and Google© research as its main external sources. Furthermore, there is an audience, mostly female, Brazilian, between 18 and 24 years old, with access mainly by cell phone, computer and TV. The channel searches were more relevant than those coming from the platform itself, in addition to direct or unknown origin, they had a longer average duration and hours watching, but a lower viewing rate. In the engagement, the use of the elements of the final screen was positive and more used after such confirmation, in addition, in the majority of the videos, they generated positive interactions with a majority of "I liked" instead of "I didn't like". We concluded, therefore, that in matters of scientific dissemination, the channel gained relevance when observing the growing metrics in relation to the public, while the rural extension also, however, with the participation of younger producers, requiring analyzes of how to reach the other age groups. Furthermore, it highlights the need for further research to understand better ways of engaging the public.

Esta pesquisa analisou a eficiência de um canal na plataforma YouTube como estratégia para divulgação científica e extensão rural. O canal foi criado no final de 2018 e o último vídeo publicado em março de 2021, totalizando 58 vídeos. Por meio das métricas disponibilizadas pelo YouTube Analytics, foram analisadas informações referentes ao canal, audiência, buscas na plataforma e engajamento do público. Em relação às métricas do canal, obteve-se uma média de 15 minutos de duração da visualização total. As métricas de audiência mostraram que as principais origens externas do canal são o WhatsApp©, Gmail©, sites universitários e a pesquisa do Google©. Constata-se um público majoritariamente feminino, brasileiro, entre os 18 e 24 anos de idade, com acesso principalmente pelo celular, computador e TV. As buscas do canal tiveram maior relevância em comparação àquelas oriundas da própria plataforma, além de origem direta ou desconhecida e apresentaram maior duração média e horas assistidas, porém, menor taxa de visualização. No engajamento, a utilização dos elementos da tela final foi positiva e mais utilizada após tal constatação, além disso em sua maioria os vídeos geraram interações positivas com uma maioria de "Gostei". Conclui-se, portanto, que em questões de divulgação científica o canal obteve relevância ao constatar as crescentes métricas em relação ao público. Quanto à extensão rural, foram atingidos principalmente produtores jovens, necessitando análises de como atingir as demais faixas etárias. Ademais, ressalta-se a importância de continuidade da pesquisa para entender melhores formas de engajamento do público.

Voracity, reaction to stings, and survival of domestic hens when feeding on the yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus)

Abstract Background: Scorpionism is a worldwide problem that has already made thousands of victims, and multi-disciplinary approaches for controlling their populations are to be more successful. Hens are often mentioned as tools for controlling scorpions; however, systematic/experimental behavioral studies are not available. Moreover, there is no systematic information on the effect of scorpion venoms on hens. Using the venomous yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus, the present study aimed to clarify the following aspects: (1) voracity of hens, (2) how hens react when stung, (3) the effect of scorpion stings on hen behavior during attacks, and (4) hen survivorship after feeding on scorpions. Methods: We attracted hens with corn powder, offered them scorpions and then recorded the hen-scorpion interaction. To test the effects of the sting we manually removed the scorpions telson. Results: We found that some hens ate up to six scorpions within minutes. By means of an ethogram and drawings, we showed that they exhibited several aversive behaviors when capturing scorpions. Removal of the scorpion telson stopped the aversive reactions, which was not observed in the control group. Finally, hens did not exhibit atypical behaviors after 1, 7 and 30 days and were all alive after 30 days. Conclusion: This is the first empirical and video recorded study providing evidence that hens are clearly affected by scorpion venom but do not die. Therefore, they may have potential to be used in biological control of these arthropods.

Enriquecimiento ambiental para gatos hospitalizados / Environmental enrichment for inpatient cats / Enriquecimento ambiental para gatos em ambiente de internação

Muchas patologías pueden afectar a los felinos, lo que determina de forma rutinaria la necesidad de atención veterinaria. El entorno en el que se inserta el gato es extremadamente importante, y en la mayoría de las clínicas veterinarias y hospitales donde estos animales se mantienen en el hospital, las condiciones no son ideales. El enriquecimiento ambiental es una herramienta que busca mejorar la calidad de vida del animal, posibilitando así la anticipación de la recuperación y consecuentemente un mejor pronóstico para el animal. Con el fin de minimizar un posible nivel de estrés que el entorno hospitalario puede determinar al animal, se realizó un estudio experimental en la Clínica Veterinaria Unigran en Dourados - MS, en el que 3 gatos sanos (2 machos y 1 hembra) con un aproximado Los tres años de edad fueron mantenidos en un ambiente de internación para realizar un estudio de comportamiento de los mismos mediante grabaciones de video y posterior análisis mediante etograma. Los videos se realizaron en dos momentos, el primero fue el cubículo de hospitalización sin enriquecimiento ambiental, mientras que el segundo fue introduciendo elementos (arenero, cama y juguetes) como enriquecimiento. El enriquecimiento ambiental ayudó moderadamente a algunos animales, a reducir el tiempo dedicado a algunas de sus conductas incluidas en la forma de estrés, así como también se observó qu

Many pathologies can affect felines, which routinely determines the need for veterinary care. The environment in which the cat is inserted is extremely important, and in most veterinary clinics and hospitals where these animals are kept in hospital, there are less than ideal conditions. Environmental enrichment is a tool that seeks to improve the quality of life of the animal, thus enabling the anticipation of recovery and consequently better prognosis for the animal. In order to minimize a possible level of stress that the hospital environment can determine to the animal, an experimental study was carried out at the Unigran Veterinary Clinic in Dourados - MS, in which 3 healthy cats (2 males and 1 female) with an approximate age of three years they were kept in an inpatient environment to conduct a behavioral study of them through video recordings and subsequent analysis using ethogram. The videos were made in two moments, the first being the hospitalization cubicle without environmental enrichment, while the second was introducing items (sandbox, bed and toys) as enrichment. Environmental enrichment helped moderately some animals, in reducing the time spent on some of their behaviors included in the form of stress, as well as it was observed that animals in general at the time when the management of environmental enrichment was carried out had greater interaction with the hum

Muitas patologias podem acometer felinos, que corriqueiramente determina a necessidade de atendimento veterinário. O ambiente no qual o gato está inserido adquire extrema importância, sendo que na maioria das clínicas e hospitais veterinários em que estes animais são mantidos em internação há condições aquém das ideais. O enriquecimento ambiental, constitui uma ferramenta que busca melhorar a qualidade de vida do animal, possibilitando assim a antecipação da recuperação e consequentemente melhores prognósticos ao animal. Para minimizar um possível nível de estresse que o ambiente de internação pode determinar ao animal, foi realizado um estudo experimental na Clínica Veterinária da Unigran em Dourados - MS, no qual 3 gatos saudáveis (2 machos e 1 fêmea) com idade aproximada de três anos foram mantidos em ambiente de internação para se realizar estudo comportamental dos mesmos por meio de gravações em vídeos e posterior análise utilizando-se etograma. Os vídeos eram efetuados em dois momentos, sendo no primeiro a baia de internação sem enriquecimento ambiental, enquanto no segundo eram introduzidos ítens (caixa de areia, cama e brinquedos) como enriquecimento. O enriquecimento ambiental ajudou de forma moderada alguns animais, na diminuição do tempo despendidos de alguns de seus comportamentos compreendidos na forma de estresse bem como observou-se que os animais de uma maneira

Rocky reef fish biodiversity and conservation in a Brazilian Hope Spot region

Coastal islands of Grande Rio, located south Rio de Janeiro and Maricá cities have been under multiple anthropogenic impacts. Despite these problems, these insular systems shelter a high diversity of fish species. Reef fishes are essential components of tropical marine coastal communities, also providing food and income for millions of people around the world. In this work, we generated an updated checklist from Cagarras Islands Natural Monument and surrounding areas based on fisheries data, literature records and multiple sampling techniques, including the Submersible Rotating Video technique, used for the first time in Brazil. We present an inventory of 282 fish species representing 91 different families, with 21 new records for the study area, including a non-native species (Heniochus acuminatus). In addition, our results show a moderate endemism level for the Brazilian province (approximately 6.0%), while 10.5% of species are assigned to one of IUCN's threatened categories. Our efforts show the fish biodiversity scenario and their distribution on coastal islands more than 10 years after the Cagarras Islands Natural Monument establishment, reinforcing the importance of monitoring research programs for the management of this Marine Protected Area and surrounding waters, that play a key role for artisanal fisheries.

As ilhas costeiras do Grande Rio, ao sul das cidades do Rio de Janeiro e Maricá, têm sofrido múltiplos impactos antrópicos. Apesar destes problemas, esses sistemas insulares abrigam uma grande diversidade de espécies de peixes. Os peixes recifais são componentes essenciais das comunidades costeiras marinhas tropicais, fornecendo alimento e fonte de renda para milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Neste trabalho, geramos uma lista de verificação atualizada do Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras e áreas do entorno com base em dados de pesca, registros da literatura e múltiplas técnicas de amostragem, incluindo a técnica de vídeo rotacional subaquático usada pela primeira vez no Brasil. Apresentamos um inventário de 282 espécies de peixes representando 91 famílias, com 21 novos registros para área de estudo, incluindo uma espécie não nativa (Heniochus acuminatus). Além disso, nossos resultados mostram um nível de endemismo moderado da província brasileira (aproximadamente 6,0%), sendo 10,5% das espécies classificadas em uma das categorias ameaçadas da IUCN. Nossos esforços mostram o cenário da biodiversidade de peixes e sua distribuição nas ilhas costeiras mais de 10 anos após o estabelecimento do Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras, reforçando a importância de programas de pesquisa de monitoramento para a gestão desta Área Marinha Protegida e suas águas adjacentes, que desempenham papel fundamental para a pesca artesanal.

A Jakobsian analysis of communication in veterinary anatomic pathology

Since I figured out that anatomic pathology is communication (5), I got interested in this subject and If I'm assuming myself as a communicator, then, I logically need to study and understand it. When I looked for this, Jakobson's explanation (4) was the most elegant, eloquent and simplest explanation I've found. If you doubt me, just search for this in youtube, there are a lot of animated videos about it. So, Jakobson divides communication into six crucial points: adresser, message, addressee, context, code and channel. The adresser is the person who will write and send the message to the addressee, the receptor, the person who will read it. The context is what the message is about and the code is the language used. Finally, the channel is the physical channel, a way where the message is written, it may be a paper or a video or any other. Keep in mind that those points are not always isolated from each other, they are frequently overlapped, and this is just a didactic organization that is much more easily to understand in a fluxogram(AU)

Bilateral inflammatory aural polyps in a kitten ­ case report / Pólipo aural inflamatório bilateral em um filhote de gato - relato de caso

Feline aural inflammatory polyps are non-neoplastic masses in the tympanic cavity or the Eustachian tube that can be observed in the ear canal of the cat and are a common cause of otitis externa and otitis media in young animals, with or without respiratory signs depending on the direction of polyp growth. Most of the polyps occurring in cats are unilateral. Otoscopy or video-otoscopy is necessary for its diagnosis, and treatment consists of the mechanical removal of the polyp and subsequent use of anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this paper was to report a case of bilateral inflammatory aural polyps in a kitten treated successfully by the minimally invasive technique of per-endoscopic trans-tympanic traction. A seven-month-old female mixed-breed cat, presenting bilateral ear discharge, was submitted to endoscopic examination of both ears and polypoid masses observed in each horizontal canal. Both polyps were grasped and pulled with a polypectomy snare through the otoendoscope. The patient received dexamethasone immediately after the procedure and a long-term oral corticosteroid protocol was established post-avulsion. It was concluded that otoendoscopy allowed an accurate and quick diagnosis, that the mass removal by per-endoscopic trans-tympanic traction was an effective treatment with no complications, and that bilateral occurrences could indicate a differential diagnosis, especially in young cats.(AU)

Pólipos inflamatórios aurais felinos são massas não neoplásicas na cavidade timpânica ou na tuba auditiva que podem ser observadas no canal auditivo do gato e são uma causa comum de otite externa e otite média em animais jovens, com ou sem sinais respiratórios dependendo da direção do crescimento do pólipo. A maioria dos pólipos que ocorrem em gatos é unilateral. A otoscopia ou vídeo-otoscopia é necessária para o seu diagnóstico, e o tratamento consiste na remoção mecânica do pólipo e posterior uso de anti-inflamatórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de pólipos aurais inflamatórios bilaterais em um felino filhote tratado com sucesso pela técnica minimamente invasiva de tração trans-timpânica perendos-cópica. Um felino fêmea de sete meses de idade, sem raça definida, apresentando secreção auricular bilateral, foi submetido a exame endoscópico de ambas as orelhas e massas polipóides foram observadas em cada canal horizontal. Ambos os pólipos foram apreendidos e puxados com uma alça de polipectomia através do otoendoscópio. O paciente recebeu dexametasona imediatamente após o procedimento e um protocolo de corticosteroide oral em longo prazo foi estabelecido após a avulsão. Concluiu-se que a otoendoscopia permitiu um diagnóstico preciso e rápido, que a retirada das massas por tração transtimpâ-nica perendoscópica foi um tratamento eficaz e sem complicações e que as ocorrências bilaterais podem indicar um diagnós-tico diferencial, principalmente em gatos jovens.(AU)

Acoustic analysis of vocalization and the behavioral response associated to sound production of the nine banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Mammalia, Cingulata, Dasypodidae) in an agonistic context

Although communication capabilities are displayed by many vertebrate groups, some repertoires are poorly known, such as the case of xenarthrans, particularly armadillos, for which vocalization as a source of communicating to others remains poorly understood and relies on punctual reports of sounds. Here we provide the first description of a behavioral response associated with sound emission of two subjects of Dasypus novemcinctus. Both audio and visual registration was performed to subsequent analyses of expressed behaviors and emitted calls, which accounted for 76 vocalizations from a total of eight video recordings randomly collected from 2017 to 2019. Sound is acoustically characterized by both inhale and exhale phases composed of two vocal units, and no harmonic structure was observed. Once the subjects have always produced these vocalizations while cornered and exhibiting defensive behavior against another subject/human disturbance, these vocalizations were termed as distress. Subjects produced a hiss-purr-like sound while trying to avoid contact with another by bowing or lowering their bodies, humping, or even moving elsewhere when sound production ceased. This shows that the sound repertoire of armadillos is still to be unveiled and seems to be much more complex than previously thought.(AU)

Behavioral and physiological performance of different gilt breeds during lactation

We evaluated the maternal behavior, physiology, and reproductive performance of both Damin (Min-pig × Large White) and Large White gilts to identify the advantages hybrid sows offer with regard to stress relieve and improvement of the welfare level of sows during late lactation. First-parity Damin gilts (n = 40) and firstparity Large White gilts (n = 40) were farrowed in individual pens. Video surveillance was used to monitor the occurrence of lateral recumbency and compare it to other postures, such as ventral recumbency, defecation, urination, tail posture, sham-chewing, and bar-biting behaviors. Monitoring was conducted from 07:00 to 09:00 h and from 13:00 to 15:00 h on days 3 and 6 of each week from the third to the fifth week postparturition. In addition, the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and salivary α-amylase were assessed. During the fourth week postpartum, Damin gilts showed a higher frequency of postural changes from lateral recumbency to other postures and less ventral recumbency, sham-chewing, and bar-biting behavior compared with Large White gilts. However, no significant differences were found between Damin and Large White gilts with regard to urination, defecation, tail wagging, and "tail low" behaviors. The concentrations of serum interleukin-6, salivary α-amylase, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α were higher in Damin gilts than in Large White gilts during the fifth week postpartum. Damin gilts partly achieve lower stress levels during late lactation and better animal welfare than purebred Large White gilts.(AU)

Laparoscopic approaches in bovine fetuses' umbilical structures: lateral or ventral approach?

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o melhor acesso laparoscópico para visualização e manipulação das estruturas umbilicais no interior da cavidade abdominal de fetos bovinos. Foram utilizados nove fetos de bezerros de vacas no terço final da gestação, todos submetidos à laparoscopia com dois portais de acesso, primeiro no flanco direito e depois na região ventral do abdômen, onde foram verificadas as possibilidades de acesso às estruturas umbilicais. Em ambas as abordagens, os portais de acesso permitiram visualizar e manipular as estruturas de interesse, mas a abordagem lateral foi mais eficaz com melhor visualização e manipulação. Os acessos ventrais não proporcionavam a mesma facilidade de visualização e manipulação, pois as estruturas umbilicais fixadas na parede abdominal ficavam muito próximas aos portais. Esses resultados demonstram que a laparoscopia pode ser utilizada para manipulação e visualização das estruturas umbilicais, sendo a abordagem lateral mais eficaz.

Enriquecimento ambiental para gatos em ambiente de internação / Environmental enrichment for inpatient cats / Enriquecimiento ambiental para gatos hospitalizados

Muitas patologias podem acometer felinos, que corriqueiramente determina a necessidade de atendimento veterinário. O ambiente no qual o gato está inserido adquire extrema importância, sendo que na maioria das clínicas e hospitais veterinários em que estes animais são mantidos em internação há condições aquém das ideais. O enriquecimento ambiental, constitui uma ferramenta que busca melhorar a qualidade de vida do animal, possibilitando assim a antecipação da recuperação e consequentemente melhores prognósticos ao animal. Para minimizar um possível nível de estresse que o ambiente de internação pode determinar ao animal, foi realizado um estudo experimental na Clínica Veterinária da Unigran em Dourados - MS, no qual 3 gatos saudáveis (2 machos e 1 fêmea) com idade aproximada de três anos foram mantidos em ambiente de internação para se realizar estudo comportamental dos mesmos por meio de gravações em vídeos e posterior análise utilizando-se etograma. Os vídeos eram efetuados em dois momentos, sendo no primeiro a baia de internação sem enriquecimento ambiental, enquanto no segundo eram introduzidos ítens (caixa de areia, cama e brinquedos) como enriquecimento. O enriquecimento ambiental ajudou de forma moderada alguns animais, na diminuição do tempo despendidos de alguns de seus comportamentos compreendidos na forma de estresse bem como observou-se que os animais de uma maneira geral no momento em que se realizava o manejo de enriquecimento ambiental possuiam maior interação com o ser humano e desta maneira pode-se recomendar o uso de formas que possam tornar o ambiente mais próximo ao encontrado no domicílio do felino.(AU)

Many pathologies can affect felines, which routinely determines the need for veterinary care. The environment in which the cat is inserted is extremely important, and in most veterinary clinics and hospitals where these animals are kept in hospital, there are less than ideal conditions. Environmental enrichment is a tool that seeks to improve the quality of life of the animal, thus enabling the anticipation of recovery and consequently better prognosis for the animal. In order to minimize a possible level of stress that the hospital environment can determine to the animal, an experimental study was carried out at the Unigran Veterinary Clinic in Dourados - MS, in which 3 healthy cats (2 males and 1 female) with an approximate age of three years they were kept in an inpatient environment to conduct a behavioral study of them through video recordings and subsequent analysis using ethogram. The videos were made in two moments, the first being the hospitalization cubicle without environmental enrichment, while the second was introducing items (sandbox, bed and toys) as enrichment. Environmental enrichment helped moderately some animals, in reducing the time spent on some of their behaviors included in the form of stress, as well as it was observed that animals in general at the time when the management of environmental enrichment was carried out had greater interaction with the human being and in this way it can be recommended the use of ways that can make the environment closer to that found in the feline's home.(AU)

Muchas patologías pueden afectar a los felinos, lo que determina de forma rutinaria la necesidad de atención veterinaria. El entorno en el que se inserta el gato es extremadamente importante, y en la mayoría de las clínicas veterinarias y hospitales donde estos animales se mantienen en el hospital, las condiciones no son ideales. El enriquecimiento ambiental es una herramienta que busca mejorar la calidad de vida del animal, posibilitando así la anticipación de la recuperación y consecuentemente un mejor pronóstico para el animal. Con el fin de minimizar un posible nivel de estrés que el entorno hospitalario puede determinar al animal, se realizó un estudio experimental en la Clínica Veterinaria Unigran en Dourados - MS, en el que 3 gatos sanos (2 machos y 1 hembra) con un aproximado Los tres años de edad fueron mantenidos en un ambiente de internación para realizar un estudio de comportamiento de los mismos mediante grabaciones de video y posterior análisis mediante etograma. Los videos se realizaron en dos momentos, el primero fue el cubículo de hospitalización sin enriquecimiento ambiental, mientras que el segundo fue introduciendo elementos (arenero, cama y juguetes) como enriquecimiento. El enriquecimiento ambiental ayudó moderadamente a algunos animales, a reducir el tiempo dedicado a algunas de sus conductas incluidas en la forma de estrés, así como también se observó que los animales en general en el momento en que se realizaba el manejo del enriquecimiento ambiental tenían mayor interacción con el ser humano y de esta forma se puede recomendar que el uso de formas que puedan acercar el entorno al que se encuentra en el hogar del felino.(AU)