Fast-growing forest management to regulate the balance between wood production and water supply

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, fast-growing forest plantations are able to support the wood supply but may simultaneously reduce water availability. The trade-off between wood production and water supply is more evident in areas with low water availability, high seasonal variation, or high water demand from local communities. The management regime adopted in forest plantations can either increase or reduce this trade-off. Thus, we assess herein the water and wood supply under different fast-growing forest plantation management regimes to understand how forest management practices can balance the provision of these services. The study was conducted at two catchments with a predominance of fast-growing forest plantations, namely, the mosaic management catchment (MMC) and the intensive management catchment (IMC). Rainfall and streamflow were monitored for three water years. Hydrological indexes were calculated to assess the hydrological regime of both catchments, and make inventories of the forest to assess forest growth rates. MMC had streamflow coefficients, baseflow index and baseflow stability higher than those of IMC. Mean annual wood increment was 32.73 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in MMC, with a mean age of 15 years, and 44.40 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in IMC at coppice in the second year. MMC hydrological indexes remained stable over the period studied, while in IMC the hydrological indexes were affected by climatic variations, mainly in drier years. MMC showed potential for supplying both water and wood. However, in IMC there was a trade-off between wood supply at the expense of the water supply. Thus, the intensity of fast-growing management can be adjusted to achieve a balance between water and wood supply on a catchment scale.

Nutritional, physiological, hematological, and biochemical responses of lambs fed increasing levels of Pornunça silage

ABSTRACT: Pornunça (Manihot sp.) is a potential forage to feed ruminants in drylands worldwide; however, evaluations of animal diets are necessary. This study assessed intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, physiological responses, ingestive behavior, water intake, as well as hematological and biochemical responses of lambs fed diets containing increasing levels of Pornunça silage (PS) replacing Tifton-85 bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). Treatments consisted of 0, 33, 66, and 100 % PS considering the roughage portion of the diet (% dry matter DM). The experimental design was completely randomized with six replicates. Cyanide acid (HCN) levels in fresh Pornunça leaves were 207.7 mg kg1 DM and 76.78 mg kg1 DM in PS. Intake of DM and crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased linearly with increasing levels of PS in the diet. Digestibility of DM, NDF, and CP were higher with increasing levels of PS. Idle time decreased linearly, while water balance, water intake via food, and total water in feces increased with PS. Nitrogen balance, physiological, and hematological responses were not influenced by treatments, while the final alanine aminotransferase increased for lambs fed all diets evaluated. The PS up to 100 % of the roughage portion increased DM and nutrient intake and digestibility without altering physiological responses and the hematological and biochemical parameters, resulting in greater water intake via food.

Fast-growing forest management to regulate the balance between wood production and water supply

Increasingly, fast-growing forest plantations are able to support the wood supply but may simultaneously reduce water availability. The trade-off between wood production and water supply is more evident in areas with low water availability, high seasonal variation, or high water demand from local communities. The management regime adopted in forest plantations can either increase or reduce this trade-off. Thus, we assess herein the water and wood supply under different fast-growing forest plantation management regimes to understand how forest management practices can balance the provision of these services. The study was conducted at two catchments with a predominance of fast-growing forest plantations, namely, the mosaic management catchment (MMC) and the intensive management catchment (IMC). Rainfall and streamflow were monitored for three water years. Hydrological indexes were calculated to assess the hydrological regime of both catchments, and make inventories of the forest to assess forest growth rates. MMC had streamflow coefficients, baseflow index and baseflow stability higher than those of IMC. Mean annual wood increment was 32.73 m³ ha-¹ yr-¹ in MMC, with a mean age of 15 years, and 44.40 m³ ha-¹ yr-¹ in IMC at coppice in the second year. MMC hydrological indexes remained stable over the period studied, while in IMC the hydrological indexes were affected by climatic variations, mainly in drier years. MMC showed potential for supplying both water and wood. However, in IMC there was a trade-off between wood supply at the expense of the water supply. Thus, the intensity of fast-growing management can be adjusted to achieve a balance between water and wood supply on a catchment scale.

Nutritional, physiological, hematological, and biochemical responses of lambs fed increasing levels of Pornunça silage

Pornunça (Manihot sp.) is a potential forage to feed ruminants in drylands worldwide; however, evaluations of animal diets are necessary. This study assessed intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, physiological responses, ingestive behavior, water intake, as well as hematological and biochemical responses of lambs fed diets containing increasing levels of Pornunça silage (PS) replacing Tifton-85 bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). Treatments consisted of 0, 33, 66, and 100 % PS considering the roughage portion of the diet (% dry matter - DM). The experimental design was completely randomized with six replicates. Cyanide acid (HCN) levels in fresh Pornunça leaves were 207.7 mg kg-¹ DM and 76.78 mg kg-¹ DM in PS. Intake of DM and crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased linearly with increasing levels of PS in the diet. Digestibility of DM, NDF, and CP were higher with increasing levels of PS. Idle time decreased linearly, while water balance, water intake via food, and total water in feces increased with PS. Nitrogen balance, physiological, and hematological responses were not influenced by treatments, while the final alanine aminotransferase increased for lambs fed all diets evaluated. The PS up to 100 % of the roughage portion increased DM and nutrient intake and digestibility without altering physiological responses and the hematological and biochemical parameters, resulting in greater water intake via food.

Water-level fluctuations lead to changes in the diet of an omnivorous fish in a floodplain

The hydrological regime leads to fluctuations in the availability of food resources for fish, which may reflect in their diet variation. Our main goal was to analyze the relationship between water-level fluctuations and the diet and the body condition of Trachelyopterus galeatus in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. The fish used in the study were sampled quarterly along nine years, at nine sampling stations. Our results showed that diet of T. galeatus varied in response to oscillations in the hydrometric level, with the consumption of terrestrial invertebrates being positively related to hydrometric level, while the consumption of aquatic invertebrates was negatively related. The trophic niche breadth and feeding activity were not affected by hydrometric level, but the fish body condition was positively affected. The high food plasticity allows T. galeatus to consume the most available resources (e.g., terrestrial invertebrates in high water levels), which probably contributed to the increase in its body condition in higher hydrometric levels. In summary, the hydrological dynamic is fundamental for the diet variation of omnivorous fish, which can take advantage of the resource availability according to the hydrometric level, increasing its body condition when allochthonous resources as terrestrial invertebrates are supposed to be more available.(AU)

O regime hidrológico leva a flutuações na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares para os peixes, o que pode refletir na variação de sua dieta. O principal objetivo foi analisar a relação entre as oscilações do nível hidrométrico e a dieta e condição corporal de Trachelyopterus galeatus na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Os peixes foram amostrados trimestralmente durante nove anos, em nove locais. Nossos resultados mostraram que a dieta de T. galeatus variou em resposta às oscilações do nível hidrométrico, com o consumo de invertebrados terrestres sendo positivamente relacionado com o nível hidrométrico, enquanto o consumo de invertebrados aquáticos foi negativamente relacionado. O nicho trófico e a atividade alimentar não foram afetados pelo nível hidrométrico, mas a condição corporal dos peixes foi positivamente afetada. A alta plasticidade alimentar permite que T. galeatus aproveite recursos mais disponíveis (por exemplo, invertebrados terrestres em níveis elevados), o que provavelmente contribui para o aumento da condição corporal em níveis hidrométricos elevados. Em resumo, a dinâmica hidrológica é fundamental para a variação da dieta de peixes onívoros, que podem aproveitar a disponibilidade de recursos de acordo com o nível hidrométrico, aumentando sua condição corporal quando recursos alóctones, como invertebrados terrestres, são supostamente mais disponíveis.(AU)

Agrometeorological water balance in the west of São Paulo State / Balanço hídrico agrometeorológicodo Oeste Paulista

The agriculture economic viabilityis a result ofa correct planning and knowledge of the crop production environment. The level of meteorological information in the region canbe improved through the water balance, making the agricultural planning more accurate. The objective of this study was to characterize the West of the São Paulo State through the agrometeorological water balance. Historical daily data from 1992 to 2021,from the meteorological station of the University of WestPaulista in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, were used in the study. The sequential water balance (deficit and excess of water in the soil) was evaluated during the agricultural season (from October to March) and off-season (from April to September). The annual water deficit was-303.2 mm, being -125.2 mm in the agricultural season and -178.0 mm in the off-season. The frequent occurrence of deficit in the region, in the beginning of spring and mainly during the autumn-winter, makes it necessary to adopt special management practices and to use irrigation in order to reach high agricultural productivity in West Paulista.(AU)

A viabilidade econômica da agricultura se dá em função de um correto planejamento e conhecimento do ambiente de produção de cultivo. Através do balanço hídrico é possível aumentar o nível de informações meteorológicas da região, tornando o planejamento agrícola mais preciso. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a caracterização do Oeste do Estado de São Paulo através do balanço hídrico agrometeorológico.Utilizou-se no estudo os dadosdiárioshistóricos de 1992 a 2021 da estação meteorológica da Universidade do Oeste Paulista de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo. Foi avaliado o balanço hídrico sequencial (déficit e excesso de água no solo) nos períodos da safra agrícola (outubro a março) e da entressafra (abril a setembro).O déficit de água anual foide -303.2 mm, sendo -125.2 mm no período da safra agrícola e -178.0 mm na entressafra.A frequente ocorrência de déficit na região, no início da primavera e principalmente durante o outono-inverno, faz com queseja necessáriaa adoção de práticas especiais de manejo e a necessidadedo uso da irrigação para que se atinjam elevadas produtividades agrícolasno Oeste Paulista.(AU)

Electrolytic and hemogasometric parameters for female agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) raised in captivity / Parâmetros eletrolíticos e hemogasométricos para cutias fêmeas (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) criadas em cativeiro

Agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, WAGLER 1831) have been studied in captivity as a potential source of meat for rural populations in Brazil, as a way of providing low-cost protein and easing hunting pressures in local communities. However, little is known about their physiological blood markers, which are crucial for animal husbandry and effective welfare management. This study provides hemogasometric and ionic venous parameters for female agoutis raised in captivity in the drylands of Brazil. Venous blood samples were collected from six females and analyzed for dissolved gases and ions in the blood. Hemogasometric parameters, especially base excess and anion gap were generally heterogenous, while ions varied little among individuals. Moreover, we observed high chlorine values and negative base excess values, which suggest that some animals might be implementing compensatory mechanisms for ion imbalances. We provide a preliminary note on agouti venous gases and ions, while reiterating the importance of the clinical context and in-house parameter definition to maximize accuracy.(AU)

Cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, WAGLER 1831) têm sido estudadas em cativeiro como uma fonte potencial de carne para populações rurais no Brasil, como uma forma de fornecer proteína de baixo custo e aliviar as pressões de caça nas comunidades locais. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seus marcadores sanguíneos fisiológicos os quais são cruciais para a criação animal e o manejo eficaz do bem-estar. Este estudo fornece parâmetros hemogasométricos e iônicos veno-sos para cutias fêmeas criadas em cativeiro em regiões áridas do Brasil. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas de seis fêmeas e analisadas para gases dissolvidos e íons no sangue. Os parâmetros hemogasométricos, especialmente o excesso de base e o anion gap, foram heterogêneos, enquanto os íons variaram pouco entre os indivíduos. Além disso, altos valores de cloro e valores negativos de excesso de base foram observados o que sugere que alguns animais podem estar desenvol-vendo mecanismos compensatórios para desequilíbrios iônicos. Um perfil preliminar sobre gases e íons venosos de cutias foi fornecido, ao mesmo tempo, destaca-se a importância do contexto clínico e da definição interna dos parâmetros para maximizar a precisão.(AU)

Water restriction periods affect growth performance and nutritional status of Santa Inês sheep in the Brazilian Semi-arid / Períodos de restrição hídrica afetam o desempenho produtivo e o estado nutricional de ovinos Santa Inês no Semiárido Brasileiro

This study aimed to assess the growth performance and nutritional status of sheep under intermittent water supply by means of performance, intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, water balance and nitrogen. Thirty-two intact male sheep (20.7 ± 2.63 kg, 8 months of age) were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 water supply intervals via drinking trough (0h00, 24h00, 48h00, and 72h00), with 8 replicates. The extension in the water restriction period caused a reduction in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, digestible energy, and metabolizable energy (P < 0.05). The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber showed a linear decrease with increasing periods of water restriction (P < 0.05). Water intake via food, total water intake, and water excretion via feces showed a linear increase in response to an increase in the water supply interval (P < 0.05). Water intake via drinking, metabolic water, total water excretion and water balance presented a linear decrease, with increasing periods of water restriction (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake and absorbed nitrogen were influenced by water restriction, presenting a linear decreasing trend according to water supply periods (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain, and total weight gain, were influenced by the periods of water restriction, showing a linear reduction (P < 0.05). Feed conversion increased as the water restriction period increased (P=0.004). Intermittent water supply at intervals of up to 72h00 reduced nutrient intake and digestibility, resulting in a decrease in weight gain of the studied animals.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e o estado nutricional de ovinos de ovinos submetidos à oferta intermitente de água, através do desempenho, consumo, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, balanço hídrico e balanço de nitrogênio. Trinta e dois ovinos machos inteiros (20,7 ± 2,63 kg e idade de 8 meses) foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 intervalos de abastecimento de água via bebedouro (0h00, 24h00, 48h00 e 72h00), com 8 repetições. O aumento do período de restrição hídrica proporcionou redução nos consumos de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, energia digestível e energia metabilizável (P < 0,05). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro reduziram linearmente (P < 0,05) com o aumento do período de restrição hídrica. A ingestão de água via alimento, a ingestão total de água e a excreção de água pelas fezes apresentaram um aumento linear em resposta ao aumento do intervalo de fornecimento de água (P < 0,05). A ingestão de água via bebedouro, água metabólica, excreção total de água e balanço hídrico apresentaram decréscimo linear, com o aumento do período de restrição hídrica (P < 0,05). O consumo de nitrogênio e o nitrogênio absorvido foram influenciados pela restrição hídrica, apresentando comportamento linear decrescente de acordo com os períodos de abastecimento de água (P < 0,05). O peso final, ganho de peso diário e ganho de peso total, foram influenciados pelos períodos de restrição hídrica, decrescendo linearmente (P < 0.05). A conversão alimentar aumentou com o aumento do período de restrição hídrica (P=0,004). O fornecimento intermitente de água em intervalos de até 72h reduziu a ingestão e a digestibilidade de nutrientes, promovendo diminuição no ganho de peso dos animais estudados.(AU)

Avaliação de soluções eletrolíticas e vias da administração sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos desidratados experimentalmente / Evaluation of electrolyte solutions and administration routes on the moisture content of feces of experimentally dehydrated horses

A ocorrência de processos fisiopatológicos que cursam com desidratação da ingesta no trato gastrointestinal dos equinos é comum na rotina clínica. Fatores como diminuição da motilidade intestinal e sobrecarga intraluminal de conteúdo desidratado podem levar a compactação em segmentos como estômago, ceco e cólons. Este estudo objetivou realizar a comparação entre soluções eletrolíticas enterais hipotônica (SeHIPO) e isotônica (SeISO) e a solução Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL IV) sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos submetidos a um período de desidratação experimental (PD). Foram utilizados seis equinos adultos, todas fêmeas com idades entre 10 e 15 anos, média de 440 kg de peso corpóreo. O PD constou de 36 horas de jejum hídrico e alimentar associadas a duas administrações intravenosas de furosemida, sendo a primeira imediatamente no início (T-36) e a segunda 12 horas após o início do PD. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: SeHIPO e SeISO, ambas administradas por via nasogástrica em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), e RL IV administrada pela via intravenosa. Todos os tratamentos foram administrados a uma taxa de infusão contínua de 15mL kg-1 h-1 durante 8 horas consecutivas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o crossover6x3, onde cada animal foi submetido, em sistema de rodízio, aos três tratamentos em momentos distintos. As soluções eletrolíticas enterais demonstraram maior eficácia na recomposição do teor de umidade das fezes quando comparadas à terapia RL IV. A hidratação enteral com soluções isotônicas e hipotônicas administrada em fluxo contínuo são eficazes em restaurar o teor de umidade das fezes, podendo ofertar uma opção econômica, segura e eficiente na reidratação de pacientes e nas afecções que cursam como obstruções intraluminais simples.

The occurrence of pathophysiological processes that curse with digesta dryness in the gastrointestinal tract of horses is common in clinical routine, factors such as decreased intestinal motility and intraluminal overload of dry content can lead to compaction in segments such as cecum and colon. This study aimed to compare a hypotonic enteral solution (SeHIPO), an isotonic enteral solution (SeISO) and a Ringer with sodium lactate solution (RL IV) over the moisture content of equine feces submitted to an experimental dehydration protocol. Six adult horses were used, all females aged between 10 and 15 years, average body weight of 440 kg. The PD consisted of a 36 hours period of water and food fasting associated with two intravenous administrations of furosemide, the first immediately at the beginning (T-36) and the second 12 hours after the beginning of the PD. The treatments used were: SeHIPO (hypotonic enteral solution administered via nasogastric), SeISO (enteral isotonic solution administered via nasogastric) and RL IV (Ringer's solution with sodium lactate administered intravenously), all treatments were administered by continuous infusion at a rate of 15mL kg-1 h-1 for 8 consecutive hours. The experimental design used was the 6x3 crossover, where each animal is submitted, in a rotation system, to the three treatments at different times. Enteral fluid therapy with isotonic and hypotonic solutions administered in continuous flow are effective in restoring the moisture content of feces, and may offer an economical, safe, and efficient option for rehydrating patients and in conditions that progress as simple intraluminal obstructions.

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet / Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.  

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.  

Improving irrigation, crop, and soil management for sustainable soybean production in Southern Brazilian lowlands

Lowlands have been cultivated with irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) in a monoculture cropping system for more than a century in southern Brazil. Shallow topsoil with high bulk density and deficient water infiltration favors the of production paddy rice; however, this condition does not favor species non-tolerant to flooding or oxygen restriction. Thus, soil and irrigation management may be necessary to raise the rice-soybean (Glycine max) rotation systems to sustainable levels. We carried out a two-year field experiment to assess the effects of irrigation treatments and soil management on soil physical properties, soybean growth, and grain yield in lowland systems. The experiment comprised a randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The main factor comprised the following irrigation treatments: sprinkler; surface, and rainfed. Four soil managements composed the second factor: conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage with raised-seedbed, and no-tillage with raised-seedbed. Soil physical properties, soil penetration resistance, crop parameters, grain yield and water productivity were evaluated. CT increased the soil penetration resistance near the soil surface layer. The highest soil bulk density at the 0.05-0.10 m layer in the CT reduces grain yield in rainfed soybean compared to NT. Supplementary irrigation increased soybean yield of about 36 % in years of uneven rainfall distribution. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in higher irrigated water productivity (90 %) compared to surface irrigation, contributing to a more sustainable increase in grain yield. Crop rotation in a no-tillage cropping scheme could improve the sustainability of diversified agriculture in lowlands.

Eletroneutralidade e gamblegram no equilíbrio ácido-base em grandes animais / Electroneutrality and gamblegram in the acid balance based on large animals

As alterações do equilíbrio ácido-base são usualmente observadas por meio da hemogasometria, sendo esse exame fundamental para tratamento do paciente. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar a importância da compreensão da teoria de eletroneutralidade e da sua representação gráfica (gamblegram), demonstrando sua aplicabilidade na rotina clínica. Para isso, dois casos clínicos em grandes animais são demonstrados. O primeiro caso é de um potro neonato com diarreia há seis dias, apresentando hiponatremia, hipocalemia e hipocloremia, com redução de SIDs, determinando acidose metabólica por fons fortes com redução de HCO3-. O gamblegram nos primeiros dias de internamento apresentou a influência da hiponatremia e hipercloremia relativa sobre a concentração de HCO3-. Inicialmente, fez-se a reposição de HCO3-, Ca," e K. O segundo caso é de um bovino adulto com refluxo abomasal, que apresentou hipocloremia, hipocalemia e normonatremia; as alterações em questão resultaram em alcalose metabólica iônica. O gamblegram foi eficaz na representação gráfica dessas alterações e da sua repercussão sobre o equilíbrio ácido-base de maneira sucinta. As alterações nas concentrações de eletrólitos merecem atenção e a reposição deve ser imediata e constante. O gamblegram é uma ferramenta útil para os clínicos, sendo capaz de representar alterações complexas de maneira prática.

Changes in the acid-base balance are usually observed using blood gas analysis, and this test is essential for the treatment of the patient. The aim of this review is to present the importance of understanding the theory of electroneutrality and its graphical representation (gamblegram), demonstrating its applicability in clinical routine. For this, two clinical cases in large animals are discussed. The first case, a neonate foal with diarrhea during six days, presenting hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hypochloremia, with a reduction in SID, determining metabolic acidosis by strong ions with a reduction in HCO3-. The gamblegram in the first days of hospitalization showed the influence of hyponatremia and relative hyperchloremia on the concentration of HCO3-. Initially, HCO3-, Ca²** and K' were corrected. The second case, adult cattle with abomasal reflux presented hypochloremia, hypokalemia and normonatremia, the alterations in question resulting in ionic metabolic alkalosis. The gamblegram was effective in representing these changes and their impact on the acid-base balance. Changes in electrolyte concentrations deserve attention and replacement must be immediate and constant. The gamblegram is a useful tool for clinicians, being able to represent complex changes in a practical way.

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge®with different additives onintake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance.There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p>0.05).As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogenand nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p>0.05).However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor®treatment (p<0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.(AU)

Use of enteral electrolyte solutions with different sodium acetate concentrations in weaned foals: the effects on acid-base balance, blood glucose, lactate, and urine ph / Utilização de soluções eletrolíticas enterais com diferentes concentrações de acetato em potros desmamados: efeitos sobre o equilíbrio ácido base, concentrações plasmáticas de glicose e lactato e pH urinário

The effects of acetate as an alkalinizing agent in maintenance enteral electrolyte solutions administered by nasogastric route in a continuous flow have not been previously described in weaned foals. This is the second part of a study that evaluated the effects of two electrolyte solutions of enteral therapy fluid in weaned foals. In this part, will be considered the effects of enteral electrolyte solutions containing different acetate concentrations on acid-base balance, blood glucose, lactate and urine pH of weaned foals. This was a controlled trial in a cross-over design performed in six foals with a mean age of 7.3 ± 1.4 months. After 12 h of water and food deprivation, each animal received the following two treatments by nasogastric route in a continuous flow of 15 ml/kg/h during 12 h: HighAcetate (acetate 52 mmol/l) and LowAcetate (acetate 22.6 mmol/l). The HighAcetate treatment was effective in generating a slight increase in blood pH, blood bicarbonate concentration, base excess and urinary pH.

Os efeitos da utilização de acetato como um agente alcalinizante em soluções eletrolíticas enterais de manutenção administradas por sonda nasogástrica em fluxo contínuo não foram descritos em potros desmamados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de soluções eletrolíticas enterais contendo diferentes concentrações de acetato sobre o equilíbrio ácido base, concentrações plasmáticas de glicose e lactato, e pH urinário de potros desmamados. Este trabalho foi um estudo controlado em um delineamento cross-over (6X2) utilizando seis potros com idade média de 7.3 ± 1.4 meses. Após 12h de restrição hídrica e alimentar, cada animal recebeu os dois tratamentos por via nasogástrica em fluxo contínuo de 15 ml/kg/h durante 12h: HighAcetate (52 mmol/l) e LowAcetate (22.6 mmol/l). O grupo HighAcetate foi eficaz em gerar um pequeno aumento no pH sanguíneo, concentração de bicarbonato sanguíneo, excesso de base e pH urinário.

Anatomical, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation in elephants

Elephants use different thermoregulatory mechanisms that depend on the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the species. The crevices and wrinkles of the skin enhance the water-retention capacity of the epidermis. The highly vascularized ear is another region of particular interest, as its movement and vasomotor changes promote heat dissipation. Generally, these mechanisms are modulated by the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center and by the peripheral response of animals. Nonetheless, elephants are currently exposed to alterations in their habitats, such as global warming and climatic changes, which challenge their homeothermy. This article aims to discuss the thermoregulation mechanisms of African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants from an anatomical, physiological, and behavioral basis. The practical implications of these elements will be analyzed to implement tools, such as infrared thermography, or environmental enrichment, as strategies to promote the thermal balance of elephants.

Sustainability indicators for Brazilian dairy livestock: the perception of professionals in the sector

The objective of this study was to analyze the perceptions of professionals in relation to the importance of indicators used to assess the sustainability of Brazilian dairy cattle. A survey method was used through a questionnaire. The target audience was professionals related to dairy cattle: researchers, professors, consultants, farmers, and other professionals. The total number of respondents to the survey was 347. Cluster analysis resulted in the formation of four distinct groups: G1 ("Holistic"), participants agreed that all indicators are very important or, at least, important; G2 ("Technician") considered the indicators important and desirable, except for some environmental indicators which were assessed as non-priority and expendable; G3 ("Socioenvironmentalist") assessed the indicators as desirable, but environmental indicators received more importance; and G4 ("Skeptic") generally believed that indicators were non-priority and expendable. The groups showed significant differences in relation to knowledge about technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of dairy cattle. More than 60% of professionals consider milk production per area, reproductive index, production costs, profit from the activity, milk quality, quality of life of the producer and employees, succession, protection of water courses, and soil management as very important indicators of the sustainability of dairy cattle. On the other hand, important environmental indicators such as emissions of gases and substances, energy use, nutrient balance, and land use were neglected by most respondents. These results can help select and implement policies and strategies for decision making, aiming at producing milk in a more sustainable way.(AU)

Sensitivity of tuberous roots crops to salinity in a protected environment / Sensibilidade de culturas de raízes tuberosas à salinidade em ambiente protegido

Soil salinity has been a limiting barrier for the production of vegetables in protected environments. Thus, the understanding of the sensitivity of species to this stress factor must be explored, seeking better growing conditions.Under the hypothesis that beet and radish crops are sensitive to variations in soil salinity, even at low levels, the objective of this work was to evaluate the development and productivity of these two species in soils with different salinities in a protected environment. The experimental design was completely randomized and treatments were formed by the soil salinity levels, obtained with the application of saline solution (NaCl in water), considering the soil electrical conductivity of 0.36 dS m-1as low salinity, of 1.05 dS m-1as moderate salinity and 2.43 dS m-1as elevated. For all variables analyzed, except for the relative chlorophyll index in beet plants, it was found that the increase in soil salinity resulted in significant development losses of beet and radish plants. Therefore, we concluded that beet and radish crops are sensitive to the variation in soil salinity, even in relatively low concentrations, making these species an unattractive choice for cultivation in systems that present this problem.(AU)

A salinidade dos solos tem sido uma barreira limitadora para a produção de hortaliças em ambientes protegidos. Assim, o entendimento quanto a sensibilidade das espécies a esse fator de estresse deve ser explorado, buscando melhores condições de cultivo. Sob a hipótese de que as culturas de beterraba e rabanete são sensíveis às variações da salinidade do solo, mesmo em níveis baixos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade dessas duas espécies em solos comdiferentes salinidades em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos foram formados pelos níveis de salinidade do solo, obtidos com a aplicação de solução salina (NaCl em água), considerando a condutividade elétrica do solo de 0,36 dS m-1como baixa salinidade, de 1,05 dS m-1como salinidade moderada e 2,43 dS m-1como elevada. Para todas as variáveis analisadas, com exceção do índice relativo de clorofila em plantas de beterraba, verificou-se que o aumento da salinidade do solo resultou em perdas significativas de desenvolvimento de plantas de beterraba e rabanete. Assim, concluímos que as culturas de beterraba e rabanete são sensíveis à variação da salinidade do solo, mesmo em concentrações relativamente baixas, tornando essas espécies uma escolha pouco atrativa para cultivo em sistemas que apresentam este problema.(AU)

Análises fisiológicas e de crescimento e produtividade da mandioca sob níveis de irrigação / Physiological and growth analysis and productivity of cassava under irrigation levels

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliaro crescimento,produtividade easrespostas fisiológicas da mandioca sob níveis de irrigação na Zona da Mata de Alagoas. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram seis níveis de irrigação, em função da evapotranspiração da cultura ­ETC(L0= 0% (sequeiro), L1= 40%, L2= 80%, L3= 120%, L4= 160% e L5= 200% da ETC). As variáveis foram divididas em grupos: crescimento e produção (avaliadas em seis períodosbimestrais ­1 ano) e as fisiológicas (taxa fotossintética líquida e transpiratória, temperatura foliar, condutância estomática, eficiência instantânea do uso de água, rendimento quântico potencial, eficiência quântica efetiva do fotossistema II (ΦPSII) eíndice SPADforam avaliadas em cinco períodos bimestrais ­10 meses).Obalanço hídrico dos níveis de irrigação, foi realizado em escala decendial. A evapotranspiração anual da cultura da mandiocaestimada foi1.030 mm, e nas áreas de sequeiro, a chuva efetiva somouapenas 522 mm, o que geroudéficit hídrico de 508 mm, e isso torna evidente a importância de utilização da irrigação em cultivos na região. De maneira geral, crescimento, produtividade e as respostas fisiológicas da mandioca são superiores em áreas irrigadas quando comparadas com cultivos de sequeiro e a irrigação proporciona as produtividades de raízes e biomassa total de 97 e 155 t ha-1, sob os níveis de irrigação de 129 e 136% da ETC, respectivamente, na região estudada.(AU)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth, productivity and the physiological responses of cassava under irrigation levels in the Alagoas Forest Zone. The statistical design used was randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The treatments were six levels of irrigation, depending on the evapotranspiration of the crop ­ETC(L0=0% (Rainfed), L1= 40%, L2= 80%, L3= 120%, L4= 160% and L5= 200% of the ETC). The variables were divided into groups: growth and production (evaluated in six bimonthly periods -1 year) and the physiological (net photosynthetic rate and transpiratory,leaf temperature, stomatal conductance, instantaneous water use efficiency, potential quantum yield, effective quantum efficiency of photosystem II and SPAD indexwere evaluated in five bimonthly periods ­10 months). The water balance of the irrigation levels was carried out, on a decendial scale. The annual evapotranspiration of cassava addedaround 1,030 mm, and in dryland areas, the effective rainfall is only 522 mm, which generates a water deficit of 508 mm, and this makes the importance evident of use of irrigation in crops in the region. In general, cassava growth, yield andthephysiological responses are superior in irrigated areas when compared with therainfed crops, and irrigation providestheroot and total biomass yields of 97 and 155 Mg ha-1,under the irrigation levels of 129 and 136% of the ETC, respectively, in the studied region.(AU)

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.(AU)

Listeriosis outbreak in sheep raised in feedlots in the Southern Region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

Background: A listeriosis outbreak in a sheep fattening feedlot in the Southern Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazilis described. This disease is caused by Listeria monocytogenes and represents a risk to public health since it affects notonly ruminants but also humans. This agent is widely spread in the environment, such as in the soil and water. It is alsofound in decaying vegetable matter and the feces and fluids of domestic animals. The aim of this study was to describe alisteriosis outbreak in sheep raised in feedlots, its epidemiology, and to establish the importance of this disease in this typeof sheep management system, evaluate the possible sources of infection, and suggest ways to control it.Cases: Sheep were kept in a 2-sector shed, one with east solar orientation and the other with west solar orientation, thelatter with free access to domestic birds. Sheep were fed silage and concentrate. Seven sheep were affected, 5 died and 2recovered. Clinically, the sheep displayed loss of balance, excessive drooling, and tremors; one exhibited circling, headdeviation, apathy, nystagmus, lateral recumbency, paddling, and labored breathing. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions werenot found, and histologically several micro-abscesses and perivascular cuffs with lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils were present in the brain stem. Listeria monocytogenes suspected colonies were observed in the microbiologicalculture, and the bacteria was identified by biochemical analysis. The immunohistochemistry test in brain stem sectionswas positive for the antibody BD DifcoTM Listeria O Antiserum Poly Serotypes 1 and 4.Discussion: A listeriosis outbreak in a feedlot sheep was confirmed through epidemiological findings, histological lesions,bacterial culture, and immunohistochemistry analysis. This infection is frequent...