Prevalence and severity of claw lesions in sows in intensive systems in Brazil / Prevalência e severidade de lesões de casco em porcas confinadas no Brasil

Swines raised in intensive systems are highly susceptible to claw lesions. Moderate to severe lesions trigger an inflammatory response, causing pain and impairing reproductive and economic performance. Foot lesions in sows can cause considerable losses owing to reduced fertility and herd longevity. Proper diagnosis is an important step in correcting this problem; however, the seriousness of the impact of these lesions on swine herds remains unclear to most farm owners. Health monitoring has become an essential tool for veterinarians because it enables the detection of disease incidence and severity. In this study, we assessed claw lesions in sows reared under an intensive system to ascertain the prevalence and severity of lesions in Brazilian herds. The hind limb claws of 2,660 sows from 30 farms were examined for the following lesions: heel overgrowth and erosion (HOE), heel-sole cracks, white line lesions (WL), horizontal and vertical cracks in the toe wall, overgrown toes, and overgrown or missing dew claws. Claws were classified as normal (score = 0), mild (score = 1), moderate (score = 2), or severe (score = 3). At least one type of lesion was observed in 99.1% of the sows, whereas 29.7% displayed severe lesions. HOE was the most common lesion (89.9% of sows) and severe WL was observed in 16.8% of the sows. Lesions increased in prevalence and severity with parity, except for WL. In young females, lesions on the volar surface were more common than those on cracked walls or overgrown toes, which should be considered when selecting gilts for breeding. A high prevalence of claw lesions was observed in Brazilian sows. Monitoring of these lesions is fast and simple. Regular monitoring provides information on claw health in a herd over time, allowing us to take measures to control and treat claw lesions, avoiding worsening of the problem, early culling of animals, and the associated productive and economic losses.

Suínos criados em sistemas intensivos são altamente suscetíveis a lesões de casco. Quando moderadas a graves, essas lesões desencadeiam uma resposta inflamatória, causando dor e prejudicando o desempenho reprodutivo e econômico. Em porcas, as lesões nos cascos podem causar consideráveis perdas devido à redução da fertilidade e longevidade do rebanho. O diagnóstico adequado é um dos passos mais importantes para corrigir esse problema, mas a gravidade do impacto dessas lesões nos rebanhos suínos passa despercebida na maioria das propriedades. O monitoramento sanitário tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial para os médicos veterinários, pois possibilita a detecção da incidência e gravidade da doença. O presente estudo utilizou um método de avaliação de lesões de casco em porcas criadas em sistema intensivo para verificar a prevalência e gravidade das lesões em rebanhos brasileiros. Os cascos dos membros pélvicos de 2.660 porcas, de 30 granjas, foram examinados para as seguintes lesões: crescimento e erosão da almofada plantar (AP), rachadura entre almofada plantar e sola, lesão na linha branca (LB), rachaduras horizontal e vertical da parede do casco, sobrecrescimento da unha principal e sobrecrescimento ou amputação da unha acessória. Os cascos foram classificados como normais (escore = 0) ou apresentando lesões leves (escore = 1), moderadas (escore = 2) ou graves (escore = 3). Pelo menos um tipo de lesão foi observado em 99,1% das porcas, enquanto 29,7% apresentaram lesões graves. AP foi a lesão mais comum (89,9% das porcas) e LB severa foi observada em 16,8% das porcas. As lesões aumentaram em prevalência e severidade com as ordens de parto, com exceção para LB. Em fêmeas jovens, as lesões na face plantar foram mais comuns do que as rachaduras ou sobrecrescimento das unhas, algo que deve ser levado em consideração na seleção de leitoas para reprodução. Alta prevalência de lesões de casco foi observada em porcas brasileiras. A avaliação dessas lesões é rápida e simples. O monitoramento frequente fornece informações sobre a saúde dos cascos de um rebanho ao longo do tempo, permitindo tomar medidas para o controle e tratamento das lesões dos cascos, evitando o agravamento do problema, o descarte precoce dos animais e as perdas produtivas e econômicas associadas.

Hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in cattle submitted to emergency slaughter

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of stress in bovines submitted to emergency slaughter caused by lengthy transportation to slaughterhouses in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Blood collections were performed individually during exsanguinations.Tissue samples were obtained after evisceration on the slaughter line. The animals were divided into the Experimental Group (EG), with 19 bovines destined for immediate emergency slaughter, and the Control Group (CG), with 24 bovines slaughtered normally at the abattoir flow. The EG showed lower values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, neutrophilia with band neutrophils, and lymphopenia. Hyperalbuminemia, high levels of total proteins, glucose, and creatinine, and lower urea levels were observed in the EG. The globulins were equal between the groups. Histopathology revealed hepatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm (87.5% of the cases) and liver congestion (83.33%). Interstitial emphysema (95.65%), alveolar emphysema (65.21%), and congestion (52.17%) were observed in the lungs. The kidneys showed congestion (80.95%) and hyaline casts (100%). The spleens showed rarefaction in the white (70%) and red pulp (65%), in addition to hemosiderosis (10%). This suggests that the animals transported over long distances are submitted to severe stress, with water and food deprivation, resulting in hematological and biochemical changes, with histological lesions and serious bruises affecting the musculoskeletal system. There is loss of homeostasis, severe debilitation, with destination for emergency slaughter with the conditional use of meat for consumption.(AU)

Characterization and frequency of foot injuries and foot-related lameness in a sheep herd with prophylactic measures for foot-related diseases / Caracterização e frequência de lesões podais e da claudicação em rebanho ovino com medidas profiláticas de doenças podais

Foot lesions in sheep herds are responsible for great economic losses, because pain during locomotion interferes with feeding and behavior, leading productivity losses. The objective of this work was to describe the main foot disease found in sheep herd that uses prophylactic measures against foot diseases. A total of 346 ewes of different ages, with or without lameness, were assessed for the presence of foot lesions in all limbs, digits and adjacent structures. Among all the 2768 digits evaluated, 103 (29.76%) had lesions, representing 1.04 lesion per animal. 41.75% (43/103) had only one lesion, 39.81% (41/103) had two lesions, 16 (15.53%) had three lesions, and only 2.91% (3/103) had four or more lesions. Hind limbs were the most affected and the most frequent diseases were white line disease (40.05%), interdigital dermatitis (33.70%) and footrot (12.15%). It was concluded that foot disease in sheep is frequent and constitute a health problem for herds, even on farms that use strategies to prevent it. Therefore, it is essential to classify the lesions, as well as the adoption of effective prophylactic and therapeutic measures.

Lesões podais em ovinos são responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas, pois a dor durante a locomoção interfere na alimentação e no comportamento, levando à perda de produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as principais doenças podais encontradas em rebanho ovino, que utiliza medidas profiláticas contra as doenças podais. Foram examinadas 346 ovelhas quanto à presença de lesões podais em todos os membros, dígitos e estruturas adjacentes. Entre os 2.768 dígitos avaliados, 103 (29,76%) apresentavam lesões, representando 1,04 lesões por animal. 41,75% (43/103) apresentavam apenas uma lesão, 39,81% (41/103) tinham duas lesões, 16 (15,53%) tinham três lesões, e apenas três animais apresentavam quatro ou mais lesões. Os membros posteriores foram os mais afetados e as doenças mais frequentes foram a doença da linha branca (40,05%), dermatite interdigital (33,70%) e footrot (12,15%). Pode-se concluir que as lesões podais em ovinos são frequentes e constituem um problema sanitário para os rebanhos, mesmo em propriedade que realiza medidas profiláticas. Portanto, é fundamental classificar as lesões, assim como adotar as medidas profiláticas e terapêuticas eficazes.

Laminite crônica em equino - tratamento com uso de ferradura com travessa horizontal e massa epóxi / Chronic laminitis in a horse - treatment with use of horseshoe with horizontal cross and epoxy putty

Background: Laminitis is characterized by an inflammation of the laminar structures of the hoof, which results in lamellar degradation of the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx. Despite being a common disease in the equine clinic, it is a medical emergency, which can lead the affected animals not return to sports activities. Due to the severity of laminitis and the poor prognosis, the objective was to report the case of a horse with chronic laminitis with sole perforation in all limbs treated with therapeutic shoeing using a type of horseshoe that has a horizontal crossbar and is filled with mass. Fast-drying epoxy, which has its use little described in the literature Case: A 4-year-old Crioula horse, weighing 325 kg, used in long noose competitions, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of UFPR with chronic laminitis. The animal had reluctance to move, walk on a trestle position, grade V lameness and phalanx rotation of all limbs. The treatment of laminitis was carried out in the field, for two months, which consisted of trimming and shoeing with a horseshoe in the shape of a heart, and due to the failure of the treatment instituted, the patient presented clinical worsening. The treatment in the HV consisted of cleaning the perforated region of the sole with hydrogen peroxide and 10% iodine and dressing with cotton boots with EVA rubber on the sole to provide comfort. Corrective trimming was performed in order to remove excess forceps, lower the heel, and align the distal phalanx with the hoof wall, using a rasp. Orthopedic shoeing was performed with a normal horseshoe with a horizontal crossbar in the central region. The sole was filled with a quick-drying epoxy putty (Poxilina®), with the aim of preventing sole movement, blocking the rotation of the phalanges and improving the concavity of the hoof. Discussion: In chronic laminitis, the signs observed are claudication and deformation of the hoof, flat sole, enlargement of the white line, uneven growth of the hoof wall, hemorrhage in the abaxial white line, cracks in the hoof wall, which are observed parallel to the coronary band, in addition to phalanx rotation; in this clinical case, all these signs were observed. The trimming of horses with laminitis consists of removing the heels and decreasing the dorsal wall of the hoof, in this case, the trimming performed improved the clinical improvement of the animal five days after the procedure. The horseshoe used in the treatment of this animal has the objective of creating a weight-bearing surface on the middle of the sole, close to the tip of the frog, in this way the weight is not on the supporting edge of the clamp and, in this way, it reduces the pressure. over the most affected area. Despite the scarcity of reports on the use of this type of horseshoe, in this case it played a fundamental role in the treatment of laminitis. In this way, it is an alternative that must be taken into account when choosing the treatment, in view of its effectiveness and lower cost when compared to other methods. This case demonstrates the severity of laminitis in all limbs, especially as it presents a perforation of the sole. It is important to highlight that trimming and shoeing performed at the recommended interval (30-45 days) contributes a lot to the success of the treatment and the return of the animal to sports practice. The horseshoe with a horizontal crossbar was effective in the treatment of chronic laminitis of the forelimbs and pelvic limbs in the reported animal, with progressive improvement of the patient who returned to normal daily activities, without the presence of signs of pain or signs of laminitis after treatment.

Amputation of the front medial digit of a Holstein cow - successful parturition and milk production

Background: Diseases of the bovine digit and hoof remain major problems in dairy farming and the beef cow industry. Severe claudication accompanying swelling and pain at the lesion is often observed in deep digital sepsis, septic arthritis, severe sole ulcers, and chronic interdigital phlegmon. In addition, digital amputation is often performed in cases of white line disease or severe trauma, such as bone fractures. There are few reports of amputation of the medial digit of the bovine front hoof. In this case, amputation of the medial digit of the front leg of a pregnant cow was performed; its hospitalization and return to productivity is reported. Case: The bovine was a 9-year-old Holstein cow in the 6th month of pregnancy, weighing 671 kg. Upon admission, the cow could not bear weight on its right front leg, and swelling and a purulent discharge were observed in the coronary area of the medial digit. X-ray examination results indicated a periosteal reaction centered on the 3rd phalanx of the medial digit of its right front leg hoof and slight periosteal reactions at the adaxial sides of the middle and proximal phalanges, strongly suggestive of septic arthritis caused by infection. According to the X-ray examination results, no abnormalities of the lateral digit of the front right hoof were observed; thus, it was estimated that the post-amputation hoof would be able to bear weight. Therefore, a decision was made to perform immediate amputation of the medial digit of the right front leg hoof to reduce pain for improved delivery of the offspring and improved milk production during the lactation period, rather than allowing the lesion progress until the dry period or the expected date of delivery. According to the X-ray examination results, amputation of the 1st phalanx alone was expected to suffice for removal of the cause of the pain; thus, a decision was made to perform amputation at the edge adjacent to the 2nd phalanx. The right front medial digit was prepared for aseptic surgery, and infiltration anesthesia was performed. An incision was made with a surgical knife at the interdigit of the right front limb. A wire saw was inserted into the site to cut the 2nd phalanx in the anti-axial direction down to the skin to resect the lesion. White viscous pus was discharged at the resection site; therefore, the wound was lavaged with tap water and packed with povidone iodine-impregnated gauze. The wound was also covered with a diaper and dressed with non-elastic and elastic bandages. The dressing was changed daily to aid wound healing. No problems were observed in the standing-up motion or other relevant movements immediately after the surgery. Granulation tissue formed rapidly, approximately 2 weeks after the surgery, and the lesion dried gradually. Approximately one month after the surgery, the subject exhibited little difficulty in both standing up and walking. The subject successfully delivered its 7th offspring at the farm on postoperative day 93. Discussion: The animal of this study was a 9-year-old, pregnant cow, and although amputation of the front medial digit is a relatively rare procedure, the cow was able to deliver and return to production, owing to sufficient postoperative treatment and care. The case also demonstrated the advantage of X-ray examination in bovine hoof diseases for accurate diagnosis, precise operation, and prognostic assessment.

Evaluation of platelet indices and complete blood count in canine mammary tumors

Malignant mammary tumors in humans and bitches cause hematological disorders such as anemia, erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, hyperproteinemia, and leucopenia. Novel studies have been conducted on the predictive and prognostic values of platelet (PLT) indices in human breast cancer (HBC). However, there is little information about the alterations in hematological parameters in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The aims of this study were to evaluate the platelet indices and complete blood count (CBC) parameters in bitches with and without mammary tumor and to assess the above mentioned parameters with regard to histological tumor types and grades. A total of 71 bitches were enrolled in this study. The bitches in the study group were divided into 2 groups which consisted of malignant epithelial mammary tumors (group EMT; n = 43) and malignant mixed mammary tumors (group MMT; n = 12). Control group (group C) consisted of clinically and gynaecologically healthy 16 bitches. Blood samples were obtained to perform the CBC and PLT indices analysis. Histopathological examinations were carried out under a light microscope. Histological tumor types and malignancy grades were classified. The bitches with mammary tumor showed significantly increased PLT values and decreased hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values versus the healthy ones, regardless of the tumor type. However, in comparisons with the group C, mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were different only in the group MMT, while plateletcrit (PCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values were different only in the group EMT. Also white blood cell (WBC), PLT and PCT values were higher than the referenced laboratory ranges in grade 3 tumors. In the presented study, MPV was considerably correlated with PLT, platelet distribution width (PDW) and PCT. Also, PCT and PLT had high sensitivity and specificity to distinct EMT and MMT from the healthy bitches. Microcytic and hypochromic anemia occurs due to the decrease in the amount of HGB. Levels of MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the HBC group were reported to be significantly lower than in humans without breast cancer. Although anemia did not occur in EMT and MMT groups, obtained significances in the HCT, HGB, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels between the bitches with and without mammary tumor were in line with the previous reports. In this study, WBC levels in grade 3 tumors were significantly higher than grade1 tumors (P < 0.05). Whereas levels of WBC in grade 1 and grade 2 tumors were in referenced laboratory ranges, it was higher in grade 3. Increased level of WBC in grade 3 was supposed to be due to the rise in malignancy as previously reported. Thrombocytosis was detected in 48.83% and 41.66% of the bitches in EMT and MMT groups, respectively. The higher percentage of CMTs with thrombocytosis in this study might be due to the difference in referenced upper limit of PLT in previous studies. The elapsed time between tumor formation and clinical presentation could be another influencing factor. Although PLT and PCT values were not significant according to the histological grading in this study, both parameters were found to be higher in grade 3 than the normal reference values. Further studies conducted with higher populations may lead the differences in these parameters to significance. With the support of further studies, alterations in the above mentioned parameters in bitches may contribute in the diagnosis process, management of treatment and may constitute an easy way to have an idea about the prognosis of mammary tumors.(AU)

Half a century of research on cattle foot and claw diseases: a scientometric analysis / Meio século de pesquisas em doenças podais bovinas: uma análise cienciométrica

The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate scientific publications on cattle foot and claw diseases using the Scopus database. A combination of keywords "hoof disease AND bovine OR cattle OR cow" was used. Publications were classified according to the type, language, subject area, source title, author, affiliation, and country/territory. The documents were grouped later into thematic topics. The diseases evaluated in each study were quantified separately and in related groups, and distributed by decades. The frequencies of the thematic topics and diseases were compared by the chi-square test for adherence. In total, 642 publications were analyzed (595 articles, 46 reviews, and 1 note). Most of these papers were written in English (518). The main subject areas were Veterinary; Agricultural and Biological Sciences; and Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology. Journal of Dairy Science was the journal that published most articles in the area, with the best citations (SCImago Journal Rank = 1.21). The authors with the highest number of publications were Johann Kofler with 19, and David Nixon Logue and Jan Keith Shearer with 18 documents each. By affiliation, the institution with the highest number of publications was the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. By country or territory, the United States of America (22%), the United Kingdom (17%), Germany (11%), and Canada (10%) together accounted for 60% of the publications. The classification of the documents into thematic topics resulted in four groups: Specific hoof diseases (70%), General hoof diseases (14%), Lameness (11%), and Healthy hoof characterization (5%). Eighteen foot and claw diseases have been studied, with the following being the most frequent: digital dermatitis (17%), sole ulcer (15%), and white line disease (11%). When grouped, laminitis-related diseases represented 48% and...

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar quantitativamente as publicações científicas acerca das doenças podais bovinas na base de dados SCOPUS. Foi utilizada a combinação das palavras-chave "hoof disease AND bovine OR cattle OR cow". As publicações foram classificadas de acordo com o tipo, idioma, área temática, periódico científico, autoria, filiação, e país/território. Os documentos foram agrupados em tópicos temáticos a posteriori. As doenças estudadas em cada paper foram quantificadas isoladamente e em grupos relacionados, e distribuídas por décadas. As frequências foram comparadas por teste qui-quadrado para aderência. 642 publicações foram analisadas (595 artigos, 92.6%; 46 revisões, 7.2%; e uma nota, 0.2%). A maioria dos documentos foi escrita em Inglês (518/81%). As principais áreas temáticas foram: Veterinária (394); Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas (257); e Bioquímica, Genética e Biologia Molecular (131). O Journal of Dairy Science é o periódico que mais publicou artigos na área (123) e também possui as melhores citações (SJR = 1.21). Os autores com maior número de publicações foram Johann Kofler, com 19 documentos, e David Nixon Logue e Jan Keith Shearer, com 18 documentos cada. Segundo a filiação dos documentos, a instituição com o maior número de publicações foi a Universidade Sueca de Ciências Agrárias. Por país ou território, Estados Unidos da América (22%), Reino Unido (17%), Alemanha (11%) e Canadá (10%) representaram juntos 60% das publicações. A classificação dos documentos por tópicos temáticos resultou em quatro tópicos: doenças podais específicas (70%), doenças podais gerais (14%), claudicação (11%) e caracterização do casco saudável (5%). Dezoito doenças podais foram estudadas, sendo as mais frequentes: dermatite digital (17%), úlcera de sola (15%) e doença da linha branca (11%). Quando agrupadas, as doenças relacionadas à laminite representaram 48% e as doenças infecciosas 38% das doenças estudadas. Pode-se concluir que em...

Half a century of research on cattle foot and claw diseases: a scientometric analysis / Meio século de pesquisas em doenças podais bovinas: uma análise cienciométrica

The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate scientific publications on cattle foot and claw diseases using the Scopus database. A combination of keywords "hoof disease AND bovine OR cattle OR cow" was used. Publications were classified according to the type, language, subject area, source title, author, affiliation, and country/territory. The documents were grouped later into thematic topics. The diseases evaluated in each study were quantified separately and in related groups, and distributed by decades. The frequencies of the thematic topics and diseases were compared by the chi-square test for adherence. In total, 642 publications were analyzed (595 articles, 46 reviews, and 1 note). Most of these papers were written in English (518). The main subject areas were Veterinary; Agricultural and Biological Sciences; and Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology. Journal of Dairy Science was the journal that published most articles in the area, with the best citations (SCImago Journal Rank = 1.21). The authors with the highest number of publications were Johann Kofler with 19, and David Nixon Logue and Jan Keith Shearer with 18 documents each. By affiliation, the institution with the highest number of publications was the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. By country or territory, the United States of America (22%), the United Kingdom (17%), Germany (11%), and Canada (10%) together accounted for 60% of the publications. The classification of the documents into thematic topics resulted in four groups: Specific hoof diseases (70%), General hoof diseases (14%), Lameness (11%), and Healthy hoof characterization (5%). Eighteen foot and claw diseases have been studied, with the following being the most frequent: digital dermatitis (17%), sole ulcer (15%), and white line disease (11%). When grouped, laminitis-related diseases represented 48% and...(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar quantitativamente as publicações científicas acerca das doenças podais bovinas na base de dados SCOPUS. Foi utilizada a combinação das palavras-chave "hoof disease AND bovine OR cattle OR cow". As publicações foram classificadas de acordo com o tipo, idioma, área temática, periódico científico, autoria, filiação, e país/território. Os documentos foram agrupados em tópicos temáticos a posteriori. As doenças estudadas em cada paper foram quantificadas isoladamente e em grupos relacionados, e distribuídas por décadas. As frequências foram comparadas por teste qui-quadrado para aderência. 642 publicações foram analisadas (595 artigos, 92.6%; 46 revisões, 7.2%; e uma nota, 0.2%). A maioria dos documentos foi escrita em Inglês (518/81%). As principais áreas temáticas foram: Veterinária (394); Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas (257); e Bioquímica, Genética e Biologia Molecular (131). O Journal of Dairy Science é o periódico que mais publicou artigos na área (123) e também possui as melhores citações (SJR = 1.21). Os autores com maior número de publicações foram Johann Kofler, com 19 documentos, e David Nixon Logue e Jan Keith Shearer, com 18 documentos cada. Segundo a filiação dos documentos, a instituição com o maior número de publicações foi a Universidade Sueca de Ciências Agrárias. Por país ou território, Estados Unidos da América (22%), Reino Unido (17%), Alemanha (11%) e Canadá (10%) representaram juntos 60% das publicações. A classificação dos documentos por tópicos temáticos resultou em quatro tópicos: doenças podais específicas (70%), doenças podais gerais (14%), claudicação (11%) e caracterização do casco saudável (5%). Dezoito doenças podais foram estudadas, sendo as mais frequentes: dermatite digital (17%), úlcera de sola (15%) e doença da linha branca (11%). Quando agrupadas, as doenças relacionadas à laminite representaram 48% e as doenças infecciosas 38% das doenças estudadas. Pode-se concluir que em...(AU)

Segmental hypoplasia of the spinal cord and syringomyelia in a calf / Hipoplasia segmentar de medula espinhal e siringomielia em um bezerro

Congenital malformations are functional and structural changes in organ systems, tissues, or organs that may develop during the embryonic or fetal phase. Spinal cord malformations, such as segmental hypoplasia of the spinal cord (SHSC) and syringomyelia, are rare in bovines. A Girolando calf from Valença, Rio de Janeiro, was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro because of motor incoordination. Clinical evaluation revealed a 5-cm depression area in the spine at the dorsal line of the thoracic region. Neurological examination revealed reduced proprioception, pelvic limb extension with increased nociceptive activity, and reduced anal reflex. In radiographic examination, the body of the T11 vertebra had a trapezoidal wedge shape with ventral hemivertebra, probable agenesis or hypoplasia of the T11-T12 spinous processes, and fusion of the T9-T10 spinous processes. Myelography revealed extradural spinal compression caused by vertebral malformations. Necropsy showed no spinous processes (T11-T12), cranial stenosis in the medullary canal (T11-T13), and 1-3-mm pores in the white matter of the thoracic spinal cord (T8-T11). Microscopy revealed cystic dilatations in the white matter (T9-T11), cystic areas of varying sizes (T8-T9), and moderate reduction in the gray matter around the central canal of the medulla (T11-T13). Here, we reported the clinical and pathological findings of SHSC and syringomyelia in a Girolando calf. The features should be differentiated from other spinal cord syndromes. Congenital malformations are of economic importance, and their etiology and diagnosis are fundamental to disease control and progenitor-selection programs.(AU)

Malformações congênitas são alterações funcionais e estruturais dos sistemas, tecidos ou órgãos que podem ocorrer na fase embrionária ou fetal. Malformações na medula espinhal, como hipoplasia segmentar da medula espinhal (HSME) e siringomielia, possuem raras descrições em bovinos. Uma bezerra Girolando, proveniente do Município de Valença, RJ, foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), com quadro de incoordenação motora. À avaliação clínica, na coluna vertebral, à linha dorsal da região torácica havia uma área com depressão de 5 cm. Ao exame neurológico foi observado propriocepção reduzida, extensão de membros pélvicos com aumento da atividade nociceptiva e redução de reflexo anal. Ao exame radiográfico, o corpo vertebral T11 apresentou forma trapezoidal em cunha com hemivértebra ventral, provável agenesia ou hipoplasia dos processos espinhosos T11-T12 e fusão dos processos espinhosos T9-T10. À mielografia indicou compressão medular extradural provocada pelas malformações vertebrais. À necropsia não foram observados os processos espinhosos T11-T12, o canal medular apresentou estenose cranial (T11-T13) e, na medula espinhal torácica (T8-T11) foram observados poros de 1-3 mm na substância branca. À microscopia, os segmentos T9-T11 apresentaram dilatações císticas na substância branca e os segmentos T8-T9, formações de áreas císticas de tamanhos variados; nos segmentos T11-T13 denotou-se moderada redução da substância cinzenta ao redor do canal central da medula. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar os achados clínicos e patológicos desta bezerra Girolando com HSME e siringomielia, que devem ser diferenciadas de outras síndromes da medula espinhal. As malformações congênitas possuem importância econômica e sua etiologia e diagnóstico são fundamentais para a condução de programas de controle de doenças e seleção de progenitores.(AU)

Doenças podais em ovinos no estado da Bahia

ABSTRACT: Foot diseases are the main causes of lameness in small ruminants, causing great impact on animal welfare and important economic losses due to depreciation and culling of affected animals. The aim of the present study was to characterize foot diseases found in eight flocks of sheep with a history of the ailment, that belonged to eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. At each visit, inspection of the flock, survey questionnaire, and characterization of diseases were performed. Altogether 600 sheep were inspected through foot examination in sick animals to characterize the injuries and record the diseases present per animal, as affected hooves and the number of affected limbs. The occurrence of foot disease was 23.3% (140/600) ranging from 12.8 to 55.5% per farm. Two hundred and twenty cases involving nine diseases were recorded. Foot rot was the most common disease with 51.3% of cases (113/220), 70% corresponding to advanced and terminal stages. Interdigital dermatitis represented 27.7% of the cases, excessive hoof growth 8.6%, white line disease 3.2%, double soles 3.2%, toe granuloma 2.3%, interdigital hyperplasia 2.3%, sole ulcers 0.9% and 0.4% foot abscess. The main predisposing factors involved in the genesis of diseases were the high rainfall precipitation, soil moisture conditions, pens and pastures, poor sanitary management and lack of preventive measures (footbath, quarantine, isolation and vaccination), treatment failures and low infrastructure of most properties.

RESUMO: As doenças dos cascos são as principais causas de claudicação em pequenos ruminantes, causando grande impacto no bem-estar dos animais e provocando sérias perdas econômicas com depreciação e abate de animais afetados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência e caracterizar as doenças podais encontradas em oito rebanhos de ovinos com histórico de doenças podais pertencentes a oito municípios do estado da Bahia. Em cada visita, foram realizadas inspeções do rebanho, aplicação de um questionário de pesquisa e caracterização das doenças. No total, 600 ovinos foram inspecionados, realizando exame do casco em animais doentes para caracterizar as lesões, registrar a quantidade de doenças presentes por animal, o casco afetado e a quantidade de membros afetados. A ocorrência de doença de casco foi de 23,3% (140/600) variando de 12,8 a 55,5% por fazenda. Duzentos e vinte casos envolvendo nove doenças foram registrados. A pododermatite infecciosa foi a doença mais comum com 51,3% dos casos (113/220), 70% correspondente aos estágios avançados e terminais. A dermatite interdigital representou 27,7% dos casos; crescimento excessivo dos cascos 8,6%; doença da linha branca 3,2%; sola dupla 3,2%; granuloma do dígito 2,3%; hiperplasia interdigital 2,3%; úlcera de sola 0,9% e 0,4% de abcesso de pé. Os principais fatores predisponentes envolvidos na ocorrência das doenças foram a alta precipitação pluviométrica, condições de umidade do solo, currais e pastagens, manejo sanitário deficiente e falta de medidas preventivas (pedilúvio, quarentena, isolamento e vacinação), falhas de tratamento e baixa infra-estrutura da maioria das propriedades.

Doenças podais em ovinos no estado da Bahia / Foot diseases in sheep in the state of Bahia, Brazil

As doenças dos cascos são as principais causas de claudicação em pequenos ruminantes, causando grande impacto no bem-estar dos animais e provocando sérias perdas econômicas com depreciação e abate de animais afetados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência e caracterizar as doenças podais encontradas em oito rebanhos de ovinos com histórico de doenças podais pertencentes a oito municípios do estado da Bahia. Em cada visita, foram realizadas inspeções do rebanho, aplicação de um questionário de pesquisa e caracterização das doenças. No total, 600 ovinos foram inspecionados, realizando exame do casco em animais doentes para caracterizar as lesões, registrar a quantidade de doenças presentes por animal, o casco afetado e a quantidade de membros afetados. A ocorrência de doença de casco foi de 23,3% (140/600) variando de 12,8 a 55,5% por fazenda. Duzentos e vinte casos envolvendo nove doenças foram registrados. A pododermatite infecciosa foi a doença mais comum com 51,3% dos casos (113/220), 70% correspondente aos estágios avançados e terminais. A dermatite interdigital representou 27,7% dos casos; crescimento excessivo dos cascos 8,6%; doença da linha branca 3,2%; sola dupla 3,2%; granuloma do dígito 2,3%; hiperplasia interdigital 2,3%; úlcera de sola 0,9% e 0,4% de abcesso de pé. Os principais fatores predisponentes envolvidos na ocorrência das doenças foram a alta precipitação pluviométrica, condições de umidade do solo, currais e pastagens, manejo sanitário deficiente e falta de medidas preventivas (pedilúvio, quarentena, isolamento e vacinação), falhas de tratamento e baixa infra-estrutura da maioria das propriedades.(AU)

Foot diseases are the main causes of lameness in small ruminants, causing great impact on animal welfare and important economic losses due to depreciation and culling of affected animals. The aim of the present study was to characterize foot diseases found in eight flocks of sheep with a history of the ailment, that belonged to eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. At each visit, inspection of the flock, survey questionnaire, and characterization of diseases were performed. Altogether 600 sheep were inspected through foot examination in sick animals to characterize the injuries and record the diseases present per animal, as affected hooves and the number of affected limbs. The occurrence of foot disease was 23.3% (140/600) ranging from 12.8 to 55.5% per farm. Two hundred and twenty cases involving nine diseases were recorded. Foot rot was the most common disease with 51.3% of cases (113/220), 70% corresponding to advanced and terminal stages. Interdigital dermatitis represented 27.7% of the cases, excessive hoof growth 8.6%, white line disease 3.2%, double soles 3.2%, toe granuloma 2.3%, interdigital hyperplasia 2.3%, sole ulcers 0.9% and 0.4% foot abscess. The main predisposing factors involved in the genesis of diseases were the high rainfall precipitation, soil moisture conditions, pens and pastures, poor sanitary management and lack of preventive measures (footbath, quarantine, isolation and vaccination), treatment failures and low infrastructure of most properties.(AU)

Doenças podais em ovinos no estado da Bahia / Foot diseases in sheep in the state of Bahia, Brazil

As doenças dos cascos são as principais causas de claudicação em pequenos ruminantes, causando grande impacto no bem-estar dos animais e provocando sérias perdas econômicas com depreciação e abate de animais afetados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência e caracterizar as doenças podais encontradas em oito rebanhos de ovinos com histórico de doenças podais pertencentes a oito municípios do estado da Bahia. Em cada visita, foram realizadas inspeções do rebanho, aplicação de um questionário de pesquisa e caracterização das doenças. No total, 600 ovinos foram inspecionados, realizando exame do casco em animais doentes para caracterizar as lesões, registrar a quantidade de doenças presentes por animal, o casco afetado e a quantidade de membros afetados. A ocorrência de doença de casco foi de 23,3% (140/600) variando de 12,8 a 55,5% por fazenda. Duzentos e vinte casos envolvendo nove doenças foram registrados. A pododermatite infecciosa foi a doença mais comum com 51,3% dos casos (113/220), 70% correspondente aos estágios avançados e terminais. A dermatite interdigital representou 27,7% dos casos; crescimento excessivo dos cascos 8,6%; doença da linha branca 3,2%; sola dupla 3,2%; granuloma do dígito 2,3%; hiperplasia interdigital 2,3%; úlcera de sola 0,9% e 0,4% de abcesso de pé. Os principais fatores predisponentes envolvidos na ocorrência das doenças foram a alta precipitação pluviométrica, condições de umidade do solo, currais e pastagens, manejo sanitário deficiente e falta de medidas preventivas (pedilúvio, quarentena, isolamento e vacinação), falhas de tratamento e baixa infra-estrutura da maioria das propriedades.(AU)

Foot diseases are the main causes of lameness in small ruminants, causing great impact on animal welfare and important economic losses due to depreciation and culling of affected animals. The aim of the present study was to characterize foot diseases found in eight flocks of sheep with a history of the ailment, that belonged to eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. At each visit, inspection of the flock, survey questionnaire, and characterization of diseases were performed. Altogether 600 sheep were inspected through foot examination in sick animals to characterize the injuries and record the diseases present per animal, as affected hooves and the number of affected limbs. The occurrence of foot disease was 23.3% (140/600) ranging from 12.8 to 55.5% per farm. Two hundred and twenty cases involving nine diseases were recorded. Foot rot was the most common disease with 51.3% of cases (113/220), 70% corresponding to advanced and terminal stages. Interdigital dermatitis represented 27.7% of the cases, excessive hoof growth 8.6%, white line disease 3.2%, double soles 3.2%, toe granuloma 2.3%, interdigital hyperplasia 2.3%, sole ulcers 0.9% and 0.4% foot abscess. The main predisposing factors involved in the genesis of diseases were the high rainfall precipitation, soil moisture conditions, pens and pastures, poor sanitary management and lack of preventive measures (footbath, quarantine, isolation and vaccination), treatment failures and low infrastructure of most properties.(AU)

Melanose multicêntrica em frango de corte: relato de caso / Multicentric melanosis in broiler: case report

Melanoblastos podem migrar de forma errática durante a embriogênese, gerando um quadro conhecido como melanose. São raros os estudos envolvendo melanose com acometimento múltiplo dos órgãos. Objetivou-se descrever um caso de melanose multicêntrica em frango de corte que gerou condenação do animal ao abate. Foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo para avaliação histopatológica amostras de diversos órgãos de uma ave de corte da linhagem Cobb de 48-49 dias de idade. Esse animal foi condenado na linha de inspeção por apresentar áreas multifocais enegrecidas. Ao exame microscópico, observou-se melanina multifocal variando de moderada a intensa quantidade em todos os órgãos acometidos com lesões enegrecidas na macroscopia. As áreas pigmentadas foram negativas para a coloração especial de azul da Prússia e não foram encontradas células neoplásicas. A pigmentação da pele em aves comercializadas no Ocidente é rara, pois a característica de pele clara foi selecionada por meio de melhoramento genético, mas pouco se sabe sobre quais mutações desencadeiam melanose nas linhagens selecionadas para não apresentar pigmentação. A ave apresentou melanose multicêntrica e tal alteração não compromete a função dos órgãos acometidos nem representa risco para a saúde humana, no entanto, devido ao aspecto macroscópico, os órgãos que apresentam tal lesão foram condenados para consumo humano.(AU)

Melanoblasts can enter an erratic migratory pathway during embryogenesis and it creates a clinical condition known as melanosis. Studies involving melanosis in multiple organs are rare. The aim of this paper is to describe a case of multicentric melanosis in a broiler resulting in animal condemnation at slaughter. Samples from diverse organs originating from a Cobb broiler, 48-49 days of age, were sent to Laboratório de Patologia Animal from Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo for histopathological avaliation. This animal was condemned in line inspection due to multifocal black areas of pigmentation. At microcopic avaliation, multifocal melanin in moderate-intense amount in all the organs stricken with macroscopic black lesions was noted. Sections of pigmented areas were negative for Prussian Blue and no neoplasic cells were found. Pigmentation of the skin in a broiler from the Ocident is rare because the white/yellow skin was selected through genetic enhancement, but there is some data about which mutations unleash melanosis in lineages selected to not have pigmentation. The broiler had multicentric melanosis and this alteration doesn't change functional activity of the stricken organs and doesn't represent any risk for human health, but the organs with this lesion were condemned for human consumption due to their macroscopic appearance.(AU)

Melanose multicêntrica em frango de corte: relato de caso / Multicentric melanosis in broiler: case report

Melanoblastos podem migrar de forma errática durante a embriogênese, gerando um quadro conhecido como melanose. São raros os estudos envolvendo melanose com acometimento múltiplo dos órgãos. Objetivou-se descrever um caso de melanose multicêntrica em frango de corte que gerou condenação do animal ao abate. Foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo para avaliação histopatológica amostras de diversos órgãos de uma ave de corte da linhagem Cobb de 48-49 dias de idade. Esse animal foi condenado na linha de inspeção por apresentar áreas multifocais enegrecidas. Ao exame microscópico, observou-se melanina multifocal variando de moderada a intensa quantidade em todos os órgãos acometidos com lesões enegrecidas na macroscopia. As áreas pigmentadas foram negativas para a coloração especial de azul da Prússia e não foram encontradas células neoplásicas. A pigmentação da pele em aves comercializadas no Ocidente é rara, pois a característica de pele clara foi selecionada por meio de melhoramento genético, mas pouco se sabe sobre quais mutações desencadeiam melanose nas linhagens selecionadas para não apresentar pigmentação. A ave apresentou melanose multicêntrica e tal alteração não compromete a função dos órgãos acometidos nem representa risco para a saúde humana, no entanto, devido ao aspecto macroscópico, os órgãos que apresentam tal lesão foram condenados para consumo humano.(AU)

Melanoblasts can enter an erratic migratory pathway during embryogenesis and it creates a clinical condition known as melanosis. Studies involving melanosis in multiple organs are rare. The aim of this paper is to describe a case of multicentric melanosis in a broiler resulting in animal condemnation at slaughter. Samples from diverse organs originating from a Cobb broiler, 48-49 days of age, were sent to Laboratório de Patologia Animal from Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo for histopathological avaliation. This animal was condemned in line inspection due to multifocal black areas of pigmentation. At microcopic avaliation, multifocal melanin in moderate-intense amount in all the organs stricken with macroscopic black lesions was noted. Sections of pigmented areas were negative for Prussian Blue and no neoplasic cells were found. Pigmentation of the skin in a broiler from the Ocident is rare because the white/yellow skin was selected through genetic enhancement, but there is some data about which mutations unleash melanosis in lineages selected to not have pigmentation. The broiler had multicentric melanosis and this alteration doesn't change functional activity of the stricken organs and doesn't represent any risk for human health, but the organs with this lesion were condemned for human consumption due to their macroscopic appearance.(AU)

Pododermatite infecciosa e outras doenças podais em caprinos / Foot rot and other foot lesions in goats

Descrevem-se neste artigo aspectos relacionados a doenças podais em caprinos com ênfase na pododermatite infecciosa. São discutidos os aspectos epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos, patogenia e medidas de controle e erradicação da pododermatite infecciosa. Outras doenças podais menos frequentes em caprinos, incluindo abscesso do pé, doença da linha branca e lesões traumáticas do casco são também mencionadas.

This paper reviews foot diseases in small ruminants, mainly goats, with emphasis on foot rot. Epidemiology, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnostic, and control and eradication of foot rot are reviewed. Also other less frequent foot diseases of goats including foot abscesses, white line disease and traumatic injury to the hull are mentioned.

Pododermatite infecciosa e outras doenças podais em caprinos / Foot rot and other foot lesions in goats

Descrevem-se neste artigo aspectos relacionados a doenças podais em caprinos com ênfase na pododermatite infecciosa. São discutidos os aspectos epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos, patogenia e medidas de controle e erradicação da pododermatite infecciosa. Outras doenças podais menos frequentes em caprinos, incluindo abscesso do pé, doença da linha branca e lesões traumáticas do casco são também mencionadas.(AU)

This paper reviews foot diseases in small ruminants, mainly goats, with emphasis on foot rot. Epidemiology, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnostic, and control and eradication of foot rot are reviewed. Also other less frequent foot diseases of goats including foot abscesses, white line disease and traumatic injury to the hull are mentioned.(AU)

Condenação de fígados de suínos de criatórios associados a parasitismo por Ascaris suum, na Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais / Condemnation of swine livers associated to parasitism of Ascaris suum in Woods Zone region, Minas Gerais

O Brasil é um dos principais produtores mundiais de animais de produção e grande exportador desses produtos. Existe, atualmente, apoio governamental para agricultura familiar; além disso, esse segmento é responsável por considerável parcela da produção de alimentos fornecidos no mercado interno no Brasil. Existem diversos fatores que interferem e prejudicam a produção animal. Dentre alguns agentes que causam perdas produtivas na criação de suínos destaca-se o nematoide Ascaris suum. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de manchas branco-leitosas no fígado de suínos, que é associada a infecção desses animais por A. suum na idade de abate. Assim, verificou-se no abatedouro a presença das referidas manchas no procedimento de inspeção realizado na linha de abate. Esse estudo foi conduzido em três matadouros, localizados na zona rural do município de Piranga, MG e consistiu em avaliar o nível de alterações observadas nos fígados dos suínos abatidos. Os animais eram da raça Piau, uma raça rústica e que é mantida em criatórios de subsistência. Observou-se que 17,12% dos animais apresentaram uma presença de manchas hepáticas branco-leitosas e que havia um valor médio de duas manchas por animal positivo. Esses animais são criados em condições de nenhum controle sanitário e caracteriza-se por ser um sistema com baixa densidade animal e baixíssima produtividade.

Brazil is a leading global producer of farm animals and major exporter of this production. There is currently, government support for family farming, in addition, this segment accounts for a considerable portion of the production of food supplied in the domestic market in Brazil. There are several factors that interfere and cause losses in animal production. Between the agents that cause production losses in pig farming highlight the nematode Ascaris suum. This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of milky white spots on the liver of pigs, which is associated with infection of these animals by A. suum in the age of slaughter. Thus, it was found in the abattoir the presence of milky-white spots in the inspection procedure carried out on the slaughter line. This study was conducted in three slaughterhouses located in the municipality of Piranga and it was carried out to assess the level of observed changes in the livers of slaughtered pigs. These animals were the Piau breed, a mongrel race, rustic and that is created on properties of subsistence animals. It was observed that 17.12% of the animals showed the presence of milky-white spots and had an average value of two positive spots per animal. These animals are raised in conditions of no sanitary control and features up to be a system with low animal density and very low productivity.

Condenação de fígados de suínos de criatórios associados a parasitismo por Ascaris suum, na Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais / Condemnation of swine livers associated to parasitism of Ascaris suum in Woods Zone region, Minas Gerais

O Brasil é um dos principais produtores mundiais de animais de produção e grande exportador desses produtos. Existe, atualmente, apoio governamental para agricultura familiar; além disso, esse segmento é responsável por considerável parcela da produção de alimentos fornecidos no mercado interno no Brasil. Existem diversos fatores que interferem e prejudicam a produção animal. Dentre alguns agentes que causam perdas produtivas na criação de suínos destaca-se o nematoide Ascaris suum. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de manchas branco-leitosas no fígado de suínos, que é associada a infecção desses animais por A. suum na idade de abate. Assim, verificou-se no abatedouro a presença das referidas manchas no procedimento de inspeção realizado na linha de abate. Esse estudo foi conduzido em três matadouros, localizados na zona rural do município de Piranga, MG e consistiu em avaliar o nível de alterações observadas nos fígados dos suínos abatidos. Os animais eram da raça Piau, uma raça rústica e que é mantida em criatórios de subsistência. Observou-se que 17,12% dos animais apresentaram uma presença de manchas hepáticas branco-leitosas e que havia um valor médio de duas manchas por animal positivo. Esses animais são criados em condições de nenhum controle sanitário e caracteriza-se por ser um sistema com baixa densidade animal e baixíssima produtividade.(AU)

Brazil is a leading global producer of farm animals and major exporter of this production. There is currently, government support for family farming, in addition, this segment accounts for a considerable portion of the production of food supplied in the domestic market in Brazil. There are several factors that interfere and cause losses in animal production. Between the agents that cause production losses in pig farming highlight the nematode Ascaris suum. This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of milky white spots on the liver of pigs, which is associated with infection of these animals by A. suum in the age of slaughter. Thus, it was found in the abattoir the presence of milky-white spots in the inspection procedure carried out on the slaughter line. This study was conducted in three slaughterhouses located in the municipality of Piranga and it was carried out to assess the level of observed changes in the livers of slaughtered pigs. These animals were the Piau breed, a mongrel race, rustic and that is created on properties of subsistence animals. It was observed that 17.12% of the animals showed the presence of milky-white spots and had an average value of two positive spots per animal. These animals are raised in conditions of no sanitary control and features up to be a system with low animal density and very low productivity.(AU)

MORFOMETRIA DOS DÍGITOS E ENFERMIDADES DIGITAIS EM FÊMEAS BOVINAS DESTINADAS À PRODUÇÃO LEITEIRA ANNA

Objetivou-se verificar, através da morfometria tradicional, os parâmetros morfométricos dos dígitos laterais e mediais dos membros pélvicos direito e esquerdo, e relacioná-los a incidência de doenças podais, peso e com a longevidade produtiva em 169 fêmeas leiteiras lactantes e não lactantes, dos grupos genéticos Holandês, Jersey e Pardo Suíço criados sob sistema intensivo e Jersolando, em regime semi-intensivo. Foram capturadas imagens da vista plantar dos dígitos, para obtenção das medidas bem como para a identificação e determinação das patologias podais. Constatou-se maior acometimento nos grupos Holandês e Pardo Suíço, nas vacas lactantes e nos dígitos do membro direito. Por meio da análise fatorial verificou-se que os valores das comunalidades para as medidas dos dígitos foram altas. Mediante a ANOVA verificou-se que houveram variações das médias dos tamanhos dos dígitos, com diferenças significativas entre os grupo genéticos. Essas diferenças também foram observadas via MANOVA, com o Jersey ficando isolado, por apresentar valores inferiores para todas as variáveis, quando comparado aos demais (Holandês, Pardo Suíço e Jersolando), que compuseram um mesmo grupo a parte. Esses últimos apresentaram maiores valores para peso, longevidade produtiva e tamanhos dos dígitos, associados a maiores índices de doenças podais. Para identificação da variação da forma e tamanho, bem como a sua relação com enfermidades podais nos dígitos, utilizou-se a técnica da morfometria geométrica apenas nas raças Holandesa, Pardo Suíça e Jersey. Foram inseridos sete marcos e semimarcos nas regiões da junção sola/talão, muralha axial, abaxial, pinça e espaço interdigital dos dígitos laterais e mediais do membro pélvico direito. As enfermidades podais mais frequentes foram a úlcera de sola, seguida por doença da linha branca, erosão de talão e dermatite digital, que acometeram principalmente os animais com cascos despigmentados, vacas lactantes e os dígitos laterais. A análise do tamanho foi realizada via ANOVA, a partir do tamanho do centroide, e não se observou diferença para o tamanho do dígito lateral, enquanto que para o digito medial, houve diferença significativa. A análise da forma evidenciou diferenças significativas para ambos os dígitos, com maiores variações nas regiões da pinça, interdígito e junção sola/talão. Por meio da validação cruzada, verificou-se que os animais foram alocados corretamente nas suas respectivas raças, demonstrando a eficiência da morfometria geométrica em associar o animal a sua raça em função da forma dos dígitos. Verificou-se que as raças Holandesa e Pardo Suíça, composta por animais de maior estrutura corpórea e peso, apresentaram de maneira geral dígitos mais largos e curtos e com os maiores acometimentos de enfermidades digitais, quando comparados a Jersey que apresentou dígitos mais estreitos e longos.

The aim of this study was to verify the morphometric parameters of the lateral and medial digits of the right and left pelvic limbs by means of traditional morphometric and to relate them to the incidence of foot diseases, weight and productive longevity in 169 lactating and non-lactating dairy females, Of the genetic groups Holstein, Jersey and Swiss Brown raised under intensive system and Jersolando, in semi-intensive regime. Images were taken from the plantar view of the digits, to obtain the measurements as well as for the identification and determination of the foot pathologies. It was found a greater involvement in the Holstein and Swiss Brown groups, in the lactating cows and in the digits of the right limb. Through the factorial analysis, it was verified that the values of the commonalities for the measures of the digits were high. Through ANOVA it was verified that there were variations of the means of the sizes of the digits, with significant differences between the genetic groups. These differences were also observed via MANOVA, with Jersey being isolated, since it presented lower values for all variables, when compared to the others (Holstein, Swiss Brown and Jersolando), which made up the same group separately. The latter presented higher values for weight, productive longevity and digit sizes, associated to higher rates of foot diseases. The geometric morphometric technique was used only in the Holstein, Swiss Brown and Jersey races to identify shape and size variation, as well as its relation with foot diseases in the digits. Seven markers and half - markers were inserted in the regions of the sole / bead joint, axial wall, abaxial, forceps and interdigital space of the lateral and medial digits of the right pelvic limb. The most frequent diseases were solitary ulcer, followed by white line disease, bead erosion and digital dermatitis, which mainly affected the animals with depigmented hooves, lactating cows and the lateral digits. The size analysis was performed by ANOVA, from the centroid size, and no difference was observed for the lateral digit size, whereas for the medial digit, there was a significant difference. The analysis of the shape showed significant differences for both digits, with greater variations in the regions of the forceps, interdigit and sole / bead joint. Through cross-validation, it was verified that the animals were correctly allocated in their respective races, demonstrating the efficiency of the geometric morphometric in associating the animal with its race according to the shape of the digits. It was verified that the Holstein Friesian and Swiss Brown breeds, composed of animals of greater body structure and weight, presented generally digits shorter and shorter and with the greatest affections of digital diseases, when compared to Jersey that presented smaller digits and Long.affections in 150 lactating and non-lactating female bovines of the Holstein, Jersey and Swiss Brown breeds. In the captured images, seven anatomical landmarks were inserted in the regions of sole, bead, axial and abaxial walls, forceps and interdigital space. The Chi-square test showed that the highest occurrence of foot diseases occurred in the lateral digits and in lactating cows. Through analysis of major components, the three races were allocated separately. The analysis of the shape showed that the Jersey had longer and narrower digits, while the Holstein and the Brown Swiss had larger and shorter digits, with the greatest variation occurring in the regions of the sole / bead and interdigital junction and were the races more affected. Through the cross-validation analysis, it was verified that the animals were allocated correctly in their respective races, demonstrating the efficiency of the geometric morphometric in associating the animal with its race according to the shape of the digits. For size analysis, significant differences (p <0.01) were observed only for the medial digit, however, there was variation of the digit shape due to the involvement of certain foot disease, and the geometric morphometric showed the anatomical regions where these alterations occurred.

Afecções podais com ênfase em pododermatite infecciosa em ovinos no estado da Bahia

O presente trabalho foi dividido em dois experimentos visando determinar a ocorrência e diagnosticar as doenças podais que acometem rebanhos ovinos em diferentes municípios baianos, incluindo a caracterização clínica e sorológica nos casos de pododermatite infecciosa. O primeiro trabalho objetivou o isolamento e caracterização do Dichelobacter nodosus em fazendas de criação de ovinos, durante surtos de pododermatite em oito municípios da Bahia. Durante as visitas, 620 animais foram inspecionados, procedendo-se exame podal completo em 140 deles, sendo 95 destinados a coleta por swab para bacteriologia. Após cultura, foi possível isolar 39 amostras, obtendo-se identificação do D. nodosus em todos os municípios visitados. As amostras positivas encaminhadas para sorotipagem por PCR revelaram a presença de sete sorogrupos (A, B, D, E, F, H, I), sendo o D (59%) e H (17%) os mais prevalentes e o sorogrupo I detectado pela primeira vez no país. Do total de amostras, 11,5% apresentaram infecções mistas com dois ou três sorogrupos por animal. A detecção de um novo sorogrupo e de infecções mistas apontaram para a necessidade de ampliar o foco da investigação e das medidas de diagnóstico, profilaxia e controle da pododermatite infecciosa nos ovinos do Brasil. O segundo trabalho objetivou determinar a ocorrência e caracterizar as doenças podais encontradas em criações de ovinos de oito municípios da Bahia. Em cada visita, realizou-se a inspeção do rebanho, questionário e caracterização das doenças encontradas. A ocorrência de animais com doenças podais foi de 23,3% (140/600) variando de 12,8 a 55,5% por propriedade. Em cada fazenda, foi possível observar ao menos três tipos de enfermidades podais. Ao todo foram registrados 220 lesões envolvendo nove doenças. A pododermatite infecciosa foi a enfermidade mais diagnosticada, totalizando 51,3% dos casos (113/220), seguida da dermatite interdigital, com 27,7% (61/220). Dentre os 113 casos de pododermatite infecciosa, 70% correspondiam a estágios avançados e terminais da doença indicando que a forma virulenta era a prevalente nos rebanhos consultados. As outras doenças identificadas foram: crescimento excessivo do casco com 8,6% dos casos (19/220), doença da linha branca com 3,2% (7/220), sola dupla com 3,2% (7/220), granuloma do dígito com 2,3% (5/220), hiperplasia interdigital com 2,3% (5/220), úlcera de sola com 0,9% (2/220) e abscesso de casco com 0,5% (1/220). Quanto ao membro afetado, não houve diferença significativa entre os membros torácicos e pélvicos. Quanto a quantidade de membros acometidos, 20% dos animais (28/140) possuíam lesões em somente um membro, 32,1%(45/140) em dois membros, 20,7% (29/140) em três membros e 27,2% (38/140) apresentaram lesões nos quatro membros. Avaliando-se a quantidade de doenças por animal, observou-se que 53,6% (75/140) dos animais foram acometidos por um único tipo de enfermidade podal, 35,7% (50/140) por dois tipos, 9,3% (13/140) por três tipos e 1,4% (2/140) apresentaram quatro tipos de doenças podais. A claudicação foi observada em todos os animais, porém seu grau variava conforme a gravidade da doença e quantidade de cascos afetados. As condições ambientais e de manejo foram determinantes para o surgimento de lesões podais entre os animais avaliados. Além da influência dos diversos fatores predisponentes encontrados, observou-se que o diagnóstico precoce e profilaxia não são realizados na maioria dos casos, o que contribuiu para a elevada ocorrência e diversidade de doenças podais diagnosticadas.

This study was divided into two experiments to determine the occurrence and diagnose foot diseases that affect sheep flocks in different towns in Bahia, including the clinical and serological characterization of foot rot cases. The first paper aimed the isolation and characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus in sheep farms during outbreaks in eight towns of Bahia. During the visits 620 animals were inspected, proceeding complete foot examination at 140 of them and 95 for collection by swab for bacteriology. After culture was possible to isolate 39 samples, obtaining identification Dichelobacter nodosus in all farms visited. Positive samples sent for serotyping PCR revealed the presence of seven serogroups (A, B, D, E, F, H, I), D (59%) and H (17%) were the most prevalent and serogroup I first reported in the country. Of the total sample, 11.5% had mixed infections with two or three serogroups per animal. The detection of a new serogroup, and mixed infections point to the need to expand the focus of research and the diagnostic, prevention and control measures of footrot in Brazil. The second paper aimed to determine the occurrence and characterize foot diseases found in sheep farms of eight towns in Bahia. In each visit, inspection of the herd, survey questionnaire and characterization of diseases were proceeded. The occurrence of foot diseases was 23.3% (140/600) ranging from 12.8 to 55.5% by farm. In each farm was observed at least three types of foot diseases. Altogether 220 cases were recorded involving nine diseases. Foot rot was the most diagnosed disease totaling 51.3% of the cases (113/220) followed by Interdigital dermatitis with 27.7% (61/220). Among the 113 cases of footrot, 70% were advanced or terminal stages of the disease indicating that the virulent form was prevalent in herds consulted. Other diseases have been identified: excessive growth of the hoof with 8.6% (19/220), white line disease with 3.2% (7/220), double sole with 3.2% (7/220), toe granuloma with 2.3% (5/220), interdigital hyperplasia with 2.3% (5/220), sole ulcer with 0.9% (2/220) and hoof abscess with 0.5% (1/220). As for the affected limb, there was no significant difference between the fore and hindlimbs. As the number of affected limbs, 20% of animals (28/140) had lesions only one limb, 32.1% (45/140) in two limbs 20.7% (29/140) in three limbs and 27.2% (38 / 140) had injuries in all limbs. Evaluating the amount of diseases per animal, it was observed that 53.6% (75/140) of the animals were affected by a single type of foot disease, 35.7% (50/140) of two types, 9.3% (13/140) of three types and 1.4% (2/140) four types of feet diseases. Lameness was observed in all animals, but its level varied according to the severity of the condition and quantity of affected hooves. Environmental conditions and management were crucial to the development of foot lesions in evaluated animals. Besides the influence of various predisposing factors, it was observed that the early diagnosis and prophylaxis are not performed in most cases, which contributed to the occurrence and diversity of diseases diagnosed.