The Effect of Supplementing Tea Polyphenols on Yolk Cholesterol and Production Performance of Laying Hens During the Egg-laying Period

This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing 300 mg/kg tea polyphenols (TP) on yolk cholesterol content and production performance of laying hens during the egg-laying period. A total of 600 Roman laying hens aged 24 weeks were randomly divided into two dietary treatment groups. The feeding experiment lasted for 48 weeks. Layers fed basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group) and 300mg/kg TP (TP group) diet, respectively. The yolk cholesterol content, laying performance, and egg quality were determined at 28, 38, 48, 58, and 68 weeks of age. The yolk cholesterol content in the TP group was significantly decreased at 28-68 weeks of age (p<0.01), compared to the control group. There was a significant increase in laying rate in the TP group at 38 weeks of age (p<0.05), compared to the control group, while no significant differences during the other laying periods were obtained (p>0.05). The FCR significantly decreased in the TP group at 38 weeks of age whereas AEW significantly increased in the TP group at 58 weeks of age (p<0.05). Similarly, the eggshell thickness and eggshell strength in the TP group significantly increased (p<0.05), compared with the control group at 38 weeks of age. The albumen height and Haugh unit significantly increased at 28 weeks of age (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results showed that the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP had positive effects on production performance of layers during the egg-laying period, and could lessen yolk cholesterol content significantly at 28-68 weeks of age.(AU)

The Effect of Supplementing Tea Polyphenols in Diet of Laying Hens on Yolk Cholesterol Content and Production Performance

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of supplementing tea polyphenols (TP) in diet of laying hens on yolk cholesterol content and production performance. A total of 1800 Lohmann laying hens aged 48 weeks were randomly allocated to 6 groups. Each group consisted of 6 replicates with 50 layers. The feeding experiment was 4 weeks including one-week acclimatization. Layers fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg TP/kg diet, respectively. The results showed that average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average egg weight (AEW), laying rate and the indicators of egg quality were not significantly affected by the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP (p>0.05). However, yolk cholesterol content decreased by increasing TP concentration (p 0.01), with 18.06% reduction in layers fed diet supplemented with 300 mg TP/kg. Also, the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (p 0.05). The activity of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was enhanced by increasing TP concentration, while the content of serum methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) was decreased by increasing TP concentration. The highest activity of GSH-Px and the lowest serum MDA content were both determined in 300 mg/kg TP group (p 0.01). In conclusion, this study suggests that the addition of 300 mg TP/kg basal diet had no negative effect on the production performance laying hens, yet decreased the egg yolk cholesterol content and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of laying hens at the same time.(AU)

The Effect of Supplementing Tea Polyphenols in Diet of Laying Hens on Yolk Cholesterol Content and Production Performance

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of supplementing tea polyphenols (TP) in diet of laying hens on yolk cholesterol content and production performance. A total of 1800 Lohmann laying hens aged 48 weeks were randomly allocated to 6 groups. Each group consisted of 6 replicates with 50 layers. The feeding experiment was 4 weeks including one-week acclimatization. Layers fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg TP/kg diet, respectively. The results showed that average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average egg weight (AEW), laying rate and the indicators of egg quality were not significantly affected by the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP (p>0.05). However, yolk cholesterol content decreased by increasing TP concentration (p 0.01), with 18.06% reduction in layers fed diet supplemented with 300 mg TP/kg. Also, the diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg TP significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (p 0.05). The activity of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was enhanced by increasing TP concentration, while the content of serum methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) was decreased by increasing TP concentration. The highest activity of GSH-Px and the lowest serum MDA content were both determined in 300 mg/kg TP group (p 0.01). In conclusion, this study suggests that the addition of 300 mg TP/kg basal diet had no negative effect on the production performance laying hens, yet decreased the egg yolk cholesterol content and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of laying hens at the same time.

Egg quality and coccidiosis infestation in three production systems for laying hens

A total of 240 white Shaver laying hens from 22 to 34 weeks of age were assigned to 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments included:i) Conventional (hens were kept in experimental building without access to outdoor area and fed with the conventional diet), ii) Semi-organic (hens were kept in experimental building with access to outdoor area and fed with the organic diet plus amino acids and vitamin-minerals supplement), and iii) Organic (hens were kept in experimental building with access to outdoor and fed with the organic diet). The results showed statistically significant differences in the feed intake, egg production, egg mass, egg weight, and change body weight(g) means among the treatments (p <0.05). The hens kept in the organic treatment had fecal highest contain of oocytes coccidia (p <0.05). The yolk color index and shell strength in the organic treatment significantly increased in comparison with that of other treatments (p <0.05). The highest HDL was in the semi-organic and organic treatments (p <0.05). The lowest egg yolk cholesterol concentration was found in hens kept in the semi-organic and organic treatments (p <0.05). It is concluded that organic production system is useful for improving egg quality.(AU)

Egg quality and coccidiosis infestation in three production systems for laying hens

A total of 240 white Shaver laying hens from 22 to 34 weeks of age were assigned to 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments included:i) Conventional (hens were kept in experimental building without access to outdoor area and fed with the conventional diet), ii) Semi-organic (hens were kept in experimental building with access to outdoor area and fed with the organic diet plus amino acids and vitamin-minerals supplement), and iii) Organic (hens were kept in experimental building with access to outdoor and fed with the organic diet). The results showed statistically significant differences in the feed intake, egg production, egg mass, egg weight, and change body weight(g) means among the treatments (p <0.05). The hens kept in the organic treatment had fecal highest contain of oocytes coccidia (p <0.05). The yolk color index and shell strength in the organic treatment significantly increased in comparison with that of other treatments (p <0.05). The highest HDL was in the semi-organic and organic treatments (p <0.05). The lowest egg yolk cholesterol concentration was found in hens kept in the semi-organic and organic treatments (p <0.05). It is concluded that organic production system is useful for improving egg quality.

Elaboration of mayonnaises containing landrace common bean flour as a partial egg yolk substitute / Elaboração de maionese contendo farinha de feijão crioulo como substituto parcial da gema de ovo

Mayonnaise is one of the most consumed sauces in the world and beans have great technological functional properties. As a result, beans can be used in the production of mayonnaise as a partial substitute for egg yolk (EY), reducing cholesterol content, post-harvest losses and adding nutritional value to mayonnaise. This study evaluated the effect of the partial replacement of EY by landrace common bean flour (LCBF) on the parameters of rheology, chemical and physical composition of mayonnaise. Four mayonnaise formulations were developed: T1 (Standard), 100% egg yolk (EY); T2, 75% EY and 25% FFC; T3, 50% EY and 50% LCBF; T4, 25% EY and 75% LCBF. The partial substitution of EY for LCBF increased the protein content, decreased the content of lipids and cholesterol. The obtained mayonnaise continued to exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour, being a characteristic of non-Newtonian fluid. The water activity of the mayonnaise was not changed with the replacement of the partial of the egg yolk and the pH decreased during the storage. The substitution of EY can be carried out in quantities of up to 50% without prejudice to mayonnaise, the formulation with 50% substitution presented the best viscosity and remained stable, similar to the standard mayonnaise.

A maionese é um dos molhos mais consumidos no mundo e o feijão apresenta ótimas propriedades funcionais tecnológicas. Com isso, o feijão pode ser usado na produção de maionese como substituto parcial da gema de ovo diminuindo o teor de colesterol, perdas pós colheita e agregando valor nutricional a maionese. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da substituição parcial da gema de ovo pela farinha de feijão crioulo (FFC) sobre os parâmetros de reologia, composição química e fisica da maionese. Foram desenvolvidas quatro formulações de maionese: T1 (Padrão), 100% de gema de ovo (GO); T2, 75% GO e 25% FFC; T3, 50% GO e 50% FFC; T4, 25% GO e 75% FFC. A substituição parcial da GO pela FFC aumentou o teor proteíco, diminuiu o conteúdo de lipídios e colesterol. A maionese obtida continuou exibindo comportamento pseudoplástico, sendo uma característica do fluido não newtoniano. A atividade de água das maioneses não foi alterada com a substituição parcial da gema de ovo e o pH diminuiu ao longo do armazenamento. A substituição da GO pode ser realizada em quantidades de até 50% sem prejuízo das maioneses, a formulação com 50% de substituição apresentou a melhor viscosidade e se manteve estável, semelhante à maionese padrão.

Elaboration of mayonnaises containing landrace common bean flour as a partial egg yolk substitute / Elaboração de maionese contendo farinha de feijão crioulo como substituto parcial da gema de ovo

Mayonnaise is one of the most consumed sauces in the world and beans have great technological functional properties. As a result, beans can be used in the production of mayonnaise as a partial substitute for egg yolk (EY), reducing cholesterol content, post-harvest losses and adding nutritional value to mayonnaise. This study evaluated the effect of the partial replacement of EY by landrace common bean flour (LCBF) on the parameters of rheology, chemical and physical composition of mayonnaise. Four mayonnaise formulations were developed: T1 (Standard), 100% egg yolk (EY); T2, 75% EY and 25% FFC; T3, 50% EY and 50% LCBF; T4, 25% EY and 75% LCBF. The partial substitution of EY for LCBF increased the protein content, decreased the content of lipids and cholesterol. The obtained mayonnaise continued to exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour, being a characteristic of non-Newtonian fluid. The water activity of the mayonnaise was not changed with the replacement of the partial of the egg yolk and the pH decreased during the storage. The substitution of EY can be carried out in quantities of up to 50% without prejudice to mayonnaise, the formulation with 50% substitution presented the best viscosity and remained stable, similar to the standard mayonnaise.(AU)

A maionese é um dos molhos mais consumidos no mundo e o feijão apresenta ótimas propriedades funcionais tecnológicas. Com isso, o feijão pode ser usado na produção de maionese como substituto parcial da gema de ovo diminuindo o teor de colesterol, perdas pós colheita e agregando valor nutricional a maionese. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da substituição parcial da gema de ovo pela farinha de feijão crioulo (FFC) sobre os parâmetros de reologia, composição química e fisica da maionese. Foram desenvolvidas quatro formulações de maionese: T1 (Padrão), 100% de gema de ovo (GO); T2, 75% GO e 25% FFC; T3, 50% GO e 50% FFC; T4, 25% GO e 75% FFC. A substituição parcial da GO pela FFC aumentou o teor proteíco, diminuiu o conteúdo de lipídios e colesterol. A maionese obtida continuou exibindo comportamento pseudoplástico, sendo uma característica do fluido não newtoniano. A atividade de água das maioneses não foi alterada com a substituição parcial da gema de ovo e o pH diminuiu ao longo do armazenamento. A substituição da GO pode ser realizada em quantidades de até 50% sem prejuízo das maioneses, a formulação com 50% de substituição apresentou a melhor viscosidade e se manteve estável, semelhante à maionese padrão.(AU)

Dietary Lactic Acid Bacteria Modulate Yolk Components and Cholesterol Metabolism by Hmgr Pathway in Laying Hens

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on egg production, yolk components, cholesterol metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in hens. Four treatment diets included a control and LAB added at 3 × 105 (low), 3 × 107 (medium), or 3 × 109 (high) cfu/kg. The treatment LAB contained equal amounts of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecium. Results showed that high LAB increased (p 0.05) laying rate, egg mass, and yolk phospholipid, but decreased (p 0.05) yolk triglyceride and phosvitin. Diets with LAB decreased (p 0.05) yolk and serum cholesterol content, and serum bile acid by 9.3 to 39.9%. In liver, high LAB downregulated (p 0.05) mRNA expression of serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit (PRKAA1, 2), and protein phosphatase catalytic subunits (PPP2CA, PPP2CB and PPP3CA) by 49.5 to 175.4%. In mucosa, high LAB downregulated (p 0.05) PRKAA1 and HMGR by 68.2 and 69.6%, respectively; but upregulated (p 0.05) PPP2CA and PPP2CB by 51.2 and 45%, respectively. Linear decreasing (p0.035) responses to LAB doses were found on cholesterol, phosvitin, bile acid, and hepatic gene expressions, and quadratic (p0.006) effects on yolk cholesterol and hepatic STK11. It is concluded that probiotic LAB can improve yolk components and decrease hepatic cholesterol synthesis by regulating HMGR pathway in hens.(AU)

Dietary Lactic Acid Bacteria Modulate Yolk Components and Cholesterol Metabolism by Hmgr Pathway in Laying Hens

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on egg production, yolk components, cholesterol metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in hens. Four treatment diets included a control and LAB added at 3 × 105 (low), 3 × 107 (medium), or 3 × 109 (high) cfu/kg. The treatment LAB contained equal amounts of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecium. Results showed that high LAB increased (p 0.05) laying rate, egg mass, and yolk phospholipid, but decreased (p 0.05) yolk triglyceride and phosvitin. Diets with LAB decreased (p 0.05) yolk and serum cholesterol content, and serum bile acid by 9.3 to 39.9%. In liver, high LAB downregulated (p 0.05) mRNA expression of serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit (PRKAA1, 2), and protein phosphatase catalytic subunits (PPP2CA, PPP2CB and PPP3CA) by 49.5 to 175.4%. In mucosa, high LAB downregulated (p 0.05) PRKAA1 and HMGR by 68.2 and 69.6%, respectively; but upregulated (p 0.05) PPP2CA and PPP2CB by 51.2 and 45%, respectively. Linear decreasing (p0.035) responses to LAB doses were found on cholesterol, phosvitin, bile acid, and hepatic gene expressions, and quadratic (p0.006) effects on yolk cholesterol and hepatic STK11. It is concluded that probiotic LAB can improve yolk components and decrease hepatic cholesterol synthesis by regulating HMGR pathway in hens.

Dietary levels of methionine plus cystine and chelated copper on the chemical composition of eggs and yolk cholesterol of 49-week-old brown laying hens / Níveis dietéticos de metionina + cistina e cobre quelatado sobre a composição química e colesterol dos ovos de poedeiras marrons com 49 semanas de idade

The present study aims to evaluate the possible interactions of dietary levels of methionine plus cystine (Met + Cys) and organic copper (Cu) on the chemical composition of eggs, using 320 Hy-Line Brown hens at 49 weeks of age. Composition and deposition variables were evaluated in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, with total analysed levels of 18, 44, 71, and 99 mg kg-1 of Cu and 0.613, 0.631, 0.816, 0.918, and 0.955% Met + Cys. We allocated four replicate cages (four hens/cage) to each treatment group. Two eggs per plot were sampled to determine the chemical composition of albumen and yolk, based on natural and dry matter and on daily rates of deposition. An interaction effect of Met + Cys and Cu levels was observed for deposition rates of ash and Cu in the yolk, and the chemical composition of Ethereal Extract (EE) and ash in eggs, EE in albumen and Nitrogen, EE, and ash in the yolk. An isolated effect was observed for Met + Cys on egg chemical composition and on shell and yolk fractions, as well as on deposition rates of albumen N, EE, and ash, and yolk EE. The yolk cholesterol content increased by 18.17% with increasing Met + Cys in diets. In conclusion, the chemical composition of eggs varied with dietary Met + Cys and organic Cu concentrations. Dietary levels of Met + Cys determined the yolk cholesterol concentration in laying hens.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis interações dos níveis alimentares de metionina mais cistina (Met + Cys) e cobre orgânico (Cu) na composição química dos ovos, utilizando 320 galinhas Hy-Line Brown com 49 semanas de idade. As variáveis de composição e deposição foram avaliadas em arranjo fatorial 4 × 5, com níveis totais analisados de 18, 44, 71 e 99 mg kg-1 de Cu e 0,613, 0,631, 0,816, 0,918 e 0,955% de Met + Cys. Alocaram-se quatro gaiolas replicadas (quatro galinhas / gaiola) para cada grupo de tratamento. Foram amostrados dois ovos por parcela para determinar a composição química do albúmen e da gema, com base na matéria natural e seca e nas taxas diárias de deposição. Foi observado um efeito de interação dos níveis de Met + Cys e Cu para as taxas de deposição de cinzas e Cu na gema e composição química do Extrato Etéreo (EE) e cinzas nos ovos, EE no albume e nitrogênio, EE e cinzas na gema. gema. Um efeito isolado foi observado para Met + Cys na composição química dos ovos e nas frações de casca e gema, bem como nas taxas de deposição de N no albúmen, EE e cinzas e gema EE. O teor de colesterol na gema aumentou 18,17% com o aumento de Met + Cys nas dietas. A composição do ovo variou com as concentrações de Met + Cys e Cu orgânico. Os níveis alimentares de Met + Cys determinaram a concentração de colesterol na gema em galinhas poedeiras.

Dietary levels of methionine plus cystine and chelated copper on the chemical composition of eggs and yolk cholesterol of 49-week-old brown laying hens / Níveis dietéticos de metionina + cistina e cobre quelatado sobre a composição química e colesterol dos ovos de poedeiras marrons com 49 semanas de idade

The present study aims to evaluate the possible interactions of dietary levels of methionine plus cystine (Met + Cys) and organic copper (Cu) on the chemical composition of eggs, using 320 Hy-Line Brown hens at 49 weeks of age. Composition and deposition variables were evaluated in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, with total analysed levels of 18, 44, 71, and 99 mg kg-1 of Cu and 0.613, 0.631, 0.816, 0.918, and 0.955% Met + Cys. We allocated four replicate cages (four hens/cage) to each treatment group. Two eggs per plot were sampled to determine the chemical composition of albumen and yolk, based on natural and dry matter and on daily rates of deposition. An interaction effect of Met + Cys and Cu levels was observed for deposition rates of ash and Cu in the yolk, and the chemical composition of Ethereal Extract (EE) and ash in eggs, EE in albumen and Nitrogen, EE, and ash in the yolk. An isolated effect was observed for Met + Cys on egg chemical composition and on shell and yolk fractions, as well as on deposition rates of albumen N, EE, and ash, and yolk EE. The yolk cholesterol content increased by 18.17% with increasing Met + Cys in diets. In conclusion, the chemical composition of eggs varied with dietary Met + Cys and organic Cu concentrations. Dietary levels of Met + Cys determined the yolk cholesterol concentration in laying hens.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis interações dos níveis alimentares de metionina mais cistina (Met + Cys) e cobre orgânico (Cu) na composição química dos ovos, utilizando 320 galinhas Hy-Line Brown com 49 semanas de idade. As variáveis de composição e deposição foram avaliadas em arranjo fatorial 4 × 5, com níveis totais analisados de 18, 44, 71 e 99 mg kg-1 de Cu e 0,613, 0,631, 0,816, 0,918 e 0,955% de Met + Cys. Alocaram-se quatro gaiolas replicadas (quatro galinhas / gaiola) para cada grupo de tratamento. Foram amostrados dois ovos por parcela para determinar a composição química do albúmen e da gema, com base na matéria natural e seca e nas taxas diárias de deposição. Foi observado um efeito de interação dos níveis de Met + Cys e Cu para as taxas de deposição de cinzas e Cu na gema e composição química do Extrato Etéreo (EE) e cinzas nos ovos, EE no albume e nitrogênio, EE e cinzas na gema. gema. Um efeito isolado foi observado para Met + Cys na composição química dos ovos e nas frações de casca e gema, bem como nas taxas de deposição de N no albúmen, EE e cinzas e gema EE. O teor de colesterol na gema aumentou 18,17% com o aumento de Met + Cys nas dietas. A composição do ovo variou com as concentrações de Met + Cys e Cu orgânico. Os níveis alimentares de Met + Cys determinaram a concentração de colesterol na gema em galinhas poedeiras.(AU)

Comparison of the Dietary Supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum, and Fermented and Non-Fermented Artemisia Annua on the Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Cholesterol, and Eggyolk-Oxidative Stability During Storage in Laying Hens

Artemisia annua L. is a widely distributed medicinal plant and well-known for treating malaria due to the artemisinin content. We previously found enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented A. annua dried leaves in vitro. The present study compared the effects of the dietary supplementation of L. plantarum, fermented (FA) or non-fermented (NFA) A. annua on laying performance, egg quality, serum cholesterol, and egg yolk oxidative stability during storage in 40-weeks-old Hy-Line Brown layers. In total, 180 layers were randomly allocated into four treatments for 6 weeks: basal diet (CON), basal diet + 0.5% L. plantarum only (LO), basal diet + 0.5% NFA, and basal diet + 0.5% FA. Each treatment comprised five replicates with nine birds each. Egg weight of NFA and FA groups were significantly higher as compared with the CON and LO groups (p 0.01). The FA group displayed higher Haugh unit (HU) compared with the NFA group (p 0.05). Eggshell color of the FA group was significantly increased compared with the other groups (p 0.01). There was no significant difference in triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and VLDL+LDL cholesterol among the different groups. During egg storage, the HU of FA groups was significantly increased as compared with the CON group after 3 weeks storage (p 0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the stored eggs was significantly lowered by feeding of FA as compared with the CON and LO groups (p 0.05). Altogether, the fermented A. annua displayed positive effects in promoting egg quality of layers.(AU)

Comparison of the Dietary Supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum, and Fermented and Non-Fermented Artemisia Annua on the Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Cholesterol, and Eggyolk-Oxidative Stability During Storage in Laying Hens

Artemisia annua L. is a widely distributed medicinal plant and well-known for treating malaria due to the artemisinin content. We previously found enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented A. annua dried leaves in vitro. The present study compared the effects of the dietary supplementation of L. plantarum, fermented (FA) or non-fermented (NFA) A. annua on laying performance, egg quality, serum cholesterol, and egg yolk oxidative stability during storage in 40-weeks-old Hy-Line Brown layers. In total, 180 layers were randomly allocated into four treatments for 6 weeks: basal diet (CON), basal diet + 0.5% L. plantarum only (LO), basal diet + 0.5% NFA, and basal diet + 0.5% FA. Each treatment comprised five replicates with nine birds each. Egg weight of NFA and FA groups were significantly higher as compared with the CON and LO groups (p 0.01). The FA group displayed higher Haugh unit (HU) compared with the NFA group (p 0.05). Eggshell color of the FA group was significantly increased compared with the other groups (p 0.01). There was no significant difference in triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and VLDL+LDL cholesterol among the different groups. During egg storage, the HU of FA groups was significantly increased as compared with the CON group after 3 weeks storage (p 0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the stored eggs was significantly lowered by feeding of FA as compared with the CON and LO groups (p 0.05). Altogether, the fermented A. annua displayed positive effects in promoting egg quality of layers.

The effects of licorice (Glycyrrhriza glabra) root on performance, some serum parameters and antioxidant capacity of laying hens

The current study was conducted to determine the effects of the licorice root (Glycyrrhriza glabra) in laying hens diets on performance, egg cholesterol, some plasma parameters and antioxidant capacity. One hundred, 40-week old laying hens were divided into four groups, each group consisted of 25 hens and were placed in individual cages. The mean of the initial body weight of laying hens was 1829.18±9.595 g. Commercial laying hen diet was supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% levels of licorice root powder and four different dietary groups were formed. From the experimental findings, it was ascertained that the licorice root supplementation had no significant effect on egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05), but feed consumption decreased with increasing licorice root (p<0.05).Egg yield was recorded as 88.94%, 89.56%, 86.82% and 85.02% in the groups of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, respectively (p<0.05).Plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) and egg yolk cholesterol level decreased with the addition of licorice root, while plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) level was increased with licorice root addition (p<0.05). Licorice root addition had a positive effect on total antioxidant capacity (TAS) of plasma. It was determined that the total antioxidant capacity was increased by increasing amount of licorice root. From the overall findings, it can be concluded that licorice root could be used as a feed additive without any adverse effect on performance. It has been demonstrated that the licorice root enables the production of functional eggs.(AU)

The effects of licorice (Glycyrrhriza glabra) root on performance, some serum parameters and antioxidant capacity of laying hens

The current study was conducted to determine the effects of the licorice root (Glycyrrhriza glabra) in laying hens diets on performance, egg cholesterol, some plasma parameters and antioxidant capacity. One hundred, 40-week old laying hens were divided into four groups, each group consisted of 25 hens and were placed in individual cages. The mean of the initial body weight of laying hens was 1829.18±9.595 g. Commercial laying hen diet was supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% levels of licorice root powder and four different dietary groups were formed. From the experimental findings, it was ascertained that the licorice root supplementation had no significant effect on egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05), but feed consumption decreased with increasing licorice root (p<0.05).Egg yield was recorded as 88.94%, 89.56%, 86.82% and 85.02% in the groups of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, respectively (p<0.05).Plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) and egg yolk cholesterol level decreased with the addition of licorice root, while plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) level was increased with licorice root addition (p<0.05). Licorice root addition had a positive effect on total antioxidant capacity (TAS) of plasma. It was determined that the total antioxidant capacity was increased by increasing amount of licorice root. From the overall findings, it can be concluded that licorice root could be used as a feed additive without any adverse effect on performance. It has been demonstrated that the licorice root enables the production of functional eggs.

Canola oil and organic selenium in quail diets: fatty acid profile, cholesterol content and external egg quality / Óleo de canola e selênio orgânico na dieta de codornas: perfil de ácidos graxos, colesterol e qualidade de ovos

The effects of partial or total substitution of soybean oil (SO) with canola oil (CO) supplemented or not with organic selenium (SeO) in the diet of quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) on external egg quality, yolk cholesterol and fatty acid profile were studied. A total of 252 quails were fed throughout three 28- day periods with six treatments: Control, (SO); SO + 0.3 ppm SeO; canola Oil (CO); CO + 0.3 ppm SeO; SO (50%) + CO (50%); SO (50%) + CO (50%) + 0.3 ppm SeO. A completely randomized design was used and treatment means were compared by orthogonal contrasts and Duncans multiple range test with ? = 0.05. A significant, 4% increase in oleic acid levels in egg yolk was observed with canola oil supplementation, relative to the control and soybean oil treatments. SeO supplementation did not change the yolk fatty acid profile. Neither canola oil nor SeO supplementation affected yolk cholesterol. Egg weight was higher in birds fed CO supplemented with SeO compared with CO alone, but did not differ significantly from that of other treatments. In conclusion, the substitution of SO with CO in the quails diet changes the fatty acid profile of the yolk, and increases the concentration of oleic acid while decreasing that of linoleic acid without affecting other egg quality traits. Birds fed diets containing CO supplemented with 0.3 ppm SeO also show increased egg weight.(AU)

Foram estudados os efeitos da substituição parcial ou total do óleo de soja (SO) por óleo de canola (CO), suplementado ou não com selênio orgânico (SeO) na dieta de codornas (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos, o colesterol na gema e a qualidade externa dos ovos. Um total de 252 codornas foram alimentadas durante três períodos de 28 dias cada, utilizando seis tratamentos: Controle (SO); SO + 0,3ppm SeO; Óleo de canola (CO); CO + 0,3ppm SeO; ½ SO + ½ CO; ½ SO + ½ CO + 0,3ppm SeO. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas por contrastes ortogonais e teste de Duncan a 5%. Observou-se um aumento significativo de 4% nos níveis de ácido oleico na gema dos ovos com a suplementação de óleo de canola, em  comparação com os demais tratamentos. A suplementação de SeO não alterou o perfil de ácidos graxos da gema. Nem o óleo de canola nem a suplementação de SeO afetaram o colesterol da gema. O peso do ovo foi maior nas aves alimentadas com CO suplementado com 0,3ppm SeO comparado com CO não suplementado, mas não diferindo dos demais tratamentos. Conclui-se do experimento que a substituição de SO por CO na dieta das codornas muda o perfil de ácidos graxos na gema, aumenta a concentração de ácido oleico e diminui o ácido linoleico, sem afetar outras características de qualidade do ovo.(AU)

Effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus Isolated from Tibetan Mushrooms on the Plasma Lipids, Egg Cholesterol Level, Egg Quality and Intestinal Health of Laying Hens

The effects of the Kluyveromyces marxianus M3 strain, isolated from Tibetan mushrooms, on plasma lipids, egg cholesterol level, egg quality, and intestinal health of laying hens were evaluated. In total, 160 Beijing fatty laying hens (43 weeks old) were divided into four groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, or 0.5% freeze-dried K. marxianus M3 powder for four weeks. The results showed that yeast supplementation reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels (p 0.01), and increased serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level (p 0.05). Moreover, regardless of K. marxianus M3 dietary addition level, the cholesterol content of the eggs decreased by more than 26%. When0.3% yeast was supplemented, significant differences were found in the egg weights, shell strength, albumen height, Haugh unit and nutrient content of the eggs (p 0.01). Finally, 0.3% yeast supplementation improved the intestinal flora conditions of the hens by decreasing the Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus counts (p 0.01) and increasing the Bifidobacterium count (p 0.01). The results in this work demonstrated that yeast culture supplementation to the diets deceased the serum and egg yolk cholesterol, and increased egg quality.

Effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus Isolated from Tibetan Mushrooms on the Plasma Lipids, Egg Cholesterol Level, Egg Quality and Intestinal Health of Laying Hens

The effects of the Kluyveromyces marxianus M3 strain, isolated from Tibetan mushrooms, on plasma lipids, egg cholesterol level, egg quality, and intestinal health of laying hens were evaluated. In total, 160 Beijing fatty laying hens (43 weeks old) were divided into four groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, or 0.5% freeze-dried K. marxianus M3 powder for four weeks. The results showed that yeast supplementation reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels (p 0.01), and increased serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level (p 0.05). Moreover, regardless of K. marxianus M3 dietary addition level, the cholesterol content of the eggs decreased by more than 26%. When0.3% yeast was supplemented, significant differences were found in the egg weights, shell strength, albumen height, Haugh unit and nutrient content of the eggs (p 0.01). Finally, 0.3% yeast supplementation improved the intestinal flora conditions of the hens by decreasing the Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus counts (p 0.01) and increasing the Bifidobacterium count (p 0.01). The results in this work demonstrated that yeast culture supplementation to the diets deceased the serum and egg yolk cholesterol, and increased egg quality. (AU)

Relação do ácido linoleico e alfa linolênico em reprodutores (as) de codornas japonesas e sua progênie

Os ácidos linoleicos (LA, 18:2) e linolênicos (LNA, 18:3) são ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) e são comumente conhecidos como ômega 6 (n-6) e ômega 3 (n-3). Esses ácidos graxos possuem grande importância na qualidade da incubação e da progênie, visto que estão diretamente relacionados com a nutrição das matrizes. Uma adequada relação de n-6:n-3 melhora a fertilidade e a qualidade da progênie. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da interação do ácido linoleico (18:2 n-6) e alfa linolênico (18:3 n-3) na alimentação de codornas japonesas, sobre a reprodução, produção e desempenho de incubação em dois experimentos. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, composto por 5 dietas com 12 repetições de 6 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em diferentes relações de ácidos LA e LNA (LA: LNA 1,48:1; 4,57:1; 7,63:1; 10,69:1 e 13,75:1), usando óleos de soja e de linhaça fontes de LA e LNA, respectivamente. Para o experimento I foi analisado o desempenho produtivo (consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, massa de ovo), qualidade dos ovos, perfil bioquímico do sangue, peso dos órgãos e composição da carcaça da fêmea. No experimento II foi analisado o desempenho de incubação, qualidade do pintinho, fertilidade, interação espermatozoide ovo e o desempenho da progênie. Os dados foram analisados por regressão e consideradas significativas quando P<0,05. As relações de n-6:n-3 não afetaram o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade dos ovos. Nas análises de bioquímica sérica, o colesterol sanguíneo das fêmeas e machos e os triglicerídeos totais nas fêmeas apresentaram o menor valor na relação 1,48 e maior teor na relação 13,57. Já o peso das aves e dos órgãos não foram influenciados pela dieta. Na composição corporal das fêmeas foram observadas diferenças nos teores de cinzas e de proteínas pois a inclusão de LA afetou a deposição desses nutrientes. No desempenho de incubação houve efeito quadrático na eclodibilidade total (p<0,011), dos férteis (p=0,046) e na mortalidade total (p=0,046), com melhores taxas com 10,69 de LA:LNA. Ao avaliar a qualidade dos pintinhos foi observado efeito quadrático decrescente no comprimento e linear para o peso. No desempenho de progênie de 1-7 dias foi observado maiores valores no consumo de ração e peso médio na relação de 13,45. As relações de LA:LNA influenciaram no teor de matéria mineral da composição da gema, que afetaram os teores extrato etéreo e cinzas na composição corporal do pintinho. Os maiores valores de probabilidade de fertilidade em relação aos dias após a cópula e de número de PHPM foi observado na relação de 1,48 ou de 13,75, quando apenas as fêmeas ou machos e fêmeas receberam as dietas experimentais. Conclui-se que as relações n-6:n-3 entre os óleos estudados não afetaram o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade dos ovos de matrizes de codorna japonesa, porém, com a diminuição da relação ocorreu redução nos teores de triglicerídeos e colesterol plasmático e maiores níveis de proteína e cinzas corporal, indicando que a composição foi melhorada. A mistura de óleo de soja e de linhaça para obter proporções n-6:n-3, aumentou a eclodibilidade total e férteis sendo a melhor relação 9,29. O desempenho de progênie só foi afetado até o sétimo dia para o peso das aves, após esse período não foi observado diferença.

Linoleic (LA, 18:2) and linolenic (LNA, 18:3) acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and are commonly known as omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3). These fatty acids are of great importance for hatchability and offspring quality, since they are directly related to the breeder's nutrition. Thus, an adequate ratio of n-6:n-3 improves fertility and offspring quality. This study evaluated the interaction effect of linoleic (18:2 n-6) and alpha linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) in diet of Japanese quails, on reproduction, production and hatchery performance in two experiments. An entirely randomized design was used, consisting of 5 diets with 12 replicates of 6 birds each. The treatments consisted of different ratios of LA and LNA acids (LA:LNA 13.75:1; 10.69:1; 7.63:1; 4.57:1 and 1.48:1), using soybean and flaxseed oils as sources of LA and LNA, respectively. For experiment I productive performance (feed intake, feed conversion, egg mass), egg quality, blood biochemical profile, organ weight and carcass composition of the female was analyzed. In experiment II incubation performance, chick quality, fertility, spermegg interaction and progeny performance were analyzed. Data were analyzed by regression and considered significant when P<0.05. The n-6:n-3 ratios did not affect productive performance and egg quality. Blood cholesterol in females and males and total triglycerides in females increased with increasing dietary oil ratios. For birds and organ weights, no difference was observed. In body composition of females, a linear effect was observed for mineral matter content and a quadratic effect was observed for protein content. In incubation performance, there was a quadratic effect for total hatchability (p<0.011), fertile (p=0.046) and total mortality (p=0.046), with the best rates at 10.69 LA:LNA. For chick analyses a decreasing quadratic effect was observed for length and linear for weight. For progeny performance 17 days, higher values were observed for feed consumption and average weight at the 13.45 ratio. The LA:LNA ratios influenced the mineral matter content of the yolk composition, which affected the ethereal extract and ash contents in the chick body composition. The highest values of fertility probability in relation to days after copulation and PHPM number were observed at the ratio of 1.48 or 13.75, when only females or males and females received the experimental diets. It is concluded that the n-6:n-3 ratios between the oils studied did not affect the productive performance and egg quality in Japanese quail breeders, but with decreasing the ratio there was a reduction in plasma triglyceride and cholesterol contents and higher levels of protein and body ash, indicating that the composition was improved. Mixing soybean and flaxseed oil to obtain n-6:n-3 ratios modified total and fertile hatchability. Progeny performance was affected only up to day 7 for bird weight, after which no difference was observed.

Evaluation of meat and egg traits of Beijing-you chickens rotationally grazing on chicory pasture in a chestnut forest

Barn and cage-fed chickens have presented several problems, such as high rates of infectious disease and consequent antibiotic abuse, poorer chicken health and welfare, and often poorer meat and egg quality compared with free-range chickens. The poultry agroforestry system is becoming increasingly popular in many poultry farms nowadays. In this study, to evaluate the contribution of poultry agroforestry system to enhance some meat and egg traits of Beijing-you chickens, some indexes of meat and egg qualities, some indexes of slaughter traits, and the feed conversion efficiency were investigated in rotational grazing Beijing-you chickens on chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) pasture (CGRG group) and only free-ranging chickens on bare land without forage (control group) in chestnut forest. Results showed that the live body weight, the dressing weight, the thigh muscle weight, and the breast muscle weight were increased (p < 0.05) based on the decrease of 15% feed concentration in the CGRG group relative to the control. Furthermore, compared with the control, the crude ash, the essential amino acid content, and the inosinic acid content were increased (p < 0.05), and the crude fat contents were decreased (p < 0.05) in the thigh and breast muscles, while the yolk cholesterol and the feed conversion ratio were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the CGRG group. This study would provide a scientific basis and technological support for the large-scale demonstration and application of rotational grazing chickens on the artificial pasture in forest.