Assessment of zinc solubilization potential of zinc-resistant Pseudomonas oleovorans strain ZSB13 isolated from contaminated soil / Avaliação do potencial de solubilização do zinco da cepa ZSB13 de Pseudomonas oleovorans resistente ao zinco isolada de solo contaminado

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is required for optimum plant growth. It is present in soil in insoluble forms. Bacterial solubilization of soil unavailable form of Zn into available form, is an emerging approach to alleviate the Zn deficiency for plants and human beings. Zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) could be a substitute for chemical Zn fertilizer. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial species from the contaminated soil and evaluate their Zn solubilizing potential. Zn resistant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Zn. Among the 13 isolated bacterial strains ZSB13 showed maximum MIC value upto 30mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Zn was selected for further analysis. Molecular characterization of ZSB13 was performed by 16S rRNA gene amplification which confirmed it as Pseudomonas oleovorans. Zn solubilization was determined through plate assay and broth medium. Four insoluble salts (zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc sulphite (ZnS) and zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) were used for solubilization assay. Our results shows 11 mm clear halo zone on agar plates amended with ZnO. Likewise, ZSB13 showed significant release of Zn in broth amended with ZnCO3 (17 and 16.8 ppm) and ZnO (18.2 ppm). Furthermore, Zn resistance genes czcD was also enriched in ZSB13. In our study, bacterial strain comprising Zn solubilization potential has been isolated that could be further used for the growth enhancement of crops.

O zinco é um micronutriente essencial necessário para o crescimento ideal das plantas. Ele está presente no solo em formas insolúveis. A solubilização bacteriana da forma indisponível de Zn no solo para a forma disponível é uma abordagem emergente para aliviar a deficiência de Zn em plantas e seres humanos. Bactérias solubilizadoras de zinco (ZSB) podem ser um substituto para fertilizantes químicos de Zn. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar espécies bacterianas de solo contaminado e avaliar seu potencial de solubilização de Zn. Bactérias resistentes ao Zn foram isoladas e avaliadas quanto ao seu MIC contra o Zn. Entre as 13 cepas bacterianas isoladas, ZSB13 apresentou valor máximo de MIC de até 30 mM/L. A cepa bacteriana com maior resistência ao Zn foi selecionada para análise posterior. A caracterização molecular de ZSB13 foi realizada por amplificação do gene 16S rRNA que o confirmou como Pseudomonas oleovorans. A solubilização do Zn foi determinada através de ensaio em placa e meio caldo. Quatro sais insolúveis (óxido de zinco (ZnO), carbonato de zinco (ZnCO3), sulfito de zinco (ZnS) e fosfato de zinco (Zn3 (PO4) 2) foram usados para o ensaio de solubilização. Nossos resultados mostram uma zona de halo clara de 11 mm em placas de ágar corrigidas com ZnO. Da mesma forma, ZSB13 mostrou liberação significativa de Zn em caldo alterado com ZnCO3 (17 e 16,8 ppm) e ZnO (18,2 ppm). Além disso, os genes de resistência ao Zn czcD também foram enriquecidos em ZSB13. Em nosso estudo, a cepa bacteriana compreendendo potencial de solubilização de Zn foi isolada e poderia ser usada posteriormente para o aumento do crescimento de safras.

Assessment of zinc solubilization potential of zinc-resistant Pseudomonas oleovorans strain ZSB13 isolated from contaminated soil / Avaliação do potencial de solubilização do zinco da cepa ZSB13 de Pseudomonas oleovorans resistente ao zinco isolada de solo contaminado

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is required for optimum plant growth. It is present in soil in insoluble forms. Bacterial solubilization of soil unavailable form of Zn into available form, is an emerging approach to alleviate the Zn deficiency for plants and human beings. Zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) could be a substitute for chemical Zn fertilizer. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial species from the contaminated soil and evaluate their Zn solubilizing potential. Zn resistant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Zn. Among the 13 isolated bacterial strains ZSB13 showed maximum MIC value upto 30mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Zn was selected for further analysis. Molecular characterization of ZSB13 was performed by 16S rRNA gene amplification which confirmed it as Pseudomonas oleovorans. Zn solubilization was determined through plate assay and broth medium. Four insoluble salts (zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc sulphite (ZnS) and zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) were used for solubilization assay. Our results shows 11 mm clear halo zone on agar plates amended with ZnO. Likewise, ZSB13 showed significant release of Zn in broth amended with ZnCO3 (17 and 16.8 ppm) and ZnO (18.2 ppm). Furthermore, Zn resistance genes czcD was also enriched in ZSB13. In our study, bacterial strain comprising Zn solubilization potential has been isolated that could be further used for the growth enhancement of crops.(AU)

O zinco é um micronutriente essencial necessário para o crescimento ideal das plantas. Ele está presente no solo em formas insolúveis. A solubilização bacteriana da forma indisponível de Zn no solo para a forma disponível é uma abordagem emergente para aliviar a deficiência de Zn em plantas e seres humanos. Bactérias solubilizadoras de zinco (ZSB) podem ser um substituto para fertilizantes químicos de Zn. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar espécies bacterianas de solo contaminado e avaliar seu potencial de solubilização de Zn. Bactérias resistentes ao Zn foram isoladas e avaliadas quanto ao seu MIC contra o Zn. Entre as 13 cepas bacterianas isoladas, ZSB13 apresentou valor máximo de MIC de até 30 mM/L. A cepa bacteriana com maior resistência ao Zn foi selecionada para análise posterior. A caracterização molecular de ZSB13 foi realizada por amplificação do gene 16S rRNA que o confirmou como Pseudomonas oleovorans. A solubilização do Zn foi determinada através de ensaio em placa e meio caldo. Quatro sais insolúveis (óxido de zinco (ZnO), carbonato de zinco (ZnCO3), sulfito de zinco (ZnS) e fosfato de zinco (Zn3 (PO4) 2) foram usados para o ensaio de solubilização. Nossos resultados mostram uma zona de halo clara de 11 mm em placas de ágar corrigidas com ZnO. Da mesma forma, ZSB13 mostrou liberação significativa de Zn em caldo alterado com ZnCO3 (17 e 16,8 ppm) e ZnO (18,2 ppm). Além disso, os genes de resistência ao Zn czcD também foram enriquecidos em ZSB13. Em nosso estudo, a cepa bacteriana compreendendo potencial de solubilização de Zn foi isolada e poderia ser usada posteriormente para o aumento do crescimento de safras.(AU)

Assessment of zinc solubilization potential of zinc-resistant Pseudomonas oleovorans strain ZSB13 isolated from contaminated soil

Abstract Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is required for optimum plant growth. It is present in soil in insoluble forms. Bacterial solubilization of soil unavailable form of Zn into available form, is an emerging approach to alleviate the Zn deficiency for plants and human beings. Zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) could be a substitute for chemical Zn fertilizer. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial species from the contaminated soil and evaluate their Zn solubilizing potential. Zn resistant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Zn. Among the 13 isolated bacterial strains ZSB13 showed maximum MIC value upto 30mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Zn was selected for further analysis. Molecular characterization of ZSB13 was performed by 16S rRNA gene amplification which confirmed it as Pseudomonas oleovorans. Zn solubilization was determined through plate assay and broth medium. Four insoluble salts (zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc sulphite (ZnS) and zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) were used for solubilization assay. Our results shows 11 mm clear halo zone on agar plates amended with ZnO. Likewise, ZSB13 showed significant release of Zn in broth amended with ZnCO3 (17 and 16.8 ppm) and ZnO (18.2 ppm). Furthermore, Zn resistance genes czcD was also enriched in ZSB13. In our study, bacterial strain comprising Zn solubilization potential has been isolated that could be further used for the growth enhancement of crops.

Resumo O zinco é um micronutriente essencial necessário para o crescimento ideal das plantas. Ele está presente no solo em formas insolúveis. A solubilização bacteriana da forma indisponível de Zn no solo para a forma disponível é uma abordagem emergente para aliviar a deficiência de Zn em plantas e seres humanos. Bactérias solubilizadoras de zinco (ZSB) podem ser um substituto para fertilizantes químicos de Zn. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar espécies bacterianas de solo contaminado e avaliar seu potencial de solubilização de Zn. Bactérias resistentes ao Zn foram isoladas e avaliadas quanto ao seu MIC contra o Zn. Entre as 13 cepas bacterianas isoladas, ZSB13 apresentou valor máximo de MIC de até 30 mM/L. A cepa bacteriana com maior resistência ao Zn foi selecionada para análise posterior. A caracterização molecular de ZSB13 foi realizada por amplificação do gene 16S rRNA que o confirmou como Pseudomonas oleovorans. A solubilização do Zn foi determinada através de ensaio em placa e meio caldo. Quatro sais insolúveis (óxido de zinco (ZnO), carbonato de zinco (ZnCO3), sulfito de zinco (ZnS) e fosfato de zinco (Zn3 (PO4) 2) foram usados para o ensaio de solubilização. Nossos resultados mostram uma zona de halo clara de 11 mm em placas de ágar corrigidas com ZnO. Da mesma forma, ZSB13 mostrou liberação significativa de Zn em caldo alterado com ZnCO3 (17 e 16,8 ppm) e ZnO (18,2 ppm). Além disso, os genes de resistência ao Zn czcD também foram enriquecidos em ZSB13. Em nosso estudo, a cepa bacteriana compreendendo potencial de solubilização de Zn foi isolada e poderia ser usada posteriormente para o aumento do crescimento de safras.

Assessment of zinc solubilization potential of zinc-resistant Pseudomonas oleovorans strain ZSB13 isolated from contaminated soil / Avaliação do potencial de solubilização do zinco da cepa ZSB13 de Pseudomonas oleovorans resistente ao zinco isolada de solo contaminado

Abstract Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is required for optimum plant growth. It is present in soil in insoluble forms. Bacterial solubilization of soil unavailable form of Zn into available form, is an emerging approach to alleviate the Zn deficiency for plants and human beings. Zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) could be a substitute for chemical Zn fertilizer. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial species from the contaminated soil and evaluate their Zn solubilizing potential. Zn resistant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Zn. Among the 13 isolated bacterial strains ZSB13 showed maximum MIC value upto 30mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Zn was selected for further analysis. Molecular characterization of ZSB13 was performed by 16S rRNA gene amplification which confirmed it as Pseudomonas oleovorans. Zn solubilization was determined through plate assay and broth medium. Four insoluble salts (zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc sulphite (ZnS) and zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) were used for solubilization assay. Our results shows 11 mm clear halo zone on agar plates amended with ZnO. Likewise, ZSB13 showed significant release of Zn in broth amended with ZnCO3 (17 and 16.8 ppm) and ZnO (18.2 ppm). Furthermore, Zn resistance genes czcD was also enriched in ZSB13. In our study, bacterial strain comprising Zn solubilization potential has been isolated that could be further used for the growth enhancement of crops.

Resumo O zinco é um micronutriente essencial necessário para o crescimento ideal das plantas. Ele está presente no solo em formas insolúveis. A solubilização bacteriana da forma indisponível de Zn no solo para a forma disponível é uma abordagem emergente para aliviar a deficiência de Zn em plantas e seres humanos. Bactérias solubilizadoras de zinco (ZSB) podem ser um substituto para fertilizantes químicos de Zn. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar espécies bacterianas de solo contaminado e avaliar seu potencial de solubilização de Zn. Bactérias resistentes ao Zn foram isoladas e avaliadas quanto ao seu MIC contra o Zn. Entre as 13 cepas bacterianas isoladas, ZSB13 apresentou valor máximo de MIC de até 30 mM/L. A cepa bacteriana com maior resistência ao Zn foi selecionada para análise posterior. A caracterização molecular de ZSB13 foi realizada por amplificação do gene 16S rRNA que o confirmou como Pseudomonas oleovorans. A solubilização do Zn foi determinada através de ensaio em placa e meio caldo. Quatro sais insolúveis (óxido de zinco (ZnO), carbonato de zinco (ZnCO3), sulfito de zinco (ZnS) e fosfato de zinco (Zn3 (PO4) 2) foram usados ​​para o ensaio de solubilização. Nossos resultados mostram uma zona de halo clara de 11 mm em placas de ágar corrigidas com ZnO. Da mesma forma, ZSB13 mostrou liberação significativa de Zn em caldo alterado com ZnCO3 (17 e 16,8 ppm) e ZnO (18,2 ppm). Além disso, os genes de resistência ao Zn czcD também foram enriquecidos em ZSB13. Em nosso estudo, a cepa bacteriana compreendendo potencial de solubilização de Zn foi isolada e poderia ser usada posteriormente para o aumento do crescimento de safras.

Foliar application of graphene oxide, Fe, and Zn on Artemisia dracunculus L under salinity

Salinity is an abiotic stressor that greatly influences crop growth and yield. Scientists are always exploring diverse methods to combat salinity depression. Here, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to study the effects of NaCl salinity (0, 50, and 100 mM) under the foliar spray with zinc-oxide, nano zinc-oxide, iron-chelate, magnetized-Fe, and graphene-oxide on tarragon. The results revealed that the treatment with foliar spray of graphene showed the highest K+/Na+. Salinity of 50 and 100 mM × all foliar applications increased superoxide dismutase activity, whereas 100 mM NaCl raised the malondialdehyde content to its highest level. All salinity levels × Zn foliar spray improved the catalase activity. The foliar spray and salinity experiment exposed to Zn-treated plants attained the highest contents of essential oils. Proline and total phenolics showed the greatest amounts with 50 and 100 mM of NaCl, respectively. The GC/MS analysis revealed 38 compounds in the oil of Artemisia dracunculus L. as estragole (81-91.8 %) was the most dominant constituent. The highest amounts of estragole were found at 50 and 100 mM NaCl foliar sprayed with ZnO. Cis-Ocimene (0.1-6.4 %) was another major constituent with a high variation between the treatments. The highest cis-ocimene content was recorded at 100 mM NaCl × foliar Fe-chelated and in the graphene treatment. Overall, salinity adversely affected the physiological responses of tarragon; however, foliar spray with both forms of Fe and Zn partially ameliorated the adverse salinity effects.

Assessments of some trace metals in water samples of nursery pond of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Avaliações de alguns vestígios de metais em amostras de água de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844) em Bannu Fish Hatchery de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract The present investigation was aimed to examine the concentrations of trace metals including e.g copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in water samples collected from nursery pond of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Bannu Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period from April 2018 to January 2019. The temperature and pH of each water sample were measured for the whole study duration. The concentration of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in collected water samples were measured in mg/liter by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The blank and standard solutions for device calibration Standard solutions i.e., 2.0 mg, 4.0 mg, and 6.0 were used to measure the concentration of these metals in water samples to verify the measurements. The data was statistically analyzed on descriptive statistics (estimation of proportions and standard deviation) used to summarize mean concentration. The results obtained of both temperature and pH of water samples were found in ranged 10 to 36 0C and 7.0 to 8.44; whereas the size of fry stages was ranged from 4.0 to 56.0 mm in total length. The results of investigated metals found in pond water samples are in order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu, respectively. As optimum temperature and pH for grass carp were mostly between 15 0C and 30 0C and pH 6.5 to 8.0. It was concluded from obtained results that temperature, pH, and trace metals were found appropriate for the growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella from fry to fingerling stages, but the highest amount of zinc can cause its mortality. It is a preliminary study on grass carp culturing in Bannu fish hatchery so, it would provide useful information for model fish seed production unit in a hatchery.

Resumo A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar as concentrações de metais traço, incluindo cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) em amostras de água coletadas de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em Incubatório de Bannu de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa durante o período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. A temperatura e o pH de cada amostra de água foram medidos durante todo o período do estudo. A concentração de cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) nas amostras de água coletadas foi medida em mg / litro usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As soluções em branco e padrão para as soluções padrão de calibração do dispositivo, ou seja, 2,0 mg, 4,0 mg e 6,0, foram usadas para medir a concentração desses metais em amostras de água para verificar as medições. Os dados foram analisados ​​estatisticamente em estatística descritiva (estimativa de proporções e desvio padrão) usada para resumir a concentração média. Os resultados obtidos tanto de temperatura quanto de pH das amostras de água variaram de 10 a 36 0C e 7,0 a 8,44, enquanto o tamanho dos estágios de alevinos variou de 4,0 a 56,0 mm no comprimento total. Os resultados dos metais investigados encontrados em amostras de água de lagoas são da ordem de Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu, respectivamente. A temperatura e o pH ótimos para a carpa-capim foram principalmente entre 15 0C e 30 0C e pH 6,5 a 8,0. Concluiu-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que temperatura, pH e traços de metais foram considerados adequados para o crescimento de Ctenopharyngodon idella desde os estágios de alevinos até alevinos, mas a maior quantidade de zinco pode causar sua mortalidade. É um estudo preliminar sobre a cultura da carpa-capim em incubatório de peixes Bannu, portanto forneceria informações úteis para modelo de unidade de produção de sementes de peixes em um incubatório.

Exposure to Pfaffia glomerata causes oxidative stress and triggers hepatic changes / Exposição a Pfaffia glomerata causa estresse oxidativo e desencadeia alterações hepáticas

Medicinal plant species are genetically engineered to obtain higher production of biomass and specific secondary metabolites, which can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen tetraploid hydroalcoholic extract on the liver of adult Swiss mice. The extract was prepared from the plant roots and given to the animals by gavage, for 42 days. The experimental groups were treated with water (control), Pfaffia glomerata tetraploid hydroalcoholic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and Pfaffia glomerata tetraploid hydroalcoholic extract discontinuously (200 mg/kg). The last group received the extract every 3 days, for 42 days. The oxidative status, mineral dynamics, and cell viability were analysed. The liver weight and the number of viable hepatocytes were reduced, despite the increased cell's number. Increased levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and changes in iron, copper, zinc, potassium, manganese and sodium levels were observed. aspartate aminotransferase levels were increased while alanine aminotransferase levels were decreased due to BGEt intake. Our results showed that BGEt induced alterations of oxidative stress biomarkers leading to liver injury, which was associated with a reduction in the number of hepatocytes.

Espécies de plantas medicinais são geneticamente modificadas para obter maior produção de biomassa e metabólitos secundários específicos, que podem ser utilizados na indústria farmacêutica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato hidroalcoólico tetraploide de Pfaffia glomerata no fígado de camundongos suíços adultos. O extrato foi preparado a partir das raízes das plantas e administrado aos animais por gavagem, por 42 dias. Os grupos experimentais foram tratados com água (controle), extrato hidroalcoólico de Pfaffia glomerata tetraploide (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg) e extrato hidroalcoólico de Pfaffia glomerata tetraploide de forma descontinua (200 mg/kg). O último grupo recebeu o extrato a cada 3 dias, durante 42 dias. O estado oxidativo, a dinâmica mineral e a viabilidade celular foram analisados. O peso do fígado e o número de hepatócitos foram reduzidos, apesar do aumento do número de células. Observou-se aumento dos níveis de malondialdeído e óxido nítrico e alterações nos níveis de Ferro, Cobre, Zinco, potássio, Magnésio e sódio. Os níveis de aspartato aminotransferase aumentaram, enquanto os níveis de alanina aminotransferase diminuíram devido à ingestão do extrato. Nossos resultados mostraram que BGEt induziu alterações de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo levando a lesão hepática, que foi associada a uma redução no número de hepatócitos.

Bio-efficacy of iron and zinc fortified wheat flour along with bio-assessment of its hepatic and renal toxic potential / Bioeficácia da farinha de trigo fortificada com ferro e zinco e bioavaliação do seu potencial tóxico hepático e renal

Study was planned to assess the bio-efficiency along with toxicity of iron and zinc fortified whole wheat flour in Sprague dawley albino rats. Whole wheat flour was fortified with different dosage of sodium iron EDTA (NaFeEDTA), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4). The rats (n=3) in each group were fed on fortified wheat flour for 2 months. Liver biomarkers including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin were recorded from serum samples. Increased concentration of ZnSO4 affected the liver biomarkers to be highest among all whereas, bilirubin levels were less than the rats fed on control diet. The above mentioned fortificants have negligible effect on renal biomarkers including creatinine and urea. Moreover, hematological parameters were also checked and reportedly, sodium iron EDTA fed rats presented highest amount of hemoglobin, iron and total iron binding capacity. Highest zinc level was observed in rats fed on whole wheat flour fortified with 60mg/Kg Zinc oxide. Microscopic observation of liver tissue depicted that rats fed on iron and zinc fortified wheat flour have more toxic effects whereas, histopathology presentation of kidney tissue has least toxic impact. It has been concluded that mandatory fortification of wheat flour with iron and zinc may cause increased serum biomarkers along with toxicity of vital organs like liver, hence fraction of wheat flour may be fortified to fulfill the requirements of deprived and vulnerable group.

O estudo foi planejado para avaliar a bioeficiência juntamente com a toxicidade da farinha de trigo integral fortificada com ferro e zinco em ratos albinos Sprague dawley. A farinha de trigo integral foi fortificada com diferentes dosagens de ferro sódico EDTA (NaFeEDTA), sulfato ferroso (FeSO4), óxido de zinco (ZnO) e sulfato de zinco (ZnSO4). Os ratos (n = 3) de cada grupo foram alimentados com farinha de trigo fortificada por 2 meses. Biomarcadores hepáticos incluindo fosfatase alcalina (ALP), alanina transaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e bilirrubina foram registrados a partir de amostras de soro. O aumento da concentração de ZnSO4 afetou os biomarcadores hepáticos como sendo os mais altos entre todos, enquanto os níveis de bilirrubina foram menores do que os ratos alimentados com dieta controle. Os fortificantes mencionados acima têm efeito insignificante nos biomarcadores renais, incluindo creatinina e ureia. Além disso, os parâmetros hematológicos também foram verificados e, segundo relatos, os ratos alimentados com EDTA de sódio e ferro apresentaram maior quantidade de hemoglobina, ferro e capacidade total de ligação de ferro. O maior nível de zinco foi observado em ratos alimentados com farinha de trigo integral fortificada com 60 mg/Kg de óxido de zinco. A observação microscópica do tecido hepático mostrou que ratos alimentados com farinha de trigo fortificada com ferro e zinco têm mais efeitos tóxicos, enquanto a apresentação histopatológica do tecido renal tem menos impacto tóxico. Concluiu-se que a fortificação obrigatória da farinha de trigo com ferro e zinco pode causar aumento dos biomarcadores séricos juntamente com toxicidade de órgãos vitais como o fígado, portanto a fração da farinha de trigo pode ser fortificada para atender os requisitos do grupo carente e vulnerável.

Nanocomposite of Ag-Doped ZnO and Ag2O nanocrystals in control of Salmonella Heidelberg biofilms formed in commercial egg / Nanocompostos de Ag-Doped ZnO e nanocristais de Ag2O no controle da formação de biofilmes de Salmonella Heidelberg em ovos comerciais

Salmonella spp. is an important causal agent of salmonellosis in humans. Controlling Salmonella spp. in eggs is important as the bacterium passes through the shell to an embryo and remains in the terrain. Disinfection is usually performed by using several sanitizers. However, novel, more efficient ways of controlling this agent have been studied with advances in nanotechnology, including nanoparticles. Preliminary studies of nanoparticles have shown they are successful in controlling such microorganisms. Standardizing the ideal concentration of this nanocomposite is fundamental for optimum efficiency in the control of Salmonella spp. In this study, eggs from commercial laying chickens were purchased from local trade and treated in laboratory with silver and zinc nanoparticles in different concentrations. Biofilm was formed 24 hours after that; then, the eggs were washed for the removal of free bacteria. Conventional microbiology was performed to isolate Salmonella spp., and PCR was performed to identify colonies. The effectiveness of using nanocomposite of silver oxide with silver-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ag-AgO) was evaluated in different concentrations to prevent the formation of eggshell biofilms.

As Salmonellas spp. são importantes agentes causadores de salmonelose em humanos. O controle da Salmonella spp. é importante, pois a bactéria ultrapassa a barreira da casca atingindo o embrião e infecta lotes de aves que podem levar a infecção ao ser humano. A desinfecção costuma ser feita por vários sanitizantes; porém, com os avanços da nanotecnologia, formas novas e mais eficientes de controle desse agente estão sendo estudadas, como as nanopartículas. Estudos preliminares dessas nanopartículas têm mostrado o sucesso de seu uso no controle de microrganismos. A padronização da concentração ideal de uso desse nanocomposto é fundamental para a máxima eficiência no controle de Salmonella spp. Ovos vermelhos oriundos de postura comercial foram comprados no comércio local e tratados em laboratório com as nanopartículas em diferentes concentrações; após 24 horas, formaram o biolfilme. Os ovos foram lavados para a retirada das bactérias livres. Realizaram-se exame microbiológico convencional, para isolamento de Salmonella spp., e PCR, para identificação das colônias. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a eficácia da utilização de nanocompostos de óxido de prata com óxido de zinco dopado com óxido de prata (ZnO: Ag-Ago) em diferentes concentrações na prevenção da formação de biofilmes na casca dos ovos.

Nanocomposite of Ag-Doped ZnO and Ag2O nanocrystals in control of Salmonella Heidelberg biofilms formed in commercial egg / Nanocompostos de Ag-Doped ZnO e nanocristais de Ag2O no controle da formação de biofilmes de Salmonella Heidelberg em ovos comerciais

Salmonella spp. is an important causal agent of salmonellosis in humans. Controlling Salmonella spp. in eggs is important as the bacterium passes through the shell to an embryo and remains in the terrain. Disinfection is usually performed by using several sanitizers. However, novel, more efficient ways of controlling this agent have been studied with advances in nanotechnology, including nanoparticles. Preliminary studies of nanoparticles have shown they are successful in controlling such microorganisms. Standardizing the ideal concentration of this nanocomposite is fundamental for optimum efficiency in the control of Salmonella spp. In this study, eggs from commercial laying chickens were purchased from local trade and treated in laboratory with silver and zinc nanoparticles in different concentrations. Biofilm was formed 24 hours after that; then, the eggs were washed for the removal of free bacteria. Conventional microbiology was performed to isolate Salmonella spp., and PCR was performed to identify colonies. The effectiveness of using nanocomposite of silver oxide with silver-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ag-AgO) was evaluated in different concentrations to prevent the formation of eggshell biofilms.(AU)

As Salmonellas spp. são importantes agentes causadores de salmonelose em humanos. O controle da Salmonella spp. é importante, pois a bactéria ultrapassa a barreira da casca atingindo o embrião e infecta lotes de aves que podem levar a infecção ao ser humano. A desinfecção costuma ser feita por vários sanitizantes; porém, com os avanços da nanotecnologia, formas novas e mais eficientes de controle desse agente estão sendo estudadas, como as nanopartículas. Estudos preliminares dessas nanopartículas têm mostrado o sucesso de seu uso no controle de microrganismos. A padronização da concentração ideal de uso desse nanocomposto é fundamental para a máxima eficiência no controle de Salmonella spp. Ovos vermelhos oriundos de postura comercial foram comprados no comércio local e tratados em laboratório com as nanopartículas em diferentes concentrações; após 24 horas, formaram o biolfilme. Os ovos foram lavados para a retirada das bactérias livres. Realizaram-se exame microbiológico convencional, para isolamento de Salmonella spp., e PCR, para identificação das colônias. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a eficácia da utilização de nanocompostos de óxido de prata com óxido de zinco dopado com óxido de prata (ZnO: Ag-Ago) em diferentes concentrações na prevenção da formação de biofilmes na casca dos ovos.(AU)

Nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide supplementation in syrup on laying area, population size and hsp gene expression of honey bees in hot climate

This study was designed to examine the protective effects of nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide on queen and workers performance under heat stress condition and gene expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) as an index of heat tolerance. Sixty colonies were randomly assigned to five treatments with 12 replicates from June until early September. Sugar syrup (50%) containing no supplement or nano-selenium at levels of 50 and 100 µg L-1 or nano-zinc at levels of 100 and 200 µg L-1 was fed to colonies. Nano-selenium supplementations had no effect, but nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1 significantly decreased body malondialdehyde concentration. The highest bee population was seen in nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1 and the lowest one in control group. The lowest and the highest body weight, fat and protein deposition was found in group received nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1 and control, respectively. The highest gene expression was for group received nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1 In group received nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1, an increase in hsp70 gene expression was found. In conclusion, nano-zinc oxide at level of 100 µg L-1 could increase queen and worker performance and heat resistance of bees in the hot climate condition.(AU)

Nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide supplementation in syrup on laying area, population size and hsp gene expression of honey bees in hot climate

This study was designed to examine the protective effects of nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide on queen and workers performance under heat stress condition and gene expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) as an index of heat tolerance. Sixty colonies were randomly assigned to five treatments with 12 replicates from June until early September. Sugar syrup (50%) containing no supplement or nano-selenium at levels of 50 and 100 µg L-1 or nano-zinc at levels of 100 and 200 µg L-1 was fed to colonies. Nano-selenium supplementations had no effect, but nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1 significantly decreased body malondialdehyde concentration. The highest bee population was seen in nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1 and the lowest one in control group. The lowest and the highest body weight, fat and protein deposition was found in group received nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1 and control, respectively. The highest gene expression was for group received nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1 In group received nano-zinc at level of 100 µg L-1, an increase in hsp70 gene expression was found. In conclusion, nano-zinc oxide at level of 100 µg L-1 could increase queen and worker performance and heat resistance of bees in the hot climate condition.

Efficiency of foliar application of sparingly soluble sources of boron and zinc in citrus

This study evaluated leaf supply of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) using either soluble or sparingly soluble fertilizers in young sweet orange trees. Three experiments were set up in a greenhouse to compare two sources and four doses (control, low, adequate and high) of fertilizers as follows: (i) Experiment I (B): boric acid and calcium borate; (ii) Experiment II (Zn): Zn sulfate and Zn oxide; and (iii) Experiment III (B + Zn): boric acid + Zn Sulfate and Zn Borate. The sparingly soluble sources were effective in increasing the Zn and B leaf concentration. Dry matter of the aerial part increased 18 % with B applications in adequate concentration independent of the B fertilizer sources. In contrast, trees did not grow well with applications of adequate concentration of Zn as Zn Sulfate or high Zn concentration as Zn borate. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves increased with applications of low concentration of Zn as Zn oxide and decreased with high concentration of Zn from either source. Polyphenol oxidase activity increased with application of adequate concentration of B as boric acid and high concentration of B as calcium borate. Furthermore, the upper concentrations of Zn were toxic in orange trees when the source was Zn sulfate. Increases in plant growth without damage to leaf tissue and positive responses of key enzymes of orange trees in a range of nutrient concentration applications demonstrated the practical use of sparingly soluble fertilizers to supplying B and Zn foliarily to plants.

Efficiency of foliar application of sparingly soluble sources of boron and zinc in citrus

This study evaluated leaf supply of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) using either soluble or sparingly soluble fertilizers in young sweet orange trees. Three experiments were set up in a greenhouse to compare two sources and four doses (control, low, adequate and high) of fertilizers as follows: (i) Experiment I (B): boric acid and calcium borate; (ii) Experiment II (Zn): Zn sulfate and Zn oxide; and (iii) Experiment III (B + Zn): boric acid + Zn Sulfate and Zn Borate. The sparingly soluble sources were effective in increasing the Zn and B leaf concentration. Dry matter of the aerial part increased 18 % with B applications in adequate concentration independent of the B fertilizer sources. In contrast, trees did not grow well with applications of adequate concentration of Zn as Zn Sulfate or high Zn concentration as Zn borate. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves increased with applications of low concentration of Zn as Zn oxide and decreased with high concentration of Zn from either source. Polyphenol oxidase activity increased with application of adequate concentration of B as boric acid and high concentration of B as calcium borate. Furthermore, the upper concentrations of Zn were toxic in orange trees when the source was Zn sulfate. Increases in plant growth without damage to leaf tissue and positive responses of key enzymes of orange trees in a range of nutrient concentration applications demonstrated the practical use of sparingly soluble fertilizers to supplying B and Zn foliarily to plants.(AU)

Mortality of leaf-cutting ants with salicylic acid / Mortalidade de formigas-cortadeiras com ácido salicílico

Strategies for the control of leaf-cutting ants have mainly involved granular baits based on fipronil and sulfluramid as active ingredients, which are commonly coated with attractive citrus-based substances. Their constant use and the lack of alternatives in the market may favor the perception of these substances by ants, causing rejection for foraging and consequent difficulty in their control. In this respect, this study examined the mortality of leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex subjected to direct application with dry powders, in laboratory conditions. As a preliminary treatment, a commercial antiseptic talc powder (C. A. P. T.) was used, followed by isolated treatments that corresponded to its components with potential insecticidal action, namely, salicylic acid, sulfur, boric acid, zinc oxide, in addition to an inert talc powder (Quimidrol®) as the control. For each treatment, 40 (worker) ants, whose activity was reduced due to remaining in a refrigerator prior to the treatment, were placed in transparent crystal polystyrene ('Gerbox' type) and were sprinkled with a salt shaker. The ants were kept at 25 ± 2 °C, under a 12-h photophase, and cumulative mortality was recorded every 24 h, considering dead ants as those that were unable to maintain the natural position of their body, i.e., even dying ants were considered dead when they exhibited no reaction when touched by a paintbrush. When sprinkled on ants, C. A. P. T. causes 40% mortality in both species 24 h after application. Subsequent studies of the components of this commercial product have found that when sprinkled on both Atta sexdens rubropilosa and Acromyrmex crassispinus, salicylic acid causes 100% mortality of workers in the first 24 h. This result provides a new prospect of control through a low environmental-impact product, representing an alternative for control in nests in the field that can contribute to the integrated control of ants.(AU)

As estratégias de controle de formigas-cortadeiras têm sido realizadas principalmente com iscas granuladas, à base dos princípios ativos fipronil e sulfluramida, que são comumente revestidas por substâncias atrativas cítricas. O uso constante das mesmas e a falta de alternativas no mercado podem favorecer a percepção de tais substâncias pelas formigas, causando rejeição para forrageamento e consequente dificuldade do seu controle. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a mortalidade de formigas-cortadeiras dos gêneros Atta e Acromyrmex, submetidas a aplicação direta com pós secos, em laboratório. Como tratamento preliminar, utilizou-se: um talco antisséptico comercial e, posteriormente seus componentes, com potencial ação inseticida, isoladamente, sendo: ácido salicílico, enxofre, ácido bórico, óxido de zinco, além de um talco inerte (Quimidrol®), como testemunha. Para cada tratamento foram utilizadas 40 formigas (operárias) acondicionadas em poliestireno cristal transparente (Tipo Gerbox), que foram polvilhadas com auxílio de um saleiro, estando com atividade reduzida, devido a permanência em geladeira, previamente ao tratamento. As formigas foram mantidas em 25 ± 2°C, fotofase de 12 horas e a mortalidade acumulada foi observada a cada 24 horas, considerando-se formigas mortas aquelas que não conseguiam manter a posição natural do corpo, ou seja, mesmo formigas moribundas foram consideradas mortas, quando não exibiam reação, ao serem tocadas por um pincel. O talco antisséptico comercial, quando polvilhado sobre as formigas, causa mortalidade de 40%, em ambas as espécies, 24 horas após as aplicações. Estudos subsequentes dos componentes do referido produto comercial detectaram que o ácido salicílico, quando polvilhado tanto para Atta sexdens rubropilosa quanto para Acromyrmex crassispinus, causa mortalidade de 100% das operárias nas primeiras 24 horas. Esse resultado abre uma nova perspectiva de controle, com produto de baixo impacto ambiental, sinalizando uma alternativa de controle em ninhos a campo, podendo contribuir para o controle integrado de formigas.(AU)

Antimicrobial photodinamic therapy combined with laser photobiomodulation in the treatment of skin wounds in a dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

Background: Laser photobiomodulation has been used in the treatment of various injuries and diseases. This promotes modulation of the inflammatory process, edema reduction and devitalized tissue regeneration. The advantages of Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy are its easy application and the absence of side effects. Other advantages are the cost of the therapy, minimal damage to animal tissue, the broad spectrum of action, and efficiency against strains resistant to antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to report the clinical and their resolution in a female dog with a traumatic, infected wound treated with laser phototherapy as an alternative therapy method. Case: A 3-year-old bitch Border Collie, weighing 18 kg, from the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil, waspresented for examination with a history of traumatic laceration of the left thoracic member. On the anamnesis, it was reported that the patient presented with laceration of the left thoracic member. The wound was cleaned and an antibiotic [30 mg/kg of 12/12 h] and anti-inflammatory [0.1 mg/kg every 24 h were prescribed, both for 5 days]. Twenty-four h after the surgical procedure, there was dehiscence of the sutures, with daily topical therapy based on zinc oxide for secondary intention healing. Upon physical examination, the wound was found to be contaminated with swollen and erythematous edges, an ulcerated area with devitalized tissue, serous exudate, and 8.8 cm2 of wounded area. Given the macroscopic characteristics of the lesion, phototherapy was associated with conventional therapy until complete healing of the wound, with three weekly applications at 48 h intervals. Initially, the wound was cleaned with saline solution at 0.9% and a single treatment with aPDT was scheduled due to the high degree of contamination. The dosimetry parameters of irradiation were calculated according to the wounded area with a diode laser of 0.1W of power, continuous emission, spot area of 0.028 cm2, and energy of 9 J per application point. A gauze imbibed with 1 mL of methylene blue aqueous solution (300 µM), which was the photosensitizer was applied to the lesion, with a pre-irradiation time of 5 min, after which it was irradiated with red laser (RL) (λ = 660nm) for 90 s per point, using the sweeping technique. The edge of the lesion was irradiated with infrared laser (IRL) (λ = 808 nm), total energy of 5 J, using the technique of specific points and 1 J of energy/point. After aPDT, low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) sessions were set up with RL and IRL, with energies of 0.5 J/point and 1 J/point, respectively. The wound was cleaned daily, protected with a bandage, and clinically evaluated until complete regression. Discussion: In the present case, methylene blue was used as a photosensitizer, but it is noteworthy that, apparently, each microorganism responds differently to photosensitizers. Thus, the therapy becomes specific for each application, for example: the type of photosensitizer, its concentration, pre-irradiation time, type of light used in photosensitization, wavelength, energy, power, mode delivery of light. Thus, for the best result, the specific protocol in each application should be used Low-intensity laser therapy is an easily executed technique with effective results. The use of PDT associated with photobiomodulation therapy enabled rapid healing of the cutaneous wound, in addition to an improvement in clinical signs and pain caused by the lesion. The technique proved to be an efficient alternative in the treatment of wounds, whether used in isolation or associated with conventional therapy.

Efeito da adição de nanopartículas de Óxido de Zinco ao diluente de congelação do sêmen ovino / Effect of adding zinc oxide nanoparticles to the freezing extender of ram semen

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding zinc oxide nanoparticles to the ram semen cryopreservation diluter. Semen pools (n=6), from three Santa Inês breeders, were diluted in Tris-yolk (5% glycerol), supplemented with zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 25, 75 and 150μg/mL) at a concentration of 200x10 6 sperm/mL. The samples were frozen in an automated system and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). At the timeof analysis, the semen samples were thawed (37 °C/30s) and evaluated for sperm kinetics, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the experimental groups in the parameters of kinetics, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity. As for the potential of mitochondrial membrane, all treated groups were significantly (p≤0.05) larger than the control. It was concluded that the zinc oxide nanoparticles increase the mitochondrial membrane potential of ram sperm submitted to the freezing/thawing process.

Efeito da adição de nanopartículas de Óxido de Zinco ao diluente de congelação do sêmen ovino / Effect of adding zinc oxide nanoparticles to the freezing extender of ram semen

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding zinc oxide nanoparticles to the ram semen cryopreservation diluter. Semen pools (n=6), from three Santa Inês breeders, were diluted in Tris-yolk (5% glycerol), supplemented with zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 25, 75 and 150μg/mL) at a concentration of 200x10 6 sperm/mL. The samples were frozen in an automated system and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). At the timeof analysis, the semen samples were thawed (37 °C/30s) and evaluated for sperm kinetics, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the experimental groups in the parameters of kinetics, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity. As for the potential of mitochondrial membrane, all treated groups were significantly (p≤0.05) larger than the control. It was concluded that the zinc oxide nanoparticles increase the mitochondrial membrane potential of ram sperm submitted to the freezing/thawing process.(AU)

Dietary fiber and zinc additives on performance and intestinal health of Escherichia coli challenged piglets

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide and a low level of encapsulated zinc oxide, with or without dietary fiber, on the performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets. A total of 112 piglets were used, divided into four treatment groups: basal diet with zinc oxide (ZnO); basal diet with zinc oxide and dietary fiber (ZnO+DF); basal diet with encapsulated low zinc oxide (LZnOE); and basal diet with LZnOE and DF (LZnOE+DF). Piglets were challenged with E . coli K88 + , weighed weekly and the fecal score was evaluated daily. One pig per pen was slaughtered to evaluate the production of volatile fatty acids, intestinal microbial populations, intestinal morphology, and digestibility. The encapsulated zinc resulted in lower body weight and average daily gain, but, when associated with dietary fiber, had similar results to zinc oxide. Until 49 days of age, zinc oxide reduced diarrhoea ( p 0.05). At 63 days of age the piglets subjected to LZnOE+DF treatment had lower diarrhoea than the pigs subjected to LZnOE treatment but higher than the ZnO and the ZnO+DF groups. Final weight and incidence of diarrhoea of pigs receiving LZnOE was worse than ZnO. LZnOE associated with DF provided the same final weight of piglets from the ZnO group.

Dietary fiber and zinc additives on performance and intestinal health of Escherichia coli challenged piglets

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide and a low level of encapsulated zinc oxide, with or without dietary fiber, on the performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets. A total of 112 piglets were used, divided into four treatment groups: basal diet with zinc oxide (ZnO); basal diet with zinc oxide and dietary fiber (ZnO+DF); basal diet with encapsulated low zinc oxide (LZnOE); and basal diet with LZnOE and DF (LZnOE+DF). Piglets were challenged with E . coli K88 + , weighed weekly and the fecal score was evaluated daily. One pig per pen was slaughtered to evaluate the production of volatile fatty acids, intestinal microbial populations, intestinal morphology, and digestibility. The encapsulated zinc resulted in lower body weight and average daily gain, but, when associated with dietary fiber, had similar results to zinc oxide. Until 49 days of age, zinc oxide reduced diarrhoea ( p 0.05). At 63 days of age the piglets subjected to LZnOE+DF treatment had lower diarrhoea than the pigs subjected to LZnOE treatment but higher than the ZnO and the ZnO+DF groups. Final weight and incidence of diarrhoea of pigs receiving LZnOE was worse than ZnO. LZnOE associated with DF provided the same final weight of piglets from the ZnO group.(AU)