Role of E-cadherin in Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Immunohistochemical Study.

AIM: The aim of present study was to assess the role of E-cadherin in oral carcinogenesis by comparing their expressions in normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: To elucidate the pattern of E-cadherin expression in oral carcinogenesis, 21 archival cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of OSCC, 21 OED, and 7 normal oral mucosa samples as control were used for the study. RESULTS: We observed reduction/loss of E-cadherin in membranous expression pattern and staining intensity with progression from dysplasia to oral cancer. CONCLUSION: A decrease in staining intensity and loss of E-cadherin membranous expression were noted from dysplasia to carcinoma, suggesting its role as a tumor suppressor gene. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: E-cadherin can be used as a biomarker to assess and evaluate the progression and prognosis of oral dysplastic lesions and OSCC.

Triad of Cheiloscopy, Dactyloscopy, and Blood Groups: Does it Signify Anything?

Background: The knowledge and importance of blood groups emerged from transfusion medicine and its relation with certain malignancies has been proven. Its importance in forensic medicine was brought to light when its association was found with the distribution of finger patterns. Thus, few studies exist proving the relationship between dactyloscopy and blood groups. Cheiloscopy on other hand is the study of the irregularities present on the lips forming a unique arrangement called the prints of the lip. Aim: Our paper aims at elucidating any unique combination if any that exists between prints on lips, prints of fingers, and blood grouping in a specific population, which might help in the identification of an individual. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 subjects of age varying from 15 to 40 years were included in the study. Subjects comprised of 50 males and 50 females. All the subjects were examined and their prints of lips along with prints of their fingers were taken. Blood groups were determined for each patient using the ABO system. Results: Type I was found to be the predominant pattern of lips and whorl arrangement was the most recorded type of fingerprint in males whereas Type II arrangement along with loop prints of fingers was most observed in the case of females. The most common blood group in males was B+ and in females was O+ . Correlation between three parameters was obtained by Pearson correlation statistical analysis. Conclusion: The prints of the lips and fingers of an individual have never been similar and they tend to remain the same from a person's birth until his death. An association between the three things of an individual that is prints of lips, fingers, and his blood group has been tried to be elucidated through the present research to aid in forensic identification.

To evaluate the role of lactate dehydrogenase as biomarker in the progression of potentially malignant disorders in smokers and gutkha chewers.

Aim: To evaluate the role of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a biomarker in the progression of potentially malignant disorders in smokers and gutkha chewers. Material and Methods: The total of 70 individuals having the habit of chewing gutkha and smoking were selected for the study and divided into four groups. Group 1: 20 individuals having the habit of smoking, Group 2: 20 individuals having the habit of chewing gutkha, Group 3: 20 individuals having the habit of smoking and gutkha chewing, and Group 4: 10 healthy individuals. Results: In the present study showed that unstimulated whole saliva from group 1, group 2, and group 3 individuals, there was a significant decrease in isoenzymes LDH-1 and LDH-2 and there was no effect on LDH-3 isoenzyme. In the present study, there is a significant increase in salivary isoenzyme LDH-4. The result indicated that there is an effect of carcinogen (tobacco)-enhanced activity on salivary LDH. The present study showed 70 volunteers reported a statistical significant correlation among the groups. The individuals with habit of smoking and gutkha chewing showed P value <.001 with a significant increase in the isoenzyme LDH-4. A significant increase in the buccal micronuclei of exfoliated cells in the oral mucosal cells of smokers and gutkha chewers. This shows a positive relationship between LDH isoenzymes and the individuals with the smoking and chewing of tobacco. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between the levels of salivary LDH isoenzymes and cytomorphometric analysis of oral epithelium in smokers and gutkha chewers.

MUC4 Expression in Oral Dysplastic Epithelium and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study.

Objective: MUCIN4 (MUC4) glycosylation is linked to the oncogenesis and progression of a neoplastic process. It can suggest information pertaining to tumor progression, management and its natural properties. Thus, MUC4 can play a pivotal role in prognostic diagnosis. This study aimed to analyze the MUC4 expression in oral cell squamous carcinoma and oral dysplastic epithelium. Materials and Methods: The research included 45 samples of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and 45 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In order to carry out the investigation, tissue blocks of previously diagnosed cases of OED and OSCC were retrieved from the relevant archives. Forty-five OED cases were categorized into three group's mild, moderate and severe dysplasia, with 15 cases in each respective category. Forty-five OSCC cases were categorized into three groups: well differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated OSCC with 15 cases in each respective category. Ten tissue biopsies of normal oral mucosa were obtained from subjects in the control group. The chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Result: There was an absence of MUC4 expression in normal mucosa, whereas the OED and OSCC groups had a significant amount of observable variance. Within the OED category of cases, a consistent progression from mild to severe dysplasia was seen in terms of the staining pattern. Cases with severe dysplasia displayed a staining pattern that covered the complete thickness of the tissue in the epithelium. Expression of MUC4 was shown to be lower in moderate differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC) as compared to well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC). It showed decreasing pattern across all grades of OSCC. In WDSCC, an intense highest staining response was noticed, particularly among the cells that are highly differentiated and take the form of a honeycomb pattern. Conclusion: Analysis of the expression profile of MUC4 and the aberrant expression of this gene in OSCC suggests that it may serve as a useful diagnostic marker. Therefore, it is possible to draw the conclusion that MUC4 plays a very significant part in the pathogenesis of OSCC and also acts as a marker that may be taken into consideration for the accurate diagnosis of OED and OSCC.

Comparative evaluation of podoplanin in odontogenic cysts and tumours to determine their proliferative potential-An immunohistochemical study.

Context: Odontogenic cysts and tumours are a wide array of complex pathological entities ranging from mild indolent to aggressive detrimental in nature, which occur as a result of anomalous alterations in normal odontogenesis. Hence, these odontogenic lesions need to be evaluated extensively by using potential immunohistochemical markers. Aim: To evaluate and compare the expression of podoplanin, a lymphoendothelial IHC marker in odontogenic cysts and odontogenic tumours to determine their proliferative potential. Settings and Design: All the study samples were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PIDS&RC, Hyderabad. The study samples were selected as per the standard histopathological diagnostic criteria and subjected for IHC analysis using podoplanin. Method and Materials: Seventy paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of OKC, OOC, dentigerous cyst (DC) and ameloblastoma (AM) include study sample, which were stained with podoplanin IHC marker and staining properties were evaluated. All the cases were categorized as high, moderate, weak or negatively reactive on the basis of the composite scoring. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 14, and then results were compared by ANOVA post hoc test and Kruskal Wallis Test. Results: In the comparison of composite scores of OKCs and AM, there was no significant statistical difference. Conclusion: The present study contributes to the significant association of podoplanin expression with cellular proliferation, cystic expansion and local invasiveness of odontogenic cysts and tumours through cytoskeletal reorganization and cell migration.

Evaluation of Hematological Profile in Oral Submucous Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to assess the hematological profile in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients. METHODS: The study's participants (100) were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of fifty areca nut chewers with complaints of burning sensations, blanching, and stiffness of the oral mucosa. Group II consisted of fifty healthy patients as controls. A hematological profile was estimated in all subjects. RESULTS: The control group had a mean hemoglobin (Hb) of 13.87±1.26 g/dL, while the OSMF group had a mean Hb of 11.03±2.16 g/dL (P=0.001). The mean serum iron level in the control group was 120.36±41.22 g/dL, while it was 44.97±13.45 g/dL in the OSMF group (P=0.001). The control group's mean serum vitamin B12 values were 424.77±110.95 g/dL, while the OSMF group's was 210.11±44.88 g/dL (P=0.001). In the research population, 47 patients had iron deficiency. The odds ratio (OR) was 28.11, which meant that the high prevalence of iron deficiency was predicted 28.11 times more often than in the control group. CONCLUSION: As part of a biochemical assessment, iron status is assessed as part of a prevention mechanism for people who are at high risk. Biochemical testing has been suggested as a potential tool for mass screening OSMF patients.

Salivary Candida albicans in asthmatic patients taking anti-asthmatic medication.

Anti-asthmatic medication makes the oral habitat susceptible to opportunistic infections like Candida, causing oral candidiasis. This study aimed to estimate salivary Candida Albicans in asthmatic patients taking anti-asthmatics medication. A prospective study was performed at the Oral Pathology and Microbiology Department of S.B. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Bidar, Karnataka, India, between June 2018 to November 2018. The research comprised a total of 100 individuals, 50 of whom were asthmatics, and 50 healthy controls who were age and sex-matched to the asthmatics. Saliva was collected for 5-10 minutes in a sterile container, and samples were transferred to the laboratory in cold chain conditions. Serial dilution was prepared for the saliva samples, and 50:1 standard dilution was inoculated on SAD (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) culture media by lawn culture method. Some part of the culture plate was inoculated with Candida organisms. 32 people had candida growth, and 18 individuals did not have any candidal development at all. 18 people were in the 400 CFU/ml group, and 32 individuals were in the 401 CFU/ml group, respectively. It was 0.000 in the 400 colony forming unit/milliliter group, and 27200 in the 401 CFU/ml group, with 0.00 being the median. There was a notable difference between study and control groups in terms of colony forming unit per milliliter (P=0.000). The growth of Candida in asthmatics patients is very high compared to healthy people. Anti-asthmatic medication makes the oral habitat prone to attack from opportunistic infections like oral candidiasis.

Investigation of Candidal Species among People Who Suffer from Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the candidal species among masses with oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective and observational study was conducted by the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, S. B. Patil Dental College, Bidar, Karnataka, India, from February 2018 to January 2019. The study composed of total of 150 individuals, of which 50 individuals did not had any visible manifestations, 50 were analyzed with potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) in particular oral leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and oral submucous fibrosis and last group of 50 individuals were suffering from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). First, the swab samples were elicited from culture technique after that incisional biopsy of the discernible investigated lesion was done for the purpose of justopathological verification. The swab samples were streak on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and HiCrome Candida Differential HiVeg agar/CHROMagar medium and incubation at 37°C for 24-48 h. Biopsy was done for all the samples. RESULTS: The proportion of candidates as men and women in control was 45 (90%) and 5 (10%), in PMD was 30 (60%) and 20 (40%), and in OSCC was 45 (90%) and 5 (10%), correspondingly. On evaluation on SDA medium in controls, PMD and OSCC groups, Candida was founded in 14 (28%), 20 (40%), and 42 (84%) and not founded in 36 (72%), 30 (60%), and 8 (16%) folks, subsequently. Intragroup contrast illustrated exceedingly necessary distinction with P = 0.000 between both controls versus OSCC and PMD in comparison to OSCC. Nevertheless, controls versus PMD manifested insignificant, P = 0.119. Investigation on CHROM AGAR media among controls, PMD and OSCC groups, Candida species was seen in 11 (22%), 19 (38%), and 40 (80%) and absent in 39 (78%), 31 (62%), and 10 (20%) individuals, respectively. On statistical inspection, the variations noted were enormous, (P = 0.000). On speciation of Candida in CHROM agar among the controls, PMD and OSCC groups, Candida albicans species was present in 9 (18%), 16 (32%), and 6 (12%), Candida krusei in 3 (6%), 6 (12%), and 13 (26%), Candida glabrata in 0, 0, and 8 (16%), and Candida tropicalis in 0, 0, and 3 (6%) cases, respectively. Nonetheless, only OSCC group reveal amalgamation of species such as C. glabrata and C. krusei was present in 2 (4%) case, C. tropicalis and C. krusei in was present 3 (6%) cases, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata was present in 2 (4%) case, C. albicans and C. tropicalis was present in 2 (4%) cases, and C. krusei, C. glabrata with C. albicans was present in 1 (2%) case, respectively. All other types of fungi were regarded as infectious excluding Candida, on analysis on SDA medium, infestation in the form of fungal molds was seen in 18 (36%) in controls, 12 (24%) in PMD and 8 (16%) in OSCC groups. CONCLUSION: We interpreted that the chief carrier of candidal species in PMDs and OSCC, yet more light is to be thrown on the topic that Candida has particular establishment in PMDs or in malignancy.

Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Psychiatric Outpatients Aged 18-64 Years in District Civil Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric patients or mentally ill patients conform a substantial section of the community deserving special attention. This study aimed to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of psychiatric patients attending District Civil Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 150 outpatients aged 18-64 years, attending the Department of Psychiatry, District Civil Hospital, Raichur. A specific questionnaire was drawn up and was used to record the demographic and medical data and oral hygiene practices. Type III clinical examination was carried out. The WHO Assessment Form 1997 was used to assess the oral health status of the study population. RESULTS: Of the 150 patients examined, 90 (60%) were male and 60 (40%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 33.79 ± 10.57 years. The majority (52%) were diagnosed with epilepsy and 18% had anxiety disorder. The prevalence of caries was 87.3%. Periodontal status, according to the Community Periodontal Index scores, was as follows: 54% of the patients had shallow pocket (4 mm-5 mm) and 32% of the patients had 6-mm or more deep pocket. CONCLUSION: This study highlights a substantial need for prevention and treatment of oral health needs among psychiatric patients, and to increase awareness toward oral health.

Potential Antibacterial Efficacy of Garlic Extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae: An In vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Garlic has been recommended by many ancient medicines such as the Chinese and the Indian medicine to cure respiratory and digestive issues along with treating microbial infestation and leprosy. The therapeutic effects encompass many advantages in the field of cardiovascular system, antibiotics, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and hormone-like effects. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to evaluate the garlic antibacterial effect against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pneumoniae from patients attending referral hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The isolation of bacteria was done from pus sample collected from referral hospital, Bedar, Karnataka, with sterile swabs. The study samples were inoculated under aseptic conditions on culture media such as nutrient agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates and isolated the pathogen bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and S. aureus. The garlic bulbs were peeled off and then ligated using pestle simultaneously with addition of minor quantity of H2O for preparation of plant extract and study the antimicrobial effect of garlic on these bacteria. RESULTS: The result showed that garlic extracts have a high range of antibacterial effect against both Gram-negative (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus. CONCLUSION: The present study observations revealed that garlic makes large clear zones in comparison to the currently available antibiotics used in the study. The potentiality of the garlic can be utilized in the field of antibacterial agents. It can be prepared in the form of tablets in the best concentrations and affordable dosages so that it can be used as medicine against these pathogenic organisms.

Cytological and Cytomorphometric Study of Exfoliated Cells of the Oral Mucosa in Diabetic Patients.

BACKGROUND: Systemic disorder like diabetes mellitus is on the rise in developing countries like India and in many parts of the world. Early diagnosis of this disease will help to prevent the complications due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Dentist helps in the early diagnosis of this disease as patients manifest several oral manifestations. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to study the cytological and cytomorphometric changes of exfoliated cells of oral mucosa in diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty diabetic patients and 15 healthy controls were included in the study. From the buccal mucosa, smears were collected and Papanicolaou stain was used for staining. Cytological and cytomorphometric study was carried out. The cell diameter and nuclear diameter were measured on these smears and were compared with the control group with the help of "unpaired Student t test." RESULTS: Buccal mucosa exfoliated cells' mean nuclear diameter of diabetic group and control group was 11.198 and 9.494 µm, respectively and the difference was highly significant. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests significant cellular changes in the diabetic patients, which may aid us in early detection of diabetes.

The Effect of Phase I Therapy on the Clinical Parameters, VSC Levels, and RBS Levels in Chronic Periodontitis Patients With Diagnosed Diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is bidirectional. Halitosis or oral malodor has an effect on psychological and social life of persons, and is seen in individuals with diabetes. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to find out the effect of phase I therapy on the clinical parameters, volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels, and random blood sugar (RBS) levels in chronic periodontitis patients with diagnosed DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included 80 patients with diabetes and chronic periodontitis. We collected subgingival plaque samples at 1 week and 1 month after scaling and root planing. The parameters measured were probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level for all the teeth at four sites per each tooth. RBS levels were recorded for all the patients. Malodor was measured with Tanita Breath Checker (Tanita India Private Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India). RESULTS: We found a statistically significant reduction in clinical parameter levels, VSC levels, and N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA) levels in both the groups from baseline to 4 weeks with highest levels in diabetic chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) and lowest in nondiabetic CGP at baseline. The mean intergroup comparison of BANA levels was statistically significant at all intervals of time between the two the groups. CONCLUSION: There is a significant correlation observed between oral malodor levels, RBS, and clinical parameters in the diabetic group.

The Impact of Early Childhood Caries on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Caregivers Residing in Rural and Urban Areas of the Rangareddy District.

Early childhood caries is a condition that impacts oral health-related quality of life of children's development and well being and also affects parents' work hours and poses a financial burden on them. Our objective was to study and compare the impact of early childhood caries on the quality of life of preschool children aged 22-70 months and their caregivers in an urban and rural population using the early childhood oral health impact scale. The study was conducted on children of the Rangareddy district, Telangana state, aged between 22 -70 months affected by early childhood caries and their parents/guardians. The subjects were given a questionnaire to measure the early childhood oral health impact scale, and the filled questionnaires were analyzed and tabulated. The mean early childhood oral health impact scale and domain scores for the rural population were significantly higher than that of the urban population signifying a more mediocre quality of life. There was a weak positive and insignificant relationship between early childhood caries and the early childhood oral health impact scale in the rural population, whereas there was a moderately strong, significant positive relationship between the two in the urban population. Oral health-related quality of life of young children enables parents and caregivers to implement positive dental care practices.

Epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A pilot study in Bidar and Gulbarga Districts, Karnataka, India.

BACKGROUND: Clinical scenarios of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) vary between geographical districts within the same country. This could be attributed to common habits and other cultural factors, such as excessive consumption of tobacco products, leading to higher prevalence of tobacco-related lesions of the oral cavity. A better understanding of their pattern and behavior in each particular region may help in devising strategies for prevention and treatment. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of OPMD and OSCC among population in and around Bidar and Gulbarga districts of Karnataka, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, chart review study in the districts of Bidar and Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. Medical records of patients with clinical and histopathological diagnosis of OPMD or OSCC who attended a private dental school in Bidar and 20 private dental clinics in the districts of Bidar and Gulbarga between 2010 and 2017 were included in the study. Collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package Social Sciences software, version 20.0. RESULTS: There were a total of 630 patients, with males representing 69.52% (n = 438; ratio of 2.28:1) of cases and mean age of 42.64 years. 375 (59.52%) patients had a diagnosis of OPMD with the most common subtype of oral submucous fibrosis (185/375; 49.33%) followed by leukoplakia (110/375; 29.33%) and lichen planus (80/375; 21.33%). Buccal mucosa was the most commonly affected site (33.01%). Of 630 patients, 255 (40.48%) had OSCC, with tongue being the most common site (36.86%). CONCLUSION: This study revealed for the first time that OPMD and OSCC are widespread in the districts of Bidar and Gulbarga. The available knowledge on the prevalence of these lesions could help in educating patients and implementing preventive measures by health-care providers to improve overall survival. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to better understand the disease pattern.

Three-Dimensional Miniplate: For the Management of Mandibular Parasymphysis Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Recently, oral and maxillofacial surgeons are favoring three-dimensional (3D) miniplates to treat mandibular fractures. AIMS: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of 3D-miniplates over standard miniplates in the management of mandibular parasymphysis fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with mandibular parasymphysis fractures were divided into two groups of 20 patients each. Group I patients underwent osteosynthesis of mandibular fracture by noncompression, unicortical, and stainless steel 3D miniplates, and Group II patients underwent osteosynthesis by noncompression, unicortical, and stainless steel Champy's miniplates. All the patients were followed up 6 months' postoperatively, evaluating occlusion, mobility of fracture segment, pain, wound dehiscence, neurological deficit, and infection. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The data were analyzed by SPSS for windows (version 17) statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square test was carried out to determine the statistical difference between the groups. RESULTS: Mobility of the fractured site was evaluated postoperatively after 2 weeks, and it was found that mobility was absent in all the cases of Group I and 36 (80%) cases in Group II. There was significant difference in the mean visual analog scale scores among the Group I and II when compared from preoperative to 4-week follow-up. In Group II, two patients showed wound dehiscence. After 2 weeks, infection was seen in two patients of Group II. CONCLUSION: 3D plates in mandibular parasymphysis fractures give dimensional stability and carry low morbidity and infection rates.

Quantitative analysis of AgNOR counts and pap stain in exfoliative cytology specimens of oral mucosa in bidi smokers and nonsmokers.

Background: Bidi smoking is a serious health hazard which is common throughout South Asia and parts of the Middle East. It has been strongly implicated to various benign and malignant lesions of oral cavity and oropharynx. These tobacco-filled leaves deliver more than three times the amount of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar as cigarettes which exert injurious effects on cells reflected in terms of accelerated proliferative activity in normal oral mucosal cells. Aim: This study aimed to compare the exfoliated cells from the oral mucosa of bidi smokers and nonsmokers, with emphasis on proliferative activity. Materials and Methods: Exfoliative smears were obtained from the oral mucosa of forty participants (twenty nonsmokers and twenty smokers) with age group ranging from 30-80 years, in and around Barwala (Haryana). The cytologic smears were evaluated using Papanicolaou (PAP) stain and AgNOR in order to evaluate the presence of cytological alterations suggestive of inflammation, dysplasia, keratinization, and proliferative activity of epithelial cells. Only PAP Class I and Class II smears were observed. Results: Comparison of the mean number of AgNORs showed a significant difference between nonsmokers and smokers. Inflammatory alterations were found in 70% of smokers and 55% of nonsmokers. A significant difference in proliferative activity was observed between smokers and nonsmokers classified as PAP Class II. Conclusion: A significant difference of AgNORs/nucleus was observed between bidi smokers and nonsmokers.

RésuméContexte: Bidi fumeurs est un grave danger pour la santé qui est commune dans toute l'Asie du Sud et certaines parties du Moyen-Orient. Il a été fortement impliqué dans diverses lésions bénignes et malignes de la cavité buccale et l'oropharynx. Ces feuilles de tabac offrent plus de trois fois la quantité de nicotine, monoxyde de carbone et de goudron que les cigarettes qui exercent des effets préjudiciables sur les cellules reflétés sous la forme d' une accélération de l'activité proliférative des cellules de la muqueuse buccale normale. Objectif: Cette étude visait à comparer les cellules exfoliées de la muqueuse orale des bidis fumeurs et non fumeurs, avec l'accent sur l'activité proliférative. Matériels et méthodes: frottis Exfoliative ont été obtenus à partir de la muqueuse orale de 40 participants (20 non-fumeurs et fumeurs) avec 20 Groupe d'âge allant de 30-80 ans, dans et autour de Barwala (Haryana). Le frottis cytologique ont été évalués à l'aide de la coloration de Papanicolaou (PAP) et d'AgNOR afin d'évaluer la présence d' altérations cytologiques évocateurs d'infl ammation, dysplasie, la kératinisation, et l'activité proliférative des cellules épithéliales. PAP uniquement les catégories I et II de Papanicolaou n'a été observé. Résultats: comparaison du nombre moyen d'AgNORs ont montré une différence entre les non-fumeurs et les fumeurs. Des modifications ont été trouvés infl ammatory dans 70% des fumeurs et 55% des non-fumeurs. Une différence dans l'activité proliférative a été observée entre les fumeurs et les non-fumeurs PAP, le niveau d'emploi de la classe II. Conclusion: une différence de AgNORs/noyau a été observée entre fumeurs et non-fumeurs bidi. Mots-clés: AgNOR, frottis exfoliative, les fumeurs.

Clinicopathologic Correlation of White, Non scrapable Oral Mucosal Surface Lesions: A Study of 100 Cases.

INTRODUCTION: White, non scrapable lesions are commonly seen in the oral cavity. Based on their history and clinical appearance, most of these lesions can be easily diagnosed, but sometimes diagnosis may go wrong. In order to arrive to a confirmative diagnosis, histopathological assessment is needed in many cases, if not all. AIMS: 1) To find out the prevalence of clinically diagnosed oral white, non scrapable lesions. 2) To find out the prevalence of histopathologically diagnosed oral white, non scrapable lesions. 3) To correlate the clinical and histopathological diagnosis in the above lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 cases of oral white, non scrapable lesions were included in the study. Based on their history and clinical presentation, clinical provisional diagnosis was made. Then biopsy was done and confirmatory histopathological diagnosis was given and both were correlated. In order to correlate clinical and histopathological diagnosis Discrepancy Index (DI) was calculated for all the cases. RESULTS: Based on clinical diagnosis, there were 59 cases (59%) of leukoplakia, 29 cases (29%) of lichen planus and six cases (6%) of lichenoid reaction; whereas, based on histopathological diagnosis, there were 66 cases (66%) of leukoplakia epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis (leukoplakia) and 30 cases (30%) of lichen planus. Seventy eight clinically diagnosed cases (78%) correlated with the histopathological diagnosis and 22 cases (22%) did not correlate. The total discrepancy index was 22%. CONCLUSION: A clinician needs to be aware of oral white, non scrapable lesions. Due to the overlapping of many clinical features in some of these lesions and also due to their malignant potential, a histopathological confirmative diagnosis is recommended.

A Rare Entity of Giant Epidermal Exophytic Naevus of Hemifacial Region.

The term nevi constitute a hamartomatous growth of either skin or mucosa that is generally found at birth or shortly after birth. An epidermal nevus consisting chiefly of sebaceous glands is called as nevus sebaceous. Typically this entity is seen as a solitary bald patch over the scalp at birth. We report a case of exophytic lesion following blaschko's lines at birth. We find this case as peculiar because of the multiplicity of lesions, their pattern of distribution, as well as their atypical morphology.

Cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy: Do they dictate personality patterns?

CONTEXT: Cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy, both are well-established forensic tools used in individual identification in any scenario be it a crime scene or civil cause. Like finger prints, lip prints are unique and distinguishable for every individual. But their relationship to personality types has not been established excepting the hypothesis stating that finger prints could explain these personality patterns. AIMS: The study was aimed to record and correlate the lip and finger prints with that of character/personality of a person. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The lip and finger prints and character of a person were recorded and the data obtained was subjected for statistical analysis, especially for Pearson's Chi-square test and correlation/association between the groups was also studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample comprised of 200 subjects, 100 males and 100 females, aged between 18 and 30 years. For recording lip prints, brown/pink-colored lipstick was applied on the lips and the subjects were asked to spread uniformly over the lips. Lip prints were traced in the normal rest position on a plain white bond paper. For recording the finger prints, imprints of the fingers were taken on a plain white bond paper using ink pad. The collected prints were visualized using magnifying lens. To record the character of person, a pro forma manual for multivariable personality inventory by Dr. BC Muthayya was used. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data obtained was subjected for statistical analysis, especially for Pearson's Chi-square test and correlation/association between the groups was also studied. RESULTS: In males, predominant lip pattern recorded was Type I with whorls-type finger pattern and the character being ego ideal, pessimism, introvert, and dogmatic; whereas in females, predominant lip pattern recorded was Type II with loops-type finger pattern and the character being neurotic, need achievers, and dominant. CONCLUSION: Many studies on lip pattern, finger pattern, palatal rugae, etc., for individual identification and gender determination exist, but correlative studies are scanty. This is the first study done on correlating patterns, that is, lip and finger pattern with the character of a person. With this study we conclude that this correlation can be used as an adjunct in the investigatory process in forensic sciences.

Leuloplakia - review of a potentially malignant disorder.

Leukoplakias are oral white lesions that have not been diagnosed as any other specific disease. They are grouped under premalignant lesions, now redesignated as potentially malignant disorders. Their significance lies in the fact that they have propensity for malignant transformation at a higher rate when compared to other oral lesions. This article reviews aetiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, histopathologic features, malignant potential and treatment of oral leukoplakia.