Preventable deaths in hospitalized trauma patients.

AIM: To study the preventable trauma deaths of hospitalized patients in the United Arab Emirates and to identify opportunities for improvement. METHODS: We analyzed the Abu Dhabi Emirate Trauma Registry data of admitted patients who died in the emergency department or in hospital from 2014 to 2019. A panel of experts categorize the deaths into not preventable (NP), potentially preventable (PP), and definitely preventable (DP). RESULTS: A total of 405 deaths were included, and 82.7% were males. The majority (89.1%) were NP, occurring mainly in the emergency department (40.4%) and the intensive care unit (49.9%). The combined potentially preventable and preventable death rate was 10.9%. The median (Interquartile range) age of the DP was 57.5 (37-76) years, compared with 32 (24-42) and 34 (25-55) years for NP and PP, respectively (p = 0.008). Most of the PP deaths occurred in the intensive care unit (55.6%), while the DP occurred mainly in the ward (50%). Falls accounted for 25% of PP and DP. Deficiencies in airway care, hemorrhage control, and fluid management were identified in 25%, 43.2% and 29.5% of the DP/PP deaths, respectively. Seventy-two percent of the Airway deficiencies occurred in the prehospital, while 34.1% of hemorrhage control deficiencies were in the emergency department. Fluid management deficiencies occurred in the emergency department and the operation theater. CONCLUSIONS: DP and PP deaths comprised 10.9% of the deaths. Most of the DP occurred in the emergency department and ward. Prehospital Airway and in-hospital hemorrhage and excessive fluid were the main areas for opportunities for improvement.

Management of Appendicitis Globally Based on Income of Countries (MAGIC) Study.

BACKGROUND: Our aim is to compare the management approaches and clinical outcomes of acute appendicitis according to annual Gross National Income per Capita (GNI/Capita) of countries. METHODS: Consecutive patients who were diagnosed to have acute appendicitis from 116 centers of 44 countries were prospectively studied over a 6-month period (April-September 2016). Studied variables included demography, Alvarado score, comorbidities, radiological and surgical management, histopathology, and clinical outcome. Data were divided into three groups depending on the GNI/Capita. RESULTS: A total of 4271 patients having a mean (SD) age of 33.4 (17.3) years were studied. Fifty-five percent were males. Two hundred and eighty patients were from lower-middle-income (LMI) countries, 1756 were from upper-middle-income (UMI) countries, and 2235 were from high-income (HI) countries. Patients in LMI countries were significantly younger (p < 0.0001) and included more males (p < 0.0001). CT scan was done in less than 8% of cases in LMI countries, 23% in UMI countries, and 38% in HI countries. Laparoscopy was performed in 73% of the cases in the HI countries, while open appendectomy was done in more than 60% of cases in both LMI and UMI countries (p < 0.0001). The longest mean hospital stay was in the UMI group (4.84 days). There was no significant difference in the complication or death rates between the three groups. The overall death rate was 3 per 1000 patients. CONCLUSIONS: There is great variation in the presentation, severity of disease, radiological workup, and surgical management of patients having acute appendicitis that is related to country income. A global effort is needed to address this variation. Individual socioeconomic status could be more important than global country socioeconomic status in predicting clinical outcome.

Impact of Trauma System Structure on Injury Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of trauma systems in decreasing injury mortality and morbidity has been well demonstrated. However, little is known about which components contribute to their effectiveness. We aimed to systematically review the evidence of the impact of trauma system components on clinically important injury outcomes. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and BIOSIS/Web of Knowledge, gray literature and trauma association Web sites to identify studies evaluating the association between at least one trauma system component and injury outcome. We calculated pooled effect estimates using inverse-variance random-effects models. We evaluated quality of evidence using GRADE criteria. RESULTS: We screened 15,974 records, retaining 41 studies for qualitative synthesis and 19 for meta-analysis. Two recommended trauma system components were associated with reduced odds of mortality: inclusive design (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72 [0.65-0.80]) and helicopter transport (OR = 0.70 [0.55-0.88]). Pre-Hospital Advanced Trauma Life Support was associated with a significant reduction in hospital days (mean difference [MD] = 5.7 [4.4-7.0]) but a nonsignificant reduction in mortality (OR = 0.78 [0.44-1.39]). Population density of surgeons was associated with a nonsignificant decrease in mortality (MD = 0.58 [-0.22 to 1.39]). Trauma system maturity was associated with a significant reduction in mortality (OR = 0.76 [0.68-0.85]). Quality of evidence was low or very low for mortality and healthcare utilization. CONCLUSIONS: This review offers low-quality evidence for the effectiveness of an inclusive design and trauma system maturity and very-low-quality evidence for helicopter transport in reducing injury mortality. Further research should evaluate other recommended components of trauma systems and non-fatal outcomes and explore the impact of system component interactions.

New Injury Severity Score is a better predictor of mortality for blunt trauma patients than the Injury Severity Score.

BACKGROUND: Trauma-related mortality depends on injury severity. Several trauma scores are used to evaluate injury severity. We compared the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) in terms of predicting mortality among hospitalized blunt trauma patients. METHODS: The data of Al-Ain Hospital Trauma Registry were prospectively collected over 3 years. Data of blunt trauma patients were then analyzed retrospectively. Univariate analysis was used to compare patients who died with those who survived. Sex, age, mechanism of injury, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and Glasgow Coma Score (GSC) on arrival at the hospital, ISS, and NISS were studied. Significant factors were then entered into a direct likelihood ratio logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of 2,573 patients in the registry, 2,115 (82.2 %) suffered blunt trauma at a mean (SD) age of 32 (15.3) years. Among them, 1,838 (87 %) were male. Main mechanisms of injury were road traffic collision (vehicle occupants) (32.8 %) and falling from a height (22.4 %). Fifty patients (2.4 %) died. Univariate analysis showed that GCS and SBP at hospital arrival, ISS, NISS, and mechanism of injury significantly affected mortality. Logistic regression model showed that mortality was significantly increased by low GCS (p < 0.0001), high NISS (p < 0.0001), and low SBP (p = 0.006) at hospital arrival. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality of blunt trauma in the UAE is significantly affected by high NISS, low GCS, and hypotension. NISS is better than ISS for predicting mortality of blunt trauma patients and may replace it.

Pedestrian injuries-related deaths: a global evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: Pedestrians are vulnerable road users who are at risk of injuries and death on the roads. We aimed to define factors affecting pedestrian injuries-related deaths worldwide and to give recommendations regarding their prevention priorities. METHODS: Data on pedestrian injuries-related deaths for years 2007 and 2010 were retrieved from the WHO global status reports on road safety. These included the country population, gross national income (GNI), number of registered vehicles, estimated pedestrian deaths rate, effectiveness of enforcement of law, and the presence of policies to promote walking or cycling. Correlations between studied variables were done using Spearman rank correlation. General linear models were used to define factors affecting pedestrian injuries-related deaths. RESULTS: The median (range) pedestrian death rates of different countries per 100,000 population significantly decreased in year 2010 compared with year 2007 [3.9 (0-13.5) compared with 4.2 (0-23.6), (p = 0.004, Wilcoxon signed rank test)]. There was a reduction of 8.1% of the global pedestrian death rate between 2007 and 2010. The estimated pedestrian lives saved annually worldwide of a population of 6.8 billion were 23,120 persons. A general linear model has shown that GNI (p = 0.001) and population density (p = 0.01) were the best predictors of pedestrian death rates in 2007, while national legislation (p = 0.03) was the best predictor of pedestrian death rates in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: There is a change in the factors affecting pedestrian mortality worldwide over time. GNI and population density became less significant than national legislation enforcement. Legislation and its enforcement are important to achieve the UN mission of reducing road traffic deaths by 5 million over the next decade.

Focused Assessment Sonography for Trauma (FAST) training: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to systematically review the different methods for training Focused Assessment Sonography for Trauma (FAST), course design, and requirements for hospital credentialing. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database and performed a manual search of selected papers. All papers and abstracts written in English that studied training and education of FAST were included. Papers were critically evaluated, looking into training methods and models of FAST, their advantages and disadvantages, number and type of training hours, practice exams in the course, and number of cases advised to achieve hospital credentialing. RESULTS: A total of 52 studies were critically analyzed. The theoretical part of the courses lasted over a median (range) of 4 (1-16) h (n = 35 studies), while the practical part lasted over a median (range) of 4 (1-32) h (n = 34 studies). The participants performed a median (range) of 10 (3-20) FAST exams during the courses (n = 13 studies). The most commonly used model was the normal human model (65 %), followed by peritoneal dialysis patients (27 %). The least used models were animal (4 %) and cadaveric models (2 %). Each of these models had their advantages and disadvantages. The median number (range) of FAST exams needed for credentialing was 50 (10-200) (n = 19 studies). CONCLUSION: Standardization of FAST training is important to improving the clinical impact of FAST. Different models used in FAST training are complementary; each has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is recommended that FAST courses be at least 2 days (16 h) long. The first day should include 4 h of theory and 4 h of training on normal human models. The second day should enforce learning using animal models, case scenarios including video clips, or simulators.

Educational and clinical impact of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) courses: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to systematically review the literature on the educational impact of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) courses and their effects on death rates of multiple trauma patients. METHODS: All Medline, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Library English articles on the educational impact of ATLS courses and their effects on trauma mortality for the period 1966-2012 were studied. All original articles written in English were included. Surveys, reviews, editorials/letters, and other trauma courses or models different from the ATLS course were excluded. Articles were critically evaluated regarding study research design, statistical analysis, outcome, and quality and level of evidence. RESULTS: A total of 384 articles were found in the search. Of these, 104 relevant articles were read; 23 met the selection criteria and were critically analyzed. Ten original articles reported studies on the impact of ATLS on cognitive and clinical skills, six articles addressed the attrition of skills gained through ATLS training, and seven articles addressed the effects of ATLS on trauma mortality. There is level I evidence that ATLS significantly improves the knowledge of participants managing multiple trauma patients, their clinical skills, and their organization and priority approaches. There is level II-1 evidence that knowledge and skills gained through ATLS participation decline after 6 months, with a maximum decline after 2 years. Organization and priority skills, however, are kept for up to 8 years following ATLS. Strong evidence showing that ATLS training reduces morbidity and mortality in trauma patients is still lacking. CONCLUSIONS: It is highly recommended that ATLS courses should be taught for all doctors who are involved in the management of multiple trauma patients. Future studies are required to properly evaluate the impact of ATLS training on trauma death rates and disability.

Factors affecting success rate of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) courses.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to define the factors that affect passing the assessments for successful completion of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Provider Courses in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). METHODS: The ATLS Provider Course has been taught in three medical centers in the UAE since 2004. A total of 1,041 doctors completed the course during the period 2004-2010. A special protocol was designed to enter data accrued for each course, participants' demographics, and assessments, including the final results. Direct logistic regression was performed to define factors affecting success in multiple choice questions (MCQ) and in the practical initial assessment station exam. The studied variables included the year, the course site, speciality, level of practice, and pre-test score. RESULTS: The majority of participants were surgeons (33.2 %), followed by Emergency Medicine physicians (27.3 %). The logistic regression model showed that having a low pre-test score (p < 0.0001) and being a family medicine practitioner (p < 0.0001) increased the likelihood of failing the MCQ exam. The chance of passing the end of course practical exam increased with time (p = 0.002). A low pre-test score (p < 0.0001) and being examined in site A (p = 0.04) increased the chance of failing in the initial assessment exam. The pass rate for the ATLS exam significantly increased after adoption of the interactive approach to teaching. CONCLUSIONS: Prior knowledge and preparation is essential to passing the ATLS exam. Doctors who deal clinically with all aspects of airway, breathing, and circulation of the ATLS course are more likely to pass the MCQ exam in our setting, followed by those who usually manage only the circulation or disability aspects of ATLS. It is possible that the interactive approach to teaching ATLS has improved the overall ATLS success rate.

Common carotid artery injury caused by a camel bite: case report and systematic review of the literature.

A 25-year-old man was bitten in the neck by an aggressive camel, causing three small puncture wounds. The left carotid pulse of the patient was weakly palpated. Angiography showed irregular dissection of the distal part of the left common carotid artery. Neck exploration confirmed the findings. An interposition autogenous saphenous vein graft was performed successfully. The patient was discharged home in good condition. We have systematically reviewed the literature on this topic, and only four other similar cases were reported previously. Although camel bite wounds are small, they may penetrate deeply, causing serious injuries to the neck structures including the major vessels. Care should be taken when approaching male camels during the rutting season.

Surgical and critical care management of earthquake musculoskeletal injuries and crush syndrome: A collective review.

Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters causing massive injuries. We aim to review the surgical management of earthquake musculoskeletal injuries and the critical care of crush syndrome. We searched the English literature in PubMed without time restriction to select relevant papers. Retrieved articles were critically appraised and summarized. Open wounds should be cleaned, debrided, receive antibiotics, receive tetanus toxoid unless vaccinated in the last 5 years, and re-debrided as needed. The lower limb affected 48.5% (21.9%-81.4%) of body regions/patients. Fractures occurred in 31.1% (11.3%-78%) of body regions/patients. The most common surgery was open reduction and internal fixation done in 21% (0%-76.6%), followed by plaster of Paris in 18.2% (2.3%-48.8%), and external fixation in 6.6% (1%-13%) of operations/patients. Open fractures should be treated with external fixation. Internal fixation should not be done until the wound becomes clean and the fractured bones are properly covered with skin, skin graft, or flap. Fasciotomies were done in 15% (2.8%-27.2%), while amputations were done in 3.7% (0.4%-11.5%) of body regions/patients. Principles of treating crush syndrome include: (1) administering proper intravenous fluids to maintain adequate urine output, (2) monitoring and managing hyperkalemia, and (3) considering renal replacement therapy in case of volume overload, severe hyperkalemia, severe acidemia, or severe uremia. Low-quality studies addressed indications for fasciotomy, amputation, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Prospective data collection on future medical management of earthquake injuries should be part of future disaster preparedness. We hope that this review will carry the essential knowledge needed for properly managing earthquake musculoskeletal injuries and crush syndrome in hospitalized patients.

The management of complicated colorectal cancer in older patients in a global perspective after COVID-19: the CO-OLDER WSES project.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal (CRC) cancer is becoming a disease of the elderly. Ageing is the most significant risk factor for presenting CRC. Early diagnosis of CRC and management is the best way in achieving good outcomes and longer survival but patients aged ≥75 years are usually not screened for CRC. This group of patients is often required to be managed when they are symptomatic in the emergency setting with high morbidity and mortality rates. Our main aim is to provide clinical data about the management of elderly patients presenting complicated colorectal cancer who required emergency surgical management to improve their care. METHODS: The management of complicated COlorectal cancer in OLDER patients (CO-OLDER; ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05788224; evaluated by the local ethical committee CPP EST III-France with the national number 2023-A01094-41) in the emergency setting project provides carrying out an observational multicenter international cohort study aimed to collect data about patients aged ≥75 years to assess modifiable risk factors for negative outcomes and mortality correlated to the emergency surgical management of this group of patients at risk admitted with a complicated (obstructed and perforated) CRC. The CO-OLDER protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board and released. Each CO-OLDER collaborator is asked to enroll ≥25 patients over a study period from 1st January 2018 to 30th October 2023. Data will be analyzed comparing two periods of study: before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample size of 240 prospectively enrolled patients with obstructed colorectal cancer in a 5-month period was calculated. The secured database for entering anonymized data will be available for the period necessary to achieve the highest possible participation. RESULTS: One hundred eighty hospitals asked to be a CO-OLDER collaborator, with 36 potentially involved countries over the world. CONCLUSIONS: The CO-OLDER project aims to improve the management of elderly people presenting with a complicated colorectal cancer in the emergency setting. Our observational global study can provide valuable data on the effectiveness of different management strategies in improving primary assessment, management and outcomes for elderly patients with obstructed or perforated colorectal cancer in the emergency setting, guiding clinical decision-making. This information can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about the best course of action for these patients.

Management of inflammatory bowel disease in the emergency setting: the MIBODI international survey and evidence-based practices.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the WSES-AAST guidelines in clinical practice and to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of emergency surgeons in managing the complications of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: The MIBODI survey is a cross-sectional study among WSES members designed as an international web-based survey, according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys, to collect data on emergency surgeons' knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning the management of patients presenting with acute complications of CD and UC. The questionnaire was composed of 30 questions divided into five sections: (1) demographic data, (2) primary evaluation, (3) non-operative management, (4) operative management, and (5) perianal sepsis management. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-two surgeons from 48 countries agreed to participate in the survey. The response rate was 24.2% (242/1000 members on WSES mail list). Emergency surgeons showed high adherence to recommendations for 6 of the 21 assessed items, with a "correct" response rate greater than or equal to 60%, according to WSES-AAST recommendations. Nine critical issues were highlighted, with correct answers at a rate of less than 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach with close collaboration between gastroenterologists and surgeons. Emergency surgeons play a crucial role in managing complications related to IBD. One year after publication, the MIBODI study showed significant global implementation of the WSES-AAST guidelines in clinical practice, offering an imperative tool in the improved management of IBD in emergency and urgent settings.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of using Indocyanine Green (ICG) fluorescence in emergency surgery: an international web-based survey in the ARtificial Intelligence in Emergency and trauma Surgery (ARIES)-WSES project.

Fluorescence imaging is a real-time intraoperative navigation modality to enhance surgical vision and it can guide emergency surgeons while performing difficult, high-risk surgical procedures. The aim of this study is to assess current knowledge, attitudes, and practices of emergency surgeons in the use of indocyanine green (ICG) in emergency settings. Between March 08, 2023 and April 10, 2023, a questionnaire composed of 27 multiple choice and open-ended questions was sent to 200 emergency surgeons who had previously joined the ARtificial Intelligence in Emergency and trauma Surgery (ARIES) project promoted by the WSES. The questionnaire was developed by an emergency surgeon with an interest in advanced technologies and artificial intelligence. The response rate was 96% (192/200). Responders affirmed that ICG fluorescence can support the performance of difficult surgical procedures in the emergency setting, particularly in the presence of severe inflammation and in evaluating bowel viability. Nevertheless, there were concerns regarding accessibility and availability of fluorescence imaging in emergency settings. Eighty-seven out of 192 (45.3%) respondents have a fluorescence imaging system of vision for both elective and emergency surgical procedures; 32.3% of respondents have this system solely for elective procedures; 21.4% of respondents do not have this system, 15% do not have experience with it, and 38% do not use this imaging in emergency surgery. Less than 1% (2/192) affirmed that ICG fluorescence changed always their intraoperative decision-making. Precision surgery effectively tailors surgical interventions to individual patient characteristics using advanced technology, data analysis and artificial intelligence. ICG fluorescence can serve as a valid and safe tool to guide emergency surgery in different scenarios, such as intestinal ischemia and severe acute cholecystitis. Due to the lack of high-level evidence within this field, a consensus of expert emergency surgeons is needed to encourage stakeholders to increase the availability of fluorescence imaging systems and to support emergency surgeons in implementing ICG fluorescence in their daily practice.

The Operating Room management for emergency Surgical Activity (ORSA) study: a WSES international survey.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances and improvements in the management of surgical patients, emergency and trauma surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This may be due in part to delays in definitive surgical management in the operating room (OR). There is a lack of studies focused on OR prioritization and resource allocation in emergency surgery. The Operating Room management for emergency Surgical Activity (ORSA) study was conceived to assess the management of operating theatres and resources from a global perspective among expert international acute care surgeons. METHOD: The ORSA study was conceived as an international web survey. The questionnaire was composed of 23 multiple-choice and open questions. Data were collected over 3 months. Participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymous. RESULTS: One hundred forty-seven emergency and acute care surgeons answered the questionnaire; the response rate was 58.8%. The majority of the participants come from Europe. One hundred nineteen surgeons (81%; 119/147) declared to have at least one emergency OR in their hospital; for the other 20/147 surgeons (13.6%), there is not a dedicated emergency operating room. Forty-six (68/147)% of the surgeons use the elective OR to perform emergency procedures during the day. The planning of an emergency surgical procedure is done by phone by 70% (104/147) of the surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: There is no dedicated emergency OR in the majority of hospitals internationally. Elective surgical procedures are usually postponed or even cancelled to perform emergency surgery. It is a priority to validate an effective universal triaging and scheduling system to allocate emergency surgical procedures. The new Timing in Acute Care Surgery (TACS) was recently proposed and validated by a Delphi consensus as a clear and reproducible triage tool to timely perform an emergency surgical procedure according to the clinical severity of the surgical disease. The new TACS needs to be prospectively validated in clinical practice. Logistics have to be assessed using a multi-disciplinary approach to improve patients' safety, optimise the use of resources, and decrease costs.

Early management of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in patients with polytrauma: a consensus and clinical recommendations jointly developed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) & the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS).

BACKGROUND: The early management of polytrauma patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a major challenge. Sparse data is available to provide optimal care in this scenario and worldwide variability in clinical practice has been documented in recent studies. METHODS: A multidisciplinary consensus panel of physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of tSCI polytrauma patients with different specializations was established. The World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) endorsed the consensus, and a modified Delphi approach was adopted. RESULTS: A total of 17 statements were proposed and discussed. A consensus was reached generating 17 recommendations (16 strong and 1 weak). CONCLUSIONS: This consensus provides practical recommendations to support a clinician's decision making in the management of tSCI polytrauma patients.

The 2023 WSES guidelines on the management of trauma in elderly and frail patients.

BACKGROUND: The trauma mortality rate is higher in the elderly compared with younger patients. Ageing is associated with physiological changes in multiple systems and correlated with frailty. Frailty is a risk factor for mortality in elderly trauma patients. We aim to provide evidence-based guidelines for the management of geriatric trauma patients to improve it and reduce futile procedures. METHODS: Six working groups of expert acute care and trauma surgeons reviewed extensively the literature according to the topic and the PICO question assigned. Statements and recommendations were assessed according to the GRADE methodology and approved by a consensus of experts in the field at the 10th international congress of the WSES in 2023. RESULTS: The management of elderly trauma patients requires knowledge of ageing physiology, a focused triage, including drug history, frailty assessment, nutritional status, and early activation of trauma protocol to improve outcomes. Acute trauma pain in the elderly has to be managed in a multimodal analgesic approach, to avoid side effects of opioid use. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended in penetrating (abdominal, thoracic) trauma, in severely burned and in open fractures elderly patients to decrease septic complications. Antibiotics are not recommended in blunt trauma in the absence of signs of sepsis and septic shock. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with LMWH or UFH should be administrated as soon as possible in high and moderate-risk elderly trauma patients according to the renal function, weight of the patient and bleeding risk. A palliative care team should be involved as soon as possible to discuss the end of life in a multidisciplinary approach considering the patient's directives, family feelings and representatives' desires, and all decisions should be shared. CONCLUSIONS: The management of elderly trauma patients requires knowledge of ageing physiology, a focused triage based on assessing frailty and early activation of trauma protocol to improve outcomes. Geriatric Intensive Care Units are needed to care for elderly and frail trauma patients in a multidisciplinary approach to decrease mortality and improve outcomes.

Effects of vehicle size on pedestrian injury pattern and severity: prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The type of injuries caused by sport utility vehicles may be different from those caused by small passenger cars. We studied prospectively the effects of the offending vehicle type and design on severity and pattern of pedestrian injuries. METHODS: All injured pedestrians admitted to the two major trauma centers of Al-Ain city were studied prospectively during the period of April 2006 to October 2007. Patients were classified into two groups according to the offending vehicle type: small vehicle and sport utility vehicle. These two groups were compared regarding the distribution of injury and its severity. RESULTS: The anatomical distribution of injury in a descending order were the lower extremities (56.3, 67 %), head (53.8, 57.1 %), face (37.5, 57.1 %), and upper extremities (32.5, 28.6 %) in small vehicle and sport utility vehicle groups, respectively. No significant statistical difference has been found between the two groups regarding the anatomical distribution and severity. CONCLUSIONS: The vehicle size and design did not affect the anatomical injury distribution and severity in our setting. High-impact speed may overcome the vehicle type when it comes to injury severity and pattern of distribution.

Postpartum urinary incontinence of nulliparous women: A prospective cohort study.

Postpartum urinary incontinence affects women's quality of life. It is associated with different risk factors during pregnancy and childbirth. We evaluated the persistence of postpartum urinary incontinence and associated risk factors among recently delivered nulliparous women with incontinence during pregnancy. This was a prospective cohort study, which followed up all nulliparous women recruited antenatally from 2012 to 2014 in Al-Ain Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates, who developed urinary incontinence for the first time during pregnancy. Three months after giving birth they were interviewed face-to-face, using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire, and divided into 2 groups: those who had urinary incontinence and those without it. Risk factors were compared between the 2 groups. Of the 101 participants interviewed, postpartum urinary incontinence continued in 14 (13.7%) while 87 (86.3%) recovered from it. The comparative analysis did not show any statistically significant difference between the 2 groups for sociodemographic risk factors nor for antenatal risk factors. Childbirth-related risk factors were also not statistically significant. Recovery from incontinence during pregnancy in nulliparous women was over 85% as postpartum urinary incontinence affected only a small proportion at 3 months following delivery. Expectant management is advised instead of invasive interventions in these patients.

Establishment of a urogynecology cadaver-based hands-on workshop.

Background: It is important to train gynecologists and urologists on the principles of urogynecological surgery. Objectives: To report our recent experience in developing a curriculum, application, and the learning outcome of a urogynecology workshop using cadaver training. Methods: A full day structured urogynecology cadaver-based educational hands-on course was developed. The theoretical component consisted of lectures on female urinary incontinence and genital prolapse. Hands-on training was on three cadaver stations: First to instruct and guide through the surgical steps of transobturator vaginal tape; second to perform sacrospinous fixation; and third to insert of vaginal mesh. Knowledge gained was evaluated using multiple choice questions. The course was evaluated using a structured seven-point Likert type questionnaire. Results: There was an a statistically significant improvement in the post-test MCQ marks compared with the pre-test marks (P <0.01) and in the pass percentage (7% compared with 100%, P< 0.001). The overall rating of the workshop was 6.7 out of 7. Conclusions: Our course was highly valued by the participants who came from all over the Middle East. The course was enjoyable and achieved its objectives while the participants gained new knowledge and surgical skills.