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1.
Ann Intern Med ; 2024 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39348691

RESUMO

DESCRIPTION: In March 2020, the White House Coronavirus Task Force determined that clinicians in the United States needed expert treatment guidelines to optimally manage patients with COVID-19, a potentially life-threatening disease caused by a new pathogen for which no specific treatments were known to be effective. METHODS: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services requested that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) take the lead in expeditiously convening a panel of experts to create "living" guidelines that would be widely accessible and capable of frequent updating as important new information became available. RECOMMENDATIONS: The purpose of this article is to expand on the experiences of the NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) over the past 4 years, summarize the Panel's final recommendations for COVID-19, highlight some challenges and unanswered questions about COVID-19 management, and inform future responses to public health emergencies. The Panel was formed in March 2020, and the first iteration of the guidelines was released in April 2020. Now that the public health emergency has ended, the NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines have sunsetted. This role will now fall to professional societies and organizations, such as the American College of Physicians, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the World Health Organization, all of which have been active in this area.

2.
J Infect Dis ; 229(4): 1123-1130, 2024 Apr 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37969014

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: While noninferiority of tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine (TAF/FTC) as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been shown, interest remains in its efficacy relative to placebo. We estimate the efficacy of TAF/FTC PrEP versus placebo for the prevention of HIV infection. METHODS: We used data from the DISCOVER and iPrEx trials to compare TAF/FTC to placebo. DISCOVER was a noninferiority trial conducted from 2016 to 2017. iPrEx was a placebo-controlled trial conducted from 2007 to 2009. Inverse probability weights were used to standardize the iPrEx participants to the distribution of demographics and risk factors in the DISCOVER trial. To check the comparison, we evaluated whether risk of HIV infection in the shared tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) arms was similar. RESULTS: Notable differences in demographics and risk factors occurred between trials. After standardization, the difference in risk of HIV infection between the TDF/FTC arms was near zero. The risk of HIV with TAF/FTC was 5.8 percentage points lower (95% confidence interval [CI], -2.0% to -9.6%) or 12.5-fold lower (95% CI, .02 to .31) than placebo standardized to the DISCOVER population. CONCLUSIONS: There was a reduction in HIV infection with TAF/FTC versus placebo across 96 weeks of follow-up. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02842086 and NCT00458393.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Masculino , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV , Homossexualidade Masculina , Tenofovir/uso terapêutico , Emtricitabina/uso terapêutico , Adenina/uso terapêutico
3.
J Virol ; 97(11): e0070523, 2023 Nov 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37843370

RESUMO

IMPORTANCE: The lack of a reliable method to accurately detect when replication-competent HIV has been cleared is a major challenge in developing a cure. This study introduces a new approach called the HIVepsilon-seq (HIVε-seq) assay, which uses long-read sequencing technology and bioinformatics to scrutinize the HIV genome at the nucleotide level, distinguishing between defective and intact HIV. This study included 30 participants on antiretroviral therapy, including 17 women, and was able to discriminate between defective and genetically intact viruses at the single DNA strand level. The HIVε-seq assay is an improvement over previous methods, as it requires minimal sample, less specialized lab equipment, and offers a shorter turnaround time. The HIVε-seq assay offers a promising new tool for researchers to measure the intact HIV reservoir, advancing efforts towards finding a cure for this devastating disease.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV , Provírus , Feminino , Humanos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , DNA Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Nucleotídeos , Provírus/genética , Carga Viral , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , HIV/genética
4.
Stat Med ; 43(4): 793-815, 2024 02 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38110289

RESUMO

While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are critical for establishing the efficacy of new therapies, there are limitations regarding what comparisons can be made directly from trial data. RCTs are limited to a small number of comparator arms and often compare a new therapeutic to a standard of care which has already proven efficacious. It is sometimes of interest to estimate the efficacy of the new therapy relative to a treatment that was not evaluated in the same trial, such as a placebo or an alternative therapy that was evaluated in a different trial. Such dual-study comparisons are challenging because of potential differences between trial populations that can affect the outcome. In this article, two bridging estimators are considered that allow for comparisons of treatments evaluated in different trials, accounting for measured differences in trial populations. A "multi-span" estimator leverages a shared arm between two trials, while a "single-span" estimator does not require a shared arm. A diagnostic statistic that compares the outcome in the standardized shared arms is provided. The two estimators are compared in simulations, where both estimators demonstrate minimal empirical bias and nominal confidence interval coverage when the identification assumptions are met. The estimators are applied to data from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 and 388 to compare the efficacy of two-drug vs four-drug antiretroviral therapy on CD4 cell counts among persons with advanced HIV. The single-span approach requires weaker identification assumptions and was more efficient in simulations and the application.


Assuntos
Antirretrovirais , Humanos , Viés
5.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse ; 50(1): 54-63, 2024 Jan 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37956200

RESUMO

Background: Many clinical and population-based research studies pivoted from in-person assessments to phone-based surveys due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of these transitions on survey response remains understudied, especially for people living with HIV. Given that there are gender-specific trends in alcohol and substance use, it is particularly important to capture these data for women.Objective: Identify factors associated with responding to an alcohol and substance use phone survey administered during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Women's Interagency HIV Study, a multicenter US prospective cohort of women living with and without HIV.Methods: We used multivariable logistic regression to assess for associations of pre-pandemic (April-September 2019) sociodemographic factors, HIV status, housing status, depressive symptoms, alcohol use, and substance use with response to an early-pandemic (August-September 2020) phone survey.Results: Of 1,847 women who attended an in-person visit in 2019, 78% responded to a phone survey during the pandemic. The odds of responding were lower for women of Hispanic ethnicity (aOR 0.47 95% CI 0.33-0.66, ref=Black/African American) and those who reported substance use (aOR 0.63 95% CI 0.41-0.98). By contrast, the odds were higher for White women (aOR 1.64 95% CI 1.02-2.70, ref=Black/African American) and those with stable housing (aOR 1.74 95% CI 1.24-2.43).Conclusions: Pivoting from an in-person to phone-administered alcohol and substance use survey may lead to underrepresentation of key subpopulations of women who are often neglected in substance use and HIV research. As remote survey methods become more common, investigators need to ensure that the study population is representative of the target population.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecções por HIV , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Feminino , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Pandemias , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações , COVID-19/epidemiologia
6.
J Infect Dis ; 227(11): 1274-1281, 2023 05 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35951669

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The trajectory of liver fibrosis is not well understood in the contemporary era of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy. METHODS: We assessed the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score, aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) in 116 women with HIV/HCV coinfection over a 4-year period. Random-effects linear regression models examined the rate of fibrosis change 1-2 years before starting HCV treatment, within 1 year before starting (peri-HCV treatment), within 1 year after and 1-2 years post-HCV treatment in unadjusted and adjusted models including age, race, and changes from pretreatment of factors that might affect fibrosis (eg, alcohol, integrase strand inhibitor [INSTI] use, waist circumference, CD4 count). RESULTS: INSTI use nearly doubled from pre- to peri-HCV treatment. In unadjusted analysis, there was a 3.3% rate of rise in ELF pre-HCV treatment, 2.2% and 3.6% rate of decline during the peri- and 1-year post-HCV treatment period, respectively, followed by a 0.3% rise. Similar findings were observed for APRI and FIB-4. There was little effect on the estimated fibrosis trajectories after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The apparent lack of decline in biomarkers of liver fibrosis beyond 1 year after HCV cure suggests that continued monitoring of liver fibrosis and interventions to mitigate progression in people with HIV after HCV cure remains essential.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Hepatite C , Humanos , Feminino , Hepacivirus , HIV , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C/complicações , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Cirrose Hepática
7.
J Infect Dis ; 228(12): 1690-1698, 2023 12 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37437108

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mortality remains elevated among Black versus White adults receiving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care in the United States. We evaluated the effects of hypothetical clinic-based interventions on this mortality gap. METHODS: We computed 3-year mortality under observed treatment patterns among >40 000 Black and >30 000 White adults entering HIV care in the United States from 1996 to 2019. We then used inverse probability weights to impose hypothetical interventions, including immediate treatment and guideline-based follow-up. We considered 2 scenarios: "universal" delivery of interventions to all patients and "focused" delivery of interventions to Black patients while White patients continued to follow observed treatment patterns. RESULTS: Under observed treatment patterns, 3-year mortality was 8% among White patients and 9% among Black patients, for a difference of 1 percentage point (95% confidence interval [CI], .5-1.4). The difference was reduced to 0.5% under universal immediate treatment (95% CI, -.4% to 1.3%) and to 0.2% under universal immediate treatment combined with guideline-based follow-up (95% CI, -1.0% to 1.4%). Under the focused delivery of both interventions to Black patients, the Black-White difference in 3-year mortality was -1.4% (95% CI, -2.3% to -.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical interventions, particularly those focused on enhancing the care of Black patients, could have significantly reduced the mortality gap between Black and White patients entering HIV care from 1996 to 2019.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Adulto , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Fatores Raciais , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Brancos , Negro ou Afro-Americano
8.
Clin Infect Dis ; 77(2): 258-264, 2023 07 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37021689

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is well tolerated, cost-effective, and yields high sustained virologic response rates, yet it has remained financially inaccessible to many patients. METHODS: Participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (an observational US cohort) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV (RNA+) reporting no prior hepatitis C treatment were followed for DAA initiation (2015-2019). We estimated risk ratios (RRs) of the relationship between time-varying health insurance status and DAA initiation, adjusting for confounders with stabilized inverse probability weights. We also estimated weighted cumulative incidences of DAA initiation by health insurance status. RESULTS: A total of 139 women (74% Black) were included; at baseline, the median age was 55 years and 86% were insured. Most had annual household incomes ≤$18 000 (85%); advanced liver fibrosis (21%), alcohol use (45%), and recreational drug use (35%) were common. Across 439 subsequent semiannual visits, 88 women (63%) reported DAA initiation. Compared with no health insurance, health insurance increased the likelihood of reporting DAA initiation at a given visit (RR, 4.94; 95% confidence limit [CL], 1.92 to 12.8). At 2 years, the weighted cumulative incidence of DAA initiation was higher among the insured (51.2%; 95% CL, 43.3% to 60.6%) than the uninsured (3.5%; 95% CL, 0.8% to 14.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Accounting for clinical, behavioral, and sociodemographic factors over time, health insurance had a substantial positive effect on DAA initiation. Interventions to increase insurance coverage should be prioritized to increase HCV curative therapy uptake for persons with HIV.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Hepatite C Crônica , Hepatite C , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , Hepacivirus , HIV , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C Crônica/epidemiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Seguro Saúde
9.
Clin Infect Dis ; 76(3): e661-e670, 2023 02 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35903868

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) may have beneficial cardiovascular effects when initiated in early menopause. This has not been examined in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), who have heightened immune activation and cardiovascular risks. METHODS: Among 609 postmenopausal women (1234 person-visits) in the Women's Interagency HIV Study, we examined the relationship of ever HT use (oral, patch, or vaginal) with subclinical atherosclerosis: carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), distensibility, and plaque assessed via repeated B-mode ultrasound imaging (2004-2013). We also examined associations of HT with cross-sectional biomarkers of immune activation and D-dimer. Statistical models were adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and cardiometabolic factors. RESULTS: Women (mean age, 51 years; 80% HIV positive) who ever used HT at baseline were older, and more likely to be non-Hispanic White and report higher income, than never-users. Women who ever used HT had 43% lower prevalence of plaque (prevalence ratio, 0.57 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .40-.80]; P < .01), 2.51 µm less progression of CIMT per year (95% CI, -4.60, to -.41; P = .02), and marginally lower incidence of plaque over approximately 7 years (risk ratio, 0.38 [95% CI, .14-1.03; P = .06), compared with never-users, adjusting for covariates; ever HT use was not associated with distensibility. These findings were similar for women with and without HIV. Ever HT use was associated with lower serum D-dimer, but not with biomarkers of immune activation after covariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: HT may confer a subclinical cardiovascular benefit in women with HIV. These results begin to fill a knowledge gap in menopausal care for women with HIV, in whom uptake of HT is very low.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espessura Intima-Media Carotídea , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , HIV , Estudos Transversais , Menopausa , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores , Fatores de Risco
10.
Clin Infect Dis ; 76(3): e755-e758, 2023 02 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35686432

RESUMO

Menopause may impact the earlier onset of aging-related comorbidities among women with versus without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We found that menopausal status, age, and HIV were independently associated with higher comorbidity burden, and that HIV impacted burden most in the pre-/perimenopausal phases.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Menopausa , Envelhecimento , Comorbidade
11.
Clin Infect Dis ; 76(2): 210-219, 2023 01 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36184972

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been reported to have increased risk of clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease. Existing studies have focused on men and often have been uncontrolled or lacked adequate HIV-negative comparators. METHODS: We performed echocardiography in the Women's Interagency HIV Study to investigate associations of HIV and HIV-specific factors with cardiac phenotypes, including left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), isolated LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), left atrial enlargement (LAE), LV hypertrophy (LVH), and increased tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV). RESULTS: Of 1654 participants (age 51 ± 9 years), 70% had HIV. Sixty-three (5.4%) women with HIV (WWH) had LVSD; 71 (6.5%) had isolated LVDD. Compared with women without HIV (WWOH), WWH had a near-significantly increased risk of LVSD (adjusted relative risk = 1.69; 95% confidence interval = 1.00 to 2.86; P = .051). No significant association was noted for HIV seropositivity with other phenotypes, but there was a risk gradient for decreasing CD4+ count among WWH that approached or reached significance for isolated LVDD, LAE, and LVH. WWH with CD4+ count <200 cells/mm3 had significantly higher prevalence of LAE, LVH, and high TRV than WWOH. There were no consistent associations for viral suppression or antiretroviral drug exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that WWH have a higher risk of LVSD compared with sociodemographically similar WWOH, but their risk for isolated LVDD, LAE, LVH, and high TRV is increased only with reduced CD4+ count. Although these findings warrant replication, they support the importance of cardiovascular risk-factor and HIV-disease control for heart disease prevention in this population.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , HIV , Fatores de Risco , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/epidemiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/complicações , Ecocardiografia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/epidemiologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia
12.
Am J Epidemiol ; 192(8): 1341-1349, 2023 08 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36922393

RESUMO

In first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment, some subgroups of patients may respond better to an efavirenz-based regimen than an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI)-based regimen, or vice versa, due to patient characteristics modifying treatment effects. Using data based on nearly 16,000 patients from the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design from 2009-2016, statistical methods for precision medicine were employed to estimate an optimal treatment rule that minimizes the 5-year risk of the composite outcome of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illnesses, serious non-AIDS events, and all-cause mortality. The treatment rules considered were functions that recommend either an efavirenz- or InSTI-based regimen conditional on baseline patient characteristics such as demographic information, laboratory results, and health history. The estimated 5-year risk under the estimated optimal treatment rule was 10.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.6, 11.3), corresponding to an absolute risk reduction of 2.3% (95% CI: 0.9, 3.8) when compared with recommending an efavirenz-based regimen for all patients and 2.6% (95% CI: 1.0, 4.2) when compared with recommending an InSTI-based regimen for all. Tailoring ART to individual patient characteristics may reduce 5-year risk of the composite outcome compared with assigning all patients the same drug regimen.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Humanos , HIV , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Medicina de Precisão , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico
13.
Epidemiology ; 34(3): 365-375, 2023 05 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36719738

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Remdesivir is recommended for certain hospitalized patients with COVID-19. However, these recommendations are based on evidence from small randomized trials, early observational studies, or expert opinion. Further investigation is needed to better inform treatment guidelines with regard to the effectiveness of remdesivir among these patients. METHODS: We emulated a randomized target trial using chargemaster data from 333 US hospitals from 1 May 2020 to 31 December 2021. We compared three treatment protocols: remdesivir within 2 days of hospital admission, no remdesivir within the first 2 days of admission, and no remdesivir ever. We used baseline comorbidities recorded from encounters up to 12 months before admission and identified the use of in-hospital medications, procedures, and oxygen supplementation from charges. We estimated the cumulative incidence of mortality or mechanical ventilation/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with an inverse probability of censoring weighted estimator. We conducted analyses in the total population as well as in subgroups stratified by level of oxygen supplementation. RESULTS: A total of 274,319 adult patients met the eligibility criteria for the study. Thirty-day in-hospital mortality risk differences for patients adhering to the early remdesivir protocol were -3.1% (95% confidence interval = -3.5%, -2.7%) compared to no early remdesivir and -3.7% (95% confidence interval -4.2%, -3.2%) compared to never remdesivir, with the strongest effect in patients needing high-flow oxygen. For mechanical ventilation/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, risk differences were minimal. CONCLUSIONS: We estimate that, among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, remdesivir treatment within 2 days of admission reduced 30-day in-hospital mortality, particularly for patients receiving supplemental oxygen on the day of admission.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Adulto , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Protocolos Clínicos , Oxigênio
14.
AIDS Behav ; 27(12): 4094-4105, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37418062

RESUMO

Mental health and substance use epidemics interact to create psychosocial syndemics, accelerating poor health outcomes. Using latent class and latent transition analyses, we identified psychosocial syndemic phenotypes and their longitudinal transition pathways among sexual minority men (SMM) in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS, n = 3,384, mean age 44, 29% non-Hispanic Black, 51% with HIV). Self-reported depressive symptoms and substance use indices (i.e., smoking, hazardous drinking, marijuana, stimulant, and popper use) at the index visit, 3-year and 6-year follow-up were used to model psychosocial syndemics. Four latent classes were identified: "poly-behavioral" (19.4%), "smoking and depression" (21.7%), "illicit drug use" (13.8%), and "no conditions" (45.1%). Across all classes, over 80% of SMM remained in that same class over the follow-ups. SMM who experienced certain psychosocial clusters (e.g., illicit drug use) were less likely to transition to a less complex class. These people could benefit from targeted public health intervention and greater access to treatment resources.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Drogas Ilícitas , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Sindemia , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Estudos de Coortes , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia
15.
AIDS Behav ; 27(10): 3345-3355, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37067613

RESUMO

Food insecurity disproportionately affects people with HIV and women in the United States (US). More evidence is needed to understand the interplay between levels of food insecurity and levels of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence over time, as well as how food insecurity relates to engagement in HIV care. We used random effects models with longitudinal data from the US Women's Interagency HIV Study to estimate the (1) adjusted associations of current and 6-month lagged food security with ART adherence categories (n = 1646), and (2) adjusted associations of food security with engagement-in-care (n = 1733). Very low food security was associated with a higher relative risk of ART non-adherence at prior and current visits compared with food security, and this association increased across non-adherence categories. Very low food security was associated with lower odds of receiving HIV care and higher odds of a missed visit. Food insecurity among US women with HIV is associated with poorer engagement in care and degree of ART non-adherence over time.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Cooperação do Paciente
16.
AIDS Care ; 35(9): 1375-1385, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36912643

RESUMO

ABSTRACTIncarceration and HIV are a syndemic for US women, yet very few women who have experienced incarceration use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 32 participants recruited by women who have experienced incarceration from their social networks, informed by the modified social ecological model for PrEP. Emergent themes from the interviews included individual-level (low personal HIV risk assessment, personal responsibility for HIV prevention, and decisions in addiction versus recovery), network-level (influential sex partners and the importance of trust, supportive treatment peers, and high-risk but indifferent drug use networks), community-level (stigma, and mitigation of stigma in supportive substance use disorder treatment environments), and public policy-level (incarceration and PrEP cost and access) determinants. PrEP interventions for women who have experienced incarceration and their networks will need to incorporate contingency planning into HIV risk assessment, navigate complex network dynamics, and be situated in trusted contexts to address structural barriers.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Humanos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Parceiros Sexuais , Estigma Social , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico
17.
AIDS Res Ther ; 20(1): 29, 2023 05 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37179294

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy, using five or more medications, may increase the risk of nonadherence to prescribed treatment. We aimed to identify the interrelationship between trajectories of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and polypharmacy. METHODS: We included women with HIV (aged ≥ 18) enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study in the United States from 2014 to 2019. We used group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) to identify trajectories of adherence to ART and polypharmacy and the dual GBTM to identify the interrelationship between adherence and polypharmacy. RESULTS: Overall, 1,538 were eligible (median age of 49 years). GBTM analysis revealed five latent trajectories of adherence with 42% of women grouped in the consistently moderate trajectory. GBTM identified four polypharmacy trajectories with 45% categorized in the consistently low group. CONCLUSIONS: The joint model did not reveal any interrelationship between ART adherence and polypharmacy trajectories. Future research should consider examining the interrelationship between both variables using objective measures of adherence.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Feminino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Polimedicação , Adesão à Medicação , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico
18.
Cult Health Sex ; 25(1): 110-125, 2023 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35015606

RESUMO

Women who have experienced incarceration face a disproportionately high risk of acquiring HIV. Despite efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV, very few women with incarceration histories are using PrEP. Our objective was to learn how sexual, drug-use and social relationships shape decisions about PrEP among women who have experienced incarceration. We used an inductive approach to analyse data from four focus groups undertaken with women who had previously experienced incarceration recruited from three community-based organisations. We identified public policy (medical distrust, lack of prevention in prisons and jails, and cost and coverage of PrEP); community (incarceration stigma, gossip as prevention); social and sexual network (positive peer and parenting relationships, distrust of sexual partners, and networks as a source of risk); and individual-level (active addiction or recovery, change after incarceration, and medical concerns) factors influencing the use of PrEP. Actions and interventions to improve PrEP uptake among women who have experienced incarceration must take account of the multilevel context of HIV prevention decisions.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição , Humanos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Comportamento Sexual , Parceiros Sexuais , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Relações Interpessoais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico
19.
BMC Biol ; 20(1): 193, 2022 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36045343

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are frequently collected and provide disease- and treatment-relevant data in clinical studies. Here, we developed combined protein (40 antibodies) and transcript single-cell (sc)RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in PBMCs. RESULTS: Among 31 participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), we sequenced 41,611 cells. Using Boolean gating followed by Seurat UMAPs (tool for visualizing high-dimensional data) and Louvain clustering, we identified 50 subsets among CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B, NK cells, and monocytes. This resolution was superior to flow cytometry, mass cytometry, or scRNA-seq without antibodies. Combined protein and transcript scRNA-seq allowed for the assessment of disease-related changes in transcriptomes and cell type proportions. As a proof-of-concept, we showed such differences between healthy and matched individuals living with HIV with and without cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, combined protein and transcript scRNA sequencing is a suitable and powerful method for clinical investigations using PBMCs.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Infecções por HIV/genética , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Transcriptoma
20.
JAMA ; 329(1): 52-62, 2023 01 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36594946

RESUMO

Importance: Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) is currently the guideline-recommended first-line treatment for HIV. Delayed prescription of INSTI-containing ART may amplify differences and inequities in health outcomes. Objectives: To estimate racial and ethnic differences in the prescription of INSTI-containing ART among adults newly entering HIV care in the US and to examine variation in these differences over time in relation to changes in treatment guidelines. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective observational study of 42 841 adults entering HIV care from October 12, 2007, when the first INSTI was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, to April 30, 2019, at more than 200 clinical sites contributing to the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. Exposures: Combined race and ethnicity as reported in patient medical records. Main Outcomes and Measures: Probability of initial prescription of ART within 1 month of care entry and probability of being prescribed INSTI-containing ART. Differences among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients compared with non-Hispanic White patients were estimated by calendar year and time period in relation to changes in national guidelines on the timing of treatment initiation and recommended initial treatment regimens. Results: Of 41 263 patients with information on race and ethnicity, 19 378 (47%) as non-Hispanic Black, 6798 (16%) identified as Hispanic, and 13 539 (33%) as non-Hispanic White; 36 394 patients (85%) were male, and the median age was 42 years (IQR, 30 to 51). From 2007-2015, when guidelines recommended treatment initiation based on CD4+ cell count, the probability of ART initiation within 1 month of care entry was 45% among White patients, 45% among Black patients (difference, 0% [95% CI, -1% to 1%]), and 51% among Hispanic patients (difference, 5% [95% CI, 4% to 7%]). From 2016-2019, when guidelines strongly recommended treating all patients regardless of CD4+ cell count, this probability increased to 66% among White patients, 68% among Black patients (difference, 2% [95% CI, -1% to 5%]), and 71% among Hispanic patients (difference, 5% [95% CI, 1% to 9%]). INSTIs were prescribed to 22% of White patients and only 17% of Black patients (difference, -5% [95% CI, -7% to -4%]) and 17% of Hispanic patients (difference, -5% [95% CI, -7% to -3%]) from 2009-2014, when INSTIs were approved as initial therapy but were not yet guideline recommended. Significant differences persisted for Black patients (difference, -6% [95% CI, -8% to -4%]) but not for Hispanic patients (difference, -1% [95% CI, -4% to 2%]) compared with White patients from 2014-2017, when INSTI-containing ART was a guideline-recommended option for initial therapy; differences by race and ethnicity were not statistically significant from 2017-2019, when INSTI-containing ART was the single recommended initial therapy for most people with HIV. Conclusions and Relevance: Among adults entering HIV care within a large US research consortium from 2007-2019, the 1-month probability of ART prescription was not significantly different across most races and ethnicities, although Black and Hispanic patients were significantly less likely than White patients to receive INSTI-containing ART in earlier time periods but not after INSTIs became guideline-recommended initial therapy for most people with HIV. Additional research is needed to understand the underlying racial and ethnic differences and whether the differences in prescribing were associated with clinical outcomes.


Assuntos
Antirretrovirais , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Infecções por HIV , Padrões de Prática Médica , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Hispânico ou Latino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Grupos Raciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos
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