The cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis medications for preventing periprosthetic fractures following femoral neck fracture indicated hip arthroplasty: a break-even analysis.

Osteoporosis treatment following arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture (FNF) is associated with lower rates of periprosthetic fracture (PPF). Our study evaluated the economic viability of treatment in patients following arthroplasty and demonstrates that treatment with oral bisphosphonates can be cost-effective in preventing PPF. INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis treatment following arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture (FNF) is associated with lower rates of periprosthetic fracture (PPF). Although cost-effective in reducing the rate of secondary fragility fracture, the economic viability of osteoporosis treatment in preventing PPF has not been evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use a break-even analysis to determine whether and which current osteoporosis medications are cost-effective in preventing PPF following arthroplasty for FNFs. METHODS: Three-year average cost of osteoporosis medication (oral bisphosphonates, estrogen hormonal therapy, intravenous (IV) bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, and abaloparatide), costs of PPF care, and PPF rates in patients who underwent hip arthroplasty for FNFs without osteoporosis treatment were used to perform a break-even analysis. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) related to osteoporosis treatment and sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this intervention and break-even PPF rates. RESULTS: Oral bisphosphonate therapy following arthroplasty for hip fractures would be economically justified if it prevents one out of 56 PPFs (ARR, 1.8%). Given the current cost and incidence of PPF, overall treatment can only be economically viable for PPF prophylaxis if the 3-year costs of these agents are less than $1500. CONCLUSION: The utilization of lower cost osteoporosis medications such as oral bisphosphonates and estrogen hormonal therapy as PPF prophylaxis in this patient population would be economically viable if they reduce the PPF rate by 1.8% and 1.5%, respectively. For IV bisphosphonates and newer agents to be economically viable as PPF prophylaxis in the USA, their costs need to be significantly reduced.

No Short-term Clinical Benefit to Bovine Collagen Implant Augmentation in Primary Rotator Cuff Repair: A Matched Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Bovine bioinductive collagen implants (herein, "bovine collagen implant") can be used to augment rotator cuff repair. Concern exists that these bovine collagen implants may not yield clinical benefits and may actually increase postoperative stiffness and the need for reoperation. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: Among patients who underwent primary rotator cuff repair with or without a bovine collagen implant, we asked: (1) Did the proportion of patients undergoing reoperation for postoperative stiffness and inflammation differ between the bovine collagen implant and control groups? (2) Did short-term patient-reported outcomes differ between the two groups? (3) Did the proportion of patients receiving postoperative methylprednisolone prescriptions and corticosteroid injections differ between the two groups? METHODS: We performed a retrospective, matched, comparative study of patients 18 years and older with minimum 2-year follow-up who underwent primary arthroscopic repair of partial or full-thickness rotator cuff tears diagnosed by MRI. All procedures were performed by one surgeonbetween February 2016 and December 2021. During the period in question, this surgeon broadly offered the bovine collagen implant to all patients who underwent rotator cuff repair and who (1) consented to xenograft use and (2) had surgery at a facility where the bovine collagen implant was available. The bovine collagen implant was used in rotator cuff tears of all sizes per the manufacturer's instructions. A total of 312 patients were considered for this study (243 control, 69 implant). Minimum 2-year clinical follow-up data were available for 83% (201 of 243) of patients in the control group and 90% (62 of 69) of patients in the bovine collagen implant group. After we applied the exclusion criteria, 163 control and 47 implant group patients remained and were eligible for matching. Propensity score matching was conducted to balance cohorts by age, gender, race (Black, White, other), ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic), health insurance status, Area Deprivation Index, BMI, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, diabetes, smoking, rotator cuff tear size, concomitant surgical procedures, preoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), VAS score for pain, and shoulder ROM. We included 141 patients (47 in the implant group and 94 in the control group) after matching. Patients were categorized according to whether they received the bovine collagen implant. Before matching, the control cohort was older (mean ± SD 57 ± 10 years versus 52 ± 11 years; p = 0.004), more likely to be White (58% versus 23%; p < 0.001), with a smaller proportion of concomitant distal clavicle excisions (43% versus 21%; p = 0.003), and a smaller proportion of "other" concomitant procedures (17% versus 6%; p = 0.011) compared with the implant cohort. After matching, the cohorts were well matched in all demographic variables. The primary study outcome was reoperation for inflammation and stiffness, defined as a failure of nonoperative treatment for a minimum of 9 months, including physical therapy, NSAIDs, at least one course of oral methylprednisolone, and at least one cortisone injection (reoperations for traumatic retears were excluded). Secondary outcomes were patient-reported outcomes (SSV, ASES score, and VAS score for pain), receipt of methylprednisolone prescriptions, and receipt of corticosteroid injections. Chi-square, Fisher exact tests, and independent-samples t-tests were used to assess relationships between treatment group and study outcomes. RESULTS: A greater proportion of patients in the bovine collagen implant group (9% [4 of 47]) underwent reoperation for inflammation and stiffness than in the control group (0% [0 of 94; p = 0.01]). At minimum 2-year follow-up, the cohorts did not differ by ASES score (mean ± SD 81 ± 24 implant versus 85 ±19 control; p = 0.24), SSV (79 ± 24 implant versus 85 ± 18 control; p = 0.30), or VAS score for pain (2.0 ± 2.9 implant versus 1.5 ± 2.3 control; p = 0.11). The cohorts did not differ in the proportion who received postoperative corticosteroid injections (15% implant versus 11% control; p = 0.46) or methylprednisolone prescriptions (49% implant versus 37% control; p = 0.18). CONCLUSION: At minimum 2-year follow-up, patients undergoing primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with bovine collagen implant augmentation had a greater proportion of reoperation due to inflammation and stiffness compared with patients who did not receive the implant. Furthermore, the implant offered no benefit in patient-reported outcomes or need for postoperative corticosteroid injections or methylprednisolone prescriptions. Because of the lack of clinical benefit and potential increase in postoperative complications, we recommend against the use of these bovine collagen implants unless high-quality randomized controlled trials are able to demonstrate their clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and overall safety. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

Decreasing Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears, Increasing Utilization of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the United States from 2010-2020.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to characterize the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, ACL reconstruction (ACLR), and ACL non-operative management from 2010-2020, stratifying by age, biological sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the PearlDiver national insurance claims database. Cohorts of patients with ACL tears, ACLR, and non-operative management were identified using ICD-9/10, and CPT codes between 2010-2020. All patients with ACL tears were included. Patients were stratified by age, sex, and CCI. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) analysis, T tests, and Cohen's d tests were performed to analyze trends and demographic variables. RESULTS: Of 931,186 ACL tears during the study period, 196,589 were managed with ACLR and 734,597 were managed non-operatively. The cumulative incidence of ACL tears was 75.19 tears per 100,000 person-years. There was a modest decrease in the incidence of ACL tears, ACLR, and non-operative management from 2010-2020, with CAGRs of -3.43%, -3.55%, and -5.35%, respectively. The relative utilization of ACLR compared to non-operative management increased from 2010-2020 (CAGR 2.15%). Patients aged 10-19 accounted for the majority of ACL tears (22.31%) and ACLRs (30.97%). A slight majority of ACL tears (51.2%, p<0.001), ACLR (50.7%, p<0.001), and ACL tears with non-operative management (51.6%, p<0.001) occurred in female patients. The mean CCI of patients who underwent ACLR (mean=0.32; SD=0.77) was significantly lower than that of the general ACL tear cohort (mean=0.54; SD=1.19; p=0.005), and the non-operative management cohort (mean=0.64; SD 1.32; p=0.0004). CONCLUSION: The overall decrease in ACL tears, ACLR, and non-operative management found in this study is a reversal from trends reported in the literature from previous decades. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 (Retrospective Case Series).

Decreasing Incidence of Partial Meniscectomy and Increasing Incidence of Meniscus Preservation Surgery From 2010 to 2020 in the United States.

PURPOSE: To characterize the incidence of meniscus surgery from 2010 to 2020 in the United States, using the metrics of age, sex, type of meniscus surgery, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed using the PearlDiver national insurance claims database from 2010 to 2020. Meniscus surgeries were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Patients were stratified by procedure type, age, biological sex, and CCI scores. Compound annual growth rate analysis and analysis of variance were performed to analyze the trends and demographic variables between cohorts. RESULTS: Of 2,053,884 meniscus surgeries, 94.7% were meniscectomies, 0.3% were open repairs, 4.9% were arthroscopic repairs, and 0.1% were meniscal transplantations. Compound annual growth rate analysis displayed a 4.0% decrease per year in total meniscus surgery. For individual procedure types, the largest decrease was in meniscectomy, and the largest increase was in open repair. Patients undergoing meniscal transplantation were youngest, with the lowest CCI. Meniscectomy patients were oldest, and open repair patients had the highest average CCI. Most procedures were performed on female patients (52.4%) and patients in the 50- to 59-year age group (30.4%). CONCLUSIONS: There was a sustained decrease in the incidence of total meniscus surgeries from 2010 to 2020. Meniscectomy was the procedure with the highest incidence, but it showed the most significant decline in usage over the study period. Conversely, meniscal repair and transplantation procedures increased during the study period. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, epidemiologic study.

How low can we go? A randomized controlled trial of low-quantity initial opioid prescriptions for shoulder surgery.

BACKGROUND: Orthopedic surgeons are the third most frequent prescribers of opioid medications. Given the current opioid addiction crisis, it is critical to limit opioid prescriptions to the lowest effective dose. In this study, we investigated how the initial opioid prescription after shoulder surgery affects maximum possible opioid consumption. We hypothesized that fewer pills in the initial opioid prescription would lead to less opioid consumption, a lower refill request rate, and fewer post-surgery office contacts for pain. METHODS: In this single-center, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial, 74 adults who underwent shoulder arthroplasty, rotator cuff repair, or other arthroscopic shoulder procedures were enrolled from December 2020 to July 2022. Follow-up was completed by February 2023. Participants were randomly assigned to receive postoperative prescriptions of seven 5-mg oxycodone pills (n = 20), 15 pills (n = 29), or 23 pills (n = 25). The primary outcome was maximum possible opioid consumption within 2 weeks after surgery, calculated by assuming consumption of all pills in the initial prescription, as well as any refills. Secondary outcomes were the opioid prescription refill request rates, post-surgery pain-related telephone calls or messages to the provider's office ("office contacts") within 2 weeks after surgery, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons pain scores 2 weeks after surgery. Baseline characteristics did not differ among groups except for mean age, which was younger in the 7-pill group (P = .047). RESULTS: Maximum possible opioid consumption increased with the number of pills initially prescribed, with means of 78 morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for the 7-pill group, 118 MME for the 15-pill group, and 199 MME for the 23-pill group (P < .001). None of the secondary outcome measures differed among groups. Refill request rates were 20% for the 7-pill group, 3.4% for the 15-pill group, and 12% for the 23-pill group (P = .20). The proportions of patients with at least 1 office contact were 35% in the 7-pill group, 45% in the 15-pill group, and 28% in the 23-pill group (P = .43). Mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons pain scores were 49 in the 7-pill group, 44 in the 15-pill group, and 40 in the 23-pill group (P = .20). CONCLUSION: After shoulder surgery, an initial prescription of fewer opioid pills was associated with less maximum possible opioid consumption without an increase in the percentage of patients requesting opioid refills or contacting the provider's office for pain-related concerns. An initial postoperative prescription of fewer 5-mg oxycodone pills may be equally or more effective compared with larger quantities for most patients.

Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment Modalities for Bone Loss in SCI - Proposal for Combined Approach.

Increased risk of bone fracture due to bone mineral density (BMD) loss is a serious consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). Traditionally, pharmaceutical approaches, such as bisphosphonates, have been prescribed to prevent bone loss. However, there is controversy in the literature regarding efficacy of these medications to mitigate the drastic bone loss following SCI. Individuals with SCI are particularly at risk of osteoporosis because of the lack of ambulation and weight bearing activities. In the past two decades, functional electric stimulation (FES) has allowed for another approach to treat bone loss. FES approaches are expanding into various modalities such as cycling and rowing exercises and show promising outcomes with minimal consequences. In addition, these non-pharmacological treatments can elevate overall physical and mental health. This article provides an overview of efficacy of different treatment options for BMD loss for SCI and advocates for a combined approach be pursued in standard of care.

Higher revision rates in patients with preoperative contralateral pes planovalgus deformity following total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of revision in those with pes planovalgus deformity to those without using a large national database. Given the reciprocal changes in lower extremity alignment associated with planovalgus foot deformity, it has been suggested that patients with this deformity has worse outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing elective TKA was conducted using the PearlDiver database. Patients were stratified into three cohorts: those without pes planovalgus, patients with ipsilateral or bilateral pes planovalgus relative to the TKA, and patients with contralateral pes planovalgus. Patients with prior foot reconstructive surgery were excluded. The cohorts were each matched to those without pes planovalgus. Bivariate analysis was performed comparing 90-day medical complications and 2- and 4-year revisions following TKA. An adjusted number needed to be exposed for one additional person to be harmed (NNEH) was calculated using the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and unexposed event rate. RESULTS: Following matched analysis, those with contralateral pes planovalgus had similar odds (OR 3.41; 95% CI 0.93-12.54; p = n.s.) for aseptic revision within 2 years but significantly higher odds (OR 3.35; 95% CI 1.08-10.41; p = 0.03) within 4 years when compared to those without a pes planovalgus deformity. Within 4 years, there was no significant difference in the incidence of aseptic revision (p = n.s.) in patients with ipsilateral/bilateral pes planovalgus. No patients in any cohort underwent septic revision within 4 years of TKA. CONCLUSION: This study found that patients with contralateral pes planovalgus deformity had higher odds of aseptic revision within 4 years following primary TKA in a national database, suggesting that the change in gait kinematics associated with this deformity could possibly be associated with increased revision rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Trends in total elbow arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy based on payer status.

INTRODUCTION: Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is often used to manage advanced arthropathies of the elbow caused by inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent literature has shown that use of TEA is decreasing in patients with RA, part of which can be attributed to early medical management involving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). However, there is a significant economic barrier to accessing DMARD therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of TEA between patients with and without DMARD therapy from 2010 to 2020. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using a national insurance claim database to investigate the trends of patients with RA undergoing TEA from 2010-2020. Patients who underwent TEA and had a diagnosis of RA were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes between 2010 and 2020. These patients were then stratified into 2 cohorts: those with DMARD prescription claims and those without. A linear regression, compound annual growth rate (CAGR) analysis, and χ2 analysis were conducted to compare trends and demographic variables, including insurance type, between cohorts. Additionally, a multivariable logistic regression was subsequently performed to observe odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2020, there has been no significant change in the incidence of TEA in RA patients without DMARD prescriptions, whereas there has been a statistically significantly decreasing rate of TEA observed in RA patients with DMARD prescription claims. The analysis showed that there was a CAGR of -4%. For patients with a diagnosis of RA and DMARD prescription claims, the highest incidence of undergoing TEA was seen in the age group of 60-69 years, whereas patients with a diagnosis of RA and no DMARD prescription claims had the highest incidence of undergoing TEA in the age group of 70-79 years. CONCLUSION: The incidence of patients undergoing TEA with a diagnosis of RA and DMARD prescription claims has shown a statistically significant decrease from 2010 to 2020, whereas no significant difference was observed for patients without DMARD prescription claims. There were no statistically significant differences in the insurance plans between cohorts.

The cost effectiveness of tranexamic acid for preventing periprosthetic joint infection following total shoulder arthroplasty: a break-even analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of tranexamic acid (TXA) has become widespread in orthopedics to promote hemostasis and has been successfully used to reduce blood loss and infection risk in joint arthroplasty. However, the cost effectiveness of routine TXA use for the prevention of periprosthetic infections in total shoulder arthroplasty remains unknown. METHODS: The acquisition cost of TXA ($5.22) for our institution, along with values from the literature for the average cost of infection-related care ($55,243) and the baseline infection rates for patients without TXA use (0.70%),were used to perform a break-even analysis. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) of infection necessary to justify the prophylactic use of TXA in shoulder arthroplasty was calculated from the nontreated and break-even infection rates. RESULTS: TXA is considered cost-effective if it prevents one infection out of 10,583 total shoulder arthroplasty's (ARR = 0.009%). It is economically justifiable with an ARR range of 0.001% at a cost of $0.50/g to 0.181% at $100/g. At varying costs of infection-related care ($10,000-$100,000) and varying baseline infection rates (0.50%-8.00%) and routine use of TXA remained cost-effective. CONCLUSION: The use of TXA is an economically viable practice for infection prevention following shoulder arthroplasty if it reduces the infection rate by 0.009%. Future, prospective studies should be conducted to observe whether TXA reduces the infection rate by more than 0.009%, showing cost effectiveness.

Social Determinants of Health Disparities Increase the Rate of Complications After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated whether social determinants of health disparities (SDHD), which include economic, social, education, health care, and environmental factors, identified through International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes are associated with increased odds for poor health outcomes. We aimed to investigate the association between SDHD, identified through this novel methodology, as well as postoperative complications following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: Using a national insurance claims database, a retrospective cohort analysis was performed. Patients were selected using Current Procedural Terminology and ICD codes for primary TKA between 2010 and 2019. Patients were stratified into 2 groups using ICD codes, those who had SDHD and those who did not, and propensity matched 1:1 for age, sex, a comorbidity score, and other comorbidities. After matching, 207,844 patients were included, with 103,922 patients in each cohort. Odds ratios (ORs) for 90-day medical and 2-year surgical complications were obtained using multivariable logistical regressions. RESULTS: In patients who have SDHD, multivariable analysis demonstrated higher odds of readmission (OR): 1.12; P = .013) and major and minor medical complications (OR: 2.09; P < .001) within 90-days as well as higher odds of revision surgery (OR: 1.77; P < .001) and periprosthetic joint infection (OR: 1.30; P < .001) within 2-years. CONCLUSION: The SDHD are an independent risk factor for revision surgery and periprosthetic joint infection after TKA. In addition, SDHD is also an independent risk factor for all-cause hospital readmissions and both minor and major complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Evaluating The Effect of Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair with Concomitant Subacromial Decompression on 2, 4, and 6 Year Reoperation Rates.

INTRODUCTION: The risks and benefits of including an arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD) during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) are uncertain. Some studies suggest no difference in revision surgery rates, whereas others have found higher revision surgery rates associated with concomitant ASD. In this study, we compare mid-term revision surgery rates in patients undergoing arthroscopic RCR with or without concomitant ASD. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using a national all-payer claims database. Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Disease , 10th Revision , codes were used to identify patients who underwent primary arthroscopic RCR with or without ASD in the United States. The primary study outcome was revision surgery at 2, 4, and 6 years. Univariate analysis was conducted on demographic variables (age, sex) and comorbidities in the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index using chi-square and Student t -tests. Multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 11,188 patients were identified who underwent RCR and met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 8,994 (80%) underwent concomitant ASD. Concomitant ASD was associated with lower odds of all-cause revision surgery to the ipsilateral shoulder at 2 years (odds ratio [OR], 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51 to 0.73), 4 years (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.70), and 6 years (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.69). Concomitant ASD was also associated with lower odds of revision RCR at 2 years (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.86), 4 years (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.78), and 6 years (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.76). DISCUSSION: Arthroscopic RCR with concomitant ASD is associated with lower odds of all-cause revision surgery in the ipsilateral shoulder at 2, 4, and 6 years. The lower mid-term revision surgery rates suggest benefits to performing concomitant ASD with primary arthroscopic RCR. Continued research on the mid to long-term benefits of ASD is needed to determine which patient populations benefit most from this procedure. DATA AVAILABILITY: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Does Reusable Instrumentation for Four-Anchor Rotator Cuff Repair Offer Decreased Waste Disposal Costs and Lower Waste-Related Carbon Emissions?

INTRODUCTION: Orthopaedic surgery is culpable, in part, for the excessive carbon emissions in health care partly due to the utilization of disposable instrumentation in most procedures, such as rotator cuff repair (RCR). To address growing concerns about hospital waste, some have considered replacing disposable instrumentation with reusable instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the cost and carbon footprint of waste disposal of RCR kits that use disposable instrumentation compared with reusable instrumentation. METHODS: The mass of the necessary materials and their packaging to complete a four-anchor RCR from four medical device companies that use disposable instrumentation and one that uses reusable instrumentation were recorded. Using the cost of medical waste disposal at our institution ($0.14 per kilogram) and reported values from the literature for carbon emissions produced from the low-temperature incineration of noninfectious waste (249 kgCO 2 e/t) and infectious waste (569 kgCO 2 e/t), we estimated the waste management cost and carbon footprint of waste disposal produced per RCR kit. RESULTS: The disposable systems of four commercial medical device companies had 783%, 570%, 1,051%, and 478%, respectively, greater mass and waste costs when compared with the reusable system. The cost of waste disposal for the reusable instrumentation system costs on average $0.14 less than the disposable instrumentation systems. The estimated contribution to the overall carbon footprint produced from the disposal of a RCR kit that uses reusable instrumentation was on average 0.37 kg CO2e less than the disposable instrumentation systems. CONCLUSION: According to our analysis, reusable instrumentation in four-anchor RCR leads to decreased waste and waste disposal costs and lower carbon emissions from waste disposal. Additional research should be done to assess the net benefit reusable systems may have on hospitals and the effect this may have on a long-term decrease in carbon footprint. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

The Effect of Concomitant Biceps Tenodesis on Revision Surgery Rates After Primary Rotator Cuff Repair.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to use a national database to compare the 4-year revision surgery rates after rotator cuff repair (RCR) in patients with concomitant biceps tenodesis (BT) versus those without BT. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using the PearlDiver database from 2015 to 2017. Patients undergoing primary open and arthroscopic RCR with and without BT were identified. Demographic variables, 90-day complications, and 2- and 4-year revision surgery rates were analyzed, and a multivariable logistic regression was conducted. RESULTS: Of the 131,155 patients undergoing RCR, 24,487 (18.7%) underwent concomitant BT and 106,668 (81.3%) did not. After controlling for comorbidities and demographics, patients with concomitant BT were associated with lower odds of all-cause revision (OR; P-value [0.77; P < 0.001]), revision BT (0.65; P < 0.001), revision RCR (0.72; P < 0.001), and shoulder arthroplasty (0.81; P = 0.001) within 4 years when compared with those without concomitant BT. DISCUSSION: In our analysis, patients undergoing primary RCR with concomitant BT had 35% reduced odds of revision BT and 23% reduced odds of any all-cause revision within 4 years when compared with those without concomitant BT. This suggests that tenodesis at the time of primary RCR may be associated with a reduction in the utilization of ipsilateral shoulder revision surgery rates.

How Does Parental Monitoring Reduce Adolescent Substance Use? Preliminary Tests of Two Potential Mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test two non-exclusive mechanisms by which parental monitoring might reduce teen substance use. The first mechanism (M1) is that monitoring increases punishment for substance use since parents who monitor more are more likely to find out when substance use occurs. The second mechanism (M2) is that monitoring directly prevents/averts teens from using substances in the first place for fear that parents would find out. METHOD: A total of 4,503 teens ages 11-15 years old in 21 communities across the United States completed a survey reporting on parents' monitoring/knowledge and teens' substance use. RESULTS: We found no support for M1: Parents with greater parental monitoring were not more likely to be aware when the teen had used substances (odds ratios = 0.79-0.93, ps = .34-.85), so they could not have increased the rate of punishment. We found support for M2: When asked directly, teens identified instances in which they planned to or had a chance to use substances but did not because their parents got in the way or would have found out (p < .01). Had all those opportunities for substance use occurred rather than been averted by parents, the prevalence of substance use in the sample would have been 1.4 times higher. CONCLUSIONS: In this community-based sample of teens, we failed to support prior punishment-centric theories of how monitoring might reduce teen substance use. Rather, monitoring may directly discourage teens from using substances regardless of whether it increases parents' awareness of substance use or results in more punishment. Replication in other samples and contexts is needed.

Increased Incidence of Upper Extremity Soft Tissue Injuries and Orthopaedic Surgeries in Patients with Eating Disorders.

Background: Despite an established increased fracture risk in eating disorder patients, no studies, to our knowledge, have investigated the association between eating disorders and upper extremity soft tissue injury or surgery incidence. Given the association of eating disorders with nutritional deficiency and musculoskeletal sequelae, we hypothesized that patients with eating disorders would have an increased risk of soft tissue injury and surgery. The aim of this study was to elucidate this link and investigate if these incidences are increased in patients with eating disorders. Methods: Cohorts of patients with anorexia ner-vosa or bulimia nervosa, identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) -9 and -10 codes, were identified in a large national claims database over 2010-2021. Control groups without these respective diagnoses were constructed, matched by age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, record date, and geographical region. Upper extremity soft tissue injuries were identified using ICD-9 and -10 codes and surgeries using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Differences in incidence were analyzed using chi-square tests. Results: Patients with anorexia and bulimia were significantly more likely to sustain a shoulder sprain (RR=1.77; RR=2.01, respectively), rotator cuff tear (RR=1.39; RR=1.62), elbow sprain (RR=1.85; RR=1.95), hand/wrist sprain (RR=1.73; RR=16.0), hand/wrist ligament rupture (RR=3.33; RR=1.85), any upper extremity sprain (RR=1.72; RR=1.85), or any upper extremity tendon rupture (RR=1.41; RR=1.65). Patients with bulimia were also more likely to sustain any upper extremity ligament rupture (RR=2.88). Patients with anorexia and bulimia were significantly more likely to undergo SLAP repair (RR=2.37; RR=2.03, respectively), rotator cuff repair (RR=1.77; RR=2.10), biceps tenodesis (RR=2.73; RR=2.58), any shoulder surgery (RR=2.02; RR=2.25), hand tendon repair (RR=2.09; RR=2.12), any hand surgery (RR=2.14; RR=2.22), or any hand/wrist surgery (RR=1.87; RR=2.06). Conclusion: Eating disorders are associated with an increased incidence of numerous upper extremity soft tissue injuries and orthopaedic surgeries. Further work should be undertaken to elucidate the drivers of this increased risk. Level of Evidence: III.

The Persistent Backlog of Knee and Shoulder Orthopedic Sport Surgery Case Volume Following the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives: As COVID-19 will not be the last pandemic, understanding our historical response allows us to predict and improve our current practices in preparation for the next pandemic. Following the removal of the elective surgery suspension at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is unclear whether sports medicine surgery volume has returned to pre-pandemic levels as well as whether the backlog from the original suspension was addressed. The purpose of this study to observe the monthly changes in volume and backlog of knee and shoulder sports surgery one year since the original suspension. Methods: National all-payer data was utilized to identify patients undergoing knee and shoulder sports procedures from January 2017 to April 2021. Descriptive analysis was utilized to report the monthly changes in surgeries. A linear forecast analysis using historical data was utilized to determine the expected volume. This was compared to the observed case volume. The difference in expected and observed volume was utilized to calculate the estimated change in backlog. Results: From March to May 2020, there was a persistent decrease in the observed shoulder and knee sports volume when compared to the expected volume. By June 2020, all knee and shoulder sports volume reached the expected volume. By April 2021, the estimated backlog for shoulder and knee procedures had increased by 49.8% (26,412 total cases) and 19.0% (26,412 total cases), respectively, with respect to the original calculated backlog from March to May 2020. Conclusion: Within four months, the sudden decrease in volume for knee and shoulder sports procedures had returned to pre-pandemic levels; however, the original backlog in cases has continually increased one year following the suspension. Additionally, the backlog is significantly higher for knee when compared to shoulder surgeries.