Description of two gynandromorphs of Culex theileri from Extremadura, Spain.

Two gynandromorphs of Culex theileri are described. The individuals were caught in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps in the municipality of Alcollarin, Cáceres, Spain, in 2011. One of the specimens presented polar gynandromorphism, whereas the other showed a combination of polar and transverse gynandromorphic features. Details are given of the main characteristics of both mosquitoes, with particular emphasis that this gynandromorphic finding is only the second reported for this mosquito species worldwide.

Reconstructing the post-glacial spread of the sand fly Phlebotomus mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe.

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are the principal vectors of Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). In Central Europe, Phlebotomus mascittii is the predominant species, but largely understudied. To better understand factors driving its current distribution, we infer patterns of genetic diversity by testing for signals of population expansion based on two mitochondrial genes and model current and past climate and habitat suitability for seven post-glacial maximum periods, taking 19 climatic variables into account. Consequently, we elucidate their connections by environmental-geographical network analysis. Most analyzed populations share a main haplotype tracing back to a single glacial maximum refuge area on the Mediterranean coasts of South France, which is supported by network analysis. The rapid range expansion of Ph. mascittii likely started in the early mid-Holocene epoch until today and its spread possibly followed two routes. The first one was through northern France to Germany and then Belgium, and the second across the Ligurian coast through present-day Slovenia to Austria, toward the northern Balkans. Here we present a combined approach to reveal glacial refugia and post-glacial spread of Ph. mascittii and observed discrepancies between the modelled and the current known distribution might reveal yet overlooked populations and potential further spread.

Reviewing Fasciola hepatica transmission in the West Indies and novel perceptions from experimental infections of sympatric vs. allopatric snail/fluke combinations.

Fasciolosis is an important food-borne parasitic disease affecting over two million people worldwide with economic losses related to cattle production of up to US$ 3 billion annually. Despite the long known presence of Fasciola hepatica in the Caribbean islands its transmission is not well known. This study reviews historical and recent data on fasciolosis in the West Indies, revealing for the first time the outcomes of sympatric and allopatric fluke/snail interactions in the area by exploring the susceptibility of four lymnaeid species after exposure to F. hepatica isolates from Cuba, the Dominican Republic and France. Overall, Galba cubensis showed a mean prevalence of 71.8% and appears to be the most suitable intermediate host species irrespective of the isolate used. Sympatric combinations (snail and parasite from the same country) were generally more compatible (higher susceptibility, parasite intensity and snail survival post-exposure) and only the allopatric interaction of French G. truncatula/Cuban F. hepatica attained 100% prevalence and mean intensity over 33 rediae/snail. However, certain Dominican populations of Pseudosuccinea columella showed high parasite intensities (>30 rediae/snail) when infected with Cuban flukes, highlighting the potential risks of biological introductions. Overall, high compatibility in most sympatric combinations compared to low or moderate compatibility in allopatric ones, suggests the existence of local adaptation from a long sustained interaction that has led to high rates of transmission. Interestingly, attempts to infect G. schirazensis with sympatric and allopatric flukes failed and coupled with the lowest survival rates which supposes a low risk of fasciolosis transmission in areas where this is the only snail species. Although there are significant gaps in the actual status of fasciolosis transmission from several islands in the West Indies these results show a permanent risk. We conclude that fasciolosis transmission is high in areas where the local snail, G. cubensis, occurs, and will be even higher in the presence of the invasive P. columella.