Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock.

BACKGROUND: Cardiogenic shock is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Although inotropic support is a mainstay of medical therapy for cardiogenic shock, little evidence exists to guide the selection of inotropic agents in clinical practice. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with cardiogenic shock to receive milrinone or dobutamine in a double-blind fashion. The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital death from any cause, resuscitated cardiac arrest, receipt of a cardiac transplant or mechanical circulatory support, nonfatal myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack or stroke diagnosed by a neurologist, or initiation of renal replacement therapy. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the primary composite outcome. RESULTS: A total of 192 participants (96 in each group) were enrolled. The treatment groups did not differ significantly with respect to the primary outcome; a primary outcome event occurred in 47 participants (49%) in the milrinone group and in 52 participants (54%) in the dobutamine group (relative risk, 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 1.19; P = 0.47). There were also no significant differences between the groups with respect to secondary outcomes, including in-hospital death (37% and 43% of the participants, respectively; relative risk, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.21), resuscitated cardiac arrest (7% and 9%; hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.29 to 2.07), receipt of mechanical circulatory support (12% and 15%; hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.71), or initiation of renal replacement therapy (22% and 17%; hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.73 to 2.67). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with cardiogenic shock, no significant difference between milrinone and dobutamine was found with respect to the primary composite outcome or important secondary outcomes. (Funded by the Innovation Fund of the Alternative Funding Plan for the Academic Health Sciences Centres of Ontario; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03207165.).

Prognostic utility of longitudinal quantification of PET myocardial blood flow early post heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantification by Rubidium-82 positron emission tomography (PET) has shown promise for cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) surveillance and risk stratification post heart transplantation. The objective was to determine the prognostic value of serial PET performed early post transplantation. METHODS AND RESULT: Heart transplant (HT) recipients at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute with 2 PET examinations (PET1 = baseline, PET2 = follow-up) within 6 years of transplant were included in the study. Evaluation of PET flow quantification included stress MBF, coronary vascular resistance (CVR), and myocardial flow reserve (MFR). The primary composite outcome was all-cause death, re-transplant, myocardial infarction, revascularization, allograft dysfunction, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), or heart failure hospitalization. A total of 121 patients were evaluated (79% male, mean age 56 ± 11 years) with consecutive scans performed at mean 1.4 ± 0.7 and 2.6 ± 1.0 years post HT for PET1 and PET2, respectively. Over a mean follow-up of 3.0 (IQR 1.8, 4.6) years, 26 (22%) patients developed the primary outcome: 1 death, 11 new or progressive angiographic CAV, 2 percutaneous coronary interventions, 12 allograft dysfunction. Unadjusted Cox analysis showed a significant reduction in event-free survival in patients with PET1 stress MBF < 2.1 (HR: 2.43, 95% CI 1.11-5.29 P = 0.047) and persistent abnormal PET1 to PET2 CVR > 76 (HR: 2.19, 95% CI 0.87-5.51 P = 0.045). There was no association between MFR and outcomes. CONCLUSION: Low-stress MBF and persistent increased CVR on serial PET imaging early post HT are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Early post-transplant and longitudinal assessment by PET may identify at-risk patients for increased surveillance post HT.

Biomarker discovery in cardiac allograft vasculopathy using targeted aptamer proteomics.

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) limits long-term survival after heart transplantation. Non-invasive evaluation is challenging, and currently, there is no validated biomarker for CAV diagnosis or prognostication. To identify potential candidate CAV biomarkers, we utilized the Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamer (SOMAscan) assay, which evaluates over 1000 serum proteins, including many relevant to biological pathways in CAV. We evaluated three heart transplant patient groups according to angiographic ISHLT CAV grade: CAV1-2 (mild-moderate CAV), CAV3 (severe CAV), and CAV0 (normal control). SOMAscan assays were performed and proteins quantitated. Comparisons of proteins between study groups were performed using one-way ANOVA (false discovery rate q-value < 0.10). Thirty-one patients (12 mild-moderate CAV, 9 severe CAV, 10 controls) were included: 81% male, median age 57 years and median 1.1 years post-transplant. Compared to controls, patients with mild-moderate CAV had similar characteristics, while patients with severe CAV had longer time from transplant and increased allosensitization. Statistical/bioinformatics analysis identified 14 novel biomarkers for CAV, including 4 specific for mild-moderate CAV. These proteins demonstrated important actions including apoptosis, inflammation, and platelet/coagulation activation. Upon preliminary receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, our protein biomarkers showed moderate-to-high discriminative ability for CAV (area under curve: 0.72 to 0.94). These candidate biomarkers are being validated in prospective studies.

Comparative Accuracy of Focused Cardiac Ultrasonography and Clinical Examination for Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Valvular Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Incorporating focused cardiac ultrasonography (FoCUS) into clinical examination could improve the diagnostic yield of bedside patient evaluation. Purpose: To compare the accuracy of FoCUS-assisted clinical assessment versus clinical assessment alone for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction or valvular disease in adults having cardiovascular evaluation. Data Sources: English-language searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science from 1 January 1990 to 23 May 2019 and review of reference citations. Study Selection: Eligible studies were done in patients having cardiovascular evaluation; compared FoCUS-assisted clinical assessment versus clinical assessment alone for the diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, aortic or mitral valve disease, or pericardial effusion; and used transthoracic echocardiography as the reference standard. Data Extraction: Three study investigators independently abstracted data and assessed study quality. Data Synthesis: Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. The sensitivity of clinical assessment for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction <50%) was 43% (95% CI, 33% to 54%), whereas that of FoCUS-assisted examination was 84% (CI, 74% to 91%). The specificity of clinical assessment was 81% (CI, 65% to 90%), and that of FoCUS-assisted examination was 89% (CI, 85% to 91%). The sensitivities of clinical assessment and FoCUS-assisted examination for diagnosing aortic or mitral valve disease (of at least moderate severity) were 46% (CI, 35% to 58%) and 71% (CI, 63% to 79%), respectively. Both the clinical assessment and the FoCUS-assisted examination had a specificity of 94% (CI, 91% to 96%). Limitation: Evidence was scant, persons doing ultrasonography had variable skill levels, and most studies had unclear or high risk of bias. Conclusion: Clinical examination assisted by FoCUS has greater sensitivity, but not greater specificity, than clinical assessment alone for identifying left ventricular dysfunction and aortic or mitral valve disease; FoCUS-assisted examination may help rule out cardiovascular pathology in some patients, but it may not be sufficient for definitive confirmation of cardiovascular disease suspected on physical examination. Primary Funding Source: None. (PROSPERO: CRD42019124318).

In-hospital outcomes of STEMI patients on warfarin undergoing primary PCI.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to describe the safety and efficacy outcomes of patients on warfarin presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the outcomes and optimal management of STEMI patients on warfarin undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Baseline characteristics and outcomes were prospectively collected for 2,390 consecutive STEMI patients referred for primary PCI. Patients were stratified based on warfarin use at baseline. The primary safety endpoint was the rate of in-hospital bleeding (a composite of major bleeding or minor bleeding) according to the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) classification. Efficacy endpoints included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, as well as intracranial bleeding, cardiogenic shock, and length of stay. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine if warfarin was independently associated with bleeding and MACE. RESULTS: Warfarin patients (n = 59 vs. n = 2,331) were significantly older (73.2 years vs. 61.7 years; P < 0.01), and more likely to present as Killip Class IV (13.6% vs. 2.7%; P < 0.01). TIMI major/minor bleeding occurred in 30.4% of the warfarin patients and 14.2% of the control patients (P < 0.01). After adjustment warfarin was independently associated with an increased risk of bleeding (OR 2.08; P = 0.04). Warfarin patients also had an increased frequency of MACE (20.3% vs. 5.9%; P < 0.01), though this was not significant after adjustment (OR 2.00; P = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: STEMI patients on warfarin referred for primary PCI are more likely to experience bleeding. New strategies are needed to optimize the management and minimize bleeding in this high-risk population.

Strategies for Minimizing Occupational Radiation Exposure in Cardiac Imaging.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Radiation safety has been at the center of interest of both researchers and healthcare institutions. This review will summarize and shed light on the various techniques adapted to reduce staff exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) in the field of cardiac imaging. RECENT FINDINGS: In the last years, with the advance of awareness and the development of new technologies, there have been several tools and techniques adapted. The breakthrough of several technologies to lower radiation dose and shorten the duration of diagnostic tests associated with IR, the use of protection devices by staff members, and mostly the awareness of exposure to IR are the hallmark of these advances. Using all these measures has led to a significant decrease in staff exposure to IR. Reducing staff exposure to meet the "As Low As Reasonably Achievable" principle is feasible. This review introduces the most important strategies applied in cardiac imaging.

H2 Receptor Antagonists versus Proton Pump Inhibitors in Patients on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: Mitigating the gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding risks of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is a common clinical concern. While proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) remain the most effective therapy, their adverse events warrant considering alternatives, including Histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs). METHODS: We searched for randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, published from 1980 to 2016. After screening, 10 trials were eligible. We compared PPIs to H2RAs in patients on DAPT in terms of 2 clinical and one laboratory outcomes; GI complications, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR). Clinical and statistical inter-study heterogeneity was low for all 3 outcomes (I2 = 0%, p > 0.05 for all). RESULTS: Fixed effects meta-analysis suggested that PPIs were superior to H2RAs in preventing GI complications (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.17-0.48) but with higher risk of HTPR (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.030-1.60) though without a higher incidence of MACE (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.55-1.77). CONCLUSIONS: PPIs are superior to H2RAs for gastroprotection in patients on DAPT. However, PPIs are associated with HTPR, with no significant difference demonstrated in MACE. Based on currently available data, the use of PPIs may be warranted in selected patients on DAPT deemed at risk for GI complications.

Quality of assessment and counselling offered by community pharmacists and medication sale without prescription to patients presenting with acute cardiac symptoms: a simulated client study.

PURPOSE: Self-medication is common worldwide. However, the prevalence of sale of prescription medications without prescription and the quality of assessment and counselling provided by community pharmacists to cardiac patients is unknown. We sought to determine the prevalence of prescription medication sales and explore how pharmacists assess and counsel patients with acute cardiac conditions. METHODS: Six hundred community pharmacies in the two largest cities in Saudi Arabia were selected. Two simulated clients presented either an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) scenario or an acute heart failure (AHF) scenario to the pharmacists. Descriptive statistics and regression models were used to analyse and present the collected data. RESULTS: Of 600 pharmacies, 379 (63.2%) sold various prescription medications to simulated patients without prescription. Assessment and counselling provided by pharmacists were inadequate. Almost a quarter of pharmacists did not ask simulated patients any questions; 52% asked one or two questions; and only 24% asked three or more questions. Only 28 pharmacists (4.7%) inquired about drug allergies; 48.5% instructed simulated patients on the dosage and frequency of the sold medications; 21.6% provided instruction on treatment duration; and 19.4% gave instructions on dose, frequency, and duration of treatment. Compared to AHF, ACS simulated patients were more likely to be asked about other symptoms and comorbidities (59.7% vs. 48.7%, p = 0.007 and 46.3% vs. 37.3%, p = 0.005, respectively) and were more likely to be advised to go to hospital (70.3% vs. 56.3%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The sale of prescription medications by community pharmacists to simulated cardiac patients without prescription is very common; assessment and counselling qualities are suboptimal.

Evaluating the initial impact of the Riyadh Epilepsy Awareness Campaign.

OBJECTIVE: We determine the impact of an educational awareness campaign on the level of knowledge and the attitude of the Saudi population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in an attempt to improve the awareness and reduce the social stigma associated with epilepsy. METHODS: The Saudi Epilepsy Society organized a citywide awareness campaign in 2013. A survey consisting of 11 questions pertaining to epilepsy awareness was distributed to Saudi citizens living in Riyadh, aged 15 years and above, in malls, health clubs, mosques, universities, and schools during that campaign. The same questionnaire was administered before and after the awareness campaign to the same individuals on the same day to assess the impact of the campaign (n=2118). RESULTS: The epilepsy awareness campaign significantly raised the general knowledge about epilepsy: 1519 before vs. 1944 after (P<0.001) would allow their children to interact with an individual who had epilepsy; 1567 before vs. 688 after (P<0.001) would not want their children to marry an individual with epilepsy. Eight hundred twenty six before vs. 47 after (P<0.001) thought that epilepsy is untreatable. Regarding the causes of epilepsy, 1663 before vs. 896 after (P<0.001) believed that epilepsy is caused by supernatural powers, and 1224 before vs. 1874 after (P<0.001) chose brain disease as a cause of epilepsy. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that epilepsy awareness campaigns can close knowledge gaps. A long-term reevaluation may be needed to assess awareness sustainability.

Role of community health outreach program "living for health" in improving access to federally qualified health centers in Miami-dade county, Florida: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Care of the underserved remains one of the most compelling challenges to American healthcare. Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) address uninsurance and underinsurance by providing primary and preventive care to vulnerable populations with fees charged based on ability to pay. Our goal is to study the effectiveness of FQHCs system in engaging patients and the barriers to utilization, which have not been well defined. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on data from "Living for Health" (L4H) program participants from 2008 to 2012. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to determine factors associated with FQHC utilization. RESULTS: Among 9453 subjects screened, 1889 were referred to a FQHC, but only 201(11%) actually sought treatment. Public insurance, non-Hispanic ethnicity, and hypertension were associated with higher rates of FQHC utilization. Inability to afford costs, cultural factors and inflexible appointment times were the most common reasons for FQHC underutilization. CONCLUSION: The current status of FQHC utilization is sub-optimal. Community outreach programs like L4H can improve the access and utilization of FQHCs.

Ceftriaxone and the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia, Cardiac Arrest, and Death Among Patients Receiving Lansoprazole.

Importance: The combination of ceftriaxone and lansoprazole has been shown to prolong the corrected QT interval on electrocardiogram. However, it is unknown whether this translates to clinically important patient outcomes. Objective: To compare lansoprazole with another proton pump inhibitor (PPI) during ceftriaxone treatment in terms of risk for ventricular arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and in-hospital mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study including adult medical inpatients receiving ceftriaxone with lansoprazole or another PPI in 13 hospitals in Ontario, Canada, was conducted from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2021. Exposure: Lansoprazole during ceftriaxone treatment vs other PPIs during ceftriaxone treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was a composite of ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest that occurred after hospital admission. The secondary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Propensity-score weighting was used to adjust for covariates including hospital site, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, risk factors for ventricular arrhythmia, illness severity, admitting diagnoses, and concomitant medications. Results: Of the 31 152 patients hospitalized on internal medicine wards who were treated with ceftriaxone while receiving a PPI, 16 135 patients (51.8%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 71.7 (16.0) years. The study included 3747 patients in the lansoprazole group and 27 405 patients in the other PPI group. Ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest occurred in 126 patients (3.4%) within the lansoprazole group and 319 patients (1.2%) within the other PPI group. In-hospital mortality occurred in 746 patients (19.9%) within the lansoprazole group and 2762 patients (10.1%) in the other PPI group. After weighting using propensity scores, the adjusted risk difference for the lansoprazole group minus other PPI group was 1.7% (95% CI, 1.1%-2.3%) for ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest and 7.4% (95% CI, 6.1%-8.8%) for in-hospital mortality. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cohort study suggest that combination therapy with lansoprazole and ceftriaxone should be avoided. More studies are needed to determine whether these findings could be replicated in other populations and settings.

Proposal for an Ambulatory Heart Failure Management Curriculum for Cardiology Residency Training Programs.

Background: The suboptimal implementation of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for heart failure (HF) patients has been linked with poor clinical outcomes. Little is known about the potential role of cardiology residency training programs in improving trainees' (ie, future cardiologists') ability to utilize GDMT. Methods: In this survey-based study, we examined the degree of exposure to ambulatory HF patient management among cardiology trainees in Canada. All cardiology residency program directors (n = 15; 100% response rate) completed our survey. Results: Although 9 programs (60%) mandated ≥ 3 ambulatory cardiology rotations, only 3 (20%) required ≥ 2 ambulatory HF rotations. When HF rotations were provided, only 7 programs (47%) offered moderate or higher exposure to ambulatory nontransplant HF patients (defined as ≥ 5 clinics/rotations). This element was independent of program- and institution-specific characteristics. All institutions had a multidisciplinary HF clinic, and the majority (13 [87%]) had access to an inpatient HF service, a consultative HF service, and/or a specialist pharmacist. Furthermore, 13 program directors (87%) agreed on the importance of adopting HF training curriculum and their program's readiness to implement such a module. Conclusions: The current state of HF training among cardiology residencies is suboptimal and in need of improvement. Most programs have access to a HF clinic, a specialist pharmacist, or an inpatient consultative service, which would facilitate adoption of a HF management curriculum that focuses on practical and experiential aspects of GDMT optimization. This program, which is under development, will be offered to training programs nationwide, to enable trainees to manage this growing and increasingly complex patient population.

Contexte: Une mise en application sous-optimale des traitements médicaux recommandés dans les lignes directrices (TMRLD) dans les cas de patients atteints d'insuffisance cardiaque (IC) a été associée à des issues cliniques défavorables. On en sait peu sur le rôle éventuel des programmes de résidence en cardiologie sur l'amélioration des capacités des stagiaires (c.-à-d. des futurs cardiologues) à mettre en œuvre les TMRLD. Méthodologie: Notre étude s'appuyant sur un sondage a permis d'examiner le niveau d'exposition des stagiaires en cardiologie au Canada à la prise en charge des patients ambulatoires atteints d'IC. La direction de tous les programmes de résidence en cardiologie (n = 15; taux de réponse de 100 %) a participé à notre sondage. Résultats: Alors que neuf programmes (60 %) exigeaient ≥ trois stages en cardiologie ambulatoire, seulement trois d'entre eux (20 %) exigeaient ≥ deux stages en IC ambulatoire. Parmi les programmes offrant des stages en IC, seulement sept (47 %) offraient une exposition modérée à élevée à des patients ambulatoires atteints d'IC et n'ayant pas reçu de greffe (cette exposition était établie à cinq cliniques par stage ou plus); le niveau d'exposition à ces patients ne dépendait pas des caractéristiques du programme ou de l'établissement. Dans tous les établissements, une clinique multidisciplinaire spécialisée en IC était présente, et la majorité d'entre eux (13 [87 %]) bénéficiaient également d'un service pour les patients hospitalisés atteints d'IC, d'un service de consultation en IC et/ou de la présence d'un pharmacien spécialisé. De plus, la direction de 13 programmes (87 %) se disait en accord avec l'importance d'adopter un curriculum de formation portant sur l'IC et considérait que leur programme était prêt à intégrer un tel module. Conclusions: L'état actuel de la formation en IC dans les programmes de résidence en cardiologie n'est pas optimal, et des améliorations sont nécessaires. La plupart des programmes ont accès à une clinique en IC, un pharmacien spécialisé ou un service de consultation pour les patients hospitalisés, ce qui pourrait faciliter l'adoption d'un curriculum de prise en charge de l'IC portant sur l'expérience concrète de l'optimisation des TMRLD. Ce module, qui est en cours d'élaboration, sera offert à tous les programmes de formation à travers le Canada, pour permettre aux stagiaires de mieux prendre en charge cette population de patients qui gagne en nombre et en complexité.

The time is now: role of pragmatic clinical trials in guiding response to global pandemics.

Along with its heavy toll of morbidity and mortality, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exposed several limitations of the current global research response. The slow and inefficient process of carrying out traditional randomized clinical trials led regulatory authorities to hastily approve treatments and tests without sufficient evidence of safety and efficacy.We here outline issues with the current research platform, summarize shortcomings of traditional randomized clinical trials particularly apparent at the time of pandemics, and highlight the advantages of pragmatic clinical trials as an alternative to rapidly generate the needed clinical evidence. We further discuss barriers and challenges to pragmatic clinical trials implementation and explore opportunities for research institutions and regulatory authorities to facilitate widespread adoption of this vital research tool.As a subsequent wave of COVID-19, and/or another epidemic, are all but inevitable in our lifetime, we must ensure that our research infrastructure is conducive to carrying out pragmatic clinical trials to expeditiously generate the needed evidence and blunt the epidemic's toll on human lives and livelihoods.

The Need for Telemedicine Integration Into Adult Cardiology Training Curricula in Canada.

COVID-19 brought telemedicine to the forefront of clinical cardiology. We aimed to examine the extent of trainees' involvement in and comfort with telemedicine practices in Canada with the use of a web-based self-administered survey. Eighty-six trainees from 12 training programs completed the survey (65% response rate). Results showed that before COVID-19, 39 trainees (45%) had telemedicine exposure, compared with 67 (78%) after COVID-19 (P < 0.001). However, only 44 trainees (51%) reported being comfortable or very comfortable with the use of telemedicine. Of the 67 trainees who were involved in telemedicine, 4 (6%) had full supervision during virtual visits, 13 (19%) had partial supervision, and 50 (75%) had minimal or no supervision. Importantly, 67 trainees (78%) expressed the need for telemedicine-specific training and 64 (74%) were willing to have their virtual visits recorded for the purpose of evaluation and feedback. Furthermore, 47 (55%) felt strongly or very strongly positive about incorporating telemedicine into their future practice. The main perceived barriers to telemedicine use were concerns about patients' engagement, fear of weakening the patient-physician relationship, and unfamiliarity with telemedicine technology. These barriers, together with training in virtual physical examination skills and medicolegal aspects of telemedicine, are addressed in several established internal medicine telemedicine curricula that could be adapted by cardiology programs. In conclusion, while the degree of telemedicine involvement since COVID-19 was high, the trainees' comfort level with telemedicine practice remains suboptimal likely due to lack of training and inadequate staff supervision. Therefore, a cardiology telemedicine curriculum is needed to ensure that trainees are equipped to embrace telemedicine in cardiovascular clinical care.

Correlation of laboratory haemoconcentration measures with filling pressures obtained via pulmonary arterial pressure sensors in ambulatory heart failure patients.

AIMS: Laboratory measures of haemoconcentration correlate with invasive haemodynamics and clinical outcomes in hospitalized heart failure (HF) patients. We aimed to determine the association between haemoconcentration and haemodynamic measures in ambulatory HF patients with implantable pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) sensors. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed ambulatory HF patients (n = 23) managed at the Brigham and Women's Hospital with implantable PAP sensors (CardioMEMS™, Abbott, Atlanta, GA, USA) who had sufficient data for serial haemodynamic-haemoconcentration correlation. The primary measures of interest were the absolute changes in haemoglobin and diastolic PAP at follow-up compared to baseline values (obtained at implantation). In 23 patients (median age 64 years, 57% with HF with preserved ejection fraction), 518 paired laboratory-haemodynamic measurements were evaluated. At a median follow-up of 27 (interquartile range 13-42) months, 17 (74%) patients had at least one hospitalization (59 total hospitalizations including 30 HF hospitalizations). For the population as a whole, diastolic PAP was negatively correlated with haemoglobin level (r = -0.09, P = 0.053). This negative correlation was more apparent when changes in haemoglobin and diastolic PAP were evaluated at the time of HF hospitalization compared to baseline values (r = -0.40, P = 0.029). The mean rise in diastolic PAP of 3.6 mmHg at HF hospitalization corresponded to a numerical decline of 0.6 g/dL in haemoglobin (P = 0.20). CONCLUSION: Change in haemoglobin was correlated with change in diastolic PAP in ambulatory HF patients, especially at the time of HF hospitalization. These findings support the potential for investigation into the role of ambulatory monitoring of haemoglobin as an inexpensive, non-invasive tool to guide de-congestion strategies and potentially prevent HF hospitalizations.

A Shifting Paradigm: The Role of Focused Cardiac Ultrasound in Bedside Patient Assessment.

Transthoracic echocardiography is the standard of care in anatomic and functional cardiovascular assessment; however, focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) performed with portable ultrasound equipment is increasingly being used as an adjunct to comprehensive history and physical examination. FoCUS assessments, unlike formal echocardiography, are intended to assist physicians in answering explicit clinical questions with a narrow differential diagnosis in real time. Over the past decade, a growing body of literature has repeatedly shown the value that FoCUS adds to clinical evaluation. Specifically, FoCUS improves point-of-care diagnostic accuracy, which in turn modifies treatment plans, decreases time to diagnosis, and reduces resource utilization. Although less robust, there is also evidence showing improvement in clinical outcomes. Based on this evidence, clinicians, training programs, and clinical societies have embraced FoCUS as a tool to complement bedside patient evaluation. Herein, we review the evidence for FoCUS in clinical practice, specifically evaluating the diagnostic accuracy, the impact on clinical decision-making, and the effect on clinical outcomes.

Reference values for mid-diastolic right ventricular volume in population referred for cardiac computed tomography: An additional diagnostic value to cardiac computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: While an assessment of the right ventricular (RV) size remains challenging, the entire RV is can be imaged on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) studies. With prospective ECG-triggering, the RV end diastolic volume (RVEDV) cannot be measured; however, the RV mid-diastolic volume (RVMDV) can still be measured accurately from routine CCTA data sets. The objective of this study is to establish normal reference values for RVMDV. METHODS: Right ventricular mid-diastolic volumes were measured in 4855 consecutive patients undergoing prospectively ECG-triggered coronary CTA. All patients with known cardiac or pulmonary disease (coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, revascularization, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation, implantable cardiac defibrillator implantation, cardiac transplant, or cardiac surgery) or smoking history (3313 patients) were excluded. RESULTS: 1542 patients were analyzed (mean age 56.4 ± 11.1 years, mean BSA 1.96 ± 0.26 and 47% male). The mean RVMDV for men and women was 168.6 ± 37.6 mL and 117.6 ± 26.4 mL, respectively. Mean BSA-indexed RVMDV was 80.0 ± 15.3 mL/m2 and 64.1 ± 12.2 mL/m2 for men and women, respectively. The presence of hypertension and diabetes did not have an impact on these values. RVMDV and BSA-indexed RVMDV were lower in women and in older individuals. CONCLUSION: Normal reference ranges for RVMDV were established using prospectively ECG-triggered coronary CTA studies. This data can be used to identify patients with abnormal RV volumes and potentially RV dysfunction, adding incremental diagnostic value to routine CCTA studies.