[Uso de cigarros electrónicos en los espacios libres de humo y vapeo: una revisión sistemática.] / E-cigarette use in smoke-free and vape: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of smoke-free spaces on the use of electronic cigarettes has not been empirically demonstrated. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the influence of smoke-free and vape policies on the use of electronic cigarettes in young adults and adults. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out according to PRISMA criteria in the Web of Science, PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Keywords used were: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Smoke-Free Policy, Young Adult and Adult. We included studies that analyzed the use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free spaces in adults aged fifteen years and older. The search was conducted from January 2010 to March 2022. Risk of bias was analyzed with the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool. RESULTS: The search identified 861 records. A total of 840 records were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The final sample included ten studies on smoke-free spaces, six studies on vape-free spaces and five studies on smoke-free spaces and vape-free spaces. The main risk of bias in the studies was the sampling and measurements used. Most studies associate the use of electronic cigarettes and smoke-free spaces. CONCLUSIONS: Studies suggest that the use of electronic cigarettes and smoke-free spaces and vape are associated. Studies with higher quality of evidence and simultaneous implementation of smoke-free and vape-free spaces are required.

OBJETIVO: El efecto de los espacios libres de humo en el uso de cigarros electrónicos no ha sido demostrado empíricamente. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar la influencia de las políticas de espacios libres de humo y vapeo en el uso de cigarros electrónicos en adultos jóvenes y adultos. METODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática según los criterios PRISMA en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed y SCOPUS. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Smoke-Free Policy, Young Adult y Adult. Se incluyeron estudios que analizaron el uso de cigarros electrónicos en los espacios libres de humo en adultos de quince años o más. La búsqueda se realizó entre enero de 2010 a marzo de 2022. El riesgo de sesgo se analizó con la Herramienta de Evaluación de Métodos Mixtos. RESULTADOS: La búsqueda identificó 861 registros. Se excluyeron 840 registros por no cubrir los criterios de inclusión. La muestra final incluyó diez estudios sobre espacios libres de humo, seis estudios sobre espacios libres de vapeo y cinco estudios sobre espacios libres de humo/vapeo. El principal riesgo de sesgo en los estudios fue el muestro y las mediciones utilizadas. La mayoría de los estudios asocian el uso de cigarro electrónico y los espacios libres de humo. CONCLUSIONES: Los estudios sugieren que el uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de humo y vapeo están asociados. Se requieren estudios con mayor calidad de la evidencia y la aplicación simultanea de los espacios libres de humo/vapeo.

[Work climate, work stress and alcohol consumption in workers in the industry. A systematic review.] / Clima laboral, estrés laboral y consumo de alcohol en trabajadores de la industria. Una revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND: The negative work climate influences the maladjustment of the staff and there are labor, physiological and psychological consequences in the workers. Work stress can appear as a result of the relationship between the individual, the work environment and the individual perception of threatening factors derived from work, which endangers physical, psychological and social well-being and increases the probability of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption is a frequent behavior in the working population, as a negative coping with stress. The objective of this work was to know the state of the art of the relationship between the work environment, work stress and alcohol consumption in workers. METHODS: Systematic review of primary studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish from 2009 to 2019, the study population was workers of both sexes. Search in multiple databases: PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, EBSCO Host, Redalyc; the Google Scholar search engine was used to obtain full-text documents. Three reviewers participated in the data selection and extraction process independently, agreeing on the results. RESULTS: 533 studies were found, of which 17 met the eligibility criteria. An association was identified between the work environment (work environment) and/or work stress with the consumption of alcohol in the working population, a meta-analysis was also analyzed which concludes that the workers who presented greater work stress were low-risk drinkers of 20 g/day (2 UBEs) for men and 10 g/day (1 UBE) for women; and risk drinkers with 40 g/d (4 UBEs/day) in men and >20-25 g/d (2-2.5 UBEs/day) in women. CONCLUSIONS: The work environment and work stress predict alcohol consumption and the type of alcohol consumption in workers.

OBJETIVO: El clima laboral negativo influye en la inadaptación del personal y aparecen consecuencias laborales, fisiológicas y psicológicas en los trabajadores. El estrés laboral puede aparecer como resultado de la relación entre el individuo, el clima laboral y la percepción individual de factores amenazantes derivados del trabajo, que pone en peligro el bienestar físico, psicológico y social y aumenta la probabilidad del consumo de alcohol. El consumo de alcohol es una conducta frecuente en la población trabajadora, como afrontamiento negativo al estrés. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer el estado del arte de la relación entre el clima laboral, el estrés laboral y el consumo de alcohol en los trabajadores. METODOS: Revisión sistemática de estudios primarios en inglés, portugués y español del año 2009 al 2019, la población de estudio fueron trabajadores de ambos sexos. Búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos: PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, EBSCO Host, Redalyc; se recurrió al buscador Google Académico para la obtención de documentos en texto completo. Tres revisores participaron en el proceso de selección y extracción de datos de forma independiente, consensuando resultados. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 533 estudios de los cuales 17 cumplían los criterios de elegibilidad. Se identificó asociación entre el clima laboral (ambiente de trabajo) y/o el estrés laboral con el consumo de alcohol en población trabajadora, también se analizó un metaanálisis el cual concluye que los trabajadores que presentaban mayor estrés laboral eran bebedores de bajo riesgo de 20 g/día (2 UBEs) para hombres y 10 g/día (1 UBE) para mujeres; y bebedores de riesgo con 40 g/d (4 UBEs/día) en hombres y >20-25 g/d (2-2,5 UBEs/día) en mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: El clima laboral y el estrés laboral predicen el consumo de alcohol y el tipo de consumo de alcohol en los trabajadores.

Illness Process and Recovery From the Perspective of the Alcoholic Patient.

The aim of this work was to gain understanding, using the self-transcendence theory, of the perspective of the alcoholic patient. This was a qualitative study using the grounded theory method. Eight semistructured interviews were conducted with alcohol-dependent individuals. Eleven categories emerged that allowed for understanding the process of becoming alcohol dependent to later seeking help and maintaining abstinence through the intervention program developed by Alcoholics Anonymous.

[Alcohol consumption and self esteem in adolescents]. / Consumo de alcohol y autoestima en adolescentes.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of levels of self esteem and alcohol consumption in adolescents, by carrying out a transversal, descriptive study, in a college of nursing of Queretaro in Mexico, in the month of July 2008, with a sample of 109 adolescents, between 17 and 20 years old. For attainment of the data two instruments were applied: AUDIT and the Rosemberg self esteem scale. The majority of the participating adolescents had high self esteem (94.5%) and none presented low self esteem. Of the adolescents in the study 80.7% did not consume alcohol hazardously. It was concluded that the adolescents presented high self esteem and low alcohol consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to implement preventive programs related to alcohol consumption and to identify the protective factors to guarantee the maintenance of healthy habits for the adolescents.

[Accidents and injuries due to consumption of alcohol or drugs in patients treated at an emergency room]. / Accidentes y lesiones por consumo de alcohol y drogas en pacientes atendidos en una sala de urgencia.

The aims of the study were to describe the differences in alcohol consumption by sex, education and occupation and to understand the effects of the socio-demographic characteristics on alcohol consumption, in 120 emergency room patients. The results showed significant differences for sex (t=-3.570, p <.01) and education (t=2.636, p <.01) in alcohol consumption. In addition the factors; age, age alcohol consumption started, quantity of alcohol ingested, age marijuana consumption started, and hours lapsed between the consumption of marijuana and the accident (F(7, 116)=15.519, p <.00), were also significant on the consumption of alcohol with an explained variance of 40%.

Teoría de Rango Medio: Factores personales, ambientales y consumo de alcohol / Middle Range Theory: Personal, environmental factors and alcohol consumption / Teoria do Médio Alcance: Fatores pessoais, ambientais e consumo de álcool

El consumo de alcohol se considera un fenómeno complejo y multifactorial que puede estudiarse a través de diversas posturas teóricas, sin embargo, algunas teorías existentes carecen de sufi-cientes elementos para explorar y comprender dicho fenómeno. Por lo anterior, se propone una Teoría de Rango Medio que aborde los factores personales, ambientales y representaciones so-ciales del consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios a partir de la Teoría Cognitiva Social de Bandura y de la conceptualización de la representación social de Moscovici. Para ello, se utilizó el método de Estructura Conceptual-Teórico-Empírico propuesto por Fawcett, compuesto por cinco pasos. La teoría derivada de este método contribuye en la identificación de un fenómeno específico para la disciplina mediante la determinación de conceptos y su relación con el con-sumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios. Además, de la incorporación de las representaciones sociales como elemento innovador para la profundización del fenómeno. Esta propuesta puede ser considerada en futuras investigaciones para ser probada y contribuir significativamente en el desarrollo de conocimiento sobre el consumo de alcohol

Alcohol consumption is considered a complex and multifactorial phenomenon that can be studied through various theoretical positions; however, some existing theories lack sufficient elements to explore and understand this phenomenon. Therefore, a Middle Range Theory is proposed that addresses personal, environmental, and social representations of alcohol consumption in young university students based on Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory and Moscovici's conceptualiza-tion of social representation. For this, the method of Conceptual-Theoretical-Empirical Structure proposed by Fawcett was used, consisting of five steps. The theory derived from this method con-tributes to the identification of a specific phenomenon for the discipline by determining concepts and their relationship with alcohol consumption in young university students. In addition, the incorporation of social representations as an innovative element for the deepening of the phenom-enon. This proposal can be considered in future research to be tested and contribute significantly to the development of knowledge about alcohol consumption

O consumo de álcool é considerado um fenômeno complexo e multifatorial que pode ser estu-dado por meio de vários posicionamentos teóricos, porém, algumas teorias existentes carecem de elementos suficientes para explorar e compreender esse fenômeno. Assim, propõe-se uma Teoria de Médio Alcance que aborda as representações pessoais, ambientais e sociais do consu-mo de álcool em universitários com base na Teoria Social Cognitiva de Bandura e na conceitu-ação de representação social de Moscovici. Para isso, foi utilizado o método da Estrutura Con-ceitual-Teórico-Empírica proposto por Fawcett, composto por cinco etapas. A teoria derivada desse método contribui para a identificação de um fenômeno específico da disciplina ao deter-minar conceitos e sua relação com o consumo de álcool em jovens universitários. Além disso, a incorporação das representações sociais como elemento inovador para o aprofundamento do fenômeno. Essa proposta pode ser considerada em pesquisas futuras a serem testadas e contribuir significativamente para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento sobre o consumo de álcool

Factors in the Transition from Legal to Illicit Drug Use in Young Adults from Northern Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: This research sought to analyze the predictive effect of personal (personality traits), social (social support and social stigma) and community factors (characteristic of the neighborhood and exposure to consumption) on the transition of drug use in young adults. METHODS: Case and control study. The cases were 70 individuals from 18 to 34 years of age who had already transitioned into illicit drug use and the controls were 210 legal drug usuers (tobacco or alcohol) in the same age range who had not had the transition. A data file was applied along with seven instruments that measured the transition and consumption variables. RESULTS: Marihuana was the illicit drug of highest transition. It was shown that greater personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to the experience meant higher probability of drug use transition; while greater personality traits of agreeableness and conscience meant lower probability for the transition. The characteristics of the neighborhood environment and exposure to the opportunity of consumption increase the probability of the drug use transition. Social support and social stigma influenced negatively upon the drug use transition. CONCLUSIONS: Personality traits, neighborhood characteristics, exposure to drug use, social support, and the social stigma of drug use are factors that intervene in the transition from legal to illicit drug use.

Self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy, consumption of tobacco and alcohol in secondary students from urban and rural areas of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.

This study aimed to know the differences, if any, in the consumption of tobacco and alcohol among adolescents from urban and rural areas, and if self-esteem and self-efficacy are related to the consumption in these two groups of adolescents from secondary schools in urban and rural areas of Nuevo León México, from January to June in 2006. The study was based on the theoretical concepts of self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The design was descriptive and correlational with a sample of 359 students. A substantial difference was found in the consumption of tobacco among secondary students from urban and rural areas (U= 7513.50, p = .03). The average consumption in urban area was higher (average chi = .35) than in the rural area (average chi = .14). A negative and significant relation was found between the quantity of drinks consumed on a typical day and self-esteem (r s = - .23, p <.001), as well as for the quantity of cigarettes consumed on a typical day (r s = - .20, p <.001).

Traducción, adaptación cultural y validación de la Escala de Apoyo a Políticas Asociadas al Alcohol en universitarios mexicanos / Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da Escala de Apoio a Políticas Associadas ao Álcool em universitários mexicanos / Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Support for Public Policies to Reduce Alcohol-Related Problems Scale among Mexican university students

Resumen Marco contextual: La protección de la salud por medio de la prevención y la reducción del consumo de alcohol es una prioridad para la salud pública. Se han identificado algunas escalas para evaluar políticas públicas de alcohol, pero en idioma inglés. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la traducción y adaptación cultural de una escala para evaluar el apoyo a políticas de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios mexicanos. Metodología: Estudio metodológico, con la participación de 367 estudiantes universitarios del sur de México. La validez del constructo se estimó mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio y se verificó la consistencia interna del cuestionario para comprobar su fiabilidad. Resultados: La consistencia interna fue de 0.96. La validez de constructo se realizó mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y se identificó una estructura de tres factores: la reducción del daño, el mercadeo e información, y el precio y la disponibilidad. Conclusión: La escala mostró fiabilidad y validez adecuada, y puede ser aplicada en español como indicador empírico en estudios referentes a las políticas públicas de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios.

Abstract Background: Health protection through prevention and reduction of alcohol consumption is a public health priority. Some scales have been identified to assess public alcohol policies but in English language. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the translation and cultural adaptation of a scale to assess support for alcohol policies in young Mexican university students. Methodology: Methodological study, with the participation of 367 university students from southern Mexico. Construct validity was estimated by means of an exploratory factor analysis and the internal consistency of the questionnaire was checked to verify its reliability. Results: Internal consistency was 0.96. Construct validity was performed through exploratory factor analysis, identifying a three factors structure: harm reduction, marketing and information, and price and availability. Conclusion: The scale showed adequate reliability and validity, and can be applied in Spanish as an empirical indicator in studies concerning alcohol public policies in young university students.

Resumo Enquadramento: A proteção da saúde através da prevenção e redução do consumo de álcool é uma prioridade de saúde pública. Foram identificadas algumas escalas para avaliar as políticas públicas em matéria de álcool, mas em língua inglesa. Objetivo: Avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da tradução e adaptação cultural de uma escala para avaliar o apoio às políticas sobre o álcool em jovens estudantes universitários mexicanos. Metodologia: Estudo metodológico, com a participação de 367 estudantes universitários do sul do México. A validade do constructo foi estimada através de uma análise exploratória dos fatores e a consistência interna do questionário foi verificada para verificar a sua fiabilidade. Resultados: A consistência interna foi de 0,96. A validade de constructo foi realizada por médio de análise fatorial exploratória, identificando uma estrutura de três fatores: redução de danos, marketing e informação, e preço e disponibilidade. Conclusão: A escala mostrou fiabilidade e validade adequadas, e pode ser aplicada em espanhol como um indicador empírico em estudos relativos a políticas públicas sobre o álcool em jovens estudantes universitários.

Eventos estresantes de la vida y consumo de alcohol en adultos mayores / Stressful life events and alcohol consumption in elderly

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los Eventos Estresantes de la Vida y el consumo de alcohol en los Adultos Mayores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, en 39 participantes de Santa Catarina, Nuevo León, México. Se aplicó una Cédula de Datos Personales, el Inventario de Estrés en la Vida de Adultos Mayores y el Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Versión Geriatric. Resultados: El 82.1% de los participantes pertenece al sexo femenino, existieron diferencias en las medias del puntaje del consumo de alcohol de acuerdo con el sexo (U = 70.00; p < 0.05). Los eventos que se relacionaron con el consumo de alcohol fueron la muerte de un hijo(a) (rs =.393, p = .013), el deterioro del estado financiero (rs =.342, p =.033), el cambiarse a una casa menos cómoda (rs =.560, p= .001 y la pérdida de un amigo(a) rs =.409, p = .010). Conclusiones: Los eventos estresantes pueden impactar de forma negativa al AM e influir en el consumo de alcohol como una estrategia de afrontamiento.

Abstract Objective: Determine the relationship between stressful life events and alcohol consumption in elders. Materials and methods: Correlational descriptive study, in 39 participants from Santa Catarina, Nuevo León, Mexico. A personal data record, the Stress Inventory in the Life of Older Adults and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric Version were applied. Results: 82.1% of participants were females, there were differences in the means of the alcohol consumption score according to sex (U = 70.00, p < 0.05). The events that were related to alcohol consumption were the death of a son (rs = .393, p = .013), the deterioration of the financial state (rs = .342, p = .033), the change to a less comfortable house (rs = .560, p = .000) and the loss of a friend rs = .409, p = .010). Conclusions: Stressful events can negatively impact AM and influence alcohol consumption as a coping strategy.

Percepción de riesgo y religiosidad en el consumo de marihuana en adolescentes de zonas marginales / Perception of risk and religiosity in the consumption of marijuana in adolescents from marginal áreas

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el efecto de la percepción de riesgo y la religiosidad sobre el consumo de marihuana en adolescentes de zonas marginales del Estado de Chihuahua, Chihuahua. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional. El muestreo fue probabilístico aleatorio simple. La muestra final fue de 248 adolescentes de 12 a 17 años de zonas marginales de Chihuahua. Se utilizó una cédula de datos personales, inventario de religiosidad y la escala de percepción de riesgo. Resultados: El 59.3% de los adolescentes entrevistados fueron hombres, 59.7% católico y 23% cristiano. El 16.1% indicó consumo de marihuana alguna vez en la vida y 6.5% en el último año. El modelo de regresión logística de las variables de religiosidad y percepción de riesgo mostró una varianza explicada del 19% para el consumo de marihuana alguna vez en la vida, destacando que a mayor percepción de riesgo (β=-0.032, p<0.001) y mayor índice de religiosidad (β=-0.023, p<0.001) menor es la probabilidad del consumo de marihuana. Conclusiones: La percepción de riesgo y la religiosidad en adolescentes de zonas marginales muestran ser factores protectores para el consumo de marihuana. Estos resultados deben ser considerados en programas de prevención para el consumo de drogas en poblaciones marginales.

Abstract Objective: To describe the effect of the perception of risk and religiosity on the consumption of marijuana in adolescents from marginal areas of the State of Chihuahua, Chihuahua. Materials and methods: Study descriptive correlational design. The sampling was simple random probabilistic. The final sample consisted of 248 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 from marginal areas of Chihuahua. A personal data card, religiosity inventory and the risk perception scale were used. Results: 59.3% of the adolescents interviewed were men, of whom 59.7% said they were Catholic and 23% Christian. 16.1% indicated marijuana use at some time in their life, and 6.5% in the last year. The logistic regression model of the religiosity and risk perception variables showed an explained variance of 19% for marijuana use at some time in life, highlighting that the higher the risk perception (β=-0.032, p<.001) and a higher religiosity index (β=-0.023, p<0.001), the lower the probability of marijuana use. Conclusions: Risk perception and religiosity in adolescents from marginal areas show to be protective factors for marijuana use. These results should be analyzed in greater depth to be considered in prevention programs for drug use in marginal populations.

Inteligencia emocional, satisfacción laboral y consumo de alcohol en el personal de enfermería / Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and alcohol consumption in nursing staff

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la relación de la inteligencia emocional (IE), satisfacción laboral y consumo de alcohol en el personal de enfermería que labora en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. La muestra fue de 129 profesionales de enfermería que laboran en un hospital de tercer nivel, divididos en áreas críticas y no críticas. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron una Cédula de Datos Socio-demográficos, Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24), Cuestionario de Satisfacción Laboral S10/12 y AUDIT. Resultados: El 75% fueron mujeres, con estudios de licenciatura, más del 45% consumieron alcohol en la última semana. Se encontró que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre la inteligencia emocional y la satisfacción laboral (rs = .236, p < .001), también se encontró relación negativa y ssignificativa entre la satisfacción laboral y el consumo de alcohol (rs = -.195, p < .05). Conclusiones: Se muestran diferencias entre la IE, la satisfacción laboral y el consumo de alcohol en el personal de enfermería de acuerdo con el área en la que labora. Así mismo se observa la relación positiva entre la IE y la satisfacción llaboral, además de relación negativa entre satisfacción laboral y consumo de alcohol. Este estudio manifiesta la importancia de conocer a profundidad que factores impactan el cuidado que proporciona el personal de enfermería dentro de los servicios hospitalarios y cuáles son los métodos que utilizan para afrontarlos.

Abstract Objective: To know the relationship between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and alcohol consumption in nursing staff working in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. The sample consisted of 129 nursing professionals who work in a third level hospital, divided into critical and non-critical areas. The instruments used were a Socio-demographic Data Sheet, Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24), Job Satisfaction Questionnaire S10/12 and AUDIT. Results: 75% were women, with undergraduate studies, more than 45% consumed in the last week. It was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction (rs = .236, p < .001), a negative and significant relationship was also found between job satisfaction and alcohol consumption (rs = -.195, p < .05). Conclusions: Differences are shown between EI, job satisfaction and alcohol consumption in nursing staff according to the area in which they work. Likewise, there is a positive relationship between EI and job satisfaction and a negative relationship between job satisfaction and alcohol consumption. This study demonstrates the importance of knowing in depth what factors impact the care provided by nursing staff within hospital services and what are the methods used to deal with them.

Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación / Resistance to Peer Pressure for Cigarette Smoking in University Students: Scale Adaptation and Validation / Escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarros em universitários: adaptação e validação

Introducción: la influencia o presión de pares que fuman es uno de los principales factores por los que los estudiantes universitarios inician el consumo del cigarro convencional; sin embargo, no se ha encontrado un instrumento que evalúe este fenómeno. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue adaptar y validar la Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional. Materiales y métodos: participaron 237 estudiantes universitarios del estado de Nuevo León (México), de 18 a 24 años. Se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio, análisis de confiabilidad, correlación de Spearman y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: el 63.3 % de los estudiantes fueron mujeres y la media de edad fue de 19.66 años. Se identificaron dos factores con un total de 13 ítems. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.81. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los distintos tipos de consumidores de cigarro convencional y los puntajes de la escala de resistencia a la presión de pares (H[4] = 23.85; p < 0.001). Conclusiones: la nueva versión de la Escala de Resistencia a la Presión de Pares para el Consumo de Cigarro Convencional evidenció adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la presión que ejercen los pares en estudiantes universitarios para el consumo de cigarro convencional

Introduction: Influence or peer pressure is one of the leading factors in developing cigarette smoking habits in university students; however, no effective strategy to assess this phenomenon has been developed yet. This study aimed to adapt and validate the peer pressure resistance scale to conventional cigarette consumption. Materials and methods: A total of 237 university students from the Nuevo León State (Mexico), aged 18­24 years, were enrolled. Exploratory factor and reliability analyses, the Spearman correlation, and the Kruskal­Wallis test were performed. Results: 63.3% of the students were women, and the mean age was 19.66 years. The exploratory analysis extracted two factors with a total of 13 items. A Cronbach's Alpha of 0.81 was found. Statistically significant differences were found between the different types of conventional cigarette users and peer pressure resistance scale scores [H(4) = 23.85; p < .001] were found. Conclusions: The peer pressure resistance scale showed appropriate psychometric properties for assessing the peer pressure to smoke conventional cigarettes in university students.

Introdução: a influência ou pressão dos pares que fumam é um dos principais fatores que levam os universitários a começarem a fumar cigarros convencionais, porém não foi encontrado nenhum instrumento para avaliar esse fenômeno. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi adaptar e validar a escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarro convencional. Materiais e métodos: participaram 237 estudantes universitários do estado de Nuevo León, México, de 18 a 24 anos. Foram realizadas análise fatorial exploratória, análise de confiabilidade, correlação de Spearman e teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: 63,3% dos alunos eram mulheres e a média de idade foi de 19,66 anos. Dois fatores foram identificados com um total de 13 itens. Obteve-se um alfa de Cronbach de 0,81. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre os diferentes tipos de usuários de cigarros convencionais e as pontuações na escala de resistência à pressão dos pares (H(4) = 23,85; p < 0,001). Conclusões: a nova versão da escala de resistência à pressão dos pares para o consumo de cigarros convencionais apresentou propriedades psicométricas adequadas para avaliar a pressão exercida pelos pares sobre os universitários para o consumo de cigarros convencionais

Determinantes de la conducta planeada como predictores del consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes / Determinants of Planned Behavior as Predictors of Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption in Adolescents

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de los determinantes de la conducta planeada sobre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes de preparatoria. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio correlacional predictivo en 735 adolescentes estudiantes de preparatorias públicas, ubicadas en 14 complementos urbanos pertenecientes al Estado de Nuevo León, México. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados, para variables sociodemográficas, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, actitud, norma subjetiva y control conductual percibido hacia el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística de la actitud, norma subjetiva y control conductual percibido sobre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio correlacional predictivo en 735 adolescentes estudiantes de preparatorias públicas, ubicadas en 14 complementos urbanos pertenecientes al Estado de Nuevo León, México. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados, para variables sociodemográficas, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, actitud, norma subjetiva y control conductual percibido hacia el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística de la actitud, norma subjetiva y control conductual percibido sobre el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. Resultados: La norma subjetiva (OR=1.02, p=0.028) y el control conductual percibido (OR=1.084, p=0.001), se mostraron significativos para predecir el consumo de tabaco alguna vez en la vida, mientras que la actitud (OR=0.980, p=0.017), norma subjetiva (OR=1.034, p=0.025) y control conductual percibido (OR=1.080, p=0.001), se mostraron significativos para predecir el consumo de alcohol alguna vez en la vida. Conclusiones: Con base a los resultados se puede determinar la aplicabilidad y pertinencia de la Teoría de la Conducta Planeada para la generación de nuevos conocimientos científicos, que permitan el diseño e implementación de programas específicos para enfrentar las situaciones que los adolescentes perciben como facilitadores para el consumo de tabaco y alcohol.

Abstract: Objective: To know the effect of the determinants of planned behavior on tobacco and alcohol consumption in high school adolescents. Material and Methods: A predictive correlational study was carried out in 735 adolescent students of public high schools, located in 14 urban complements belonging to the State of Nuevo León, Mexico. Data were obtained through self-administered questionnaires for sociodemographic variables, tobacco and alcohol consumption, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control towards tobacco and alcohol consumption. Logistic regression models of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control over tobacco and alcohol consumption were performed. Results: The subjective norm (OR = 1.02, p = .028) and the perceived behavioral control (OR = 1.084, p = .001), were found to be significant in predicting tobacco use sometime in life, while the attitude (OR = .980, p = .017), subjective norm (OR = 1.034, p= .025) and perceived behavioral control (OR = 1.080, p = .001), were found to be significant in predicting alcohol consumption at some time in the life. Conclusions: Based on the results, the applicability and relevance of the Theory of Planned Behavior can be determined for the generation of new scientific knowledge, which allows the design and implementation of specific programs to face the situations that adolescents perceive as facilitators for the tobacco and alcohol consumption.

[Drug consumption and occupational violence in working women, a multicenter study: Mexico, Peru, Brazil]. / Consumo de drogas e violencia laboral em mulheres que trabalham, um estudo multicêntrico: México, Peru, Brasil.

The purposes of the study were: 1) Determine the proportion of working women who consume drugs; 2) identify some occupational and personal risk factors that can predict drugs consumption; 3) identify the presence of occupational violence and its relation with drugs consumption; 4) identify differences and similarities in drugs consumption and occupational violence among women from three communities in Mexico (Monterrey), Peru (Lima) and Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). A multicenter, descriptive, correlational and comparative study was carried out, with a sample of 903 women. The results show that 11% of the participants in Mexico consume alcohol, 53% in Peru and 45% in Brazil. The consumption of illicit drugs corresponded to 5% in Mexico and 6% in Peru. The presence of occupational violence was found in 16% of the Mexican participants, 24% of the Peruvians and 39% of the Brazilians.

Clima escolar como factor protector para el consumo de drogas en adolescentes de preparatoria / School climate as a protective factor for substance use in high school adolescents

Resumen Marco contextual: El clima escolar se considera un factor protector para el consumo de drogas. Objetivo: Identificar la asociación del clima escolar con el consumo de drogas por los adolescentes. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional predictivo. Muestreo por conglomerados unietápico y una muestra de 227 estudiantes de 15 a 18 años. Se aplicó una Cédula de Identificación de Características Personales y Consumo de Drogas y la Escala de Clima Escolar (MDS3). Resultados: Se identificó que cuando existe percepción positiva de seguridad (OR = 0,904; p < 0,01), existe menor consumo de alcohol en la última semana, lo que explica el 8,2% de la varianza. Por otra parte, el clima escolar positivo no predice el consumo de tabaco, sin embargo, existe menor probabilidad de consumo de tabaco en el último año cuando existe una percepción positiva del ambiente escolar (OR = 0,884; p < 0,05). Conclusión: La percepción positiva de seguridad en el clima escolar se asocia con el no consumo de alcohol en la última semana, sin embargo, no predice el consumo de tabaco.

Abstract Background: The school climate is a protective factor for substance use. Objective: To identify the association between school climate and substance use in adolescents. Methodology: Predictive descriptive-correlational study. Single-stage cluster sampling and a sample of 227 students aged 15 to 18 years. A Personal Traits and Drug Consumption Identity Card and the School Climate Survey (MDS3) were applied. Results: Participants had a positive perception of safety (OR = 0.904; p < 0.01). There was less alcohol consumption in the last week, explaining 8.2% of the variance. Although a positive school climate does not predict tobacco use, a positive perception of the school environment results in a lower probability of tobacco use in the last year (OR = 0.884; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although a positive perception of safety in the school climate is associated with no alcohol consumption in the last week, it does not predict tobacco use.

Resumo Enquadramento: O clima escolar é considerado um fator de proteção para o consumo de drogas. Objetivo: Identificar a associação do clima escolar com o uso de drogas por adolescentes. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo correlacional preditivo. Amostragem por conglomerados num estágio e amostra de 227 alunos de 15 a 18 anos. Foram aplicados o Cartão de Identificação de Características Pessoais e Consumo de Medicamentos e a Escala de Clima Escolar (MDS3). Resultados: Identificou-se que quando há perceção positiva de segurança (OR = 0,904; p < 0,01) há menor consumo de álcool na última semana, explicando 8,2% da variância. Por outro lado, um clima escolar positivo não prediz o uso de tabaco, porém, há menor probabilidade de uso de tabaco no último ano quando há uma perceção positiva do ambiente escolar (OR = 0,884; p < 0,05). Conclusão: A perceção positiva de segurança no clima escolar está associada ao não consumo de álcool na última semana, porém não prediz o uso de tabaco.

[Drug consumption and occupational violence in working women of Monterrey, N. L., Mexico]. / Consumo de drogas y violencia laboral en mujeres trabajadoras de Monterrey, N.L., México.

The purpose of this study was to explore drug consumption and occupational violence in a sample of 669 adult women, working and living in 13 basic geostatistical areas of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, using a descriptive correlational design with a qualitative approach. Results indicated that 37.1% of women consumed alcohol, 29.1% tobacco, 0.4% marihuana, 0.1% inhalants, and, among medical drugs, 5% consumed tranquilizers, and 1% other substances (barbiturates, antidepressive agents, Tylenol/codeine). The c2 test found no significant difference between sociodemographic and occupational factors and drug consumption (p<.05), except for the work form (c2=18.08, gl=4, p=.001). However, violence rate showed a positive association with drug consumption (p<.05). This study found 126 cases of violence, 34 of which narrated their experience. Drug consumption and violence perception was identified in 2 categories: Conceptualization of Occupational Violence and Relationship between Violence and Drug Consumption.

Mindfulness e inteligencia emocional en la prevención de recaídas en personas en tratamiento: una revisión / Mindfulness and emotional intelligence in the prevention of relapses in people in treatment: a review / Mindfulness e inteligência emocional na prevenção de recaídas em pessoas em tratamento: uma revisão

OBJETIVO: analizar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre los programas de intervención de Mindfulness e Inteligencia Emocional para la prevención de recaídas en personas en tratamiento. METODOLOGÍA: en la estrategia de búsqueda se incluyeron descriptores en los idiomas inglés (Mindfulness, emotional intelligence, relapse prevention) y español (atención plena, inteligencia emocional, prevención de la recaída). RESULTADOS: se identifió efecto significativo de la práctica de Mindfulness, sobre la inteligencia eemocional al apoyar en la regulación de las emociones y su vez prevenir posibles recaídas. CONCLUSION: continuar investigando sobre el Mindfulness y sus efectos sobre la inteligencia emocional en diferentes contextos.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the empirical evidence available on Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence intervention programs for relapse prevention in people in treatment. METHODOLOGY: descriptors in English (Mindfulness, emotional intelligence, relapse prevention) and Spanish (mindfulness, emotional intelligence, relapse prevention) languages were included in the search strategy. RESULTS: a significant effect of Mindfulness practice was identified on emotional intelligence by supporting the regulation of emotions and preventing possible relapses. CONCLUSION: continue researching Mindfulness and its effects on emotional intelligence in different contexts.

OBJETIVO: analisar as evidências empíricas disponíveis nos programas de intervenção Mindfulness e Emotional Intelligence para prevenção de recaídas em pessoas em tratamento. METODOLOGIA: os descritores nos idiomas inglês (atenção plena, inteligência emocional, prevenção de recaídas) e espanhol (atenção plena, inteligência emocional, prevenção de recaídas) foram incluídos na estratégia de busca. RESULTADOS: um efeito significativo da prática da atenção plena foi identificado na inteligência emocional, apoiando a regulação das emoções e prevenindo possíveis recaídas. CONCLUSÃO: continuar pesquisando Mindfulness e seus efeitos na inteligência emocional em diferentes contextos.

Predictive factors of alcohol and tobacco use in adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the effect of self-esteem, assertiveness, self-efficacy and resiliency on alcohol and tobacco consumption in adolescents. METHOD: a descriptive and correlational study was undertaken with 575 adolescents in 2010. The Self-Esteem Scale, the Situational Confidence Scale, the Assertiveness Questionnaire and the Resiliency Scale were used. RESULTS: the adjustment of the logistic regression model, considering age, sex, self-esteem, assertiveness, self-efficacy and resiliency, demonstrates significance in the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Age, resiliency and assertiveness predict alcohol consumption in the lifetime and assertiveness predicts alcohol consumption in the last year. Similarly, age and sex predict tobacco consumption in the lifetime and age in the last year. CONCLUSION: this study can offer important information to plan nursing interventions involving adolescent alcohol and tobacco users.

Estilos parentales y el involucramiento con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de secundaria / Parental styles and involvement with alcohol consumption in middle school adolescents / Estilos parentais e envolvimento com o consumo de álcool por adolescentes do ensino médio

Objetivo: determinar la relación de los estilos parentales y el involucramiento con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes que estudian secundaria. Método: diseño descriptivo-correlacional. Muestra de 389 participantes, se utilizó una cédula de datos personales y de prevalencias de consumo de alcohol y dos instrumentos: escala de estilos de socialización parental en la adolescencia y escala de involucramiento del adolescente con el consumo de alcohol. Resultados: 57.1% de los adolescentes varones y el 54.6% mujeres consumieron alcohol en algún momento de sus vidas. Las mujeres tuvieron mayor prevalencia de consumo en el último mes y año. Con respecto a los estilos de crianza con participación en el consumo de alcohol, existe una relación negativa significativa entre el estilo de crianza autoritario del padre (rs = -137, p = .007) y ambos padres (rs = -.119, p = 019), y una relación positiva significativa del estilo negligente materno (rs = 0.134, p = 0.00), paterno (rs = 0.131, p = 0.010) y ambos (rs = 0.145, p = 0.004) con participación con el consumo de alcohol. Conclusión: cuanto mayor es la percepción del estilo autoritario, menor es la implicación con el consumo de alcohol, en consecuencia, mayor es la percepción del estilo negligente y la mayor implicación con el alcohol.

Objective: to determine the relationship of parental styles and involvement with alcohol consumption in high school adolescents. Method: Correlational descriptive design. With a sample of 389 participants, a personal data and alcohol prevalence certificate and two instruments were used: parent socialization style in adolescence scale and adolescent involvement with alcohol consumption scale. Results: 57.1% of male and 54.6% female adolescents consumed alcohol at some point in their lives. Women had higher prevalence of consumption in the last month and year. With regard to parenting styles with participation in alcohol consumption, there is a significant negative relationship between the father authoritarian style (rs = -137, p = .007) and both parents (rs = -.119, p = 019), and a significant positive relationship of mother negligent style (rs = 0.134, p = 0.00), paternal (rs = 0.131, p = 0.010) and both (rs = 0.145, p = 0.004) with involvement in alcohol consumption. Conclusion: the greater the perception of the authoritarian style, the lower the involvement with alcohol consumption, consequently, the greater the perception of negligent style and the greater the involvement with alcohol.

Objetivo: determinar a relação dos estilos parentais e o envolvimento com o consumo de álcool em adolescentes do ensino médio. Método: desenho descritivocorrelacional. Amostra de 389 participantes, com uso de questionário de dados pessoais e de prevalência de consumo de álcool, e dois instrumentos: escala de estilos de socialização dos pais na adolescência e escala de envolvimento dos adolescentes com o consumo de álcool. Resultados: 57,1% dos adolescentes do sexo masculino e 54,6% feminino consumiram álcool em algum momento de suas vidas. As mulheres apresentaram maiores prevalências de consumo no último mês e ano. Em relação aos estilos parentais com envolvimento com o consumo de álcool, existe uma relação negativa significativa entre o estilo parental autoritário do pai (rs = -.137, p = .007) e de ambos pais (rs = -.119, p =. 019), e uma relação positiva significativa do estilo negligente materno (rs = 0,134, p = 0,00), paterno (rs = 0,131, p = 0,010) e de ambos (rs = 0,145, p = 0,004) com envolvimento com o consumo de álcool. Conclusão: quanto maior a percepção do estilo autoritário, menor envolvimento com o consumo de álcool, consequentemente maior percepção do estilo negligente maior envolvimento com o álcool.