Body image disorders associated with lifestyle and body composition of female adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between body image disorders and the lifestyle and body composition of female adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and Silhouette Scale and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 were used to evaluate the participants' body image. Body composition was evaluated by a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry equipment, and lifestyles were identified by latent class analysis (LCA) using the poLCA package for R. PARTICIPANTS: Female adolescents aged 14-19 years old, in the city of Viçosa-MG, Brazil. RESULTS: In total, 405 girls participated in the study. Almost half of the participants were dissatisfied with their current physical appearance (51·4 %), presented body perception distortions (52·9 %). 47·3 % of the adolescents were dissatisfied with their body according to the BSQ, and another 8 % severely so. Subjects with an 'Inactive and Sedentary' latent lifestyle were 1·71 times as likely to feel dissatisfied as those with active and sedentary or inactive and non-sedentary lifestyles (95 % CI 1·08, 2·90, P = 0·047). Body image disorders showed an association with decreased amounts of moderate and vigorous physical activity, high screen time, increased alcohol consumption and excess body fat. CONCLUSIONS: Particular patterns of lifestyle and body composition seem to be associated in female adolescents with dissatisfaction with, distortion of and excessive concern about appearance. Specifically, physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption and high body fat percentage may be strongly linked to body image disorders.

Anthropometry and physical activity level in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of anthropometric measures and physical activity level in the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with children from public and private schools. Children underwent an anthropometric assessment, blood pressure measurement and biochemical evaluation of serum for determination of TAG, HDL-cholesterol and glucose. Physical activity level was calculated and number of steps per day obtained using a pedometer for seven consecutive days. SETTING: Viçosa, south-eastern Brazil. SUBJECTS: Boys and girls (n 187), mean age 9·90 (SD 0·7) years. RESULTS: Conicity index, sum of four skinfolds, physical activity level and number of steps per day were accurate in predicting MetS in boys. Anthropometric indicators were accurate in predicting MetS for girls, specifically BMI, waist circumference measured at the narrowest point and at the level of the umbilicus, four skinfold thickness measures evaluated separately, the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, the sum of four skinfolds and body fat percentage. CONCLUSIONS: The sum of four skinfolds was the most accurate method in predicting MetS in both genders.

Effects of isotemporal substitution of sedentary behavior with light-intensity or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on cardiometabolic markers in male adolescents.

Increasing prevalence of sedentary behavior (SB) combined with low levels of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents has become a growing public health concern. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the daily behavioral pattern of adolescents and examine the isotemporal substitution effects of SB with light-intensity PA (LIPA) or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) on cardiometabolic markers. In this cross-sectional study, the daily behavioral pattern of Brazilian male adolescents was objectively measured for 7 days. Vector magnitude activity counts were used to estimate SB, LIPA, and MVPA with cut-points specifically validated for youth. The isotemporal substitution model was used to assess the effects of replacing different SB bouts (5, 10, 30, and 60 min) with LIPA or MVPA on cardiometabolic markers [body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage (BF%), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-S), beta cell function (HOMA2-ß), systolic-blood pressure (SBP), diastolic-blood pressure, and cardiometabolic risk score]. Male adolescents (n = 84; age, 16.7 ± 0.9 years) wore the GT3X+ for 6.7 ± 0.6 days, during 15.2 ± 2.3 h, and spent 72.9% of the time in SB, 17.3% in LIPA, and 9.8% in MVPA. SB replacement with LIPA was associated with increased HDL-C, TG, HOMA2-IR, and HOMA2-S and decreased SBP. In contrast, SB replacement with MVPA was associated with decreased BF%. Therefore, our findings suggest that replacing SB with LIPA showed positive results on HDL-C, HOMA2-S and SBP, while replacing SB with MVPA was associated with only one obesity indicator (BF%). Moreover, participants met the daily MVPA recommendations, but they still had a daily behavioral pattern with high SB. In this context, LIPAs can be considered an effective alternative to reduce SB and improve the health indicators of this population.

Can Replacing Sitting Time with Standing Time Improve Adolescents' Cardiometabolic Health?

This study aimed to assess the effects of isotemporal replacement of sitting time (SIT) with standing (STA) on cardiometabolic biomarkers. In this cross-sectional study, male adolescents wore the GT3X+ activity monitor for 7 days to measure the SIT and STA. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was estimated by a youth-specific cut-off point. An isotemporal substitution approach was used to examine the effects of replacing different periods of SIT (15, 30, 60, and 120 min) with STA on cardiometabolic biomarkers [total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), non-HDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, HOMA2-ß, HOMA2-S, and HOMA2-IR]. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with a post-hoc Bonferroni test was used to compare the adjusted means between the four subgroups that were clustered according to SIT and STA amount. Adolescents (n = 84; age, 16.7 ± 0.9 years) wore GT3X+ for 15.2 ± 2.3 h, for 6.7 ± 0.6 days. Isotemporal substitution of SIT with STA was associated with TC, non-HDL-c, LDL-c, and TG. ANCOVA results showed a statistically significant difference for TC, non-HDL-c, and LDL-c. These findings showed that for male adolescents, sitting less and standing more may be an effective alternative to reduce cardiometabolic biomarker levels related to lipid metabolism, regardless of MVPA.

Benefits and relationship of steps walked per day to cardiometabolic risk factor in Brazilian middle-aged men.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the benefits and relationship of the number of steps per day to the cardiometabolic risk factors: adiposity indicators; insulin resistance; and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in apparently healthy Brazilian middle-aged men. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: Apparently healthy men (age: 50 ± 5 years; n=299) were studied. The number of steps per day was measured by pedometer. The adiposity indicators (waist circumference, total body fat, android and gynoid body fat), serum insulin, glucose and triglycerides, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) ratio, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and MetS were assessed. Subjects were placed in groups to reflect different levels of steps per day (average of 7 consecutive days): Group 1<10,000 and Group 2 ≥ 10,000. Relationships among variables were measured by multiple linear regressions and the Spearman correlation coefficient as appropriate (p<0.05). RESULTS: The cardiometabolic risk factors were lower (p<0.05) in Group 2 than in Group 1. The number of steps per day was a negative predictive factor for total body fat, android and gynoid body fat and HOMA-IR independent of age, working position, android fat, overweight/obesity prevalence, and triglycerides/HDL-c ratio. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between the number of steps and total body fat, android and gynoid body fat, HOMA-IR and MetS. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian middle-aged men performing more than 10,000 steps per day have better cardiometabolic conditions than those walking fewer than 10,000 steps. The number of steps per day is inversely related to the indicators of total and regional adiposity, insulin resistance and MetS.

Different waist circumference measurements and prediction of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of three waist circumference (WC) measurement sites to predict cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Brazilian children. METHODS: 187 children (mean age = 9.9 ± 0.7 years) were evaluated for weight, height, WC at three different sites: midpoint between the lower rib and iliac crest (WC1), umbilicus (WC2), and narrowest waist (WC3). Skinfolds (triceps and subscapular) and blood pressure were also measured. Analyses for triglycerides, HDL-C and glucose were carried out in 141 children. RESULTS: For boys, the most accurate predictor of overweight and obesity (from body mass index, BMI) and low HDL-C levels was WC3, and for high percentage of body fat (from skinfolds) was WC1. For girls, WC2 was the most accurate predictor of MS, and hypertriglyceridemia, and for overweight and obesity, high body fat percentage, and low HDL-C levels, WC3 was the best predictor. WC1 was the most accurate in the prediction of high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Each WC measurement site was accurate in predicting cardiovascular risk factors and MS. However, our results indicate that WC3 was the best predictor of cardiovascular risk factors and MS in boys and girls.

Combined effect of body position, apparatus and distraction on children's resting metabolic rate.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the combined effect of body position, apparatus and distraction on children's resting metabolic rate (RMR). METHODS: Experiments were carried out on 14 children aged 8-12 (mean age = 10.1 years +/- 1.4). Each participant underwent two test sessions, one week apart under three different situations: a) using mouthpiece and nose-clip (MN) or facemask (FM); b) sitting (SEAT) or lying (LY); and c) TV viewing (TV) or no TV viewing. In the first session, following 20 min rest and watching TV, the protocol was: LY: 20 min stabilization; 10 min using MN and 10 min using FM. Body position was then changed to seated: 20 min stabilization; 10 min using FM; 10 min using MN. In the second session, FM and MN order was changed and participants did not watch TV. Data were analysed according to the eight combinations among the three studied parameters. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences for VO2 (p =0.01) and RMR (p =0.02), with TVMNSEAT showing higher values than TVFMLY. Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias for VO2, VCO2, respiratory quotient (RQ) and RMR between TVFMLY and TVMNSEAT, respectively, of -17.8+/-14.5 (ml min), -8.8+/-14.5 (ml min), 0.03+/-0.05 and -115.2+/-101.9 (kcal/day). CONCLUSION: There were no differences in RMR measurements due to body position and apparatus when each variable was isolated. Analyses of distraction in three of four combinations indicated no difference between TV and no TV. Different parameter combinations can result in increased bias and variability, and thereby the reported differences among children's RMR measurement.

Nível de atividade física habitual e laboral estimada por pedômetros / Level of habitual and labour physical activity estimated by pedometer

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o nível de atividade física habitual e laboral em técnicos administrativos e operacionais de uma universidade pública. Foram avaliados 27 funcionários, sendo 16 técnicos administrativos (44,8 ± 6,5 anos) e 11 operacionais (44,8 ± 10,2 anos). O monitoramento da atividade física habitual foi realizado através da contagem diária de passos pelo pedômetro digital (Blitz/DX-8897®). A coleta de dados foi realizada em sete dias consecutivos (5 dias de semana e 2 de final de semana). Utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney para a comparação entre os grupos e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis + post hoc Tukey para comparações intragrupos (p < 0,05). Na análise dos números de passos executados tanto nos dias de semana, quanto nos de finais de semana e na contagem geral, os operacionais foram mais ativos fisicamente que os técnicos administrativos (p < 0,05). Aproximadamente 68% dos técnicos administrativos apresentaram-se como "um pouco ativo" e 63% dos operacionais foram identificados como "altamente ativo". Conclui-se portanto, que o nível habitual de atividade física através da pedometria categorizou os operacionais como fisicamente ativos, em contraste com os técnicos administrativos, que não atingiram as recomendações mínimas de atividade física.

The aim of this study was to compare the level of habitual and labour physical activity in servers and administrative workers from a public university. We evaluated 27 employees, 16 administrative (44.8 ± 6.5 years) and 11 servers (44.8 ± 10.2 years). The monitoring of daily physical activity was performed by counting daily steps by a digital pedometer (Blitz/DX-8897®). Data collection was performed in seven consecutive days (5 weekdays and 2 weekend). We used the Mann-Whitney test for comparison between groups and Kruskal-Wallis + post hoc Tukey for intragroup comparisons (p < 0.05). In the analysis of the numbers of steps performed both on weekdays, and on weekend days and in the overall standings, the servers were more active than the administrative (p < 0.05). Approximately 68% of administrative presented themselves as "somewhat active" and 63% of servers were identified as "highly active". We conclude therefore, that the level of habitual physical activity through pedometers categorized the servers as physically active, in contrast to the administrative, who have not reached the minimum recommendations for physical activity.

Efeito hipotensor de uma sessão de exercícios aquáticos: variabilidade e reprodutibilidade / Antihypertensive effect of an aqua activity session: variability and reproducibility

Exercícios físicos são indicados como parte do tratamento de hipertensos devido à possibilidade de redução da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), sendo sugerido que essa redução ocorra imediatamente após a realização do exercício, podendo permanecer por várias horas. Este estudo objetivou verificar a duração do efeito hipotensor de uma sessão de hidroginástica em mulheres hipertensas moderadas, bem como a reprodutibilidade e variabilidade desses efeitos. A amostra foi composta por 13 mulheres hipertensas (idades: 40 a 65 anos; x =53,2±7,5). Foram mensuradas a PA em repouso (PAS1, PAD1), 15 minutos (PAS2, PAD2), 24h (PAS3, PAD3) e 48h (PAS4, PAD4) pós-exercício (S1). No dia posterior à última medida foi realizada uma segunda sessão de exercícios (S2) com aferição da PA 24h depois (PAS5, PAD5). A ANOVA para medidas repetidas + post-hoc Tukey exibiu diferenças significativas entre PAS2 e 3 e PAD2 e 3, em relação a PAS1 e PAD1 (p < 0,05). O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse verificado entre PAS4 e PAS5 foi de 0,99 e, entre PAD4 e PAD5, de 0,97; e o coeficiente devariabilidade foi de 6% entre PAS4 e PAS5 e 5% entre PAD4 E PAD5. Esses valores demonstram uma excelente reprodutibilidade e uma pequena variabilidade do comportamento pressórico 24h pós-exercício. Nossos resultados indicam que uma sessão de exercícios pode reduzir de forma significativa (p<0,05) a PAS e a PAD e que seus efeitos são consistentemente sustentados por 24h, sugerindo a necessidade do exercício diário para obtenção dos benefícios do exercício como terapia não farmacológica para o adequado controle da PA.

Physical exercises are indicated as a part of hypertensive’s treatment due to the possibility of a systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reduction, being suggested that such reduction occurs immediately after the exercise, with a possibility to be prolonged for several hours. The aim of this study was to verify the duration of the antihypertensive effect of an aqua activity session in moderately hypertensive women, as well as the reproducibility and variability of this effect. The sample was comprised by 13 hypertensive women (ages: 40 to 65 years; x =53.2±7.5). The BP at rest (SBP1, DBP1), 15-min (SBP2, DBP2), 24h (SBP3, DBP3) and 48h (SBP4, DBP4) after the exercise (S1) were measured. On the day before the last measurement, a second session of exercises (S2) with BP measurement 24h later (SBP5, DBP5) was performed. The repeated measures ANOVA + post-hoc Tukey demonstrated significant changes between SBP2 and 3 and DBP2 and 3, in relation to SBP1 and DBP1 (p< 0.05). The interclass correlation coefficient verified between SBP4 and SBP5 was 0.99 and, between DBP4 and DBP5, 0.97. The variability coefficient was 6% between SBP4 e SBP5 and 5% between DBP4 and DBP5. Such values demonstrate and excellent reproducibility and a small variability of the BP 24h after the exercise. Our results indicate that a session of exercises can reduce significantly (p<0.05) the SBP and DBP and that its effects are consistently maintained for 24h, suggesting the necessity of a daily exercise to obtain the benefits of the exercise as a non pharmacological therapy for an adequate BP control.

Perfil de demanda e habitos sociais de individuos que aderem a pratica de atividades fisicas supervisionadas / Profile of the demand and social habits of individuals that stick its practices of supervised physical activities

As ultimas decadas tem sido marcadas pela crescente preocupacao com a qualidade de vida.Tal fato vem favorecendo a adesao a pratica de atividades fisicas(AF) e o controle dos habitos sociais(HS) fumo,alcool e cafeina.O prpposito deste estudo foi identificar a demanda na procura de AF supervisionadas e verificar a incidencia destes HS em iniciantes nestas praticas.A amostra foi composta por 787 individuos do sexo masculino(SM) e 994 do sexo feminino(SF) com idades entre 13 e 53 anos,subdivididos em 8 intervalos etarios(IE).Os dados foram coletados atraves de questionario.Tanto no SF quanto no SM observou-se que os individuos priorizaram a reducao de gordura corporea e o aumento da massa corporal magra.Quanto ao HS,verificou-se em ambos os sexos a preferencia pelo elitismo,seguido respectivamnete pele ingestao de cafeina e tabagismo,mesmo considerando-se as variacoes em funcao dos IE.Estes rsultados ao menos na amostra estudada,permitem concluir que:os individuos ao procurarem uma AF orientada estao privilegiando dois aspectos de fundamental importancia para a aptidao fisica: a composicao corporal e a forca muscular,o alcool e o habito social de maior incidencia,o alto percentual de consumidores de alcool entre os IE mais baixox,de ambos os sexos merece atencao especial,o fumo em ambos os sexos apresentou baixos percentuais,indicando que as campanhas contra tabagismo estao surtindo efeito,pricipalmente entre os mais jovens