Cell-specific IL-1R1 regulates the regional heterogeneity of microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses and motor learning ability.

Microglia regulate synaptic function in various ways, including the microglial displacement of the surrounding GABAergic synapses, which provides important neuroprotection from certain diseases. However, the physiological role and underlying mechanisms of microglial synaptic displacement remain unclear. In this study, we observed that microglia exhibited heterogeneity during the displacement of GABAergic synapses surrounding neuronal soma in different cortical regions under physiological conditions. Through three-dimensional reconstruction, in vitro co-culture, two-photon calcium imaging, and local field potentials recording, we found that IL-1ß negatively modulated microglial synaptic displacement to coordinate regional heterogeneity in the motor cortex, which impacted the homeostasis of the neural network and improved motor learning ability. We used the Cre-Loxp system and found that IL-1R1 on glutamatergic neurons, rather than that on microglia or GABAergic neurons, mediated the negative effect of IL-1ß on synaptic displacement. This study demonstrates that IL-1ß is critical for the regional heterogeneity of synaptic displacement by coordinating different actions of neurons and microglia via IL-1R1, which impacts both neural network homeostasis and motor learning ability. It provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the physiological role and mechanism of microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses.

SMAD4 regulates the progression of cholangiocarcinoma by modulating the expression of STING1.

SMAD4 is a tumour suppressor and an important regulator of tumour immune scape which is downregulated in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). STING1 is a vital sensing factor of abnormal DNA; however, the correlation between SMAD4 and STING1 and the role of the SMAD4-STING1 interaction in the progression of CCA have not yet been evaluated. Public database was analysed to reveal the expression of SMAD4 and STING1. A cohort comprising 50 iCCA, 113 pCCA and 119 dCCA patients was assembled for the study. Immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate the expression levels of STING1 and SMAD4. In vitro transwell and CCK8 assays, along with luciferase reporter assay, were conducted to analyse the potential regulatory mechanisms of SMAD4 on the expression of STING1. Expression of SMAD4 and STING1 were downregulated in CCA tumours and STING1 expression correlated with SMAD4 expression. The overexpression of SMAD4 was found to suppress the migration, invasion and proliferation capabilities of CCA cells; whereas, the knockdown of SMAD4 enhanced these abilities. Furthermore, it was observed that SMAD4 translocated into the nucleus following TGF-ß1 stimulation. Knockdown of SMAD4 resulted in the inhibition of STING1 transcriptional activity, whereas the overexpression of SMAD4 promoted the transcriptional activity of STING1. Clinically, low STING1 and SMAD4 expression indicated poor prognosis in CCA, and simultaneously low expression of STING1 and SMAD4 predicts poorer patient survival. SMAD4 regulates the expression of STING1 through its transcription regulating function. Dual low expression of STING1 and SMAD4 had more power in predicting patient survival. These results indicate that SMAD4-silenced CCA may downregulate its STING1 expression to adapt to the immune system.

Coupling Two Laser-Cooled Ions via a Room-Temperature Conductor.

We demonstrate coupling between the motions of two independently trapped ions with a separation distance of 620 µm. The ion-ion interaction is enhanced via a room-temperature electrically floating metallic wire which connects two surface traps. Tuning the motion of both ions into resonance, we show flow of energy with a coupling rate of 11 Hz. Quantum-coherent coupling is hindered by strong surface electric-field noise in our device. Our ion-wire-ion system demonstrates that room-temperature conductors can be used to mediate and tune interactions between independently trapped charges over distances beyond those achievable with free-space dipole-dipole coupling. This technology may be used to sympathetically cool or entangle remotely trapped charges and enable coupling between disparate physical systems.

Chloride Toxicity to Native Freshwater Species in Natural and Reconstituted Prairie Pothole Waters.

Oil and gas extraction in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the northern USA has resulted in elevated chloride concentrations in ground and surface water due to widespread contamination with highly saline produced water, or brine. The toxicity of chloride is poorly understood in the high hardness waters characteristic of the region. We evaluated the toxicity of chloride to two endemic species, Daphnia magna (water flea) and Lemna gibba (duckweed), exposed in field-collected waters (hardness ~ 3000 mg/L as CaCO3) and reconstituted waters (hardness 370 mg/L as CaCO3) intended to mimic PPR background waters. We also investigated the role of chloride in the toxicity of water reconstituted to mimic legacy brine-contaminated wetlands, using two populations of native Pseudacris maculata (Boreal Chorus Frog). Chloride toxicity was similar in field-collected and reconstituted waters for both D. magna (LC50s 3070-3788 mg Cl-1/L) and L. gibba (IC50s 2441-2887). Although hardness can ameliorate chloride toxicity at low to high hardness, we did not observe additional protection as hardness increased from 370 to ~ 3000 mg/L. In P. maculata exposures, chloride did not fully explain toxicity. Chloride sensitivity also differed between populations, with mortality at 2000 mg Cl-/L in one population but not the other, and population-specific growth responses. Overall, these results (1) document toxicity to native species at chloride concentrations occurring in the PPR, (2) indicate that very high hardness in the region's waters may not provide additional protection against chloride and (3) highlight challenges of brine investigations, including whether surrogate study populations are representative of local populations.

Using Biological Responses to Monitor Freshwater Post-Spill Conditions over 3 years in Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, USA.

A pipeline carrying unconventional oil and gas (OG) wastewater spilled approximately 11 million liters of wastewater into Blacktail Creek, North Dakota, USA. Flow of the mix of stream water and wastewater down the channel resulted in storage of contaminants in the hyporheic zone and along the banks, providing a long-term source of wastewater constituents to the stream. A multi-level investigation was used to assess the potential effects of oil and brine spills on aquatic life. In this study, we used a combination of experiments using a native fish species, Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas), field sampling of the microbial community structure, and measures of estrogenicity. The fish investigation included in situ experiments and experiments with collected site water. Estrogenicity was measured in collected site water samples, and microbial community analyses were conducted on collected sediments. During the initial post-spill investigation, February 2015, performing in situ fish bioassays was impossible because of ice conditions. However, microbial community (e.g., the presence of members of the Halomonadaceae, a family that is indicative of elevated salinity) and estrogenicity differences were compared to reference sites and point to early biological effects of the spill. We noted water column effects on in situ fish survival 6 months post-spill during June 2015. At that time, total dissolved ammonium (sum of ammonium and ammonia, TAN) was 4.41 mg NH4/L with an associated NH3 of 1.09 mg/L, a concentration greater than the water quality criteria established to protect aquatic life. Biological measurements in the sediment defined early and long-lasting effects of the spill on aquatic resources. The microbial community structure was affected during all sampling events. Therefore, sediment may act as a sink for constituents spilled and as such provide an indication of continued and cumulative effects post-spill. However, lack of later water column effects may reflect pulse hyporheic flow of ammonia from shallow ground water. Combining fish toxicological, microbial community structure and estrogenicity information provides a complete ecological investigation that defines potential influences of contaminants at organismal, population, and community levels. In general, in situ bioassays have implications for the individual survival and changes at the population level, microbial community structure defines potential changes at the community level, and estrogenicity measurements define changes at the individual and molecular level. By understanding effects at these various levels of biological organization, natural resource managers can interpret how a course of action, especially for remediation/restoration, might affect a larger group of organisms in the system. The current work also reviews potential effects of additional constituents defined during chemistry investigations on aquatic resources.

Texture analysis applied in T1 maps and extracellular volume obtained using cardiac MRI in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease compared with normal controls.

AIM: To assess the potential of texture analysis (TA) applied in T1 maps and extracellular volume (ECV) obtained using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and hypertensive heart disease (HHD) compared with normal controls (NC). Strain parameters were analysed to compare with final TA models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 66 HCM patients, 39 HHD patients, and 41 NC. Step-wise dimension reduction and feature selection were performed by reproducibility, machine learning, collinearity, and multivariable regression analysis to select the texture features that enable diagnosis of and differentiation between HCM and HHD. Strain parameters were calculated by short-axis and three long-axis cine sequences. RESULTS: Independent features in T1 maps and ECV analysis allowed for the differentiation between patients (HCM and HHD) and NC. Of the best-calculated model, the areas under the receiver operating curve (AUCs) were as follows: 0.969 for T1 map and 0.964 for ECV. To distinguish HCM from HHD, two independent features were screened out for both T1 and ECV maps. The AUCs were as follows: 0.793 for T1 map and 0.894 for ECV. Radial, circumferential, and longitudinal strain parameters could differentiate patients from NC, but only longitudinal strain parameters was significantly different between HCM and HHD. CONCLUSIONS: Texture analysis of T1 maps and ECV shows high accuracy in differentiating hypertrophic myocardium from NC, and HCM from HHD. Strain parameters are able to demonstrate the difference between patients and NC, but were less impressive in differentiating HCM and HHD.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: insight from altered mechanics and native T1 mapping.

AIM: To explore the relationship between extracellular volume (ECV), native T1, and systolic strain in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (HTN LVH) with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: T1 mapping was performed in 45 patients with late gadolinium enhancement positive (LGE+) HCM (mean age, 53±6 years), 11 patients with LGE- (LGE-) HCM (mean age, 56±5 years), and 20 patients with HTN LVH (mean age, 55±6 years) on at 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the modified look-locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) pulse sequence. Mean T1 value, ECV and circumferential strain parameters were determined for each patient. RESULTS: Overall, the HCM patients had higher native T1 values (1242.92±68.94) and ECV (0.31±0.05) in comparison to those of the HTN LVH patients (1197±46.80, 0.27±0.04; p<0.05). In the subgroup analysis, the HCM LGE+ patients had the highest native T1 values among the three groups. The HCM LGE+ patients had higher ECV than the LGE- patients. HCM LGE- patients had higher ECV than HTN LVH patients (p<0.05). Peak systolic circumferential strain and early diastolic strain rates were reduced in the HCM LGE+ patients in comparison to the HCM LGE- and HTN LVH patients (p<0.05). Reduced peak systolic and early diastolic circumferential strain rates were associated with increased levels of ECV and native T1 values among all the patients. CONCLUSION: HCM LGE+ patients had higher native T1 values, higher ECV, and an associated reduction in early diastolic strain rates and peak systolic circumferential strains when compared to the HCM LGE- and HTN LVH patients with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction.

Reconstruction of polarization images from a multimode light-field imaging system.

The multimode light-field camera can capture spatial location and spectral and polarization characteristics of a target simultaneously. There is an aliasing effect, which causes the directly extracted image of a certain filter to include information from other filters. The reconstruction method proposed by Li (Jingzhen Li, thesis of Beihang University, 2015) can improve the accuracy of the polarization images, but the gray values still have gradient variations. In this paper, a method for reconstructing polarization images from the light-field image is proposed along with an aliasing model. Compared with the conventional direct-extraction and Li's methods, the proposed method can greatly reduce energy loss, and the accuracy of the reconstructed image increases more than fivefold.

Risk-Based Prioritization Method for the Classification of Groundwater Pollution from Hazardous Waste Landfills.

Hazardous waste landfill sites are a significant source of groundwater pollution. To ensure that these landfills with a significantly high risk of groundwater contamination are properly managed, a risk-based ranking method related to groundwater contamination is needed. In this research, a risk-based prioritization method for the classification of groundwater pollution from hazardous waste landfills was established. The method encompasses five phases, including risk pre-screening, indicator selection, characterization, classification and, lastly, validation. In the risk ranking index system employed here, 14 indicators involving hazardous waste landfills and migration in the vadose zone as well as aquifer were selected. The boundary of each indicator was determined by K-means cluster analysis and the weight of each indicator was calculated by principal component analysis. These methods were applied to 37 hazardous waste landfills in China. The result showed that the risk for groundwater contamination from hazardous waste landfills could be ranked into three classes from low to high risk. In all, 62.2 % of the hazardous waste landfill sites were classified in the low and medium risk classes. The process simulation method and standardized anomalies were used to validate the result of risk ranking; the results were consistent with the simulated results related to the characteristics of contamination. The risk ranking method was feasible, valid and can provide reference data related to risk management for groundwater contamination at hazardous waste landfill sites.

Effects of elastic band exercise on subjects with rounded shoulder posture and forward head posture.

[Purpose] This study performed to investigate the effect of elastic band exercise program on the posture of subjects with rounded shoulder and forward head posture. [Subjects and Methods] The body length, forward shoulder angle, craniovertebral angle, and cranial rotation angle of participants (n=12) were measured before and after the exercise program. Furthermore, the thicknesses of the pectoralis major, rhomboid major, and upper trapezius were measured using an ultrasonographic imaging device. The exercises program was conducted with elastic bands, with 15 repetitions per set and 3 sets in total. [Results] The length of the pectoralis major, forward shoulder angle, and craniovertebral angle showed significant changes between before and after the exercise program, whereas the changes in the other measurements were not significant. The thickness of the upper trapezius showed a significant increase between before and after the elastic band exercise. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that the elastic band exercise program used in the study is effective for lengthening the pectoralis major and correcting rounded shoulder and forward head posture.

Degradation of toluene-2,4-diamine by persulphate: kinetics, intermediates and degradation pathway.

In this study, the degradation of toluene-2,4-diamine (TDA) by persulphate (PS) in an aqueous solution at near-neutral pH was examined. The result showed that the degradation rate of TDA increased with increasing PS concentrations. The optimal dosage of PS in the reaction system was determined by efficiency indicator (I) coupling in the consumption of PS and decay half-life of TDA. Calculation showed that 0.74 mM of PS was the most effective dosage for TDA degradation, at that level the maximum I of 24.51 was obtained. PS can oxidize TDA for an extended reaction time period. Under neutral condition without activation, four degradation intermediates, 2,4-diamino-3-hydroxy-5-sulfonicacidtoluene, 2,4-diaminobenzaldehyde, 2,4-bis(vinylamino)benzaldehyde and 3,5-diamino-4-hydroxy-2-pentene, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The tentative degradation pathway of TDA was proposed as well. It was found that hydroxyl radical played an important role in degradation of TDA with the activation of Fe2+, whereas PS anion and sulphate radicals were responsible for the degradation without activation of Fe2+.

Activation of glutamatergic neurons in the somatosensory cortex promotes remyelination in ischemic vascular dementia.

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion can cause progressive demyelination as well as ischemic vascular dementia, however no effective treatments are available. Here, based on magnetic resonance imaging studies of patients with white matter damage, we found that this damage is associated with disorganized cortical structure. In a mouse model, optogenetic activation of glutamatergic neurons in the somatosensory cortex significantly promoted oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation, remyelination in the corpus callosum, and recovery of cognitive ability after cerebral hypoperfusion. The therapeutic effect of such stimulation was restricted to the upper layers of the cortex, but also spanned a wide time window after ischemia. Mechanistically, enhancement of glutamatergic neuron-OPC functional synaptic connections is required to achieve the protection effect of activating cortical glutamatergic neurons. Additionally, skin stroking, an easier method to translate into clinical practice, activated the somatosensory cortex, thereby promoting OPC proliferation, remyelination and cognitive recovery following cerebral hypoperfusion. In summary, we demonstrated that activating glutamatergic neurons in the somatosensory cortex promotes the proliferation of OPCs and remyelination to recover cognitive function after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. It should be noted that this activation may provide new approaches for treating ischemic vascular dementia via the precise regulation of glutamatergic neuron-OPC circuits.

Targeting YAP Activity and Glutamine Metabolism Cooperatively Suppresses Tumor Progression by Preventing Extracellular Matrix Accumulation.

Cancer cells use multiple mechanisms to evade the effects of glutamine metabolism inhibitors. The pathways that govern responses to alterations in glutamine availability within the tumor may represent therapeutic targets for combinatorial strategies with these inhibitors. Here, we showed that targeting glutamine utilization stimulated Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling in cancer cells by reducing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of large tumor suppressor (LATS). Elevated YAP activation induced extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by increasing secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) that promoted production of fibronectin and collagen by surrounding fibroblasts. Consequently, inhibiting YAP synergized with inhibition of glutamine utilization to effectively suppress tumor growth in vivo, along with a concurrent decrease in ECM deposition. Blocking ECM remodeling also augmented the tumor suppressive effects of the glutamine utilization inhibitor. Collectively, these data reveal mechanisms by which targeting glutamine utilization increases ECM accumulation and identify potential strategies to reduce ECM levels and increase the efficacy of glutamine metabolism inhibitors.

Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Carbonylation of 2-Trifluoromethyl-1,3-enynes to Multisubstituted Conjugated Dienes.

In this communication, a palladium-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective carbonylation of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-enynes to afford multisubstituted conjugated dienes has been realized. This protocol features excellent regio- and exclusive (E)-stereoselectivity and a broad substrate scope with both amines and alcohols as the suitable reaction partners and has shown promising functional group tolerance.

Case report: Obstructive jaundice caused by biliary cystadenoma.

Biliary cystadenoma (also called mucinous cystic neoplasm with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia) is a rare cystic tumor that arises from the biliary epithelium. The cause of biliary cystadenoma is still unclear. Jaundice is a rare presentation of intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma, which can lead to a diagnostic dilemma. Herein, we present a case of intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma that primarily exhibited as jaundice. A 56-year-old woman has suffered from yellow staining of her skin and sclera for more than 1 month. She had a poor appetite and mild epigastric pain. Laboratory examination showed elevated levels of total bilirubin and elevated carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9). A contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed a 7.4 * 5.3-cm, oval, low-density lesion in the left liver parenchyma with a clear boundary and visible septa. The common bile duct was obviously dilated with wall thickening. On magnetic resonance imaging, the lesion in the liver showed a multilocular cystic, unenhanced long T2 signal. There was local thickening of the common bile duct wall with short T2-like filling defects and high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The patient had no history of other malignant tumors and adjuvant therapy such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. She was clinically suspected of having either biliary cystadenoma or a malignancy; hence, resection was performed. Macroscopically, the excised tissue specimen showed a polypoid mass in the common bile duct, which extended along the bile duct to the intrahepatic bile duct. There was a cystic and solid mass in the left liver with yellow turbid fluid, which was associated with the polypoid mass in the common bile duct. Histopathology suggests mucinous cystadenoma of the liver and hilar bile duct. The differential diagnosis of biliary cystadenoma and treatment selection have been discussed.

Advances in molecular and cell therapy for immunotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly malignant tumor of the hepatobiliary system that has failed to respond to many traditional therapies to a certain extent, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In recent years, the new therapeutic schemes based on immunology have fundamentally changed the systemic treatment of various malignant tumors to a certain extent. In view of the immunogenicity of CCA, during the occurrence and development of CCA, some immunosuppressive substances are released from cells and immunosuppressive microenvironment is formed to promote the escape immune response of its own cells, thus enhancing the malignancy of the tumor and reducing the sensitivity of the tumor to drugs. Some immunotherapy regimens for cholangiocarcinoma have produced good clinical effects. Immunotherapy has more precise characteristics and less adverse reactions compared with traditional treatment approaches. However, due to the unique immune characteristics of CCA, some patients with CCA may not benefit in the long term or not benefit at all after current immunotherapy. At present, the immunotherapy of CCA that have been clinically studied mainly include molecular therapy and cell therapy. In this article, we generalized and summarized the current status of immunotherapy strategies including molecular therapy and cell therapy in CCA in clinical studies, and we outlined our understanding of how to enhance the clinical application of these immunotherapy strategies.

Elemental and spectroscopic methods with chemometric analysis for characterizing composition and transformation of dissolved organic matter during chicken manure composting.

Dissolved organic matter was extracted from chicken manure after 1, 8, 16, 28 and 40 days of composting and characterized by combining elemental and spectroscopic methods with chemometric analysis to investigate the evolution of composting materials. The elemental and spectroscopic analysis results showed that the composting process was characterized by the biodegradation of aliphatics, polysaccharide and proteins, as well as by the synthesis of aromatic structures, humic-like substances and macromolecules. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis indicated that the data from elemental and spectroscopic analysis fell into three main groups, and corresponded to the biodegradation, aromatization, and humification and polymerization state of the composting materials. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated rapid biodegradation of organic matter during the first eight days, and the formation of aromatic structures, humic-like materials and macromolecules in dissolved organic matter after eight days.

Analysis of Key Genes for Slow Transit Constipation Based on RNA Sequencing.

Purpose: This study aims to identify key genes in slow transit constipation (STC). We also sought to explore the potential link between STC and colorectal cancer. Patients and Methods: mRNA expression profiles were obtained by RNA sequencing, and differentially expressed genes were identified. Functional enrichment analysis and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was explored, and differentially expressed genes common to STC and colorectal cancer were examined. Analysis of the effect of constipation and colorectal cancer common genes on the overall survival of colorectal cancer patients based on GEPIA database. Results: Functional enrichment showed that significantly different genes are related to lymphocyte chemotaxis, positive regulation of inflammatory response, cellular response to tumor necrosis factor, extracellular region, extracellular space and chemokine activity. The hub gene for STC was found in the PPI network. In addition, AQP8 and CFD were common differential genes for STC and colorectal cancer. AQP8 affects overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Conclusion: Our findings will contribute to understanding the pathology of STC at the molecular level, with the first discovery that AQP8 may be a hub gene in the transition from STC to colorectal cancer.

A Severe Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Patient Treated with Integrative Korean Medicine Including Acupuncture, Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture and Herbal Medicine: a case report.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is common in elderly people and severe CSM patients are recommended to receive surgery. However, in some cases, surgery may fail to improve the patients' symptoms. An 80-year-old man diagnosed with CSM complained of right hemiplegia and right arm and leg pain with the presence of a Foley catheter, despite treatment with laminectomy and laminoplasty. Acupuncture, bee venom pharmacopuncture, and herbal medicine were administered for 129 days. As a result, manual muscle testing (MMT) and the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) improved, the pain in his right arm and leg decreased, and he was able to urinate by himself. This case report implies that integrative Korean medicine (IKM) can be an option for patients suffering from muscular weakness resulting from myelopathy.

Prognostic impact of serum soluble PD-1 and ADV score for living donor liver transplantation in patients with previously untreated hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway is the critical mechanism in development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study analyzed the prognostic impact of pretransplant serum soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) concentration and α-FP-des-γ-carboxyprothrombin-tumor volume (ADV) score in patients with previously untreated HCC undergone liver transplantation (LT). METHODS: This retrospective single-center study enrolled 100 patients with HCC who underwent living donor LT from 2010 to 2016. Concentrations of sPD-1 were measured in stored serum samples. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of 2-year tumor recurrence resulted in an sPD-1 cutoff of 177.1 µg/mL, which was associated with higher rates of tumor recurrence (P = 0.022), but not with overall patient survival (P = 0.460). The derived cutoff for pretransplant ADV score was 5.4log, which was associated with higher tumor recurrence rate (P < 0.001) and lower overall patient survival rate (P < 0.001). Both sPD-1 of >177.1 µg/mL (hazard ratio [HR], 2.26; P = 0.020) and pretransplant ADV score of >5.4log (HR, 3.56; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for posttransplant HCC recurrence. The combination of these 2 factors enabled the stratification of patients into 3 groups, with groups having 0, 1, and 2 risk factors differing significantly in the prognosis of tumor recurrence (P < 0.001) and overall patient survival (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Both sPD-1 concentration and ADV score have prognostic impacts in patients who underwent LT for untreated HCCs. These factors, both individually and combined, can help in predicting posttransplant prognosis.