Proton pump inhibitors: Risks of long-term use.

Proton pump inhibitors are among the most commonly prescribed classes of drugs, and their use is increasing, in particular for long-term treatment, often being over-prescribed and used for inappropriate conditions. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed towards a wide range of adverse effects, and even when a potential underlying biological mechanism is plausible, the clinical evidence of the adverse effect is often weak. Several long-term side effects have been investigated ranging from interaction with other drugs, increased risk of infection, reduced intestinal absorption of vitamins and minerals, and more recently kidney damage and dementia. The most recent literature regarding these adverse effects and their association with long-term proton pump inhibitor treatment is reviewed, and the mechanisms through which these possible complications might develop are discussed.

Role of ROX index in the first assessment of COVID-19 patients in the emergency department.

During the first outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Emergency Departments (EDs) were overcrowded. Hence, the need for a rapid and simple tool to support clinical decisions, such as the ROX index (Respiratory rate - OXygenation), defined as the ratio of peripheral oxygen saturation and fraction of inspired oxygen, to respiratory rate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of the ROX index in predicting hospitalization and mortality in patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 in the ED. The secondary outcomes were to assess the number of readmissions and the variations in the ROX index between the first and the second admission. This was an observational prospective monocentric study, carried out in the ED of Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital in Bologna, Italy. Five hundred and fifty-four consecutive patients with COVID-19 were enrolled and the ROX index was calculated. Patients were followed until hospital discharge or death. A ROX index value < 25.7 was associated with hospitalization (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.737, 95% CI 0.696-0.779, p < 0.001). The ROX index < 22.3 was statistically related to higher 30-day mortality (AUC = 0.764, 95% CI 0.708-0.820, p < 0.001). Eight patients were discharged and returned to the ED within the subsequent 7 days, their mean ROX index was 30.3 (6.2; range 21.9-39.4) at the first assessment and 24.6 (5.5; 14.5-29.5) at the second assessment, (p = 0.012). The ROX index, together with laboratory, imaging and clinical findings, correlated with the need for hospital admission, mechanical ventilation and mortality risk in COVID-19 patients.