MicroRNAs reshape the immunity of insects in response to bacterial infection.

The interaction between bacteria and insects can significantly impact a wide range of different areas because bacteria and insects are widely distributed around the globe. The bacterial-insect interactions have the potential to directly affect human health since insects are vectors for disease transmission, and their interactions can also have economic consequences. In addition, they have been linked to high mortality rates in economically important insects, resulting in substantial economic losses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are types of non-coding RNAs involved in regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. The length of miRNAs ranges from 19 to 22 nucleotides. MiRNAs, in addition to their ability to exhibit dynamic expression patterns, have a diverse range of targets. This enables them to govern various physiological activities in insects, like innate immune responses. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs have a crucial biological role in bacterial infection by influencing immune responses and other mechanisms for resistance. This review focuses on some of the most recent and exciting discoveries made in recent years, including the correlation between the dysregulation of miRNA expression in the context of bacterial infection and the progression of the infection. Furthermore, it describes how they profoundly impact the immune responses of the host by targeting the Toll, IMD, and JNK signaling pathways. It also emphasizes the biological function of miRNAs in regulating immune responses in insects. Finally, it also discusses current knowledge gaps about the function of miRNAs in insect immunity, in addition to areas that require more research in the future.

Validity Of Grayscale Ultrasound And Resistive Index In The Detection Of Nature Of Ovarian Neoplasms By Taking Histopathology As A Gold Standard.

BACKGROUND: The utility of ultrasound has long been established in the diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms. Ultrasound is a safe and non-invasive imaging modality that has a high sensitivity and specificity. The objective was to determine the validity of grayscale ultrasound and resistive index in the detection of nature of ovarian neoplasms by taking histopathology as a gold standard. METHODS: It was Cross-sectional study conducted in department of Radiology, Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad from May 16 to November 30, 2014. Twohundred- twenty-one female patients in whom an adnexal mass was noted on pelvic ultrasound were included in the study. RESULTS: Out of these 221 patients, malignant ovarian masses were present in 50 (22.62%) patients on grayscale ultrasound. While a resistive index ≤0.6 was found in 56 (25.34%) patients. Over all the sensitivity of grayscale ultrasound was 95% and the specificity was 93.37%. Likewise, the sensitivity and specificity of resistive index were 95% and 90.06% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the grayscale ultrasound is a sensitive imaging modality for differentiation of benign and malignant ovarian masses.

Invertase from hyper producer strain of Aspergillus niger: physiochemical properties, thermodynamics and active site residues heat of ionization.

Here we report for the first time heat of ionization of invertase (E.C.3.2.1.26) active site residues from hyper-producer strain of Aspergillus niger (34.1 U ml(-1)), along with its physiochemical properties, kinetics and thermodynamics of stability-function. The Invertase showed great potential for industry as being highly efficient (k(cat) = 24167 s(-1) at 65 degrees C, pH 5.0) and stable (half life= 12 h at 56 degrees C).