Muscle Oxygenation as an Early Predictor of Shock Severity in Trauma Patients.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the potential utility of a new prototype noninvasive muscle oxygenation (MOx) measurement for the identification of shock severity in a population of patients admitted to the trauma resuscitation rooms of a Level I regional trauma center. The goal of this project was to correlate MOx with shock severity as defined by standard measures of shock: systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and lactate. METHODS: Optical spectra were collected from subjects by placement of a custom-designed optical probe over the first dorsal interosseous muscles on the back of the hand. Spectra were acquired from trauma patients as soon as possible upon admission to the trauma resuscitation room. Patients with any injury were eligible for study. MOx was determined from the collected optical spectra with a multiwavelength analysis that used both visible and near-infrared regions of light. Shock severity was determined in each patient by a scoring system based on combined degrees of hypotension, tachycardia, and lactate. MOx values of patients in each shock severity group (mild, moderate, and severe) were compared using two-sample t tests. RESULTS: In 17 healthy control patients, the mean MOx value was 91.0 ±â€Š5.5%. A total of 69 trauma patients were studied. Patients classified as having mild shock had a mean MOx of 62.5 ±â€Š26.2% (n = 33), those classified as in moderate shock had a mean MOx of 56.9 ±â€Š26.9% (n = 25) and those classified as in severe shock had a MOx of 31.0 ±â€Š17.1% (n = 11). Mean MOx for each of these groups was statistically different from the healthy control group (P < 0.05).Receiver operating characteristic analyses show that MOx and shock index (heart rate/systolic blood pressure) identified shock similarly well (area under the curves [AUC] = 0.857 and 0.828, respectively). However, MOx identified mild shock better than shock index in the same group of patients (AUC = 0.782 and 0.671, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained from this pilot study indicate that MOx correlates with shock severity in a population of trauma patients. Noninvasive and continuous MOx holds promise to aid in patient triage and to evaluate patient condition throughout the course of resuscitation.

Muscle oxygenation as an indicator of shock severity in patients with suspected severe sepsis or septic shock.

PURPOSE: The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of a new noninvasive optical measurement of muscle oxygenation (MOx) to identify shock severity in patients with suspected sepsis. METHODS: We enrolled 51 adult patients in the emergency department (ED) who presented with possible sepsis using traditional Systematic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria or who triggered a "Code Sepsis." Noninvasive MOx measurements were made from the first dorsal interosseous muscles of the hand once potential sepsis/septic shock was identified, as soon as possible after admission to the ED. Shock severity was defined by concurrent systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and serum lactate levels. MOx was also measured in a control group of 17 healthy adults. RESULTS: Mean (± SD) MOx in the healthy control group was 91.0 ± 5.5% (n = 17). Patients with mild, moderate, and severe shock had mean MOx values of 79.4 ± 21.2%, 48.6 ± 28.6%, and 42.2 ± 4.7%, respectively. Mean MOx for the mild and moderate shock severity categories were statistically different from healthy controls and from each other based on two-sample t-tests (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that noninvasive measurement of MOx was associated with clinical assessment of shock severity in suspected severe sepsis or septic shock. The ability of MOx to detect even mild septic shock has meaningful implications for emergency care, where decisions about triage and therapy must be made quickly and accurately. Future longitudinal studies may validate these findings and the value of MOx in monitoring patient status as treatment is administered.

Early Childhood Screen Time and Parental Attitudes Toward Child Television Viewing in a Low-Income Latino Population Attending the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.

BACKGROUND: Early childhood media exposure is associated with obesity and multiple adverse health conditions. The aims of this study were to assess parental attitudes toward childhood television (TV) viewing in a low-income population and examine the extent to which child BMI, child/parent demographics, and household media environment are associated with adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for screen time. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study of 314 parents of children ages 0-5 years surveyed in English or Spanish by self-administered questionnaire at a Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) clinic in Oregon. RESULTS: In this majority Latino sample (73%), half (53%) of the children met AAP guidelines on screen time limits, 56% met AAP guidelines for no TV in the child's bedroom, and 29% met both. Children were more likely to meet AAP guidelines when there were <2 TVs in the home, there was no TV during dinner, or their parents spent less time viewing electronic media. Parents who spent less time viewing electronic media were more likely to report believing that TV provides little value or usefulness. CONCLUSIONS: In this low-income, predominantly Latino population attending WIC, parent media-viewing and household media environment are strongly associated with child screen time. Programs aimed at reducing child screen time may benefit from interventions that address parental viewing habits.