Anesthesia effects on the low frequency blood flow oscillations in mouse skin.

BACKGROUND: When laboratory animals are used one needs to anesthetize them before recording. However, the influence of anesthesia on animal blood flow oscillations has not been studied. The effects of two ways of anesthesia, zoletil-xylazine, and zoletil-nitrous oxide mixtures, on mouse skin perfusion using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) technique were studied. METHODS: BALB/c mice were used. LDF probe was placed on the ventral surface of the left hind paw. Spectral analysis of LDF signals was performed with continuous adaptive wavelet transform to identify and describe peripheral blood flow oscillations in mouse skin. RESULTS: Low-frequency oscillation interval boundaries (myogenic, neurogenic, and endothelial) for mice were shown to coincide with the boundaries determined for human and rats, that demonstrate their independence from the body size. Zoletil-xylazine anesthesia significantly decreased neurogenic and endothelial oscillation amplitudes by 29% and 50% respectively and increased the amplitude of cardiac oscillations by 23% compared to zoletyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia. There were no significant changes of the amplitudes of myogenic and respiratory oscillations with zoletil-nitrous oxide anesthesia compared to the zoletil-xylazine mixture. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the different influence of anesthesia modes on the amplitudes of skin blood flow oscillations is associated with sympathetic activity suppressed by zoletil-xylazine anesthesia.

Cardiotoxins from Cobra Naja oxiana Change the Force of Contraction and the Character of Rhythmoinotropic Phenomena in the Rat Myocardium.

The study of the influence of cobra Naja oxiana cardiotoxins on the contractility of the rat papillary muscles and its rhythmoinotropic characteristics has shown that the presence of toxins induces a slight contractility decrease in the stimulation frequency range up to 0.1 Hz. In the stimulation frequency range from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz, a positive inotropic effect is found. However, the positive inotropic effect is replaced by a negative one with further increase in the frequency up to 3 Hz. In the presence of cardiotoxins, the positive force-frequency relationship in the region of 1-3 Hz, characteristic of healthy rat myocardium, disappears and the relationship becomes completely negative. L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine does not affect the changes induced by toxins, while a high concentration (10 mM) of calcium prevents the effects of cardiotoxins on the muscle. The results obtained show that the impairment of the force-frequency relationship occurs long before the development of irreversible damage in the myocardium and may be the first sign of the pathological action of cardiotoxins.

Aminoethane Sulfonic Acid Magnesium Salt Inhibits Ca2+ Entry Through NMDA Receptor Ion Channel In Vitro.

The effect of a cerebroprotective agent magnesium bis-aminoethanesulfonate (laboratory code FS-LKhT-317) on intracellular calcium concentration was studied by the fluorescent imaging technique on neuroglial cell culture from Spraque-Dawley rat hippocampus. The substance produced a pronounced inhibitory effect and suppressed NMDA receptor activity in concentrations of ≥50 µM. The observed effects were reversible or partially reversible and were detected by a decrease in Ca2+ signal amplitude in neurons in response to NMDA applications in a Mg2+-free medium and by inhibition of Ca2+ pulses in magnesium-free medium (elimination of magnesium block).

[Impact of biologically important anions on reactive oxygen species formation in water under the effect of non-ionizing physical agents].

The influence of biologically relevant anions (succinate, acetate, citrate, chloride, bicarbonate, hydroorthophosphate, dihydroorthophosphate, nitrite, nitrate) on the formation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals in water was studied under the effect of non-ionizing radiation: heat, laser light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm, corresponding to the maximum absorption of molecular oxygen, and electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequencies. It has been established that various anions may both inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species and increase it. Bicarbonate and sulfate anions included in the biological fluids' and medicinal mineral waters have significant, but opposite effects on reactive oxygen species production. Different molecular mechanisms of reactive oxygen species formation are considered under the action of the investigated physical factors involving these anions, which may influence the biological processes by signal-regulatory manner and provide a healing effect in physical therapy.

[Generation of reactive oxygen species in water under exposure of visible or infrared irradiation at absorption band of molecular oxygen].

It is found that in bidistilled water saturated with oxygen hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are formed under the influence of visible and infrared radiation in the absorption bands of molecular oxygen. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs under the influence of both solar and artificial light sourses, including the coherent laser irradiation. The oxygen effect, i.e. the impact of dissolved oxygen concentration on production of hydrogen peroxide induced by light, is detected. It is shown that the visible and infrared radiation in the absorption bands of molecular oxygen leads to the formation of 8-oxoguanine in DNA in vitro. Physicochemical mechanisms of ROS formation in water when exposed to visible and infrared light are studied, and the involvement of singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals in this process is shown.

[The mechanism of antiarrhythmic action of a new ammonium derivative of lidocaine (LKhT-12-02)].

The results of electrophysiological investigation of the effects of LKhT-12-02 (a quaternary ammonium derivative of lidocaine) on the intact cat heart and the isolated ion channels of Lymnaea stagnalis snail showed that this compound belongs to class 1B antiarrhythmic agents (Vaughan - Williams classification). The drug does not suppress the automatic nonmonotonic rhythm driver, does not influence the conductance in ventricles, auricles, and atrioventricular node in the sinus rhythm, and does not elongate the effective refractory period of the auricles and atrioventricular node. LKhT-12-02 decreases the rate of fast depolarization of the action potential, while not reducing its duration. The compound does not influence the conduction of sodium ion channels.

[Calculation of local Hurst exponents in the Ca(2+)-activated K(+)-channel dwell time]. / Raschet lokal'nykh pokazatelei Khersta v posledovatel'nostiakh vremen zhizni Ca(2+)-aktiviruemykh K(+)-kanalov.

A novel method based on the maximum overlap wavelet transform of dwell time series is proposed. Information on local multifractal properties of the series, namely local Hurst exponents or Holder exponents, was obtained. The results confirm the presence of multifractality and intrinsic correlations in the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel dwell time series. The data on the local multifractal structure of the series can be interpreted in terms of processes having self-organized criticality. The proposed approach allows one to widen the store of methods for the analysis of single ion channel activity.

[Fractal properies of gating in potential-dependent K+-channels in Lymnaea stagnalis neurons]. / Fraktal'nye svoistva vorotnogo mekhanizma potentsialozavisimykh K+ - kanalov v neironakh Lymnaea stagnalis.

Sets of the channel open times, [tau(o)], and closed times, [tau(c)], and the full set of the channel open and closed times, [tau(o), tau(c)], in the activity of single voltage-dependent K+-channels in mollusc L. stagnalis neurons were analyzed using the rescaled range analysis (Hurst method), fast Fourier and wavelet transforms. It was found that the Hurst dependence for each time series could be approximated by a polygonal line with at least two slopes: H1 and H2 (Hurst exponents). The averaged values of H1 and H2 for the sets [tau(o), tau(c)] were equal to 0.61 +/- 0.03 and 0.83 +/- 0.11, respectively; for the [tau(o)] sets H1 = 0.66 +/- 0.03 and H2 = 0.95 +/- 0.10; for the [tau(c)] sets, H1 = 0.62 +/- 0.05 and H2 = 0.85 +/- 0.10. In some cases, a third slope appeared on the Hurst dependences. It was very variable and ranged between 0.5 and 1. The Hurst exponents H1, H2, and H3 characterized short, intermediate, and long time ranges, respectively. The ranges greatly varied from experiment to experiment. The data obtained show that the channel openings and closings (gating process) represent a persistent process correlated in time. The randomization of the time sets resulted in a single slope, H, of 0.52 +/- 0.02 characteristic of random processes. The results were confirmed by the fast Fourier and wavelet transforms. In addition, possible voltage dependences of Hurst exponents and their correlation with tau(o) and tau(c) were investigated. As a whole, single channel activity may be characterized as a multifractal process with a slight voltage dependence of the Hurst exponents.

Membrane mechanisms of antiarrhythmic effect of quaternidine.

Complex electrophysiological study of the effects of quaternidine carried out on intact hearts from cats, myocardial fragments from rats, and single ionic channels of large edible snail showed that quaternidine demonstrates properties of class 1B antiarrhythmic drug according to Vaughan-Williams nomenclature. This agent did not suppress nomotopic pacemaker automaticity, did not change conduction in ventricles, atria, and atrioventricular junction in hearts with preserved sinus rhythm, did not prolong refractoriness of the atria and atrioventricular junction, but prolonged efficient refractory period of heart ventricles. Quaternidine decelerated rapid depolarization of the action potential, but had no effect on its duration. It did not affect potassium conductance.