An Adhesive Bioink toward Biofabrication under Wet Conditions.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is driving significant innovations in biomedicine over recent years. Under certain scenarios such as in intraoperative bioprinting, the bioinks used should exhibit not only cyto/biocompatibility but also adhesiveness in wet conditions. Herein, an adhesive bioink composed of gelatin methacryloyl, gelatin, methacrylated hyaluronic acid, and skin secretion of Andrias davidianus is designed. The bioink exhibits favorable cohesion to allow faithful extrusion bioprinting in wet conditions, while simultaneously showing good adhesion to a variety of surfaces of different chemical properties, possibly achieved through the diverse bonds presented in the bioink formulation. As such, this bioink is able to fabricate sophisticated planar and volumetric constructs using extrusion bioprinting, where the dexterity is further enhanced using ergonomic handheld bioprinters to realize in situ bioprinting. In vitro experiments reveal that cells maintain high viability; further in vivo studies demonstrate good integration and immediate injury sealing. The characteristics of the bioink indicate its potential widespread utility in extrusion bioprinting and will likely broaden the applications of bioprinting toward situations such as in situ dressing and minimally invasive tissue regeneration.

High prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus among children with HIV-1 infection in extreme southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To compare nasopharyngeal colonization between children with HIV-1 infection and those without HIV-1 infection, with special emphasis on nasopharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the Paediatric Day Hospital of a teaching hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected in 93 children aged up to 18 years old born to HIV-positive mothers (31 children with HIV-1 infection and 62 age-matched non-infected children). RESULTS: The prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus was higher among children with HIV-1 infection compared with those without HIV-1 infection (45.16% vs. 12.9%, p = 0.001). After adjusting all potential confounders, HIV-1 infection was an independent risk factor for nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus, with a prevalence ratio of 4.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.72-10.70). CONCLUSION: Children with HIV-1 infection had a higher prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus than children without HIV-1 infection. Most of the isolated strains of S. aureus were methicillin-susceptible.

Basic indicators of child health in an urban area in southern Brazil: estimating prevalence rates and evaluating differentials.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare basic indicators of the health of children under 5 years old in the urban area of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, for 1995 and 2004. METHODS: Two cross-sectional population studies were carried out in the city. Interviewers were previously trained and applied standardized questionnaires during visits to families with children under 5 years old. The following variables were investigated: family income, maternal education, type of construction of home (wooden/masonry etc.), availability of toilet, running water, sewage system and domestic appliances. Data collected on the children themselves included number of antenatal consultations and age at first antenatal, type of delivery and medical care received during delivery, breastfeeding and dietary patterns, morbidity and health services utilization. Children were weighed and measured for height/length. Comparisons of frequencies between the two datasets were made using the chi-square test. RESULTS: In 1995, 395 children were studied and in 2004 there were 384. During the intervening period improvements had taken place in type of construction, number of homes with flush toilet, the availability of running water and in breastfeeding pattern and duration. The frequency of diarrhea reduced, while rates of basic vaccination coverage, growth monitoring, patients in possession of their own medical cards and reporting of birth weights all increased. There was a deterioration in families' purchasing power and in the mean number of antenatal consultations. The prevalence of childhood obesity increased by 92%, while the incidence of malnutrition remained practically unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing health indicators from the two periods revealed that, in addition to improvements in the majority of the indicators assessed, there had been a substantial increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity.

Angioplastia coronariana primária em pacientes com mais de 80 anos / Primary coronary angioplasty in patients over 80 years of age

Introdução: É cada vez mais prevalente o número de idosos submetidos à intervenção coronariana percutânea primária (ICPp). Historicamente, essa população apresenta pior prognóstico quando comparada aos mais jovens. Nosso objetivo foi comparar as características e os desfechos clínicos em 30 dias de pacientes ≥ 80 anos aos < 80 anos submetidos à ICPp. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional, prospectivo, extraído do banco de dados do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, entre 2009 e 2013. Resultados: Foram incluídos 1.970 pacientes, sendo 122 (6,2%) com idade ≥ 80 anos. Os mais idosos mostraram predomínio do sexo feminino (50% vs. 29%; p < 0,001), diabetes (34,4% vs. 23,2%; p = 0,004), classe Killip 3 ou 4 (13,1% vs. 7,4%; p = 0,02) e tempo porta-balão superior (1,4 hora [1,0-1,9 hora] vs. 1,1 hora [0,8-1,5 hora]; p < 0,001). O fluxo TIMI 3 pós não mostrou diferença entre os grupos (86% vs. 90,7%; p = 0,08), mas o Blush 3 pós foi menor (59,3% vs. 70,9%; p = 0,01) nos idosos. O sucesso angiográfico foi obtido em 92,0% vs. 95,6%; p = 0,07. Necessidade de marca-passo provisório, arritmias graves e morte súbita abortada foram mais frequentes nos pacientes ≥ 80 anos. Taxas de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores e óbito em 30 dias foram mais frequentes no grupo mais idoso (32,2% vs. 11,5% e 29,7% vs. 7,2%; p < 0,001). Conclusões: Nesta análise contemporânea, pacientes ≥ 80 anos submetidos à ICPp apresentaram perfil clínico e angiográfico mais grave, tempo porta-balão mais prolongado, menor Blush 3 final, com maiores taxas de complicações hospitalares e mortalidade em 30 dias, quando comparados aos pacientes mais jovens

Background: The number of elderly patients submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasingly prevalent. Historically, this population has a worse prognosis when compared to the younger ones. This study aimed to compare the characteristics and 30-day clinical outcomes of patients aged ≥ 80 years to those < 80 years submitted to primary PCI. Methods: Observational, prospective cohort study, extracted from the database of Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, between 2009 and 2013. Results: A total of 1,970 patients were included, of whom 122 (6.2%) were aged ≥ 80 years. The elderly showed a predominance of the female gender (50% vs. 29%; p < 0.001), diabetes (34.4% vs. 23.2%; p = 0.004), Killip class 3 or 4 (13.1% vs. 7.4%; p < 0.02), and longer door-to-balloon time (1.4 hour [1.0-1.9 hour] vs. 1.1 hour [0.8-1.5 hour]; p < 0.001). The TIMI 3 post flow did not show any difference between the groups (86% vs. 90.7%; p = 0.08), but the Blush 3 post was lower (59.3% vs. 70.9%; p = 0.01) in the elderly. Angiographic success was obtained in 92.0% vs. 95.6%; p = 0.07. Temporary pacemakers, severe arrhythmias, and aborted sudden death were more frequently observed in patients aged ≥ 80 years. The rates of major adverse cardiovascular events and death at 30 days were higher in the older group (32.2% vs. 11.5% and 29.7% vs. 7.2%; p < 0.001 ). Conclusions: In this contemporary analysis, patients aged ≥ 80 years undergoing primary PCI had a more severe clinical and angiographic profile, longer door-to-balloon time, lower final Blush 3, with higher rates of hospital complications and 30-day mortality when compared with younger patient

Impacto da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica prévia em desfechos clínicos de pacientes submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea primária / Impact of prior coronary bypass graft surgery on the outcomes of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Introdução: Historicamente, pacientes com cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) prévia submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) primária têm pior prognóstico que pacientes semCRM prévia. No entanto, análises mais contemporâneas contestam esses achados. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os desfechos clínicos de 30 dias em pacientes com e sem CRM prévia submetidos à ICP primária. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo extraído do banco de dados do Instituto de Cardiologia do RioGrande do Sul, contendo 1.854 pacientes submetidos à ICP primária. Resultados: Pacientes com CRM prévia (3,8%) mostraram perfil clínico, em geral, mais grave. O tempo deinício dos sintomas até a chegada ao hospital foi menor nesse grupo (2,50 horas [1,46-3,66] vs. 3,99 horas[1,99-6,50]; p < 0,001) e o tempo porta-balão foi semelhante (1,33 hora [0,85-2,07] vs. 1,16 hora [0,88-1,58];p = 0,12). O acesso femoral foi mais usado no grupo com CRM prévia (91,5% vs. 62,5%; p < 0,001). O uso de tromboaspiração manual foi menor nesse grupo (16,9% vs. 31,1%; p = 0,007), mas não houve diferença no uso de inibidor da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa (28,2% vs. 32,4%; p = 0,28). O sucesso angiográfico foi menor no grupo com CRM prévia (80,3% vs. 93,3%; p = 0,009). Aos 30 dias, pacientes com CRM prévia apresentaram taxas similares de eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (14,1% vs. 11,2%; p = 0,28), e a mortalidade, embora numericamente mais alta, não foi estatisticamente significativa (13,2% vs. 7,0%; p = 0,07).Conclusões: Nessa análise contemporânea, pacientes com CRM prévia submetidos à ICP primária apresentaram perfil clínico mais grave e menor sucesso angiográfico, porém não mostraram diferenças nos desfechos clínicos em 30 dias.

Background: Historically, patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have a worse prognosis than patients without prior CABG. However, more contemporary analyses have contested these findings. This study’s aim was to evaluate the 30-day clinical outcomes in patients with and without prior CABG submitted to primary PCI. Methods: Prospective cohort study, extracted from the database of Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grandedo Sul, containing 1,854 patients undergoing primary PCI. Results: Patients with prior CABG (3.8%) showed, in general, a more severe clinical profile. The time of symptom onset until arrival at the hospital was shorter in this group (2.50 hours [1.46 to 3.66] vs. 3.99 hour [1.99 to 6.50]; p < 0.001), while the door-to-balloon time was similar (1.33 hour [0.85 to 2.07] vs.1.16 hour [0.88 to 1.58]; p = 0.12). Femoral access was more often used in the group with prior CABG(91.5% vs. 62.5%; p < 0.001). Manual thrombus aspiration was less often performed in this group (16.9% vs. 31.1%; p = 0.007), but there was no difference regarding the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (28.2% vs. 32.4%, p = 0.28). Angiographic success was lower in the group with prior CABG (80.3% vs. 93.3%; p = 0.009). At 30 days, patients with prior CABG had similar rates of major adverse cardiac events (14.1%vs. 11.2%; p = 0.28), and mortality, although numerically higher, was not statistically significant (13.2%vs. 7.0%, p = 0.07). Conclusions: In this contemporary analysis, patients with prior CABG undergoing primary PCI had amore severe clinical profile and lower angiographic success, but showed no differences regarding 30-day clinical outcomes.

Basic indicators of child health in an urban area in southern Brazil: estimating prevalence rates and evaluating differentials

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar indicadores básicos de saúde infantil entre menores de 5 anos residentes na área urbana do município de Rio Grande (RS) em 1995 e 2004. MÉTODOS: Foram realizados dois estudos transversais de base populacional nessa cidade. Entrevistadores previamente treinados aplicaram questionários padronizados em domicílios com crianças menores de 5 anos. Foram investigados: renda familiar, escolaridade materna, tipo de construção da moradia, disponibilidade de sanitário, água encanada, rede de esgotos e eletrodomésticos. Sobre as crianças, investigou-se número de consultas e idade de início do pré-natal, tipo e atendimento ao parto, padrão de amamentação e dieta, morbidade e utilização de serviços de saúde. As crianças foram pesadas e medidas para altura/comprimento. A comparação de freqüências nos dois estudos foi feita através do teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 395 crianças em 1995 e 384 em 2004. Nesse período, houve melhorias no tipo de construção de moradia, na presença de sanitário com descarga, na disponibilidade de água encanada e no padrão e duração da amamentação. A ocorrência de diarréia diminuiu, enquanto as taxas de cobertura vacinal básica, monitoração do crescimento, posse do cartão de saúde e de notificação do peso ao nascer aumentaram. Houve piora no poder aquisitivo das famílias e no número médio de consultas pré-natais realizadas. A prevalência de obesidade infantil aumentou em 92 por cento, enquanto a ocorrência de desnutrição praticamente não se modificou. CONCLUSÕES: A comparação dos indicadores de saúde no período entre os dois estudos mostrou, além de melhorias na maioria dos indicadores avaliados, substancial aumento na prevalência de obesidade infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare basic indicators of the health of children under 5 years old in the urban area of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, for 1995 and 2004. METHODS: Two cross-sectional population studies were carried out in the city. Interviewers were previously trained and applied standardized questionnaires during visits to families with children under 5 years old. The following variables were investigated: family income, maternal education, type of construction of home (wooden/masonry etc.), availability of toilet, running water, sewage system and domestic appliances. Data collected on the children themselves included number of antenatal consultations and age at first antenatal, type of delivery and medical care received during delivery, breastfeeding and dietary patterns, morbidity and health services utilization. Children were weighed and measured for height/length. Comparisons of frequencies between the two datasets were made using the chi-square test. RESULTS: In 1995, 395 children were studied and in 2004 there were 384. During the intervening period improvements had taken place in type of construction, number of homes with flush toilet, the availability of running water and in breastfeeding pattern and duration. The frequency of diarrhea reduced, while rates of basic vaccination coverage, growth monitoring, patients in possession of their own medical cards and reporting of birth weights all increased. There was a deterioration in families' purchasing power and in the mean number of antenatal consultations. The prevalence of childhood obesity increased by 92 percent, while the incidence of malnutrition remained practically unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing health indicators from the two periods revealed that, in addition to improvements in the majority of the indicators assessed, there had been a substantial increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity.