RESUMO
BACKGROUND: People living with HIV (PLWH), even when viral replication is controlled through antiretroviral therapy (ART), experience persistent inflammation. This inflammation is partly attributed to intestinal microbial dysbiosis and translocation, which may lead to non-AIDS-related aging-associated comorbidities. The extent to which living with HIV - influenced by the infection itself, ART usage, sexual orientation, or other associated factors - affects the biological age of the intestines is unclear. Furthermore, the role of microbial dysbiosis and translocation in the biological aging of PLWH remains to be elucidated. To investigate these uncertainties, we used a systems biology approach, analyzing colon and ileal biopsies, blood samples, and stool specimens from PLWH on ART and people living without HIV (PLWoH) as controls. RESULTS: PLWH exhibit accelerated biological aging in the colon, ileum, and blood, as measured by various epigenetic aging clocks, compared to PLWoH. Investigating the relationship between microbial translocation and biological aging, PLWH had decreased levels of tight junction proteins in the intestines, along with increased microbial translocation. This intestinal permeability correlated with faster biological aging and increased inflammation. When investigating the relationship between microbial dysbiosis and biological aging, the intestines of PLWH had higher abundance of specific pro-inflammatory bacteria, such as Catenibacterium and Prevotella. These bacteria correlated with accelerated biological aging. Conversely, the intestines of PLWH had lower abundance of bacteria known for producing the anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids, such as Subdoligranulum and Erysipelotrichaceae, and these bacteria were associated with slower biological aging. Correlation networks revealed significant links between specific microbial genera in the colon and ileum (but not in feces), increased aging, a rise in pro-inflammatory microbe-related metabolites (e.g., those in the tryptophan metabolism pathway), and a decrease in anti-inflammatory metabolites like hippuric acid. CONCLUSIONS: We identified specific microbial compositions and microbiota-related metabolic pathways that are intertwined with intestinal and systemic biological aging. This microbial signature of biological aging is likely reflecting various factors including the HIV infection itself, ART usage, sexual orientation, and other aspects associated with living with HIV. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these connections could offer potential strategies to mitigate accelerated aging and its associated health complications. Video Abstract.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Disbiose/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Intestinos/microbiologia , Envelhecimento , Bactérias/genética , Inflamação/microbiologia , Anti-InflamatóriosRESUMO
People living with HIV (PLWH) experience increased vulnerability to premature aging and inflammation-associated comorbidities, even when HIV replication is suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the factors associated with this vulnerability remain uncertain. In the general population, alterations in the N-glycans on IgGs trigger inflammation and precede the onset of aging-associated diseases. Here, we investigate the IgG N-glycans in cross-sectional and longitudinal samples from 1214 women and men, living with and without HIV. PLWH exhibit an accelerated accumulation of pro-aging-associated glycan alterations and heightened expression of senescence-associated glycan-degrading enzymes compared to controls. These alterations correlate with elevated markers of inflammation and the severity of comorbidities, potentially preceding the development of such comorbidities. Mechanistically, HIV-specific antibodies glycoengineered with these alterations exhibit a reduced ability to elicit anti-HIV Fc-mediated immune activities. These findings hold potential for the development of biomarkers and tools to identify and prevent premature aging and comorbidities in PLWH.
Assuntos
Senilidade Prematura , Infecções por HIV , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Imunoglobulina G , Estudos Transversais , Envelhecimento , Inflamação/complicações , PolissacarídeosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Anthracnose is a crop disease usually caused by fungi in the genus Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium. These are considered one of the main pathogens, causing significant economic losses, such as in peppers and guarana. The current forms of control include the use of resistant cultivars, sanitary pruning and fungicides. However, even with the use of some methods of controlling these cultures, the crops are not free of anthracnose. Additionally, excessive application of fungicides increases the resistance of pathogens to agrochemicals and cause harm to human health and the environment. In order to find natural antifungal agents against guarana anthracnose, endophytic fungi were isolated from Amazon guarana. The compounds piliformic acid and cytochalasin D were isolated by chromatographic techniques from two Xylaria spp., guided by assays with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The isolated compounds were identified by spectrometric techniques, as NMR and mass spectrometry. This is the first report that piliformic acid and cytochalasin D have antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides with MIC 2.92 and 2.46 µmol mL-1 respectively. Captan and difenoconazole were included as positive controls (MIC 16.63 and 0.02 µmol mL-1, respectively). Thus, Xylaria species presented a biotechnological potential and production of different active compounds which might be promising against anthracnose disease.
Assuntos
Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Xylariales/química , Paullinia/microbiologia , Endófitos/química , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Filogenia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Espectrometria de Massas , Xylariales/isolamento & purificação , Xylariales/genética , Xylariales/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Colletotrichum/efeitos dos fármacos , Colletotrichum/fisiologia , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Endófitos/genética , Endófitos/metabolismo , Fungicidas Industriais/isolamento & purificação , Fungicidas Industriais/químicaRESUMO
Two endophytic strains of Methylobacterium spp. were used to evaluate biofilm formation on sugarcane roots and on inert wooden sticks. Results show that biofilm formation is variable and that plant surface and possibly root exudates have a role in Methylobacterium spp. host recognition, biofilm formation and successful colonization as endophytes.
Assuntos
Biofilmes , Methylobacterium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Methylobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Saccharum , Amostras de Alimentos , Métodos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Plantas , MétodosRESUMO
The colonization of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith larvae and rice seedlings by genetically modified endophytic bacterium Methylobacterium mesophilicum, and also the possible transfer of this bacterium to inside the larva's body during seedlings consumption were studied. The data obtained by bacterial reisolation and fluorescence microscopy showed that the bacterium colonized the rice seedlings, the larva's body and that the endophytic bacteria present in seedlings could be acquired by the larvae. In that way, the transference of endophytic bacterium from plants to insect can be a new and important strategy to insect control using engineered microorganisms.
Assuntos
Animais , Methylobacterium , Oryza/microbiologia , Spodoptera/microbiologia , Larva/microbiologia , Methylobacterium/genética , Organismos Geneticamente ModificadosRESUMO
Actinomycetes were isolated from surface sterilized leaves and roots of maize. A total of 53 isolates were obtained, 31 of them from leaves and 22 from roots. The genus Microbispora was the most frequently found followed by the genera Streptomyces and Streptosporangium. From the isolated actinomycetes, 43.4 percent showed antimicrobial activity against one or more tested bacteria and yeast.
Microrganismos endofíticos são frequentemente encontrados no interior de plantas cultivadas. Embora vários tipos de microrganismos endofíticos tenham sido isolados de milho (Zea mays) não existiam dados sobre certos grupos de actinomicetos obtidos a partir desta espécie de planta cultivada. No presente trabalho, actinomicetos endofíticos foram isolados de folhas e raízes de milho. Um total de 53 isolados foram obtidos sendo 31 deles a partir de folhas e 22 a partir de raízes. O gênero Microbispora foi o mais frequente (62 por cento), seguido dos gêneros Streptomyces e Streptosporangium. Dos actinomicetos isolados, 43,4 por cento apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra um ou mais microrganismos ensaiado.
RESUMO
Mutantes incapazes de converter o sulfato extracelular em sulfito foram isolados utilizando o análogo tóxico selenato. De 28 mutantes isolados, apenas 3 foram sensíveis ao cromato, provavelmente apresentando lesäo no gene que codifica a ATP sulfurilase. Os demais foram resistentes ao cromato e devem conter lesäo no gene sB ou também no gene sC. A metionina elevou os níveis de resistência ao selenato e a frequencia de mutantes espontâneos obtida em meio contendo este aminoácido foi maior (entre 2,42 x 18,04 x 10ð6 dez elevadoa menos seis) do que a obtida no meio sem a adiçäo de qualquer fonte intencional de enxofre (entre 0,71 x 10-6 dez elevado a menos seis e 5,0 x ao elevado a menos seis). A linhagem original e os mutantes foram capazes de crescer, mesmo depois de quatro etapas de inóculo, fato que pode ser explicado pela existência de traços do referido elemento no meio e/ou a presença de um sistema eficiente de estocagem intracelular. A produçäo de celafosporina C foi estudada e a análise dos dados revelou que näo hove diferença sgnificativa entre os níveis produzidos pelos mutantes e os produzidos pela linhagem original
Assuntos
Acremonium , Tecnologia de Alimentos , Cefalosporinas , Dano ao DNA , FungosRESUMO
Ovos fertilizados de galinha foram bombardeados através da técnica de biobalística. A expressäo transiente do gene lacZ, sob o controle do promotor humano citomegalovírus, foi verificada após a transferência in situ. Diferentes níveis de pressäo de gás hélio, vácuo e tipos de partículas foram testados. A taxa de sobrevivência aumentou à medida que a velocidade das partículas diminuíram, entretanto, o nível de expressäo foi menor. Os melhores resultados, combinando taxa de sobrevivência e expressäo, foram obtidos com partículas de ouro, 600 libras por polegada ao quadrado de hélio e 600 mmHg de vácuo. Nestas condiçöes, todos os embriöes bombardeados apresentaram atividade da ß-galactosidase, indicando que esta técnica é eficiente para a transformaçäo de embriöes de galinha.
Assuntos
Animais , Biolística , Embrião de Galinha , DNA , beta-Galactosidase , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Los hongos endofíticos pueden colonizar la parte interna de los tejidos sin causar daños aparentes al hospedador. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, agente causal de la antracnosis, Es la especie más frecuentemente aislada de plantas sanas de Citrus limon en Tucumán. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar, mediante técnicas de inoculación in vitro, la capacidad de estos aislamientos de producir infecciones sintomáticas o asintomáticas en plantines de Citrange Troyer (Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus sinensis) y C. Limon. Se determinó el poder germinativo de conidios de loa aislamientos Nº328 y 797 obtenidos de hojas asintomáticas, y el patogénico Nº. N1. Platines en tubos de ensayo y macetas fueron inoculados con una suspensión de 105 conidios/ml y mantenidos en cámara de crecimiento a 25-28ºC. Los conidios de todas las cepas alcanzaron el máximo de germinación (100 por ciento) entre 6 y 7 horas de la siembra. Los aislamientos Nº 328 y 797 indujeron síntomas de antracnosis (clorosis de las hojas, necrosis del tallo y hojas, y defoliación) únicamente en los platines en tubos de ensayo en macetas no desarrollaron la enfermedad. El aislamiento patogénico produjo síntomas de enfermedad en los platines en tubos y macetas. La frecuencia de infección asintomática de los platines en tubo de ensayo fue del 12,5 por ciento para las cepas Nº 328 y 797. Los síntomas de antracnosis producidos por estas 2 cepas en platines en tubos y no en macetas, indicarían que la falta de preservación de condiciones naturales, favorables al hongo, no resultan las apropiadas para determinar el tipo de simbiosis que ocurre en la naturaleza. Consideramos que la utilización de mutantes endofíticas y la realización de los ensayos en plantas de limón a campo, permitirían estudiar mejor el comportamiento de estos hongos en los tejidos de la planta.