Genetic characterization of human metapneumovirus identified through community and facility-based surveillance of infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in low and middle-income countries. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the most common viral etiological agents for ARIs in children. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we explored the genotypic diversity and the epidemiology of hMPV among infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh. STUDY DESIGN: Between December 2014 and August 2016, a total of 3810 mid-turbinate nasal swab samples were collected from infants (0 to 6 months of age) who met clinical ARI criteria, as a part of a prospective ARI cohort study. hMPV was detected using polymerase chain reaction, and genotyped by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: hMPV was identified in 206 (5.4%) nasal swab specimens. One-tenth of the hMPV-positive swabs (n = 19) were also positive for other respiratory viruses. hMPV activity peaked in January and September in 2015; however, no seasonal pattern of hMPV infection was detected. Phylogenetic analyses of the N and F gene-fragments revealed that the hMPV strains circulating in Dhaka, Bangladesh, belonged to three genotypes: A2b, A2c, and B1. Genotype A (57%) was the predominant hMPV genotype circulating in Bangladesh during the study period. CONCLUSION: This study describes both the epidemiology of hMPV infection and its genotypic strain diversity in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Antibody Response after Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost COVID-19 Vaccination in a Bangladeshi Residential University Cohort.

COVID-19 vaccination strategies, including heterologous prime-boost regimens and additional booster doses, aim to optimize immune responses. However, seroepidemiological studies on immune responses to different COVID-19 vaccine types and schedules remain limited. This study investigated antibody levels following homologous and heterologous prime-and-boost COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh. In a cohort of 606 participants who received first/second/booster doses of vaccines (AstraZeneca, Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Sinopharm), anti-spike IgG and anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels were measured. Antibody titer variations with respect to age, gender, intervals between doses, and prior infection status were analyzed. mRNA vaccines elicited the highest antibody levels after homologous and heterologous boosting. The AstraZeneca booster resulted in a sharp titer decline rate of ~0.04 units per day. Second or booster vaccine doses significantly increased antibody levels, especially in males (p < 0.05). Older age correlated with higher titers, likely reflecting previous infection, which was further confirmed by the elevation of anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels. About 95.5% of non-Sinopharm recipients were anti-nucleocapsid IgG positive, suggesting prior exposure exceeding self-reported infections (12.5%). mRNA and heterologous COVID-19 boosting enhances humoral immunity over homologous prime-boost vector/inactivated vaccination. However, waning immunity merits further investigation across vaccine platforms.

Serological cross-reaction between O-antigens of Shigella dysenteriae type 4 and an environmental Escherichia albertii isolate.

An environmental freshwater bacterial isolate, DM104, appearing as Shigella-like colonies on selective agar plates was found to show strong and specific serological cross-reactivity with Shigella dysenteriae type 4. Biochemical identification according to the analytical profile index, molecular serotyping by restriction of the amplified O-antigen gene cluster (rfb-RFLP), together with phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and multi-locus sequence analysis, identified the isolate as Escherichia albertii. rfb-RFLP of DM104, revealed a profile different from that of S. dysenteriae type 4. However, western blot analysis of extracted lipopolysaccharides demonstrated strong cross-reactivity with S. dysenteriae type 4 using specific monovalent antisera and a lipopolysaccharide gel banding profile similar to that of S. dysenteriae type 4. The observed O-antigen cross-reaction between an E. albertii isolate and S. dysenteriae extends our knowledge of the extent of O-antigen cross-reaction within the Escherichia/Shigella group of organisms, and offers the possibility of using DM104 and similar cross-reacting strains as shigellosis vaccine candidates.

Optimizing SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassays for Specificity in Dengue-Co-Endemic Areas.

Introduction The overlap in clinical presentation between COVID-19 and dengue poses challenges for diagnosis in co-endemic regions. Furthermore, there have been reports of antibody cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and dengue. Our research aims to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 antigens for serological testing while reducing the possibility of cross-reactivity with anti-dengue antibodies. Method Two hundred and ten serum samples were collected from 179 patients and divided into four panels. Panels 1 and 2 consisted of COVID-19-negative healthy donors (n=81) and pre-pandemic dengue patients (n=50), respectively. Alternatively, Panel 3 (n=19) was composed of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-positive samples collected within two weeks of COVID-19 symptom onset, while Panel 4 (n=60) was composed of positive samples collected after two weeks of symptom onset. Previously developed and characterized in-house SARS-CoV-2 spike-1 (S1), receptor binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid (N) immunoglobin G (IgG)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays were used for the study. Results Six dengue-positive sera cross-reacted with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2. However, only one dengue-positive sera cross-reacted with the S1 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Co-immobilization of S1 and RBD in different ratios revealed an 80:20 (S1:RBD) ratio as optimal for achieving an overall 96.2% sensitivity with the least cross-reaction to anti-dengue antibodies. Conclusion Our findings indicated that SARS-CoV-2 RBD-based immunoassays present more cross-reactivity with anti-dengue antibodies than S1 and N proteins. Furthermore, co-immobilization of S1 and RBD reduces the cross-reactivity with anti-dengue antibodies compared to RBD, thereby increasing the immunoassay specificity without affecting overall sensitivity for the dengue-endemic areas.

Phylogenetic diversity and functional potential of the microbial communities along the Bay of Bengal coast.

The Bay of Bengal, the world's largest bay, is bordered by populous countries and rich in resources like fisheries, oil, gas, and minerals, while also hosting diverse marine ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds; regrettably, its microbial diversity and ecological significance have received limited research attention. Here, we present amplicon (16S and 18S) profiling and shotgun metagenomics data regarding microbial communities from BoB's eastern coast, viz., Saint Martin and Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. From the 16S barcoding data, Proteobacteria appeared to be the dominant phylum in both locations, with Alteromonas, Methylophaga, Anaerospora, Marivita, and Vibrio dominating in Cox's Bazar and Pseudoalteromonas, Nautella, Marinomonas, Vibrio, and Alteromonas dominating the Saint Martin site. From the 18S barcoding data, Ochrophyta, Chlorophyta, and Protalveolata appeared among the most abundant eukaryotic divisions in both locations, with significantly higher abundance of Choanoflagellida, Florideophycidae, and Dinoflagellata in Cox's Bazar. The shotgun sequencing data reveals that in both locations, Alteromonas is the most prevalent bacterial genus, closely paralleling the dominance observed in the metabarcoding data, with Methylophaga in Cox's Bazar and Vibrio in Saint Martin. Functional annotations revealed that the microbial communities in these samples harbor genes for biofilm formation, quorum sensing, xenobiotics degradation, antimicrobial resistance, and a variety of other processes. Together, these results provide the first molecular insight into the functional and phylogenetic diversity of microbes along the BoB coast of Bangladesh. This baseline understanding of microbial community structure and functional potential will be critical for assessing impacts of climate change, pollution, and other anthropogenic disturbances on this ecologically and economically vital bay.

Prevalence of a novel division-level bacterial lineage in Lake Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh, as revealed by deep sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons.

A culture-independent study of the bacterial diversity in Lake Dhanmondi, located in the central region of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, was carried out using deep sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons. The results revealed the presence of a group of bacteria, termed LD11, phylogenetically unrelated to any previously cultivated bacteria at the phylum level. LD11 sequences comprised about 1.7 % of the total sequence reads after quality assessment. LD11 appears to constitute a novel division with a deep evolutionary lineage apparently branching between the Chloroflexi and Thermi-Deinococci phyla. Sequence similarity with molecular data from freshwater environments indicates that LD11 represents a widespread and novel clade of freshwater bacteria for which no cultivated representatives are yet available.

Recovery and characterization of environmental variants of Shigella flexneri from surface water in Bangladesh.

Little is known about the distribution, survival, and transmission of Shigella in environmental surface waters. To gain more insight into the environmental biology of Shigella we isolated five bacterial strains serotyped as Shigella flexneri 2b from a freshwater lake in Bangladesh using a modified nutrient broth supplemented with nucleic acid bases. The biochemical properties of the isolates, including inability to ferment lactose and a negative lysine decarboxylase test, indicated common physiological characteristics with Shigella, but differed significantly from that of standard clinical strains. The isolates possessed the ipaH virulence gene and a megaplasmid, but lacked other Shigella-related virulence marker genes. Genetic fingerprinting and sequence analysis of housekeeping genes confirmed the strains as S. flexneri isolates. An apparent clonal origin of strains recovered with a one-year interval indicates a strong environmental selection pressure on Shigella for persistence in the freshwater environment. The lack of a complete set of virulence genes as well as uncommon biochemical properties suggest that these strains might represent a group of non-invasive and atypical environmental Shigella variants, with the potential for further elucidation of the survival mechanism, diversity, and emergence of virulent Shigella in tropical freshwater environments.

Application of Rapid Biological Indicators Coupled With Auto-Reader for the Quality Assurance of Surgical Instruments After Sterilization at a Cardiac Hospital in Bangladesh.

Background Sterilization failure is one of the main reasons for surgical site infections (SSIs). The biological indicator (BI) test is the most reliable test to check sterilization efficiencies. But 48 hours BI test result makes the monitoring process time-consuming. Rapid BI testing can be time demanding in this regard. Therefore, the objective is to determine the importance of rapid BI monitoring for the quality assurance of sterile surgical instruments. Methods This study was conducted in the Labaid Cardiac Hospital, Bangladesh from April 1, 2021, to July 8, 2021. A total of 100 steam and 100 ethylene oxide (EO) rapid BIs and an auto reader incubator were used to conduct this research. Quick BI of steam and EO were used once per day and tested by the auto reader. Later, all the tested BIs were incubated for 48 hours by a conventional incubator to confirm the auto reader's rapid BI test results. Result All the EO BI results were found negative, but the BI was found positive twice in steam sterilization. Surgical items of those two loads were re-sterilized. Again, after checking the BI result, the items were released. All BIs except positive steam rapid BIs were found with no growth after 48 hours of incubation for cross-checking of auto reader results. In positive rapid BI of steam, growth was found after 48 hours of incubation. Conclusion When sterilization failure occurred, process recall could not be possible at that time if rapid BI tests were not performed. So, integration of a rapid BI test with an auto reader can save the patient from critical SSI.

A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues.

COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable, with the number of cases and mortality still rising, and currently no medicines are routinely available for reducing morbidity and mortality, apart from dexamethasone, although others are being trialed and launched. To date, only a limited number of vaccines have been given emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. There is a need to systematically review the existing vaccine candidates and investigate their safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, unwanted events, and limitations. The review was undertaken by searching online databases, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with finally 59 studies selected. Our findings showed several types of vaccine candidates with different strategies against SARS-CoV-2, including inactivated, mRNA-based, recombinant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines, are being developed and launched. We have compared these vaccines in terms of their efficacy, side effects, and seroconversion based on data reported in the literature. We found mRNA vaccines appeared to have better efficacy, and inactivated ones had fewer side effects and similar seroconversion in all types of vaccines. Overall, global variant surveillance and systematic tweaking of vaccines, coupled with the evaluation and administering vaccines with the same or different technology in successive doses along with homologous and heterologous prime-booster strategy, have become essential to impede the pandemic. Their effectiveness appreciably outweighs any concerns with any adverse events.

Coding-Complete Genome Sequences and Mutation Profiles of Nine SARS-CoV-2 Strains Detected from COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh.

Here, we report the coding-complete genome sequences of nine clinical severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and their mutations. The samples were collected from nine Bangladeshi coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. We have identified the E484K escape mutation and the S359T mutation within the spike protein coding region of the sequenced genomes.

Bacterial Community Profiling of Tropical Freshwaters in Bangladesh.

Seasonal and spatial variations in the bacterial communities of two tropical freshwater sources in Bangladesh, Lake Dhanmondi in central Dhaka, and a pond in the outskirts of Dhaka, were assessed and compared using PCR-DGGE and deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, as well as heterotrophic enrichments using water samples collected at nine different time points during 1 year. Temporal and spatial variations of common aquatic bacterial genera were observed, but no clear seasonal variations could be depicted. The major bacterial genera identified from these two sites were members of the Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, and Firmicutes. Among the proteobacterial groups, members of the α -, ß -, and γ - Proteobacteria predominated. γ - Proteobacteria belonging to the Escherichia coli/Shigella group even the diarrheagenic pathotypes of E. coli e.g., EPEC and ETEC were detected in most samples throughout the year, with no apparent correlations with other microbial groups. The other pathotypes, EHEC, EAEC, and EIEC/Shigella spp. were also detected occasionally. This study represents the first thorough analysis of the microbial diversity of tropical freshwater systems in Bangladesh.

Evidence of interspecies O antigen gene cluster transfer between Shigella boydii 15 and Escherichia fergusonii.

An environmental bacterial isolate, Iso10, previously found to show serological cross-reactivity with type-specific Shigella boydii 15 antisera was subjected to further molecular and serological analyses that revealed interspecies transfer of the O antigen gene cluster. Western blot analysis of Iso10 cell surface extracts and purified lipopolysaccharides demonstrated strong cross-reactivity with S. boydii 15-specific monovalent antisera and a lipopolysaccharide gel banding profile similar to that of S. boydii 15. Biochemical and phylogenetic analyses identified the Iso10 isolate as Escherichia fergusonii. O antigen gene cluster analyses of Iso10, carried out by restriction fragment length analysis of the amplified ~10-kb O antigen-encoding gene cluster, revealed a profile highly similar to that of S. boydii 15, confirming the presence of the S. boydii 15 somatic antigen in Iso10. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies transfer of O antigen-encoding genes between S. boydii and E. fergusonii, and it has implications for our understanding of the role of lateral gene transfer in the emergence of novel Shigella serotypes.