Outcome of primary tendon grafts for open Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries.

Open injuries of the extensor mechanism in Zone 3 (dorsum of the proximal interphalangeal joint) have poor outcomes. We retrospectively analysed the outcomes of treating 19 Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries in 17 patients. The treatment comprised wound excision and debridement, primary tendon graft to reconstruct the damaged/missing extensor tendon, skeletal fixation when required, local flaps to vascularize the zone of injury and immediate short arc motion therapy. Using the criteria defined by Geldmacher et al., the outcome was predicted to be poor in nine, satisfactory in seven and good in three cases. In this study the outcomes were excellent in 10, good in six and satisfactory in three cases. Mean range of motion was 75° (range 25°-115°) at the proximal interphalangeal joint. We conclude that using the protocol described there should no longer be the perception of a dismal outcome for these complex Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries.Level of evidence: IV.

Diagnostik des Karpaltunnelsyndroms: Wert der Sonografie im Vergleich zur elektrophysiologischen Untersuchung.

Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Value of Ultrasound Compared to Nerve Conduction Studies Abstract. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common compression syndrome of the peripheral nerves. The patient's history with nocturnal brachialgia, daytime brachialgia, nocturnal paraesthesia and daytime paraesthesia (part of the 6-item CTS symptom scale) and a specific clinical exam take part while making a diagnosis. Additional diagnostics include electrophysiological testings. A high-resolution ultrasound examination for the evaluation of the morphology of the median nerve has gained importance in diagnosis of a carpal tunnel syndrome, whilst an electrophysiological exam allows a functional evaluation. Cardinal finding in ultrasound is an absolute or relative enlargement of the cross-section of the nerve at the edge proximal to the flexor retinaculum. Despite multiple studies that demonstrated ultrasound as a fist-line diagnostic tool, there is no consensus on optimal sonographic criteria for the definition of a compressed median nerve. Our aim was to demonstrate the use of ultrasound and electrophysiological exams for diagnostics of carpal tunnel syndrome in our own patient population and compared to the literature.

Nerve Transfers for Persistent Traumatic Peroneal Nerve Palsy: The Inselspital Bern Experience.

BACKGROUND: Patients in whom conventional peroneal nerve repair surgery failed to reconstitute useful foot lift need to be evaluated for their suitability to undergo a concomitant tendon transfer procedure or nerve transfers. OBJECTIVE: To report our first clinical experience with nerve transfers for persistent traumatic peroneal nerve palsy. METHODS: Between 2007 and 2013, 8 patients were operated on for foot drop after unsuccessful nerve surgery. Six patients without fatty degeneration of the anterior tibial muscle and proximal lesion of the peroneal nerve were oriented for tibial to peroneal nerve transfer. In the other 2 cases where the anterior and lateral compartments were destructed, the anterior tibial muscle function was reconstructed with a neurotized lateral gastrocnemius transfer. For each patient, we graded postoperative results using the British Medical Research Council scheme and the Ninkovic assessment scale. RESULTS: Of the 6 patients who underwent nerve transfer of the anterior tibial muscle, 2 patients had excellent results, 1 patient had good results, 1 patient had fair results, and 2 patients had poor results. Of the 2 patients that underwent neurotized lateral gastrocnemius transfer, 1 patient achieved excellent results after tenolysis, whereas 1 patient achieved poor results. After the nerve transfer, 5 patients did not wear an ankle-foot orthosis. Four patients did not limp. Four patients were able to walk barefoot, navigate stairs, and participate in activities. CONCLUSION: Early clinical results after tibial to peroneal nerve transfer and neurotized lateral gastrocnemius transfer appear mixed. The results of nerve transfer seem, on the whole, less reliable than the literature reports on tendon transfer.

The position and number of screws influence screw perforation of the humeral head in modern locking plates: a cadaver study.

OBJECTIVES: Screw perforation of the humeral head in locking plate osteosynthesis occurs in up to 30% of cases. The current study compared different fixation possibilities (eg, number and position of screws) to reduce screw perforation in the humeral head. METHODS: A humeral head fracture with a missing medial support was created in 30 fresh-frozen cadavers and fixed with a polyaxial locking plate (NCB PH; Zimmer, Warsaw, IN). The constructs were loaded with increasing force and the number of cycles until screw perforation was recorded. Four different fixation methods were tested: group 1 five screws with fixed angle, group 2 five screws in polyaxial position according to bone strength, group 3 three screws, and group 4 five screws with 1 as an inferomedial support screw. RESULTS: More screws in the humeral head significantly increased the number of cycles before screw perforation. An inferomedial support screw further increased the number of cycles. Polyaxial screw placement compared with fixed-angle placement had no effect on the screw perforation phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend to position an inferomedial support screw, and at least 5 screws in the head fragment, when using a locking plate in proximal humerus fractures with disrupted medial hinge.