Sexual dysfunction in patients with diabetes: association between remnant cholesterol and erectile dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is closely associated with dyslipidemia; however, it is yet unknown how ED and remnant cholesterol (RC) are related. As such, this research sought to explore the correlation between RC and ED among individuals with diagnosed with diabetes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used information from 215 males from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2004. RC was calculated as follows: the values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were subtracted from the total cholesterol (TC) value, while ED diagnoses were based on self-reports. Weighted logistic regression analyses using both univariate and multivariate approaches were conducted to assess the correlation between RC and ED. RESULTS: After comprehensive adjustment, multivariable logistic regression models revealed a strong correlation between RC and ED in subjects with diabetes (with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.49 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.98-28.37; P = 0.004). On categorizing RC into 3 grades (T1-T3), the OR corresponding to higher RC grade increased. Despite the results not reaching statistical significance upon categorization, a consistent and statistically significant trend (P for trend < 0.05) was observed. CONCLUSION: This study indicated a correlation between increased RC levels and a higher prevalence of ED in diabetic males. RC may serve as a promising predictor of ED in individuals with diabetes. However, additional studies are required to confirm these findings.

Nanoarchitectonics-Assisted Simultaneous Fluorescence Detection of Urinary Dual miRNAs for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer.

Herein, we report a fluorescence strategy for the homogeneous and simultaneous analysis of urine miRNA-375 and miRNA-148a. The target miRNAs in urine bonded the devised dumbbell-shaped "C-Ag+-C" and "T-Hg2+-T" hairpin structures that could trigger cascade enzyme-free amplification. Then, the fluorescent CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and carbon dots (CDs) could selectively recognize Ag+ and Hg2+, to quantify the dual miRNAs concurrently. Under optimized conditions, the linear range was from 0.1 to 1000 fM and the limits of detection (LOD) for dual miRNAs reached 30 and 25 aM, respectively. The practicality was further evaluated with 45 clinical urine samples including prostate cancer (PC) and other patients, and the results were consistent with the clinical polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit and ultrasonic and pathological findings. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the estimates of the area under the curve (AUC) were 0.739 for the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and 0.941 for miRNA-375 and 0.946 for miRNA-148a. The sensitivity and specificity reached 75 and 100% for miRNA-375 and 71 and 94% for miRNA-148a, respectively, which was better than serum PSA. This strategy constructed a reliable system for dual miRNA detection in urine samples and proposed new insights into the rapid and noninvasive diagnosis of PC.

Obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and risk of kidney stone disease: a national cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the association between different metabolic syndrome-body mass index (MetS-BMI) phenotypes and the risk of kidney stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants aged 20-80 years from six consecutive cycles of the NHANES 2007-2018 were included in this study. According to their MetS status and BMI, the included participants were allocated into six mutually exclusive groups: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHN)/overweight (MHOW)/obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUN)/overweight (MUOW)/obesity (MUO). To explore the association between MetS-BMI phenotypes and the risk of kidney stones, binary logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS: A total of 13,589 participants were included. It was revealed that all the phenotypes with obesity displayed higher risks of kidney stones (OR = 1.38, p < 0.01 for MHO & OR = 1.80, p < 0.001 for MUO, in the fully adjusted model). The risk increased significantly when metabolic dysfunction coexisted with overweight and obesity (OR = 1.39, p < 0.05 for MUOW & OR = 1.80, p < 0.001 for MUO, in the fully adjusted model). Of note, the ORs for the MUO and MUOW groups were higher than those for the MHO and MHOW groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and unhealthy metabolic status can jointly increase the risk of kidney stones. Assessing the metabolic status of all individuals may be beneficial for preventing kidney stones.

Association between circadian syndrome and the prevalence of kidney stones in overweight adults: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2007-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between circadian syndrome (CircS) and the prevalence of kidney stones in overweight people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted based on the NHANES 2007-2018. Overweight people aged ≥ 20 years were the target population. Three multivariable logistic regression models were built to examine the association between CircS and kidney stones. Subgroup analysis based on age, gender, and race were also employed. Interaction and stratification analysis was also conducted to identify whether some factors modify the association. RESULT: A total of 4,603 overweight participants were included in the study. The multivariable logistic regression suggested that CircS was positively associated with the prevalence of kidney stones (OR = 1.422, 95% CI 1.057 to 1.912). The subgroup analysis showed that the association was more obvious in females (OR = 1.604, 95% CI 1.023 to 2.516) or in the population aged 35 to 49 years old (OR = 2.739, 95% CI 1.428 to 5.254). Additionally, the same trend was present when people were Mexican American (OR = 3.834, 95% CI 1.790 to 8.215) or other races (OR = 4.925, 95% CI 1.776 to 13.656). The interaction and stratification analysis showed that the results above were robust. CONCLUSION: CircS was positively associated with the prevalence of kidney stones in overweight people, especially people as females, aged 35 to 49, and Mexican Americans.

Homogeneous Binary Visual and Fluorescence Detection of Tetanus Toxoid in Clinical Samples Based on Enzyme-Free Parallel Hybrid Chain Reaction.

Here, we report a simple aptamer-based toxoid test with both fluorescence and binary visual readouts. This test is established based on our recent finding that CdTe quantum dots could differentiate DNA templated Cu NPs from Cu2+. Through the further integration with enzyme-free triple parallel hybridization chain reaction, cation exchange reaction, and inkjet printing, we demonstrated specific detection of tetanus toxoid with a limit-of-detection (LOD) of 0.25 fg/mL using fluorescence readout. Using color- and distance-based binary visual readouts, we were able to achieve LODs of 10 fg/mL and 1 fg/mL, respectively. The quantitative test results for tetanus toxoid using both fluorescence and visual readouts were successfully validated in 84 clinical serum samples. Moreover, our strategy also enabled accurate monitoring of tetanus toxoid levels in patients before and after drug treatment. On the basis of our clinical test results, we recommend a cutoff value of 5 fg/mL for tetanus infection.

Tolvaptan treatment of cystine urolithiasis in a mouse model of cystinuria.

INTRODUCTION: Cystinuria is an inherited disease characterized by increased urinary cystine excretion and recurrent cystine stones. Current treatment regimens have limited effectiveness in preventing stone recurrence and are often poorly tolerated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tolvaptan, a vasopressin receptor 2 (V2) antagonist, on cystine stone volume in mice with cystinuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tolvaptan (0.4 mg per mouse) or placebo was delivered by gavage daily for 30 days. Urinary amino acids and cystine stones were analyzed to assess drug efficacy in preventing L-cystine stone growth using several analytical methods. Data were entered into SPSS and analyzed by paired sample T test. p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the liquid intake and urine volume in tolvaptan-treated mice were significantly increased. The urinary cystine concentrations in group tolvaptan was lower than the baseline concentration before the experiment. After treatment, mice treated with tolvaptan had significantly delayed stone growth, exhibited lower overall stone volume accumulation, compared with control group. The increased stone volume of tolvaptan group was less than control group (8.00 ± 4.93 mm3 vs 27.90 ± 4.48 mm3, p < 0.001). The serum creatinine in the control group (11.75 ± 1.634 µmol/L) was higher than that in the tolvaptan group (7.625 ± 1.401 µmol/L) (p = 0.0759). In addition, tolvaptan significantly inhibited the formation and growth of stones in mice after cystolithotomy. CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that tolvaptan's efficacy in preventing L-cystine stone growth through increased liquid intake and urine volume of cystinuric mice.

[Influence of Renin-angiotensin System Blockage on Recurrence of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on the recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS: Clinical data of 388 patients with NMIBC undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor during Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Recurrence-free survival was analyzed, and the risk factors of recurrence were explored by Cox multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: All patients were managed with postoperative intravesical chemotherapy, but 82 of them only received maintenance instillation without immediate instillation. There were 161 patients diagnosed of hypertension, 107 of them were treated with ACEIs or ARBs. No significant differences in age, sex, history of smoking, pathological stage, pathological grade, tumor diameter and post-operation immediate instillation were observed between the patients treated with (drug-use group) or without ACEIs/ARBs (control group). There was also no statistically significant difference among aforementioned indexes after the stratification by hypertension and medication (ACEIs/ARBs). During a median follow up of 60 months, there were 36 and 129 patients found recurrence in drug-use group and control group, respectively. The recurrence free survival times of the patients treated with and without ACEIs/ARBs were (48.43±23.50) and (41.15±23.64) months, respectively (P=0.007). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 66.36% in drug-use group and 54.09% in the controls (P=0.027). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that no ACEIs/ARBs treatment [standardized regression coefficient (ß) =0.174] was independent risk factor of recurrence (P<0.05). The weight of no ACEIs/ARBs treatment was behind to no immediate instillation (ß=0.131), tumor multiplicity (ß=0.128), tumor diameter ≥3 cm (ß=0.193), grade 3 tumor (ß=0.181), and smoking status (ß=0.191). CONCLUSION: Theadministration of ACEIs/ARBs may decrease the recurrence of NMIBC after transurethral resection of bladder tumor.

Parity and bladder cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have reported evidence of an inverse association between parity and bladder cancer risk. However, a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of this association has never been conducted. We conducted this study to clarify this issue. METHODS: Systematic search of PubMed and Embase was performed to identify all the studies. Studies were selected based on strict screening with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Summary relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by using a fixed-effect model, and the generalized least squares trend estimation was employed to compute study-specific RR and 95% CI per live birth increase. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve studies (6,214 cases and 2,693,350 non-cases) were eligible in this meta-analysis. The pooled RR of bladder cancer for parous versus nulliparous women was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.70-0.82). Results were similar in the studies that adjusted for BMI(RR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.53-0.81), cigarette smoking (RR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.57-0.79), and age (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.71-0.84). The dose-response meta-analysis showed a lower bladder cancer risk (RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92-0.98) for each live birth increase in parous women. No evidence of publication bias or significant heterogeneity was detected in the above-mentioned analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The finding from current meta-analysis suggest that parity may be related to decreased risk of bladder cancer.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for the treatment of kidney stones up to 2 cm in patients with solitary kidney: a single centre experience.

BACKGROUND: To compare the treatment outcomes between percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for the management of stones larger than 2 cm in patients with solitary kidney. METHODS: One hundred sixteen patients with a solitary kidney who underwent RIRS (n = 56) or PCNL (n = 60) for large renal stones (>2 cm) between Jan 2010 and Nov 2015 have been considered. The patients' characteristics, stone characteristics, operative time, incidence of complications, hospital stay, and stone-free rates (SFR) have been evaluated. RESULTS: SFRs after one session were 19.6% and 35.7% for RIRS and PCNL respectively (p = 0.047), but the SFR at 3 months follow-up comparable in both groups (82.1% vs. 88.3%, p = 0.346). The calculated mean operative time for RIRS was longer (p < 0.001), but the mean postoperatively hospital stay was statistically significantly shorter (p < 0.001) and average drop in hemoglobin level was less (p = 0.040). PCNL showed a higher complication rate, although this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory stone clearance can be achieved with multi-session RIRS in the treatment of renal stones larger than 2 cm in patients with solitary kidney. RIRS can be considered as an alternative to PCNL in selected cases.

Management of large renal stones: laparoscopic pyelolithotomy versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) remains the standard procedure for large (≥2 cm) renal calculi; however, laparoscopic pyelolithotomy (LPL) can be used as an alternative management procedure. The aim of present study was to compare LPL and PCNL in terms of efficacy and safety for the management of large renal pelvic stones. METHODS: A literature search was performed in Jan 2016 using electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, and EMBASE) to identify relevant studies for the meta-analysis. Only comparative studies investigating LPL versus PCNL were included. Effect sizes were estimated by pooled odds ratio (ORs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Five randomized and nine non-randomized studies were identified for analysis, involving a total of 901 patients. Compared with PCNL, LPL provided a significantly higher stone-free rate (OR 3.94, 95% CI 2.06-7.55, P < 0.001), lower blood transfusion rate (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13-0.61, P = 0.001), lower bleeding rate (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.06-0.61, P = 0.005), fewer hemoglobin decrease(MD -0.80, 95% CI -0.97 to -0.63, P < 0.001), less postoperative fever (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.21-0.68; P = 0.001), and lower auxiliary procedure rate (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.12-0.46, P < 0.001) and re-treatment rate (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.55, P = 0.002). However, LPL had a longer operative time and hospital stay. There were no significant differences in conversion to open surgery and prolonged urine leakage rates between LPL and PCNL. CONCLUSIONS: Our present findings suggest that LPL is a safe and effective approach for management of patients with large renal stones. However, PCNL still suitable for most cases and LPL can be used as an alternative management procedure with good selection of cases.

[Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Bladder Cancer by Subtraction Enrichment and Immunostaining-fluorescence in situ Hybridization].

OBJECTIVE: To detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood from the patients with bladder cancer using subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE-iFISH) and to explore the relation between CTCs detection result and the clinicpathological parameters of tumors. METHODS: Sixteen patients [(66.88±8.97) yr.] with bladder cancerwere included, whlile 10 normal people [(61.90±9.13) yr.] were enrolled as control. Peripheral blood was harvested (6 mL per case) for the detection of CTCs with the method of subtraction enrichment and SE-iFISH, and the correlations of CTCs level to the clinicpathological parameters of tumors were analyzed, including hematuria, size, number, NMIBC or MIBC, stage, grade and pathological type. RESULTS: Positive rates of CTCs in experimental and control group were 43.75% (7/16) and 0% (0/10), respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.022 7). The number of CTCS was not associated with the clinicpathological parameters of bladder cancer, which probably due to small sample size. CONCLUSION: It is applicable to detect CTCs of bladder cancer by SE-iFISH.

[Bladder reconstruction using autologous bone marrow mesenchyaml stem cells-seeded bladder acellelar matrix graft in a canine model].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) seeded on bladder acellular matrix graft (BAMG) for bladder reconstruction in a canine model. METHODS: This study included 25 mongrel dogs. Five dogs were sacrificed for the preparation of BAMG. Twenty dogs were randomly divided into two groups and received partial cystectomy. In group A, the bladder defect was repaired with unseeded BAMG. In group B, the bladder defect was repaired with autologous BMSCs-seeded BAMG. The bladders were retrieved and studied histologically and immunohistochemically at the time point of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks after surgery to evaluate tissue regeneration. RESULTS: All dogs survived the procedure. Histopathological examination in group B showed there was urothelium developed at the end of the 2 weeks. By 8 and 12 weeks all bladder wall components were regenerated in the repaired area, which were similar to normal bladder tissue. In group A, urothelium regeneration was observed at the end of the 4 weeks, whereas smooth muscle was still not well-formed by 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Autologous BMSCs-seeded BAMG could promote the repair of bladder defect, which is superior to unseeded BAMG in regenerative properties.

Relationship between bladder cancer and total fluid intake: a meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence.

OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological findings regarding the association between total fluid intake and bladder cancer risk have yielded varying results. Our objective is to examine the possible associations between total fluid intake and bladder cancer risk. METHODS: Databases searched include the EMBASE and PUBMED, from inception to February 2014, with no limits on study language. We also reviewed the reference lists of identified studies. Stratified analyses were performed. A random-effect model was used to summarize the estimates of odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Overall,17 case-control and four cohort studies were included. The overall OR of bladder cancer for the highest versus the lowest fluid intake was 1.06 (95% CI: 0.88-1.27). In the subgroup analyses, the overall ORs for coffee, green, and black tea intake were 1.17 (95% CI: 1.03-1.33), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66-0.95), and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.65-0.97), respectively. A significantly decreased risk was observed in Asian people (OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.10-0.72). Among smokers, a suggestive inverse association was observed between total fluid intake and overall bladder cancer risk (OR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.62-1.02). CONCLUSIONS: Although this meta-analysis suggested that greater consumption of fluid may have a protective effect on bladder cancer in Asian people, there was no convincing evidence on this association because of the limitations of the individual trials.

Safety and efficacy of transurethral laser therapy for bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Transurethral laser therapy techniques are increasingly being used in the management of bladder tumors. It has reportedly been associated with good outcomes in small case series. The objective of the present study was to review the published literature and compare transurethral laser therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and conventional transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) to assess the two techniques. The eligible RCTs and CCTs were identified in the following electronic databases: PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Embase. RESULTS: Seven studies were included in this systematic review. The baseline characteristics of these studies are comparable. We found no statistical difference between the two techniques regarding operative time. The intra- and postoperative complications showed that the laser procedure was better than TURBT for NMIBC, including obturator nerve reflex, bladder perforation, bladder irrigation rate, duration of catheterization and length of hospital stay. In addition, the 2-year recurrence-free survival improved in the laser group than in the TURBT group. CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that laser techniques are feasible, safe, effective procedures that provide an alternative treatment for patients with NMIBC. Given that some limitations cannot be overcome, well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm our findings.

Efficacy and safety of antibody-drug conjugates in the treatment of urothelial cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective clinical trials.

Introduction: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a refractory disease for which achieving satisfactory outcomes remains challenging with current surgical interventions. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a novel class of targeted therapeutics that have demonstrated encouraging results for UC. Although there is a limited number of high-quality randomized control trials (RCTs) examining the use of ADCs in patients with UC, some prospective non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) provide valuable insights and pertinent information. We aim to assess the efficacy and safety of ADCs in patients with UC, particularly those with locally advanced and metastatic diseases. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to identify pertinent studies. Outcomes, such as the overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), adverse events (AEs), and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), were extracted for further analyses. Results: Twelve studies involving 1,311 patients were included in this meta-analysis. In terms of tumor responses, the pooled ORR and DCR were 40% and 74%, respectively. Regarding survival analysis, the pooled median PFS and OS were 5.66 months and 12.63 months, respectively. The pooled 6-month PFS and OS were 47% and 80%, while the pooled 1-year PFS and OS were 22% and 55%, respectively. The most common TRAEs of the ADCs were alopecia (all grades: 45%, grades ≥ III: 0%), decreased appetite (all grades: 34%, grades ≥ III: 3%), dysgeusia (all grades: 40%, grades ≥ III: 0%), fatigue (all grades: 39%, grades ≥ III: 5%), nausea (all grades: 45%, grades ≥ III: 2%), peripheral sensory neuropathy (all grades: 37%, grades ≥ III: 2%), and pruritus (all grades: 32%, grades ≥ III: 1%). Conclusion: The meta-analysis in this study demonstrates that ADCs have promising efficacies and safety for patients with advanced or metastatic UC. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42023460232.

Association between magnesium depletion score and the prevalence of kidney stones in the low primary income ratio: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2007-2018.

INTRODUCTION: To explore the association between magnesium depletion score (MgDS) and the prevalence of kidney stones in the low primary income ratio (PIR). METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018. Within the low PIR, people aged ≥20 years with complete information on MgDS and kidney stones questionnaires were enrolled. Multivariable logistic regression and stratified logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between MgDS and the prevalence of kidney stones and recurrence of kidney stones by confounding factors adjusted. Stratified and interaction analysis was conducted to find whether some factors modified the association. In addition, sensitive analyses were also conducted to observe the stability. The work has been reported in line with the STROCSS criteria, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JS9/C781. RESULT: A total of 7,600 adults were involved in the study, and the individuals were classified into four groups: 0 points for MgDS (n=3,814), 1 point for MgDS (n=2,229), 2 points for MgDS (n=1,020), and ≥3 points for MgDS (n=537). The multivariable logistic regression suggested that a positive association between MgDS and the prevalence of kidney stones (OR=1.123, 95%CI 1.019 to 1.238) in the fully-adjusted model. Compared with the lowest group, people with ≥3 points of MgDS had a had a significant relationship with kidney stones (OR=1.417, 95%CI 1.013 to 1.983). No significant association was observed between the recurrence of kidney stones and MgDS. The result of the sensitive analysis showed the robustness of the main analysis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of kidney stones is inversely associated with MgDS, which suggests that maintaining a higher MgDS is accompanied by higher prevalence rates of kidney stones in the low PIR.

Association Between Physical Activity and the Prevalence of Kidney Stones in American Adults: Results From a Multiyear National Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between physical activity (PA) and the prevalence of kidney stones. METHODS: A cross-section study was conducted using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018. PA was evaluated based on the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to elucidate the association between PA (patterns, intensity, duration, and frequency of moderate and vigorous PA) and the prevalence of kidney stones after adjusting for potential confounders. Stratified and interaction analyses were conducted to detect potential effect modifiers. In addition, PA was assessed using metabolic equivalent and physical volume, and followed the regression above. Water intake was obtained from the day 2 dietary recall and was included in the sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: A total of 34,390 participants were included in the analysis. The multivariable logistic regression revealed that individuals who engaged in moderate PA for 30-60 minutes per day had a significant inverse association with the prevalence of kidney stones in the fully adjusted model (odds ratio=0.804, 95% confidence interval 0.700 to 0.923), while no more significant finding was observed for other PA parameters. Interaction and stratified analyses indicated no covariate modifying the association. The results above were robust in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION: The duration of moderate PA (30-60 min/d) is inversely associated with the prevalence of kidney stones, while no more significant association was observed between other PA parameters (including patterns, intensity, duration, and frequency of vigorous PA, frequency of moderate PA) and kidney stones.

A review for the impacts of circadian disturbance on urological cancers.

Circadian rhythm is an internal timing system and harmonizes a variety of cellular, behavioral, and physiological processes to daily environment. Circadian disturbance caused by altered life style or disrupted sleep patterns inevitably contributes to various disorders. As the rapidly increased cancer occurrences and subsequent tremendous financial burdens, more researches focus on reducing the morbidity rather than treating it. Recently, many epidemiologic studies demonstrated that circadian disturbance was tightly related to the occurrence and development of cancers. For urinary system, numerous clinical researches observed the incidence and progress of prostate cancer were influenced by nightshift work, sleep duration, chronotypes, light exposure, and meal timing, this was also proved by many genetic and fundamental findings. Although the epidemiological studies regarding the relationship between circadian disturbance and kidney/bladder cancers were relative limited, some basic researches still claimed circadian disruption was closely correlated to these two cancers. The role of circadian chemotherapy on cancers of prostate, kidney, and bladder were also explored, however, it has not been regularly recommended considering the limited evidence and poor standard protocols. Finally, the researches for the impacts of circadian disturbance on cancers of adrenal gland, penis, testis were not found at present. In general, a better understanding the relationship between circadian disturbance and urological cancers might help to provide more scientific work schedules and rational lifestyles which finally saving health resource by reducing urological tumorigenesis, however, the underlying mechanisms are complex which need further exploration.