A Study on Hydrogen Bonding and Energy Variation during Bubble Nucleation in Water on a Grooved Substrate by Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

In this paper, the bubble nucleation process of water was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The nucleation mechanism of water on a grooved substrate was revealed from the perspective of hydrogen bond and energy change, and the effect of system pressure on nucleation was studied. The results show that the process of bubble nucleation of water molecules is essentially a process in which the thermal motion of water molecules gradually intensifies and the hydrogen bond continues to break with the increase in kinetic energy. As the hydrogen bond breaks, the kinetic energy of the water molecules is continuously converted to intermolecular potential energy. By analyzing the composition of the hydrogen bond energy, it is found that the electrostatic energy is much greater than the van der Waals energy, so the water nucleation process mainly overcomes the electrostatic force between molecules. With the gradual increase of pressure, although the kinetic energy distribution of molecules does not change significantly, it will cause the potential energy of water molecules to decrease significantly and then lead to the increase of the energy barrier that needs to be crossed for nucleation. Meanwhile, the rise of the nucleation barrier may result in the absence of obvious initial vapor nuclei inside the liquid so that the number of hydrogen bonds cannot be rapidly reduced, which is not conducive to boiling nucleation. The results of this study provide important implications for further understanding of the nucleate boiling process of water.

USP7 promotes cardiometabolic disorders and mitochondrial homeostasis dysfunction in diabetic mice via stabilizing PGC1ß.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major complication of diabetes and is characterized by left ventricular dysfunction. Currently, there is a lack of effective treatments for DCM. Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) plays a key role in various diseases. However, whether USP7 is involved in DCM has not been established. In this study, we demonstrated that USP7 was upregulated in diabetic mouse hearts and NMCMs co-treated with HG+PA or H9c2 cells treated with PA. Abnormalities in diabetic heart morphology and function were reversed by USP7 silencing through conditional gene knockout or chemical inhibition. Proteomic analysis coupled with biochemical validation confirmed that PCG1ß was one of the direct protein substrates of USP7 and aggravated myocardial damage through coactivation of the PPARα signaling pathway. USP7 silencing restored the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related proteins and restored mitochondrial homeostasis by inhibiting mitochondrial fission and promoting fusion events. Similar effects were also observed in vitro. Our data demonstrated that USP7 promoted cardiometabolic metabolism disorders and mitochondrial homeostasis dysfunction via stabilizing PCG1ß and suggested that silencing USP7 may be a therapeutic strategy for DCM.

Identification, characteristics and fungicides efficacy of seed-associated fungi of Saposhnicovia divaricata in northeast China.

Saposhnicovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk. is one of the traditional medicinal herbs in northeast China, and its roots are used for medicinal purposes. In 2020, a fungus isolated from S. divaricata seeds was observed to cause root rot of seedlings, leaf spot and stem spot of adult plants in Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China. Based on morphological and molecular data, isolates of all fungi were identified as Alternaria alternata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata isolated from S. divaricata seeds in China. The carrying rate of S. divaricata seeds from 20 different collection sites reached 100% in 70% of the sites in Hulunbeier area, Inner Mongolia, China. The A. alternata isolate could infect the roots of cucumber, sorghum, mung bean and maize seedlings and cause root rot. Considering the control of seed-associated fungal diseases, prochloraz 45% EW had the best control effect of 92.6%, followed by flusilazole 400 g L-1 EC (88.9%) and azoxystrobin·propiconazole 18.7% SE (70.7%) of 15 fungicides. Further field control efficacy showed that 45% prochloraz EW had an 80% control efficacy on the disease at a dose of 0.225 g L-1. It is recommended that soaking seeds and spraying are the best treatments for controlling seed-associated fungi and leaf spot on S. divaricata caused by A. alternata. Therefore, above methods can effectively prevent the occurrence of fungal diseases of S. divaricata and provide a method to reduce reinfestation in the field.

The involvement and therapeutic potential of lncRNA Kcnq1ot1/miR-34a-5p/Sirt1 pathway in arsenic trioxide-induced cardiotoxicity.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is the first-line therapeutic drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, the cardiotoxicity of ATO limits its clinical application. This study aims to explore the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) involved molecular mechanism in ATO-induced cardiotoxicity and to identify available prevention strategies. METHODS: ATO was administered to mice or primary cultured mouse cardiomyocytes. Small interfering RNA targeting lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 (si-Kcnq1ot1) was used to knockdown lncRNA Kcnq1ot1. MiR-34a-5p mimic and antisense morpholino oligonucleotide targeting miR-34a-5p (AMO-34a-5p) were used to upregulate and downregulate the expression of miR-34a-5p, respectively. TUNEL staining was conducted to detect cell DNA damage. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect cell apoptosis. Western blot was conducted to detect Bcl-2, Bax and Sirt1 protein expression. Real-time PCR was used to detect lncRNA Kcnq1ot1, miR-34a-5p, and Sirt1 mRNA expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to validate the predicted binding site. RESULTS: ATO induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Simultaneously, the expression of lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 and Sirt1 was downregulated, and miR-34a-5p was upregulated. MiR-34a-5p has binding sites with lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 and Sirt1. Knockdown of lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, with increased miR-34a-5p and decreased Sirt1 expression. Inhibition of miR-34a-5p attenuated si-Kcnq1ot1-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the lncRNA Kcnq1ot1/miR-34a-5p/Sirt1 signaling pathway is involved in ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. Propranolol alleviated ATO-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes both in vivo and in vitro, which was related to the lncRNA Kcnq1ot1/miR-34a-5p/Sirt1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: The lncRNA Kcnq1ot1/miR-34a-5p/Sirt1 pathway is involved in ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. Propranolol can attenuate ATO-induced cardiotoxicity at least partially through the lncRNA Kcnq1ot1/miR-34a-5p/Sirt1 pathway. Combined administration with propranolol may be a new strategy for alleviating the cardiotoxicity of ATO.

Evaluation and control of Fusarium acuminatum causing leaf spot in Saposhnikovia divaricata in Northeast China.

Saposhnikovia divaricata is an authentic Chinese herbal medicine in Northeast China named Guanfangfeng, which is made from very high quality plants for sufficient efficacy. However, leaf spot causes a very large reduction in the yield and quality of S. divaricata in Shuangyashan (126°54'E, 45°81'N), Northeast China. A total of 18 isolates were isolated from the diseased leaves of S. divaricata, following Koch's postulates, and identified as Fusarium acuminatum based on morphological, molecular biological, and phylogenetic tree analyses. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of F. acuminatum causing S. divaricata leaf spot in China. F. acuminatum infected perilla and mung beans, but not foxtail millet, peanuts, wheat, peas, rye, red beans, or sorghum. Susceptibility assessment of F. acuminatum to fungicides using the mycelial growth rate method showed that isolates of F. acuminatum were most sensitive to prochloraz, with EC50 values of 0.0005413-0.0009523 µg·ml-1. In the two field experiments, the average control efficacy of prochloraz at 0.450 g/l on S. divaricata leaf spot caused by F. acuminatum was 75.42%. Therefore, non-host plant rotation or intercropping with suitable chemical fungicides may be used to control S. divaricata leaf spot. This study's results provide a theoretical basis for controlling S. divaricata leaf spot and will facilitate the development of effective disease management programs.

Left displacement of the third gastric compartment in an alpaca: the first case report in China.

BACKGROUND: Left displacement of the third gastric compartment (LDC3) in alpacas is an extremely rare condition and has not been reported thus far. Therefore, we describe the clinical diagnosis and treatment of LDC3 in an alpaca. CASE PRESENTATION: A 2-year-old brown female alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was presented to evaluate a 3-day history of abdominal distension causing loss of both appetite and thirst, along with oliguria and low to no defecation. Clinical examination, X-ray examination, surgical exploration, and determination of gastric pH (pH ~ 2.35) confirmed that LDC3 resulted in abdominal distension. The gastric wall of the displaced third gastric compartment was incised for the expulsion of pneumatosis, and a medical-grade silicone tube was inserted into the incision to remove the effusion by siphoning. Surgical treatment proved to effectively alleviate the abdominal distension caused by LDC3 without apparent side effects. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this case is the first known report of LDC3 in an alpaca in China. A similar condition, left displaced abomasum, has previously been described in cattle and sheep.

Anti-human serum albumin autoantibody may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune bullous skin diseases.

Although effective immunological diagnostic systems for autoimmune bullous skin diseases (AIBD) have been established, there are still unidentified cutaneous autoantigens. The purpose of this study is to investigative whether anti-human serum albumin (HSA) autoantibodies exist in AIBD sera and their potential pathogenesis. By immunoprecipitation-immunoblotting, immunofluorescence assay, anti-HSA autoantibodies could be detected in AIBD sera; by ELISAs, positive rates of AIBD sera for IgG and IgA anti-HSA autoantibodies were 29% and 34%, respectively. The IgG anti-HSA autoantibodies in ABID sera recognized a number of HSA antigen epitopes and therefore a polyclonal antibody against HSA were next employed to study its pathogenesis. In vitro cell and tissue culture models, anti-HSA antibody could influence DNA damage-related signaling proteins, via activation of phospho-p38 signaling pathway. This is the first report that an autoantibody may influence DNA damage-related signaling proteins. Statistical analyses also proved that anti-HSA autoantibodies were positively correlated with various known autoantibodies and clinical features of ABID patients. In summary, IgG and IgA autoantibodies to HSA may have diagnosis values for AIBD. DNA damage-related signaling proteins might be involved in the pathogenic role of anti-HSA autoantibodies in AIBD. Phospho-p38 signaling pathway is a potential target for treatment of AIBD positive for serum anti-HSA autoantibodies.

The synergy of germline C634Y and V292M RET mutations in a northern Chinese family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A.

Genetic analysis for germline mutations of RET proto-oncogene has provided a basis for individual management of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and pheochromocytoma. Most of compound mutations have more aggressive phenotypes than single point mutations, but the compound C634Y/V292M variant in MTC has never been reported. Thus, we retrospectively investigated synergistic effect of C634Y and V292M RET germline mutations in family members with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nine of 14 family members in a northern Chinese family underwent RET mutation screening using next-generation sequencing and PCR followed by direct bidirectional DNA sequencing. Clinical features of nine individuals were retrospectively carefully reviewed. In vitro, the scratch-wound assay was used to investigate the difference between the cells carrying different mutations. We find no patients died of MTC. All 3 carriers of the V292M variant were asymptomatic and did not have biochemical or structural evidence of disease (age: 82, 62 and 58). Among 4 C634Y mutation carriers, 2 patients had elevated calcitonin with the highest (156 pg/mL) in an 87-year-old male. Two carriers of compound C634Y/V292M trans variant had bilateral MTC with pheochromocytoma or lymph node metastasis (age: 54 and 41 years, respectively). Further, the compound C634Y/V292M variant had a faster migration rate than either single point mutation in vitro (P < .05). In conclusion, the V292M RET variant could be classified as 'likely benign' according to ACMG (2015). The compound variant V292M/C634Y was associated with both more aggressive clinical phenotype and faster cell growth in vitro than was either single mutation.

An Aggregation-Induced Phosphorescence-Active "Turn-Off" Nanosensor Based on Ferric-Specific Quenching of Luminescent and Water-Soluble Au(I)-Cysteine Nanocomplexes.

Recently, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has attracted extensive attention. Herein we report an AIP-active "turn-off" nanosensor based on ferric-specific quenching of photoluminescence (PL) of water-soluble Au(I)-cysteine nanocomplexes. The Au(I)-cysteine nanocomplexes were AIP-active, showing a PL peak at 590 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization revealed that they show the characteristic morphology of nanofibers. High-speed centrifugation characterization and zeta potential measurement indicated that they are highly water-soluble. Interestingly, their PL could be quenched specifically by ferric ions over the other common 18 metal ions. Further TEM characterizations revealed that the quenching process was accompanied by the ferric-specific dissociation of Au(I)-cysteine nanofibers. These observations have enabled the development of a water-soluble AIP-active "turn-off" nanosensor based on Au(I) nanocomplexes for selective and sensitive detection of ferric ions. This study indicates that specific quenching and disassociation of AIP-active nanocomplexes might be a promising route for development of novel luminescent nanosensors.

Unfavourable treatment outcomes in tuberculosis patients with different vitamin D status and blood glucose levels in a programme setting in China.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB) treatment success rates are high in China, but there are still a considerable number of cases who have unfavourable treatment outcomes (UTO). We aimed to determine the proportion of TB patients with UTO and to assess whether baseline characteristics that included glycaemic status [normal fasting blood glucose (FBG), transient hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus (DM)] and vitamin D status were associated with UTO. METHOD: Prospective cohort study conducted between November 2015 and July 2016 at six clinics within routine TB services in Jilin province, where persons with TB were consecutively recruited. Data analysis was performed using the chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 306 recruited TB patients, 96 (31.4%) had smear-positive pulmonary TB, 187 (61.1%) had smear-negative pulmonary TB and 23 (7.5%) had extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Of these, 95 (31.1%) had normal blood glucose, 83 (27.1%) had transient hyperglycaemia and 128 (41.8%) had DM. 227 (74.2%) patients had vitamin D deficiency/severe deficiency. There were 125 (40.8%) patients with UTO of whom the majority were lost to follow-up (57.6%) or not evaluated (28.8%). UTO was significantly associated with smear-negative pulmonary TB (P = 0.009), EPTB (P < 0.001) and DM (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The proportion of TB patients with UTO increased with smear-negative pulmonary TB, EPTB and DM. TB programmes need to pay more attention to these issues and ensure intensive patient support to those at risk and early detection of DM.

OBJECTIF: Les taux de succès du traitement de la tuberculose (TB) sont élevés en Chine, mais il existe encore un nombre considérable de cas avec des résultats de traitement défavorables (RTD). Nous avons cherché à déterminer la proportion de patients TB avec un RTD et d'évaluer si les caractéristiques de base comprenant le statut glycémique [glycémie normale à jeun (GJ), hyperglycémie transitoire et diabète sucré (DS)] et le statut en vitamine D étaient associés à un RTD. MÉTHODE: Etude de cohorte prospective réalisée entre novembre 2015 et juillet 2016 dans six cliniques des services anti-TB de routine de la province de Jilin, où des personnes atteintes de TB ont été recrutées consécutivement. L'analyse des données a été réalisée à l'aide du test du chi carré et de la régression logistique multivariée. RÉSULTATS: Sur 306 patients TB recrutés, 96 (31.4%) avaient une TB pulmonaire à frottis positif, 187 (61.1%) avaient une TB pulmonaire à frottis négatif et 23 (7.5%) avaient une TB extra pulmonaire (TBEP). Parmi ceux-ci, 95 (31.1%) avaient une glycémie normale, 83 (27.1%) avaient une hyperglycémie transitoire et 128 (41.8%) avaient un DS. 227 (74.2%) patients avaient une déficience/déficience sévère en vitamine D. Il y avait 125 (40.8%) patients avec un RTD dont la majorité (57.6%) ont été perdus de vue ou ont été non évalués (28.8%). Le RTD était significativement associé à la TB pulmonaire à frottis négatif (p = 0.009), la TBEP (P < 0.001) et le DS (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: La proportion de patients TB avec un RTD augmentait avec la TB pulmonaire à frottis négatif, la TBEP et le DS. Les programmes anti-TB devraient accorder plus d'attention à ces problèmes et assurer un soutien intensif au patient pour les personnes à risque et une détection précoce du DS.

Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization/Dearomatization/Arylation of Alkyne-Containing Phenol-Based Biaryls with Aryl Halides: An Entry to Diversely Functionalized Spirocyclohexadienones.

A convenient method for the synthesis of aryl-functionalized spirocyclohexadienone scaffolds from alkyne-containing phenol-based biaryls with aryl halides via palladium-catalyzed cyclization/dearomatization/arylation is developed. The approach provides a series of spirocyclohexadienone molecules in moderate to high yields. The reaction occurs chemoselectively through dearomative C-arylation rather than common O-arylation of phenols.

Functional nucleic acid-based fluorescence polarization/anisotropy biosensors for detection of biomarkers.

The sensitive and selective detection of biomarkers plays a crucial role in disease diagnostics, drug discovery, and early screening of cancers. The achievement of this goal highly depends on the continuous development of biosensing technologies. Among them, fluorescence anisotropy/polarization (FA/FP) analysis receives increasing interest due to the advantage of simple operation, fast response, and no background interference. In recent decades, great progress has been achieved in FA/FP sensors thanks to the development of functional nucleic acids (FNAs) including aptamers and nucleic acid enzymes. This review focuses on FNA-based FA/FP sensors for the quantitative detection of biomarkers, such as nucleic acid, small molecules, and proteins. The design strategies, recognition elements, and practical applications are fully highlighted. The article also discusses the challenges of applying FNA-based FA/FP sensors in the next generation and the potential solutions along with future prospects. Graphical abstract.

Anthocyanidin attenuates myocardial ischemia induced injury via inhibition of ROS-JNK-Bcl-2 pathway: New mechanism of anthocyanidin action.

Despite treatment options available to date, myocardial ischemia (MI) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Studies are focused on finding effective therapeutic strategies against MI injury. Growing interest has been developed in natural compounds possessing medicinal properties with scarcer side effects. Here, we have evaluated the cardioprotective potential of anthocyanidin against MI injury and explored its underlying protective mechanism. Left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to induce MI in mice. Neonatal mice cardiomyocytes were treated with H2 O2 to induce oxidative stress (a major contributor to MI injury) in vitro. Anthocyanidin pretreatment significantly reduced the infarct size, preserved the cell viability, and protected against ischemia-induced cardiac injury in treatment groups compared with the H2 O2 -treated group in vitro. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) validated the strong antioxidant potential of anthocyanidin, as significant reduction in oxidative stress was observed in anthocyanidin-pretreated groups. Mechanistically, pretreatment with anthocyanidin significantly subdued the activation of JNK (to p-JNK) and elevated Bcl-2 levels. Both in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that anthocyanidin can induce a state of myocardial resistance against ischemic insult. We have provided the experimental evidence for inhibition of ROS/p-JNK/Bcl-2 pathway being the underlying mechanism of action of anthocyanidin. Our results support the use of anthocyanidin as therapeutic strategy against MI injury.

A Novel Method for Soil Organic Matter Determination by Using an Artificial Olfactory System.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a major indicator of soil fertility and nutrients. In this study, a soil organic matter measuring method based on an artificial olfactory system (AOS) was designed. An array composed of 10 identical gas sensors controlled at different temperatures was used to collect soil gases. From the response curve of each sensor, four features were extracted (maximum value, mean differential coefficient value, response area value, and the transient value at the 20th second). Then, soil organic matter regression prediction models were built based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector regression (SVR), and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The prediction performance of each model was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD). It was found that the R2 values between prediction (from BPNN, SVR, and PLSR) and observation were 0.880, 0.895, and 0.808. RMSEs were 14.916, 14.094, and 18.890, and RPDs were 2.837, 3.003, and 2.240, respectively. SVR had higher prediction ability than BPNN and PLSR and can be used to accurately predict organic matter contents. Thus, our findings offer brand new methods for predicting SOM.

LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 Mediates Pyroptosis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common complication of diabetes and can cause heart failure, arrhythmia and sudden death. The pathogenesis of DCM includes altered metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death and extracellular matrix remodeling. Recently, pyroptosis, a type of programmed cell death related to inflammation, was proven to be activated in DCM. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis in DCM remain elusive. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Kcnq1ot1 participates in many cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to clarify whether Kcnq1ot1 affects cardiac pyroptosis in DCM. METHODS: AC16 cells and primary cardiomyocytes were incubated with 5.5 and 50 mmol/L glucose. Diabetic mice were induced with streptozotocin (STZ). Kcnq1ot1 was silenced both in vitro and in vivo. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of Kcnq1ot1. Immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR and western blot analyses were used to detect the degree of pyroptosis. Echocardiography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Masson's trichrome staining were used to detect the cardiac function and morphology in mice. Cell death and function were detected using TUNEL staining, immunofluorescence staining and Ca2+ measurements. RESULTS: The expression of Kcnq1ot1 was increased in patients with diabetes, high glucose-induced cardiomyocytes and diabetic mouse cardiac tissue. Silencing Kcnq1ot1 alleviated pyroptosis by targeting miR-214-3p and caspase-1. Furthermore, silencing Kcnq1ot1 reduced cell death, cytoskeletal structure abnormalities and calcium overload in vitro and improved cardiac function and morphology in vivo. CONCLUSION: Kcnq1ot1 is overexpressed in DCM, and silencing Kcnq1ot1 inhibits pyroptosis by influencing miR-214-3p and caspase-1 expression. We clarified for the first time that Kcnq1ot1 could be a new therapeutic target for DCM.

Downregulation of Long Non-Coding RNA Kcnq1ot1: An Important Mechanism of Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Long QT Syndrome.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a known anti-acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) reagent, whose clinical applications are limited by its serious cardiac toxicity and fatal adverse effects, such as sudden cardiac death resulting from long QT syndrome (LQTS). The mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmia due to ATO exposure still need to be elucidated. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as major regulators of various pathophysiological processes. This study aimed to explore the involvement of lncRNAs in ATO-induced LQTS in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: For in vivo experiments, mice were administered ATO through the tail vein. For in vitro experiments, ATO was added to the culture medium of primary cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. To evaluate the effect of lncRNA Kcnq1ot1, siRNA and lentivirus-shRNA were synthesized to knockdown lncRNA Kcnq1ot1. RESULTS: After ATO treatment, the Kcnq1ot1 and Kcnq1 expression levels were down regulated. lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 knockdown prolonged the action potential duration (APD) in vitro and exerted LQTS in vivo. Correspondingly, Kcnq1 expression was decreased after silencing lncRNA Kcnq1ot1. However, the knockdown of Kcnq1 exerted no effect on lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this report is the first to demonstrate that lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 downregulation is responsible for QT interval prolongation induced by ATO at least partially by repressing Kcnq1 expression. lncRNA Kcnq1ot1 has important pathophysiological functions in the heart and could become a novel antiarrhythmic target.

The role of HIV Tat protein in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major global public health issue. HIV-related cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV positive patients. HIV Tat is a regulatory protein encoded by tat gene of HIV-1, which not only promotes the transcription of HIV, but it is also involved in the pathogenesis of HIV-related complications. This review is aimed at summarizing the current understanding of Tat in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases.

Coriolus versicolor aqueous extract ameliorates insulin resistance with PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways involved in diabetic skeletal muscle.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are usually with poor immunity and easier to suffer from cancer and microbial infections. Herein, we report an efficient anti-diabetic medicinal mushroom, Coriolus versicolor (CV). This study aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic and anti-insulin-resistance effects of CV aqueous extract in myoblasts (L6 cells) and skeletal muscle of T2DM rat. Our results showed that CV extract treatment significantly reduced blood glucose levels of T2DM rats, whereas CV extract increased glucose consumption in insulin resistant L6 cells. Besides, the translocation and expression of glucose transporter 4 were enhanced by CV extract, which indicated that CV extract was effective in diabetic skeletal muscle. Moreover, CV extract treatments resulted in remarkable anti-insulin-resistance effects, which was reflected by the change of gene and protein expression levels in PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways. PI3K inhibitor, LY29004, and p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580 confirmed it further. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the CV extract exhibited anti-diabetic and anti-insulin-resistance effects in diabetic skeletal muscle, and the effects were mediated by PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways. These findings are remarkable when considering the use of commercially available CV by diabetic patients who also suffer from cancer or microbial infections.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Azamacrolide Comprising the Triazole Moiety as Quorum Sensing Inhibitors.

Novel azamacrolides comprising the triazole moiety were synthesized and evaluated for their quorum sensing inhibitor activities on the Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It was found that the inhibition rate of compound Z12-3 at 200 mg/L (0.45 mM) can reach 67%. The potential binding modes between these molecules and the TraR QS receptor was performed by molecular docking. The results showed that the two nitrogen atoms in the triazole ring of Z12-3 formed hydrogen bonds with GLN-2, and the carbonyl group (C=O) in the amide formed hydrogen bonds with water. It was worth noting that the carbonyl group on the macrolides formed hydrogen bonds with the G-106 base in the DNA. These azamacrolides may block quorum sensing expression through key amino acid residues or DNA bases in the TraR QS receptor by hydrogen-bonded.