EV71 infection induces cell apoptosis through ROS generation and SIRT1 activation.

Several studies have substantiated the correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Normally, enterovirus 71 (EV71) is associated with severe clinical manifestations and death. However, the effect of EV71 on the induction of cellular death and the interplay between ROS/SIRT1 in cell death has not been confirmed yet. In the current study, an increase in the number of apoptotic cells was observed as soon as the EV71 infection was initiated in cells and mice. Furthermore, EV71 infection also promoted a rise in the levels of three commonly known proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. During EV71-induced apoptosis in the different cell lines, ROS generation and SIRT1 downregulation were observed. Further investigations showed that the administration of ROS inhibitor, N-acetyl- l-cysteine (NAC), reduced the level of apoptosis and inflammation, reduced EV71 propagation, and increased SIRT1 expression in EV71-infected cells. In addition, combined administration of NAC and EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) restored apoptosis in the EV71-infected cells, which was reduced due to NAC. This data demonstrated that ROS generation is positively associated with EV71-induced apoptosis and inflammation, while this effect could be reversed by SIRT1 inhibition. Collectively, we have shown that EV71 induces apoptosis and inflammation by promoting ROS generation and reducing SIRT1 expression.

Integrated analysis identifies a long non-coding RNAs-messenger RNAs signature for prediction of prognosis in hepatitis B virus-hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but HBV-HCC related prognosis signature remains rarely investigated. This study was to identify an integrated long non-coding RNAs-messenger RNAs (lncRNA-mRNA) signature for prediction of overall survival (OS) and explore their underlying functions.One RNA-sequencing dataset (training set, n = 95) and one microarray dataset E-TABM-36 (validation set, n = 44) were collected. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis was performed to identify an lncRNA-mRNA prognosis signature. The OS difference of patients in the high-risk and low-risk risk groups was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curve. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Harrell concordance index (C-index) calculation, and multivariate analyses with clinical characteristics were used to determine the prognostic ability. Furthermore, a coexpression network was constructed to interpret the functions.Nine signature genes (3 lncRNAs and 6 mRNAs) were selected to generate the risk score model. Patients belonging to the high-risk group showed a significantly shorter survival than those of the low-risk group. The prediction accuracy of the risk score for 5-year OS was 0.936 and 0.905 for the training set and validation set, respectively. Also, this risk score was independent of various clinical variables for the prognosis prediction. Incorporation of the risk score remarkably increased the predictive power of the routine clinical prognostic factors (vascular invasion status, tumor recurrence status) (AUC = 0.942 vs 0.628; C-index = 0.7997 vs 0.6908). Furthermore, LncRNA insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense RNA (IGF2-AS) and long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 342 (LINC00342) were predicted to exert tumor suppression effects by regulating homeobox D1 (HOXD1) and secreted frizzled related protein 5 (SFRP5), respectively; while lncRNA rhophilin Rho GTPase binding protein 1 antisense RNA 1 (RHPN1-AS1) may possess carcinogenic potential by promoting the transcription of chromobox 2 (CBX2), cell division cycle 20 (CDC20), matrix metallopeptidase 12 (MMP12), stratifin (SFN), tripartite motif containing 16 (TRIM16), and uroplakin 3A (UPK3A). These mRNAs may be associated with cell proliferation or apoptosis related pathways.This study may provide a novel, effective prognostic biomarker, and some therapeutic targets for HBV-HCC patients.

Identification of a Novel Eight-lncRNA Prognostic Signature for HBV-HCC and Analysis of Their Functions Based on Coexpression and ceRNA Networks.

Studies have demonstrated the prognosis potential of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but specific lncRNAs for hepatitis B virus- (HBV-) related HCC have rarely been reported. This study was aimed at identifying a lncRNA prognostic signature for HBV-HCC and exploring their underlying functions. The sequencing dataset was collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database as the training set, while the microarray dataset was obtained from the European Bioinformatics Institute database (E-TABM-36) as the validation set. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified that eight lncRNAs (TSPEAR-AS1, LINC00511, LINC01136, MKLN1-AS, LINC00506, KRTAP5-AS1, ZNF252P-AS1, and THUMPD3-AS1) were significantly associated with overall survival (OS). These eight lncRNAs were used to construct a risk score model. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve results showed that this risk score can significantly differentiate the OS between the high-risk group and the low-risk group. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that this risk score exhibited good prediction effectiveness (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.990 for the training set; AUC = 0.903 for the validation set). Furthermore, this lncRNA risk score was identified as an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis after adjusting other clinical characteristics. The crucial coexpression (LINC00511-CABYR, THUMPD3-AS1-TRIP13, LINC01136-SFN, LINC00506-ANLN, and KRTAP5-AS1/TSPEAR-AS1/MKLN1-AS/ZNF252P-AS1-MC1R) or competing endogenous RNA (THUMPD3-AS1-hsa-miR-450a-TRIP13) interaction axes were identified to reveal the possible functions of lncRNAs. These genes were enriched into cell cycle-related biological processes or pathways. In conclusion, our study identified a novel eight-lncRNA prognosis signature for HBV-HCC patients and these lncRNAs may be potential therapeutic targets.

EV71 virus reduces Nrf2 activation to promote production of reactive oxygen species in infected cells.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence closely links Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess ROS results in apoptosis and exacerbates inflammatory reactions. The Keap1-Nrf2 axis serves as an essential oxidant counteracting pathway. METHODS: The present study aimed to elucidate the role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in modulating apoptosis and inflammatory reactions triggered by oxidative stress in Vero and RD cells upon EV71 infection. RESULTS: Elevated ROS production was identified in EV71 infected Vero and RD cells. The percentage of dead cells and expression of inflammation-promoting cytokines were increased in these cells. EV71 infected cells also displayed reinforced Keap1 expression and abrogated Nrf2 expression. Keap1 silencing resulted in the downstream aggregation of the Nrf2 protein and heme oxygenase-1 HO-1. Keap1 silencing repressed ubiquitination and reinforced Nrf2 nuclear trafficking. Furthermore, silencing Keap1 expression repressed ROS production, cell death, and inflammatory reactions in EV71 infected RD and Vero cells. In contrast, silencing of both Keap1 and Nrf2 restored ROS production, cell death, and inflammatory reactions. Nrf2 and Keap1 modulated the stimulation of the Akt sensor and extrinsic as well as intrinsic cell death pathways, resulting in EV71-triggered cell death and inflammatory reactions. CONCLUSIONS: EV71 infection can trigger ROS production, cell death, and inflammatory reactions by modulating the Nrf2 and Keap1 levels of infected cells.

M1 Macrophage-Derived Exosomal MicroRNA-326 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Progression Via Mediating NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Accumulating evidence has shown that microRNA (miR) derived from M1 macrophage-derived exosomes can regulate the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the effect of miR-326 derived from M1 macrophage-derived exosomes on HCC has not been reported. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to explore the mechanism of exosomal miR-326 from M1 macrophages in regulating HCC cell progression. RT-qPCR detected miR-326 expression in HCC cell lines. miR-326 expression in HCC was altered by transfection, and the effect of miR-326 on CD206 and NF-κB expression, cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, apoptosis and invasion was detected. Subsequently, exosomes were isolated from M1 macrophages. RT-qPCR identified miR-326 expression in M1 macrophage-derived exosomes. miR-326 expression in M1 macrophage-derived exosomes was changed by transfection. M1 macrophage-derived exosomes were co-cultured with HCC cells to figure out their effects on the biological progress of HCC cells. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed to verify the in vitro results. MiR-326 was decreased in HCC cells and enriched in M1 macrophage-derived exosomes. Up-regulating miR-326 would inhibit HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and CD206 and NF-κB expression and promoted apoptosis, and inhibited the growth of HCC tumors in vivo, while down-regulating miR-326 showed opposite effects. M1 macrophage-derived exosomes inhibited HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and CD206 and NF-κB expression and enhanced apoptosis, while overexpression of miR-326 enhanced the effect of M1 macrophage-derived exosomes on HCC cells. It is revealed that M1 macrophages-derived exosomal miR-326 suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion as well as advances apoptosis of HCC through down-regulating NF-κB expression.

The NK-1R Antagonist Aprepitant Prevents LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages.

BACKGROUND: The macrophage is one of the most important types of immune cells that protect against harmful stimuli. Macrophage activation plays a pivotal role in the progression and development of various inflammatory diseases. The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. Aprepitant is a kind of NK-1R antagonist. The purpose of this study is to determine the protective effect of aprepitant in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. METHODS: We examined the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of aprepitant in LPS-treated RAW264.7 macrophages by using real-time PCR, ELISA, and Western blot analysis. We also assessed cellular oxidative stress signaling by measuring the levels of cellular MDA, total ROS, and NADPH oxidase expression. Cellular NO production was measured by DAF-FM DA staining. The inhibitory effect of aprepitant against NF-κB signaling was evaluated by luciferase assay and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: The expression of NK-1R is increased in LPS-induced macrophages, suggesting a potential role of the receptor in the inflammatory response. We show that aprepitant protects macrophages against oxidative stress by reducing the generation of ROS and the expression of NOX-4. Furthermore, aprepitant inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors by mediating the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: The NK-1R receptor antagonist aprepitant acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, indicating that the blockage of the NK-1R pathway in macrophages has the potential to suppress inflammation.

Integrated analysis of lncRNA-associated ceRNA network reveals potential biomarkers for the prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that abnormal expression of lncRNAs is associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms remain not fully elucidated. The study aimed to identify novel lncRNAs and explore their underlying mechanisms based on the ceRNA hypothesis. METHODS: The RNA and miRNA expression profiling in 20 tumor and matched adjacent tissues from HBV-HCC patients were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database under accession numbers GSE77509 and GSE76903, respectively. Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), miRNAs (DEMs), and genes (DEGs) were identified using the EdgeR package. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for DEGs followed by module analysis. The ceRNA network was constructed based on interaction relationships between miRNAs and mRNAs/lncRNAs. The functions of DEGs were predicted using DAVID and BinGO databases. The prognosis values (overall survival [OS] and recurrence-free survival [RFS]) of ceRNA network genes were determined using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data with Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The present study screened 643 DELs, 83 DEMs, and 1,187 DEGs. PPI network analysis demonstrated that CDK1 and CCNE1 were hub genes and extracted in functionally related modules. E2F2, CDK1, and CCNE1 were significantly enriched into cell cycle pathway. FAM182B-miR-125b-5p-E2F2 and LINC00346-miR-10a-5p-CDK1/CCNE1 ceRNA axes were obtained by constructing the ceRNA network. Patients with high expressions of DELs and DEGs in the above ceRNA axes had poor OS, while patients with the high expression of DEMs possessed excellent OS. CDK1 was also an RFS-related biomarker, with its high expression predicting poor RFS. The upregulation of LINC00346 and CDK1 but the downregulation of miR-10a-5p in HCC was validated in other microarray datasets and TCGA database. CONCLUSION: The LINC00346-miR-10a-5p-CDK1 axis may be an important mechanism for HBV-related HCC, and genes in this ceRNA axis may be potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Metabolomics and its physiological regulation process reveal the salt-tolerant mechanism in Glycine soja seedling roots.

Wild soybean (Glycine soja) is an excellent germplasm resource and has strong resistance and wide adaptability to different environments. Hence, the physiology and metabolomics characteristics of wild soybean under different types of salt stress were determined to improve understanding of salt-tolerant mechanisms of wild soybean in the field. Two types of wild soybean seedlings were exposed to two different types of salt stress for 14 d. The photosynthesis of wild soybean seedling extracts were analyzed using metabolomics based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The wild soybean root extracts used metabolomics to quantify the metabolic changes and ion contents. The assimilative function of photosynthesis in salt-tolerant wild soybean was less inhibited than in common wild soybean, and it regulated accumulation of toxic ions and maintained the accumulation of K+ and Mg2+ to alleviate salt stress. Moreover, in resisting salt stress the salt-tolerant wild soybean has showed improved amino acid and carbohydrate and polyol metabolisms under neutral-salt stress and organic acid, amino acid and tricarboxylic acid metabolisms under alkali-salt stress. Our results provide valuable insights into the response of salt-tolerant wild soybean to two types of salt stress by linking stress-related physiological responses to changes in metabolites.

Tissue physiological metabolic adaptability in young and old leaves of reed (Phragmites communis) in Songnen grassland.

Common reed (Phragmites communis) is widely distributed as the dominant plant species in the Songnen Plain of China. The aim of this study was to investigate different physiological adaptive mechanisms to salinity tolerance between young and old leaves. The profiles of 68 metabolites were measured and studied in reed leaves by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The nitrogen, carbon, and pigment contents showed stronger growth inhibition for older leaves with salinity stress. In young leaves, high K+ contents not only promoted cell growth, but also prevented influx of superfluous Na+ ions in cells; the Ca2+ accumulation in old leaves implied that Ca2+ triggered the SOS-Na+ exclusion system and reduced Na+ toxicity. Thus, the mechanism of enhanced tolerance differed between young and old leaves. The metabolite results indicated that the young and old leaves had different mechanisms of osmotic regulation; sugars/polyols and amino acids played important roles in developing salinity tolerance in young leaves but high contents of fatty acids were important for old leaves. These results implied dramatically enhanced sugars and amino acid synthesis but inhibited energy metabolism in young leaves. In contrast, fatty acid synthesis was enhanced in old leaves. The results extended our understanding of the differences in physiological metabolism in adaptive to the salt-alkalization of soil in Songnen grassland between young and old leaves of reeds.