Screening and treatment of depression - recommendations for Polish health professionals.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological data clearly indicate that depression is becoming an increasingly important health and social problem today. Depressive disorders occur at all ages, in men and women, in different cultures, affecting individuals, their families, and, more broadly, the social and economic system of the country. The gap between the recorded number of treated patients and the prevalence of depression highlights the scale of unmet needs. With limited availability of specialists in psychiatric care, the most appropriate measures seem to be those aimed at increasing the competence of other health professionals in the diagnosis and treatment of depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An overview of the literature and available recommendations for the prevention, screening, and treatment of depression was performed. This work was commissioned by the Polish Ministry of Health under the Depression Prevention Program 2016-2020. RESULTS: Based on the literature review, we compiled the recommendations for Polish health professionals. These recommendations focus on the management of depression in the primary care setting and provide guidelines for health professionals other than psychiatrists concerning the prevention, screening, and treatment of depression. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a clear recommendation for non-psychiatrists concerning the screening, treatment, and further management of patients with depression. Early detection of depression and implementation of treatment improves the outcomes and prognosis and reduces the mortality rate.

Nanostructural changes in dentine caused by endodontic irrigants.

OBJECTIVE: To study nanostructural dentinal changes produced by endodontic irrigants. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. Nanoindentations were performed on peritubular (PD) and intertubular dentine (ID) with an atomic force microscopy. Stiffness and adhesion force were determined before and after application of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Normalized differences before and after treatment for stiffness and adhesion forces were calculated. A paired T-test was used to compare stiffness and adhesion force before and after irrigants application. RESULTS: After treatment with EDTA there was a 29.80% reduction in stiffness in ID and a 63.53% reduction in PD. Adhesion force was reduced by 21.22% and 8.21% respectively. After treatment with 5.25% NaOCI stiffness was reduced by 2.49% in ID and increased by 15.01% in PD. Adhesion force increased by 25.11% and 23.97% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 17% EDTA reduced stiffness and adhesion force in ID and PD. Treatment with NaOCI at 5.25% had no significant effect on stiffness but did affect adhesion force in ID and PD.

Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression.

Epidemiological data clearly indicate that depression is becoming an increasingly important health and social problem today. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression currently affects 350 million people worldwide and is considered the second most common cause of disability in Europe after ischemic heart disease. It is estimated that this health problem may affect as many as five million people in Poland. The gap between the reported number of patients treated and the prevalence of depression, highlights the scale of unmet needs. With the limited availability of specialists in psychiatric care, the most appropriate measures seem to be those aimed at increasing the competence of doctors of other specialties in the diagnosis and treatment of depression. Early detection and treatment results in faster remission, reduces relapses and mortality. The recommendations concerning prevention of depression were commissioned by the Polish Ministry of Health as a part of the Depression Prevention Program for 2016-2020. The Program has developed recommendations addressed to specialists in various fields of medicine, other than psychiatry, focusing on three risk groups: children and adolescents, women in the perinatal period and the elderly. These recommendations focus on the management of suspected postpartum depression and provide specific guidelines for medical staff having contact with pregnant and postpartum women (gynecologists, midwives, pediatricians).

Packaging of Fresh Sliced Mushrooms with Essential Oils Vapours: A New Technology for Maintaining Quality and Extending Shelf Life.

The use of vapour of essential oils (EOs) through an innovative pilot-plant packaging device was studied to preserve the quality of sliced mushrooms during storage. A mix of EOs (eugenol, bergamot EO, and grapefruit EO) was vaporized (100 and 125 µL L-1) and applied during packaging of sliced mushrooms under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP); then, the product quality was studied during cold storage up to 12 days. The highest colour changes of EOs125 samples, which were observed in the mushroom stipe, were not observed with the EOs100 atmosphere. Thus, the high polyphenoloxidase activity observed in untreated samples after 5-7 days was highly controlled with the vapour EOs atmospheres. Furthermore, the visual appearance scores of EOs100 samples were still over the limit of usability, while untreated samples were already below this threshold after 5 days of storage. A strong bacteriostatic effect was achieved with vapour EOs, reducing the Pseudomonas spp. (the main microbial genus in cultivated mushrooms) growth by ≈1.7 log CFU g-1, regardless of the EOs dose, after 12 days. The activity of phenyl ammonia lyase was also reduced up to ≈0.4 enzymatic units with the EOs100 treatment. Conclusively, packaging of sliced mushrooms under an atmosphere enriched with 100 µL L-1 EOs vapour highly controlled the quality loss of sliced mushrooms owing to their enzymatic inhibition and high bacteriostatic effect.

The influence of irrigation solutions in the inorganic and organic radicular dentine composition.

The aim of this study was to analyse changes in radicular dentine composition after different irrigation regimes using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Dentine slices from human single-root teeth were immersed in: (i) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1, 5 and 20 min; (ii) 17% EDTA for 1 min; and (iii) 5.25% NaOCl for 20 min, and 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl, both for 1 min. Carbonate/mineral, Amide I/mineral and Amide III/CH2 ratios were determined using ATR-FTIR before and after immersion in the irrigation solutions tested. Results showed that 5.25% NaOCl significantly decreased carbonate/mineral, Amide I/mineral and Amide III/CH2 ratios (P < 0.05). Application of 17% EDTA produced no change in carbonate/mineral ratio (P = 0.120), while an increase in Amide I/mineral in apical third (P = 0.002) and Amide III/CH2 (P < 0.001) was observed. The combination of NaOCl, EDTA and NaOCl increased carbonate/mineral ratio in coronal third (P = 0.037), and Amide I/mineral (P = 0.003) and Amide III/CH2 (P = 0.001) ratios. In conclusion, irrigation solutions tested significantly affected radicular dentine composition.